dr. william allan kritsonis - phd dissertation advisory committee member for erin m. espinoza -...

7/26/2019 Dr. William Allan Kritsonis - PhD Dissertation Advisory Committee Member for Erin M. Espinoza - Juvenile Justice Di…

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AN EVALUATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER AND

MENTAL HEALTH NEED ON JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM PROCESSING

A Dissertation Presented

to

The Fa!"t# o$ the De%art&ent o$ J!stie St!dies

Co""e'e o$ J!(eni"e J!stie and Ps#ho"o'#

In Partia" F!"$i""&ent o$ the Re)!ire&ent $or the De'ree o$

Dotor o$ Phi"oso%h#

o$

J!(eni"e J!stie

*#+

Erin M, Es%inosa

Dee&-er ./00

Prairie Vie1 A2M Uni(ersit#

Prairie Vie13 Te4as

Certificate of Dissertation Approval

December, 2011

TO THE COMMITTEE OF GRADUATE STUDY+

0



The !ndersi'ned on this date e4a&ined Erin Marie Es%inosa $or the a1ardin' o$ thedotora" de'ree and here-# erti$# that the dissertation 1as ins%eted -# eah o$ !s and

1as a%%ro(ed,

A%%ro(ed+

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Harr# Ada&s3 Ph,D,


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Ca&i""e Gi-son3 Ph,D,Co""e'e o$ J!(eni"e J!stie and Ps#ho"o'#

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8i""ia& 9ritsonis3 Ph,D,

Co""e'e o$ Ed!ation

A%%ro(ed+

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8i""ie F, Trott#Dean3 Grad!ate Shoo"

.



Abstract

An Evaluation of the Influence of Gender and Mental Health eed in !uvenile

!ustice "#stem $rocessin% &December 2011'

Erin M, Es%inosa3 *,A,3 An'e"o State Uni(ersit#:

M,P,A,3 An'e"o State Uni(ersit#

Chair o$ Ad(isor# Co&&ittee+ Dr, Jon Sorensen3 Chair

There is a 'enera" onsens!s that $e&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders are o$ten re&o(ed

$ro& their ho&es $or "ess serio!s o$$enses than their &a"e o!nter%arts, Ho1e(er there

has -een "i&ited researh on the ro"e o$ 'ender in ;!(eni"e ;!stie %roessin', O$ the

st!dies that ha(e -een %!-"ished to date3 the %ri&ar# researh on $e&a"e ;!(eni"e

o$$endin' has -een "i&ited to sa&%"es 1ithin one s%ei$i %re<ad;!diation 6detention7 or

%ost ad;!diation 6state o%erated #o!th %risons7 %"ae&ent t#%e and "oation, Pre(io!s

st!dies s!''est that there is a orre"ation -et1een $e&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$endin' and &enta"

hea"th dia'nosis3 and that o$$enders 1ith &enta" hea"th needs are dis%ro%ortiona""#

re%resented in ;!(eni"e ;!stie instit!tions, Other than desri%ti(e e(a"!ations3 there is a

(er# "i&ited researh on the in$"!ene o$ 'ender and &enta" hea"th need in the dis%osition

deisions res!"tin' in o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent $or ;!(eni"e o$$enders, *# !ti"i=in' a

str!t!red &ethodo"o'# this st!d# e(a"!ated the %ath1a# di$$erenes $or $e&a"e ;!(eni"e

o$$enders in o&%arison to their &a"e o!nter%arts, S%ei$i ana"#sis e(a"!ated the

in$"!ene o$ 'ender and &enta" hea"th need on ;!(eni"e o!rt deisions res!"tin' in o!t<

o$<ho&e %"ae&ent 1hi"e ontro""in' $or o$$ense se(erit#,

>



Dedication

?



Ac(no)led%ements

@



*able of Contents

Certi$iate o$ Dissertation A%%ro(a",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,ii

A-strat,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, iii

Dediation,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, i(

Ano1"ed'e&ents,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (

List o$ Ta-"es,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, i4

Cha%ter I,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0

P!r%ose o$ the St!d#,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,@

C!rrent St!d#,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,B

O-;eti(es,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, B

Or'ani=ation,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Cha%ter II,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0/

Literat!re Re(ie1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,0/

Theoretia" *a'ro!nd,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,00

Ear"# theories,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0.



Li$e<o!rse theor#,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0@

Mas!"ini=ation and e&ani%ation,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0

Po1er<ontro",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,0

Genera" strain theor#,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0B

The $e&inist a%%roah,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ./

Gendered %ath1a#s,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,..

Gender Dis%arit# in S#ste& Proessin',,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.

Menta" Hea"th Disorders and De"in)!en#,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,>/

Gender Dis%arit# in Menta" Hea"th Disorders,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,>?

