dr. roger d. aines lawrence livermore national laboratorycsub.edu/~dbaron/aines10.pdf · dr. roger...

LLNLLLNL--PRESPRES--This work was performed under the auspices of the This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract DELaboratory under contract DE--AC52AC52--07NA27344.07NA27344.Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLCLawrence Livermore National Security, LLC

Dr. Roger D. Aines

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Carbon Capture & Sequestration Public WorkshopCalifornia State University BakersfieldOctober 1, 2010

Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLLNL‐PRES‐445272



Much of the energy we use today comes from fossil fuels

We extract these fuels from the earth in order to use them


But then we dump the resulting CO2

into the air – and the mess is catching up with us


1 lb (about ½

kg) of coal lights a 100W

light bulb for 10 hrs

That coal burns to make about 3 lbs of carbon dioxide

That carbon dioxide takes up 1 cubic meter of space as a pure gas


Some of us don’t mind the resulting mess – but others of us do


Range of Future Range of Future PredictionsPredictions

(Slide from Dr. Chris Field)

Emissions scenarios from 2001 IPCC

WG1 report


We can get energy that doesn’t create

CO2

– and we should do as much as we can


Solar and wind could provide about 30% of our energy


But today we get 50% of our electricity from fossil fuel – can we still use it?

We’ll come back to this question

CO2

Capture and Sequestration (CCS)CO2

Capture and Sequestration (CCS)

Graphics courtesy of DOE Office of

Fossil Energy

and Statoil ASA

CCS is a means of controlling

emissions by putting the CO2 back

underground

In Salah Gas Project, Algeria

CO2

takes up much less space when it is compressed – it is easy to put back

underground

It has the density of oil, is less viscous, and has

~400x less volume than at surface

Storing COStoring CO22

underground underground ––

in in big caves?big caves?

NO!


Water, oil, or CO2

go into the space between the sand grains

CO2

is a liquid 3000 feet underground


Courtesy of Hydrogen Energy

Future power plants will be planned for

CO2

storage


In Salah Gas Project

Source: Ian Wright, BP, Jan 2005

Natural gas (CHNatural gas (CH44

, ,

methane) often has methane) often has

natural COnatural CO22

in itin it

That COThat CO22

must be must be

removed before sale removed before sale ––

it it

wonwon’’t burn!!t burn!!

At In Salah, Algeria, BP At In Salah, Algeria, BP

is putting that COis putting that CO22

back back

undergroundunderground

How do we know we can do this safely? How do we know we can do this safely?

1 M t/yr CO2

separated

from produced gas


Source: Ian Wright, BP, Jan 2005


The Sleipner platform has been putting CO2

underground beneath the North Sea (Norway) for more than 10 years


Two are already

under way

The next five years will tell us a lot about the safety and effectiveness of

underground storage


Oil FieldsOil Fields

Salty Deep Water Salty Deep Water –– ““Saline AquifersSaline Aquifers””

Most of the

people

Most of Most of the the

peoplepeople

Most of the

storage space

Most Most of the of the

storage storage spacespace


3000 miles of CO2

pipelines today


CO2

is not flammable or explosive

CO2

is not a dangerous gas except in very high concentrations (> 15,000 ppm)•

Not to be confused with carbon monoxide (CO)•

We inhale and exhale CO2

with every breath•

We drink carbonated (CO2

containing) beverages•

We buy “frozen”

CO2

for cooling (dry ice)

The oil industry has handled underground CO2

for 50 years and has an excellent body of experience with it.

Managing large volumes of CO2

is a significant activity that requires good regulation and involved community participation and oversight.


Capture: $30‐70/t CO2

Compression $6‐10/t CO2

Storage: $3‐8/t CO2

Monitoring and Verification: $0.2‐$1.0/t CO2

Site Assessment and Planning: < $.01/t


C + HC + H22

O O HH22

+ CO+ CO

Coal, or biomass can be gasified at Coal, or biomass can be gasified at 800800ººC creating C creating ““syngassyngas””

Adding water Adding water ““shiftsshifts””

the carbon the carbon monoxide to hydrogen monoxide to hydrogen

HH22

+ CO + H+ CO + H22

O O 2H2H22

+ CO+ CO22

Hydrogen and COHydrogen and CO22

can be easily can be easily separated; the hydrogen can be separated; the hydrogen can be burned, and COburned, and CO22

stored undergroundstored underground

The Chinese The Chinese ““GreenGenGreenGen”” project is already project is already

under under construction construction ––

first electricity first electricity next year!next year!

