dr. syed shariq naeem mbbs, md, dnb, dcrp assistant …dr. syed shariq naeem mbbs, md, dnb, dcrp...
TRANSCRIPT
Dr. Syed Shariq NaeemMBBS, MD, DNB, DCRP
Assistant Professor
• Introduction: Drug, Nomenclature, Sources & Discovery• Routes of Drug administration and Dosage Forms• Pharmacokinetics
I. AbsorptionII. DistributionIII. MetabolismIV. Excretion
• PharmacodynamicsI. Mode of action of DrugsII. Drug Receptor Interaction
• Drug Safety and Adverse Drug Reaction• Factors modifying drug action• Miscellaneous Topics
At the end of the discussion you should be able to understand:
• What is a Drug?
• How drugs are named?
• Sources of Drugs?
• Where will you get information about different drugs?
• What are Essential Drug and Orphan Drug?
• How a new drug comes to the market?
• Common routes of Drug administration
Drug
Old Definition:• Drug is a chemical substance used for the
treatment, cure, prevention or diagnosis of adisease in human beings or animals.
New Definition:• Any substance or product that is used or intended
to be used to modify and explore physiologicalsystems or pathological states for the benefit ofthe recipient.
Sub- Branches of Pharmacology
Pharmacogenomics Pharmacoeconomics
Pharmacognosy
Pharmacoepidemiology Ecopharmacology
Drug
ParacelsusFather of Toxicology,
Swedish Physician (1493)
All things are poison and nothing is without poison; only the dose makes a
thing not a poison."
Sources of Drugs
A Short History of Medicine“I have a Earache”
➢ 2000 BC: Here eat this root.
➢ 1000 AD: Root is heathen. Say this prayer.
➢ 1850 AD: That Prayer is superstition. Here drink this potion.
➢ 1940 AD: That potion is snake oil. Take this pill
➢ 1985 AD: That pill is ineffective. Take this antibiotic.
➢ 2017 AD: That antibiotic is artificial. Here eat this root.
Types of Drug Names: 3
Drugs are classified and named into three types of names.
1. Chemical Name: ➢ Molecular/Scientific name
➢ Chemical or molecular structure of the drug.
➢ Problem: long and difficult to remember.
➢ Useful: To technically trained personnel who are involved in research.
Eg. 2-acetoxybenzoic acid is the chemical name of Asprin
2. Generic Name: ➢Non-proprietary or Approved name
➢Abbreviated and approved name of the drug.
➢Assigned by the producer in collaboration with the scientific nomenclature bodies like➢ WHO (International Non-proprietary Name- INN)
➢ USA’s (United States Adopted Names council- USAN).
➢Significance: Removes the confusion of giving several names to the same
– Eg. Acetylsalicylic Acid for Asprin
Generic Drugs
Advantages
• Low cost (some times very low cost)
• Same active compound as the branded drugs
Disadvantages• Some times the bioequivalent
drug isn't available in a generic version
• Bioequivalence range -80 percent below or 125 percent above the original drug’s range of bodily absorption. Therefore, even different generic forms of the same drug can vary greatly. This fluctuation can have a significant impact on the efficacy of a drug.
• Since generics vary so greatly, unknown or unlisted side effects could occur.
3. Trade Name: ➢Proprietary or Trade name
➢Names given by the manufacturing and marketing company
➢They are copyrighted: Prevent any other person from using the name.
Branded Drugs
Advantages
• Extensive testing and regulation involved in the research and production
• Efficacy and side effect profile well defined
Disadvantages
• High cost
• Causes confusion, leading to prescription error or consumption error by patient.
Different Names of the Drugs
S.No Generic Name Trade Name Chemical Name
1 Paracetamol Calpol N-acetyl-p-aminophenol
2 Ibuprofen Brufen (RS)-2-(4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl)propanoic acid
3 Diphenhydramine Benadryl 2-(Diphenylmethoxy)-N,N-dimethylethylamine
hydrochloride
4 Azithromycin Zithromax (2R,3S,4R,5R,8R,10R,11R,12S,13S,14R)-13-[(2,6-
dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-α-L-ribo-
hexopyranosyl)oxy]-2-ethyl-3,4,10-trihydroxy-
3,5,6,8,10,12,14-heptamethyl-11-[[3,4,6-trideoxy-
3-(dimethylamino)-β-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl]oxy]-1-
oxa-6-azacyclopentadecan-15-one
Brand NameGeneric Name
Sources of Drug Information
Drug Compendia:
• Compilation of information on drugs in the form of monographs.
• Two Types
Official Unofficial
CIMS,MIMS
Martindale
Drug Compendia
Pharmacopoeias Formularies
Pharmacopoeias
• Contains structure, physical & chemical properties etc.
• Useful to manufacturers and regulatory body, NOT to doctors
• Eg. Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP),
British (BP), USA (USP)
Brand NameGeneric Name
PharmacopoeiaIP, USP, BP
Formularies
• They contains list of indications,contraindications, precautions, adverseeffects, storage etc.
• Useful for doctors
• Eg. National Formulary of India (NFI),
British National Formulary (BNF)
• Dose
• Dosage Form
Routes of Drug Administration
Brand NameGeneric Name
PharmacopoeiaIP, USP, BP
Dose Dosage Form
Routes of Drug Administration
• Enteral route➢Oral➢Sublingual➢Rectal
• Parenteral route➢Injection
➢IV, IM, Intradermal, Subcutaneous➢Intraarticular, Intrathecal, Epidural, Intracardiac
➢Inhalational ➢Transdermal
• Topical route
Intravenous route
Intramuscular Route
Subcutaneous Route
Intradermal Route