Menta" Hea"th Disorders and Dis%arate S#ste& Res%onse,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,>

Dis%arate Treat&ent $or Fe&a"e O$$enders 1ith Menta" Hea"th Disorders,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?>

S!&&ar#,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,?@

Cha%ter III,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,?

Method,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?

O(er(ie1 o$ St!d# Desi'n,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?

Sa&%"e Deter&ination,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?B

Meas!res,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?

Preditor (aria-"es,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,?

O$$ense serio!sness,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,@/

Menta" hea"th need,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,@.

O!to&e &eas!res,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,@



Contro" &eas!res,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,@B

Ana"#ses,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,/

Cha%ter IV,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >

Ana"#sis and Res!"ts,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,>

Desri%ti(e Ana"#sis o$ Sa&%"e,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,>

Desri%ti(e Ana"#sis o$ Histor# Varia-"es,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,@

Desri%ti(e Ana"#sis o$ Dis%osition and P"ae&ent Varia-"es $ro& Sa&%"e Period,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

*i(ariate Tests $or H0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,B

M!"ti(ariate Tests $or H0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.

Fai"it# Co&%osite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,>

Detention,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,?

Non<se!re,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,@

Se!re,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

TYC Co&&it&ent,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Test $or M!"tio""inearit#,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,B

Desri%ti(e Ana"#sis o$ Menta" Hea"th Need Varia-"es,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

*i(ariate Tests $or H.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,B>

M!"ti(ariate Tests $or H.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,BB

Ma#si .,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,BB

Assess&ent,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,B

M!"ti(ariate Tests $or H>,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,/

B



Ma#si<.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0

Assess&ent,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,B

Test $or M!"tio""inearit#,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,0/@

Cha%ter V,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0/B

Dis!ssion,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,0/B

S!&&ar#,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0/B

Res!"ts o$ H#%othesis Testin',,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,00@

Li&itations,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,00

I&%"iations and Con"!sion,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,00B

Re$erenes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0.0

C!rri!"!& Vita,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0@.

+ist of *ables

Ta-"e 0 Demographic distribution ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?

Ta-"e . Percent of offenses resulting in most severe disposition,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,@

Ta-"e > Offense and referral history by gender ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Ta-"e ? Percent of most severe dispositions by gender ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Ta-"e @ Percent county based out-of-home placements by gender ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,B

Ta-"e Crosstab comparison of out-of-home placement by gender ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,B

Ta-"e Crosstab analysis of offense categories by gender ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Ta-"e B Crosstab analysis of offense categories for placement type,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,/



Ta-"e Crosstab analysis of offense composites for placement type,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.

Ta-"e 0/ Analysis of predictor variables regressed on facility composite.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,>

Ta-"e 00 Analysis of predictor variables regressed on detention.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,@

Ta-"e 0. Analysis of predictor variables regressed on non-secure placement.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Ta-"e 0> Analysis of predictor variables regressed on secure placement.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Ta-"e 0? Analysis of predictor variables regressed on TYC commitment.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,B

Ta-"e 0@ Inter-correlation matri for out-of-home placement .,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Ta-"e 0 Percent of !AY"I-# cutoff scores by subscale ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,B/

Ta-"e 0 !AY"I -# scores meeting cutoff criteria by,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,B/

Ta-"e 0B Percent of reported Traumatic $periences,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,B0

Ta-"e 0 Percent eternal and internal diagnoses,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,B0

Ta-"e ./ %ender distribution of mental health diagnoses ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,B.

Ta-"e .0 Percent co-occurring disorders by diagnostic categories,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,B.

Ta-"e .. Co-occurring disorders by mental health diagnoses,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,B>

Ta-"e .> !ean &arnings across !aysi-# subscales by placement ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,B?

Ta-"e .? Percentage of traumatic eperiences reported on the !aysi-# by placement type,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,B@

Ta-"e .@ !ean number of traumatic eperiences reported on the !aysi-# by placement

type ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,B

Ta-"e . Percent assessed &ith at least one diagnosis and no diagnosis by placementtype ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,B

Ta-"e . !ean number of diagnoses for 'uveniles assessed by placement type and offense

level ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,BB

0/



Ta-"e .B Analysis of predictor variables regressed on facility composite for !aysi-#.,,,,B

Ta-"e . Analysis of predictor variables regressed on facility composite for Assessment.

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,/

Ta-"e >/ Analysis of predictor variables regressed on facility composite for !aysi-#.,,,,.

Ta-"e >0 Analysis of predictor variables regressed on detention for !aysi-# and gender.

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,>

Ta-"e >. Analysis of predictor variables regressed on non-secure for !aysi-#.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?