(yes, they are (yes, they are ahead of us)ahead of us)

Post‐ combustion

capture grabs the CO2

from the

smokestack before it is

emitted


Total 2,276 Megawatts350 Employees annual payroll $38 millionConsumes 10 million tons of coal per yearO&M Budget‐$97.6M Capital‐$52.6M

2006 Colstrip Annual CO2 Emissions -

18,255,571(Tons)

Estimate to capture 90% CO2 by current available technology:

$330 Million Capital$620 Million O&M (includes 625 MW energy penalty)

$35/ton CO2 removed


Natural gas‐fired plants emitted 337,004 M Tonnes of CO2 in 2009.

There are 5,467 Natural gas‐fired plants operating in the USA.

Natural gas‐fired combined‐cycle plants are more efficient than older fossil‐fueled

plants but higher gas prices works against them.


Raupach et al 2007, PNAS

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

19800.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1980

World

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

F (emissions)P (population)g = G/Ph = F/G

Facto

r (re

lative

to 19

90)

EmissionsPopulationWealth = per capita GDPCarbon intensity of GDP

Drivers of Anthropogenic Emissions


Per‐capita fossil‐fuel CO2

emissions, 2005

1‐

World emissions: 27 billion tons CO2

STABILIZATION

AVERAGE TODAY

Source: IEA WEO 2007

Activity Amount producing 4 ton CO2 /yr emissions

a) Drive 15,000 miles/yr, 45 miles per gallon

b) Fly 15,000 miles/yr

c) Heat home Natural gas, average house, average climate

d) Lights 300 kWh/month when all coal-power (600 kWh/month, natural-gas-power)

IPCC sees CCS as providing largest single portion of CO2

reductions this century

Others seem to agree (e.g., IEA, EIA, WEC, JGCRI, EPRI, IIASA)

CCS is a key part of a portfolio (nuclear, solar, wind, conservation, efficiency)

IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Summary for

Policymakers as approved by the 8th Session of IPCC Working Group III,

September 25th, 2005, Montreal, Canada

Carbon capture & storage (CCS) is central to world climate hopes: 15-50% of the solution

• ACTIONABLE• SCALEABLE• COST‐EFFECTIVE


Nature has stored oil and natural gas in underground formations over geologic timeframes, i.e. millions of years

Gas and pipeline companies are today storing natural gas in underground formations (>10,000 facility-years experience)

Naturally occurring CO2 reservoirs have stored CO2-rich gas underground for millions of year, including large volumes in the

US (WY, CO, TX, UT, NM, MS, WV)

Almost 3,000 miles of CO2 pipelines are operate in N. America, carrying over 30 million tons of CO2 annually

Well over 100 million tons of CO2 have already been injected into oil reservoirs for EOR as well as into deep saline aquifers (over 80 projects have been implemented worldwide)

Five sequestration projects have demonstrably sequestered CO2 at injection rates ~ 1 million t CO2

/y for years across a wide range of geological settings


Humans will continue to extract and burn large volumes of fossil

fuels for

the foreseeable future.

Even as the developed world reduces its dependence on fossil fuels, the

developing world will rely on them.

We can dramatically reduce the impacts of fossil energy production and use

with technology•Efficiency•Low‐carbon energy sources •Carbon capture and sequestration for fossil fuels•

The joint problems of climate change, and energy development for

the

entire world, leave us no choice but to find every solution possible.

This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of

Energy by Lawrence

Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE‐AC52‐07NA27344


38


Capacity, total by source

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year of initial operation

meg

awat

t

OtherRenewablesWaterNuclearGasOilCoal

Low natural gas prices, and California

regulations, are driving increased

natural gas power generation

Source: EIA. [email protected]


40

California is the world’s 12th largest CO2 emitter

AB 32 Global Warming Solutions Act commits the state

to—

2000 emission levels by 2010 (11% below business as usual)

—

1990 levels by 2020 (25%)

—

80% reduction by 2050

•BUT the economic news is in

more pragmatic legislation: SB

1368. No more “coal by wire”.


41

California Law SB 1368 requires

California utilities to purchase

electricity baseload contracts

that have emissions no greater

than a combined cycle gas

turbine plant.