Ta-"e >> Analysis of predictor variables regressed on secure for !aysi-# and gender.,,,

Ta-"e >? Analysis of predictor variables regressed on TYC for !aysi-# and gender.,,,,,,B

Ta-"e >@ Analysis of predictor variables regressed on facility composite for Assessment

and gender.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Ta-"e > Analysis of predictor variables regressed on detention for Assessment.,,,,,,,,,,0//

Ta-"e > Analysis of predictor variables regressed on non-secure placement for

Assessment.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0/0

Ta-"e >B Analysis of predictor variables regressed on secure placement for Assessment.

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0/>

Ta-"e > Analysis of predictor variables regressed on TYC commitment for Assessment.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0/?

Ta-"e ?/ Inter-correlation matri for out-of-home placement for female and male

'uveniles mental health need as captured on the !aysi-#.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0/

Ta-"e ?0 Inter-correlation matri for out-of-home placement 'uveniles mental healthneeds as captured &ith a mental health assessment.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0/

00



Chapter I

The -e"ie$ that 'ir"s in(o"(e&ent 1ith the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& is inreasin'

has reent"# 'arnered inreased attention in -oth aade&ia and %o%!"ar !"t!re 6Aoa3

0B: Fo4 2 Le(in3 .///: Morse3 .//.: Ness3 .//?: Poe<Ya&a'ata 2 *!tts3 0/7, At

the t!rn o$ the ent!r# there 1as a t1o<deade "o1 rate in o(era"" ;!(eni"e (io"ent ri&e3

ho1e(er3 o$$iia" statistis indiated a trend to1ard inreased ati(it# in $e&a"e ;!(eni"e

0.



de"in)!en#3 es%eia""# $or o$$enses in(o"(in' assa!"ti(e -eha(ior, The O$$ie o$ J!(eni"e

J!stie and De"in)!en# Pre(ention 6OJJDP7 ond!ted a st!d# d!rin' the %eriod o$ 0B

to 0> that re%orted the n!&-er o$ arrests in(o"(in' $e&a"e ;!(eni"es inreased -# .>3

1hi"e the rate $or ;!(eni"e &a"es inreased -# on"# 00 6Poe<Ya&a'ata 2 *!tts3 07,

In 0B3 the OJJDP re%orted %ro%ert# arrests $or $e&a"e ;!(eni"es inreased -# .03

1hi"e those arrests $or &a"e ;!(eni"es had at!a""# de"ined -# ? 6O$$ie o$ J!(eni"e

J!stie De"in)!en# Pre(ention3 0B7, Reent"#3 the Federa" *!rea! o$ In(esti'ation

re%orted that a"tho!'h the o(era"" rate o$ ;!(eni"e arrests dereased $ro& 0? to .//3

es%eia""# $or (io"ent ri&e3 arrests $or a''ra(ated assa!"ts dereased &ore $or -o#s 6.?

7 than $or 'ir"s 60/7, In addition3 arrests $or si&%"e assa!"t de"ined -# ? $or -o#s3

1hereas the rate $or 'ir"s inreased -# 0 6Sn#der3 .//B7,

Reent"#3 st!dies o$ $e&a"e ;!(eni"e de"in)!en# ha(e -e'!n to sho1 that

si&!"taneo!s 1ith the inrease in arrests in o$$iia" statistis3 han'es in stat!te and "a1

en$ore&ent %o"iies ha(e res!"ted in a %otentia" net<1idenin' o$ $e&a"e arrests 6*isho%

2 Fra=ier3 0.: Chesne#<Lind3 .//.: Ste$$ens&eier3 Sh1art=3 hon' 2 Aer&an3

.//@7, E(a"!atin' (io"ent o$$endin' data 'athered $ro& (iti&i=ation and se"$<re%ort

s!r(e#s3 Ste$$ens&eier et a", 6.//@7 $o!nd that ontrar# to o$$iia" arrest reords3 se"$<

re%ort data indiate that there has -een "itt"e o(era"" han'e in 'ir"sK "e(e"s o$ (io"ene

o(er the %ast one to t1o deades 6Ste$$ens&eier et a",3 .//@3 %, >@7, These $indin's

ha(e a!sed so&e to e4%and the dia"o'!e re"ated to $e&a"e ;!(eni"e de"in)!en# to

in"!de the ar'!&ent that the !se o$ (io"ations o$ o!rt orders and han'es to the

0>



de$inition o$ do&esti (io"ene has res!"ted in the re"a-e"in' o$ 'ir"sK ar'!&ents or $i'hts

in their ho&es $ro& stat!s o$$enses to the de"in)!ent at o$ assa!"t3 and there-#

-ootstra%%in' 'ir"s $or&a""# into the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& 6*arto""as3 0>: *isho% 2

Fra=ier3 0.: Chesne#<Lind3 .//.: Ste$$ens&eier et a",3 .//@7,

A"tho!'h $e&a"e o$$endin' has 'arnered inreased attention in the "iterat!re3 a

"i&ited a&o!nt o$ researh e4ists on the ro"e o$ 'ender in %ost<ad;!diation dis%osition

deisions, The %re(ai"in' -e"ie$ a&on' ;!(eni"e ;!stie %ratitioners has -een that 'ir"s

are harder to 1or 1ith -ea!se the# enter the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& 1ith &ore

serio!s and &!"ti$aeted %ro-"e&s than their &a"e o!nter%arts 6*ains 2 A"der3 07,

This notion has "ed researhers s!h as MaDona"d and Chesne#<Lind 6.//07 to e4a&ine

%otentia" 'ender -ias in the hand"in' o$ ;!(eni"e o!rt ases, Their researh indiated that

$or #o!th enterin' the dis%osition sta'e o$ the ;!(eni"e ;!stie %roess3 the i&%at o$

har'e serio!sness 1as not e)!a" aross 'ender 6MaDona"d 2 Chesne#<Lind3 .//07,

St!dies ond!ted on %re<ad;!diation detention deisions indiated that the ;!(eni"e

;!stie s#ste& %roess a"so di$$ered si'ni$iant"# -# 'ender, Fro& 0/ to 0 there 1as

a @/ inrease in the n!&-er o$ $e&a"e de"in)!en# ases enterin' detention enters in

the United States o&%ared 1ith on"# a ? inrease $or &a"e ;!(eni"e de"in)!en# ases

6Sher&an3 .//@7, In .//03 a"tho!'h 'ir"s o&%rised on"# 0 o$ detained #o!th3 the#

1ere a"&ost t1ie as "ie"# as -o#s to -e detained $or tehnia" (io"ations and stat!s

o$$enses 6Si&!nd3 S"ad"#3 2 9an'3 .//?7, In .//?3 nationa" statistis indiated

tehnia" (io"ations and stat!s o$$enses ao!nted $or ?0 o$ detentions $or $e&a"e

0?



;!(eni"e o$$enders and .@ $or their &a"e %eers 6Si&!nd et a",3 .//?7, There$ore3

$e&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders are &ore "ie"# to -e detained $or stat!s o$$enses3 tehnia"

(io"ations 6s!h as (io"ations o$ %ro-ation or o!rt orders73 and orders to a%%rehend, This

indiates that not on"# is the rate o$ $e&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$endin' inreasin'3 -!t a"so that the

s#ste&i res%onse to $e&a"e de"in)!en# has esa"ated to inareratin' 'ir"s $or "esser

o$$enses than their &a"e o!nter%arts,

Yo!th 1ith &enta" hea"th needs in the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& ha(e a"so

e4%eriened inreased attention, In .///3 the Coa"ition $or J!(eni"e J!stie %!-"ished a

re%ort indiatin' ./ o$ a"" #o!th in the 'enera" %o%!"ation #o!th ha(e a &enta" hea"th

need3 1ith !% to 0> o$ those #o!th ha(in' a serio!s disorder 6H!-ner 2 8o$son3 .///7,

Ho1e(er3 a &!h hi'her %re(a"ene $or #o!th in(o"(ed 1ith the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste&

has -een esta-"ished3 ran'in' $ro& @/ to @ 1ith a%%ro4i&ate"# .@ ha(in' a serio!s

disorder 6Coo==a 2 So1#ra3 .///: Sh!$e"t 2 Coo==a3 .//: So1#ra 2 Po1e""3

.//: Te%"in3 A-ra&3 MC"e""and3 D!"an3 2 Meri"e3 .//.: 8asser&an3 MRe#no"ds3

L!as3 Fisher3 2 Santos .//.7,

St!dies ha(e indiated a orre"ation -et1een $e&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$endin' and

&enta" hea"th dia'nosis, Co%e"and et a", 6.//7 $o!nd that a"&ost .0 o$ $e&a"e ri&e

o!"d -e attri-!ted to the s#&%to&s o$ a &enta" hea"th disorder or &!"ti%"e disorders3

o&%ared to on"# 0@ $or &a"es 6Co%e"and3 Mi""er<Johnson3 9ee"er3 An'o"d3 2 Coste""o3

.//7, Others ha(e indiated that the e4istene o$ an4iet# and de%ressi(e disorders are

stron' indiators o$ (io"ent o$$endin' a&on' $e&a"e o$$enders3 and that $e&a"es ha(e

0@



hi'her rates o$ an4iet# disorders than their &a"e o!nter%arts 6Atins et a",3 0:

Co%e"and et a",3 .//: 8asser&an 3 MRe#no"ds3 9o3 9at=3 2 Car%enter3 .//7,

S!-se)!ent"#3 researhers ha(e -e'!n to h#%othesi=e that interna"i=in' %s#hiatri

disorders s!h as de%ression in$"!ene 'ir"s %ro%ensit# to1ard antisoia" -eha(ior

69o(as3 0: Reno!$ 2 Harter3 0/73 and in$"!ene the s!-se)!ent res%onse $ro& the

s#ste&, The e$$et o$ %s#hiatri disorder is $!rther o&%"iated 1ith a hi'her rate o$ o<

o!rrin' or o<&or-id disorders a&on' $e&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders 6De&-o3 8i""ia&s3 2

Sh&eid"er3 0>: 9ataoa3 .//0: Randa""3 Hen''e"er3 Pire"3 2 *rondino3 0: U"=en3

Ps#h3 2 Ha&i"ton3 0B7,

J!(eni"e o$$enders 1ith &enta" hea"th needs enter a ;!stie s#ste& that is o$ten i""

e)!i%%ed to a%%ro%riate"# hand"e the &!"ti%"e dia'noses and &!"ti<s#ste&i iss!es $ain'

this %o%!"ation, For instane3 "iterat!re indiates that antisoia" -eha(iors in"!de

e(er#thin' $ro& serio!s ats o$ de"in)!en# s!h as dr!' a-!se3 -!r'"ar#3 (anda"is&3 and

assa!"t to &inor stat!s o$$enses s!h as tr!an# and r!na1a# 6Hen''"er3 Shoen1a"d3

*ord!in3Ro1"and3 2 C!nnin'ha&3 0B7, Conse)!ent"#3 there is an o(er"a% in the anti<

soia" -eha(iors o$ de"in)!ent #o!th en'a'ed 1ith &enta" hea"th treat&ent s#ste&s and

ond!t<disordered #o!th in(o"(ed in the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste&, This has a!sed so&e

a!thors to on"!de that the sa&e t#%e o$ #o!th a%%ear in -oth &enta" hea"th and ;!(eni"e

;!stie s#ste&s 6Atins et a",3 0: Coo==a 2 So1#ra3 .///: Te%"in et a",3 .//.:

8asser&an et a",3 .//.7,

0



O$$enders 1ith dia'nosed &enta" hea"th disorders o$ten ha(e a di$$i!"t ti&e

na(i'atin' the ;!stie s#ste&, S%ei$ia""#3 the# are at an inreased ris o$ ha(in' $or&a"

treat&ent onditions i&%osed on the& as a ondition o$ their in(o"(e&ent in the s#ste&

6Monahan et a",3 .//@7, It is not uncommon for judges to add conditions to

probation that require compliance with medication, therapy, or other

behavioral programs (Draine & Solomon, 2!" Solomon, #ogers,

Draine, & $eyerson, !%%' )nforcing and monitoring compliance with

treatment is viewed as a probation o*cer+s primary assignment in

supervising oenders with mental disorders Draine and So"o&on 6.//07

diso(ered that %ro-ation o$$iers s!%er(isin' o$$enders 1ith &enta" hea"th needs in the

o&&!nit# threatened t1o<thirds o$ those o$$enders 1ith inareration $or

nono&%"iane 1ith &andated treat&ent, -his allows o*cers to use technical

violations to incarcerate juvenile oenders with mental health needs

for behaviors that, by themselves, would not be illegal for the general

population -he result is that juvenile o$$enders 1ith &enta" hea"th disorders are

&ore "ie"# to -e %"aed in a residentia" settin' than those 1itho!t a &enta" hea"th

disorder3 indiatin' that the s#ste&i res%onse to the !ni)!e needs o$ the o$$ender 1ith

&enta" hea"th needs is o$ten inareration 6Da!%hinot3 0: Po!r%ino3 2 Moti!3 0@7,

$urpose of the "tud#

Findin's (ar# re'ardin' the e$$ets o$ 'ender and ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste&

in(o"(e&ent and %roessin' 6*e"na% .//0: Chesne#<Lind 2 She"den3 0B7 1ith so&e

0



st!dies indiatin' $e&a"es reei(e &ore se(ere santions than their &a"e o!nter%arts

s%ei$ia""# $or stat!s o$$enses 6*isho% 2 Fra=ier3 0.: Chesne#<Lind3 03 0BB:

Ode&3 0@: She"den 2 Hor(ath3 0B73 and others indiatin' that &a"e ;!(eni"e

o$$enders reei(e &ore se(ere o!to&es3 %arti!"ar"# $or de"in)!ent -eha(ior 6*isho% 2

Fra=ier3 0.: Farrin'ton 2 Morris3 0B>: Johnson 2 She!-"e3 007, This st!d# 1i""

e4a&ine the ro"e that 'ender and %s#hiatri disorder %"a# in ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste&