�Effectively limits all electric producers to 1100

pounds of CO2 per megawatt‐hour�Coal‐fired plants will have to sequester about 1/2

of their carbon�Current contracts grandfathered


Electricity

(40%)

TransportationHeating, other


McElmo Dome: In place: 1500 MtCO2Production: 15‐20 MtCO2

/yr

Rule of thumb:

2 to 5 bbl

incremental

oil per tCO2

injected.


Roger Aines LLNL44

Pipelines and

infrastructure become

incentives


June 18, 2009. Approximately 9:15 a.m.

The number shown, about 3.6 trillion

tons, is the mass of CO2

that would

provide as much warming (“forcing”)

as is provided by all the current long‐

lived gases (Kyoto an Montreal gases).

The mass of CO2

in the atmosphere is

about 3.0 trillion tons.

The number climbs 750 ton/second, or

two‐thirds of one percent per year.


Post combustion costs are still very high ‐

$60/ton CO2

optimistically

•

Obama administration is focused here –

retrofitting existing plants

Pre‐combustion has stalled over capital cost increases, and in US, FutureGen

demonstration plant delays.

•

Gasification technology is cheap for capture, but expensive for power, and

requires new coal plant construction

General conclusion ‐

capture technology is

not up to the job

The original 1930 patent drawing for today’s standard capture

systems is still accurate



84

70

56

42

28

14

0

–14

–28

–42

–56

–70

–84

–98

–112

–126

–140 McKinsey

2009


Multiple storage

mechanisms work at

multiple length and time

scales to trap CO2 in the

shallow crust.

Over time, risks decrease

and permanence

increases

IPCC, 2005


Roger Aines LLNL49

At present, all three approaches to carbon capture

and separation appear equally viable

Amine stripping,

Sleipner

Wabash IGCC plant, Indiana

Clean Energy Systems, CA

Natural sources •

e.g., CO2 domes

Low‐cost opportunities $5‐10/t •

Refineries, fertilizer & ethanol plants,

polygeneration, cement plants, gas

processing facilities.

Capture technologies•

Post Combustion separates CO2

from N2 $40‐60/t

•

Pre‐combustion converts carbon to

CO2

$30‐40/t •

Oxyfired combustion $30‐40/t CO2


Roger Aines LLNL50

This technology is well tested at industrial

scale for >50 years

Cost ~$25‐35/ton CO2

C + H2

O H2

+ CO

Coal, pet‐coke, or biomass can be

gasified, creating “syngas” Wabash IGCC plant, Indiana

Syngas or natural gas can be added to

water and chemically shifted

H2

+ CO + H2

O

2H2

+ CO2

Hydrogen and CO2 can be separated

using physical sorbents (e.g., Selexol)

Hydrogen can be burned, and CO2

sequestered

Petcoke Gasification to

Produce H2

, Kansas


Roger Aines LLNL51

Chemical sorbents such as amines

currently present the lowest cost options

for industrial applications

Novel sorbents, such as chilled ammonia,

and novel technologies hold out the

promise of substantial costs reductions

Amine stripping

Sleipner, Norway

Coal‐Fired Power Plant Flue

Gas, Oklahoma

This technology is well tested at industrial

scale for >70 years

Cost ~$30‐50/ton CO2


Roger Aines LLNL52

Clean Energy Systems, CAOxygen is separated from the air and fed

into the boiler or reactor.

Usually, CO2

is recycled into the boiler to

moderate temperature

The product is CO2

and steam, which can

be easily removed by compression

This technology is not tested commercially,

but holds great promise for retro‐fit and

new plants

Estimated Cost ~$25‐40/ton CO2

Proposed SaskPower projectOnline 2011, Saskatachewan


Roger Aines LLNL53

Mike Haines Montana DEQ

dr. roger d. aines lawrence livermore national laboratorycsub.edu/~dbaron/aines10.pdf · dr. roger...

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