%roessin', Fi(e h#%otheses 1i"" -e tested : eah is -ased on the aade&i "iterat!re

onernin' the to%i,

First3 this st!d# 1i"" e4tend the $indin's in Es%inosa3 *e"sha13 and Osho 6.//7

-# addressin' so&e o$ the "i&itations in that st!d#, E(a"!atin' the ro"e o$ 'ender in

;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& %roessin'3 the a!thors $o!nd that 'ender had no ro"e in %ost

ad;!diation dis%osition deisions res!"tin' in o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent, Rather3 the a!thors

re%orted that "e(e" o$ o$$ense %ro(ided the stron'est %reditor $or dis%osition deisions

res!"tin' in o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent, One o$ the "i&itations in that st!d# is the o$$ense

ate'or# the a!thors oded as Vio"ation o$ Pro-ation 6VOP7, The %re(io!s st!d# did not

ao!nt $or the $at that so&e VOPs &a# ha(e ori'inated as a Stat!s3 C"ass C or

Conte&%t o$ Co!rt O$$ense, The ;!(eni"e &a# ha(e reei(ed a VOP as a res!"t o$ a stat!s

o$$ense rather than as a res!"t o$ a de"in)!ent at, There$ore3 'ender &a# indeed in$"!ene

;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& %roessin', .y e(a"!atin' the e4tent that a (io"ation o$ a o!rt

order or %ro-ation res!"ts in a dis%osition deision o$ o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent3 this st!d#

0B



1i"" %ro(ide a "earer $ra&e1or $or the ana"#sis o$ the !ni)!e harateristis o$ 'ender

di$$erenes in -eha(ior and ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& in(o"(e&ent,

The seond "i&itation o$ the %re(io!s st!d# is that it did not in"!de an ana"#sis o$

the e4tra"e'a" (aria-"es that in$"!ene dis%osition deision &ain' s!h as &enta" hea"th

disorders, Fe&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders tend to ha(e a "o1er %re(a"ene o$ ond!t and

o%%ositiona" de$iant disorders than &a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders 6Loe-er3 *!re3 Lahe#3

8inters3 2 era3 .///7, Ho1e(er3 in re'ard to -eha(ior3 ado"esent 'ir"s 1ith ond!t

disorders are &ore at ris than ado"esent &a"es $or de%ression3 an4iet#3 and s!iida"

-eha(ior 6Loe-er et a",3 .///7, More s%ei$ia""#3 st!dies ha(e indiated that o$$enders

1ith &enta" hea"th disorders are &ore "ie"# to -e re&o(ed $ro& the ho&e d!e to

(io"ations than o$$enders 1itho!t a &enta" hea"th disorder 6Monahan et a",3 .//@:

Draine & Solomon, 2!' )(a"!atin' the e4tent that %s#hiatri disorder

in$"!enes dis%osition deisions 1i"" %ro(ide a &ore o&%rehensi(e ana"#sis o$ the

!ni)!e harateristis o$ 'ender di$$erenes in -eha(ior and ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste&

in(o"(e&ent,

H0+ Fe&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders are ordered to o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent &ore o$ten

than &a"es $or "o1er "e(e" o$$enses,

A%%ro4i&ate"# ./ o$ #o!th in the 'enera" %o%!"ation are esti&ated to ha(e a

%s#hiatri dia'nosis or do!&ented &enta" hea"th need 6H!-ner 2 8o$son3 .///7,

Ho1e(er3 a &!h hi'her rate ran'in' $ro& @/ to B/ o$ #o!th 1ithin the ;!(eni"e

;!stie s#ste& is esti&ated to ha(e a %s#hiatri dia'nosis or &enta" hea"th need

0



6Coo==a 2 So1#ra3 .///: Te%"in3 A-ra&3 2 MC"e""and3 0B7, St!dies indiate a

dis%ro%ortionate n!&-er o$ #o!th 1ith &enta" hea"th needs in detention and residentia"

settin's 6Atins et a",3 073 and the# are t#%ia""# detained or inarerated %endin'

treat&ent 6United States Ho!se o$ Re%resentati(es USHR3 .//?7, This test 1i"" $o!s on

the ro"e o$ &enta" hea"th need on dis%osition deisions res!"tin' in re&o(a" $ro& the

ho&e 1hi"e ontro""in' $or the e$$et o$ 'ender,

H.+ J!(eni"e o$$enders 1ith &enta" hea"th needs are ordered to o!t<o$<ho&e

%"ae&ent &ore o$ten than ;!(eni"e o$$enders 1itho!t &enta" hea"th needs 1ith

si&i"ar o$$enses,

Gender is one o$ the &ost onsistent orre"ates o$ de"in)!ent -eha(ior 6*e"na% 2

Ho"sin'er3 .//: Na$$ine3 0B: S&art3 0: Ste$$ens&eier 2 A""an3 07, Mirrorin'

the res!"ts o$ st!dies on rae and ;!(eni"e ;!stie deision &ain'3 $indin's ha(e -een

inonsistent re'ardin' the e$$ets o$ 'ender on ase %roessin' 6*e"na% .//0: Chesne#<

Lind 2 She"don3 0B73 1ith so&e indiatin' that it is &ore harsh on 'ir"s than -o#s

6*isho% 2 Fra=ier3 0.: *isho% 2 Fra=ier3 0: Chesne#<Lind3 03 0BB: Ode&3

0@: She"den and Hor(ath3 0B7 1hi"e others indiate no di$$erene -ased on 'ender

6Danne$er 2 Sh!tt3 0B.: 9e&%$<Leonard 2 Sonthei&er3 0@7, Ho1e(er3 the "iterat!re

has sho1n that o$$enders 1ith &enta" hea"th needs are dis%ro%ortionate"# re%resented in

the ;!stie s#ste& and that the# tend to -e inarerated as a res!"t o$ $ai"ed treat&ent, In

addition3 'ir"s in(o"(ed in the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& ha(e -een $o!nd to ha(e hi'her

rates o$ &enta" hea"th needs than their &a"e o!nter%arts, This e(a"!ation 1i"" %ro(ide a

./



tar'eted ana"#sis o$ the in$"!ene o$ &enta" hea"th need on the %ath1a# to o!t<o$<ho&e

%"ae&ent $or $e&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders, The $ina" test in this st!d# 1i"" e4a&ine the

di$$erene in dis%osition deisions res!"tin' in o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent -et1een &a"es and

$e&a"es 1ith %s#hiatri disorders,

H>+ Fe&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders 1ith &enta" hea"th needs are ordered to o!t<o$<

ho&e %"ae&ent at a hi'her rate $or "esser o$$enses than &a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders

1ith si&i"ar &enta" hea"th need,

Current "tud#

b-ectives.

There 1ere three o-;eti(es $or this st!d#, First3 it 1as desi'ned to deter&ine the

e4tent to 1hih ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& %roessin' 1as in$"!ened -# 'ender3 s%ei$ia""#

re"ated to dis%osition deisions res!"tin' in o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent, Seond3 it 1as

desi'ned to e(a"!ate the in$"!ene o$ %s#hiatri disorders in ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste&

%roessin' in a t1o<%ron'ed a%%roah, The $irst %ron' in"!ded an ana"#sis o$ the

in$"!ene o$ 'ender on aess to &enta" hea"th assess&ent -ased !%on the res!"t o$ &enta"

hea"th sreenin', The seond %ron' 1as desi'ned to e(a"!ate the in$"!ene o$ &enta"

hea"th need or %s#hiatri disorder in dis%osition deisions res!"tin' in o!t<o$<ho&e

residentia" %"ae&ent or inareration, The $ina" o-;eti(e 1as to e(a"!ate the in$"!ene

o$ 'ender ontro""in' $or %s#hiatri disorder on dis%osition deisions res!"tin' in

re&o(a" $ro& the ;!(eni"es ho&e,

r%ani/ation.

.0



This st!d# 1as di(ided into $i(e distint ha%ters, This ha%ter %ro(ides a -asi

introd!tion to the di$$erentia" i&%at o$ 'ender and &enta" hea"th need on dis%osition

deisions, The %ro-"e& identi$ied $or e(a"!ation s!''ested that $e&a"e o$$enders3 es%eia""#

those 1ith dia'nosed &enta" hea"th disorders3 1ere ordered to residentia" %"ae&ent or

inarerated $or "esser o$$enses than &a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders, Cha%ter t1o %ro(ides a re(ie1

o$ the re"e(ant "iterat!re and s#ste&ati o!t"ine o$ the %ro-"e& -ein' e4a&ined, Cha%ter three

o$$ers the &ethodo"o'# $or the st!d# in"!din' the data to -e e4a&ined3 sa&%"in' %roed!res3

&eas!res3 and statistia" ana"#ses to -e %er$or&ed,

Chapter II

+iterature evie)

Ado"esene is traditiona""# !nderstood to onsist o$ a %eriod o$ de(e"o%&enta"

transition -et1een hi"dhood and ad!"thood, It is harateri=ed -# han'es in $a&i"#3

shoo"3 %eers3 se"$<one%t3 and 'enera" %h#sia" de(e"o%&ent 6*er'&an 2 Sott3 .//0:

..



Stein-er' 2 Morris3 .//07, A"tho!'h &ost #o!th s!ess$!""# na(i'ate this

de(e"o%&enta" %eriod 1ith no serio!s di$$i!"t#3 inidents o$ -eha(iora" and &enta" hea"th

%ro-"e&s t#%ia""# inrease d!rin' this %eriod o$ de(e"o%&ent3 eah a"on' 'ender

di$$erentiated "ines 6Co&%as3 Hinden3 2 Gerhardt3 0@: Stein-er' 2 Morris3 .//07,

8hi"e -oth -o#s and 'ir"s en'a'e in "a1<(io"atin' and de"in)!ent ati(ities that tend to

%ea d!rin' ear"# ado"esene3 'ir"s en'a'e in $e1er o$ these -eha(iors than their &a"e

o!nter%arts 6Canter3 0B.: Ste$$ens&eier 2 A""an3 0: Ste$$ens&eier3 hon'3

Aer&an3 Sh1art= 2 A'ha3 .//7, On the other hand3 $e&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders

e4hi-it si'ni$iant"# &ore reo'ni=a-"e e%isodes o$ de%ression3 s!iide atte&%ts3 and

&ore o&%"e4 &enta" hea"th needs than their &a"e o!nter%arts 6C!"-ertson3 0:

Gr!n-a!&3 et a",3 .//>: Rosen$ie"d3 Lennon3 2 8hite3 .//@: Te%"in et, a"3 .//.:

8asser&an3 2 MRe#no"ds3 .//7,

Researhers a'ree that 'ender<re"ated di$$erenes tend to -e a&on' the &ost

onsistent %atterns in -oth de"in)!ent -eha(ior and %s#hiatri disorders, The "iterat!re

s!''ests that these 'ender di$$erenes $irst e&er'e ear"# in hi"d de(e"o%&ent and

-eo&e &ore %er(asi(e in ado"esene 6A(ison 2 MA"%ine3 0.: Gore3 Ase"tine3 2

Co"ten3 0.: 9ess"er 2 hao3 0: T!rner 2 L"o#d 0@7, So&e st!dies indiate that

the 'ender 'a% in de"in)!ent -eha(ior is d!e to 'ender di$$erenes in soia"i=ation

6*otther3 .//0: Hei&er 2 De Coster3 0: Messersh&idt3 0B: Si&%son 2 E"is3

0@7 or tied to the o$$enders stat!s in a 'ender strati$ied soiet# 6Chesne#<Lind3 0B:

Da"# 2 Chesne#<Lind3 0BB: Messersh&idt3 0B7, Ho1e(er3 si&i"arities a&on'

.>



ri&ino"o'ia" and %s#ho"o'ia" "iterat!re e&er'e 1hen e(a"!atin' the 'ender

di$$erenes -et1een &enta" hea"th needs and de"in)!en#, Consens!s a&on' %re(io!s

st!dies indiated that $e&a"es %ri&ari"# e4%eriene interna"i=in' s#&%to&s that t!rn

%ro-"e&ati $ee"in's in1ard 6A(ison 2 MA"%ine3 0.: Rosen$ie"d3 Lennon3 2 8hite3

.//@7. The %s#hiatri disorders o&&on"# assoiated 1ith interna"i=in' -eha(iors

in"!de de%ression3 -i<%o"ar3 an4iet#3 %ost<tra!&ati stress3 and other &ood disorders

6Co&%ton3 *!rns3 E''er3 2 Ro-ertson3 .//.: 9a=din3 .//@7, Ma"es %redo&inate"#

e4%eriene e4terna"i=in' -eha(iors 1hih are %ro-"e&ati $or other %eo%"e and res!"ts in

%otentia" %s#hiatri dia'nosis s!h as attention<de$iith#%erati(it# disorder3 o%%ositiona"

de$iant disorder3 and ond!t disorder,

This ha%ter %ro(ides an o(er(ie1 o$ the e4istin' theories that atte&%t to %ro(ide

an e4%"anation o$ $e&a"e ;!(eni"e de"in)!en#, It desri-es $indin's $ro& st!dies that

e(a"!ate trends in -oth ;!(eni"e $e&a"e o$$endin' and the %re(a"ene o$ o$$enders 1ith

&enta" hea"th needs, Fina""#3 it ties the e4istin' "iterat!re into the %ath1a# a $e&a"e

;!(eni"e o$$ender taes to and thro!'h the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste&,

*heoretical ac(%round

Traditiona" ri&ino"o'ia" theories ha(e either i'nored $e&a"e o$$endin' or

e(a"!ated the %heno&enon $ro& a (ie1 -ased in the stereot#%ia" one%t o$ the

-io"o'ia" in$eriorit# o$ 1o&en and their se4 ro"e soia"i=ation or se4!a" %ro&is!it#

6Cohen3 0@@: Na$$ine3 0B@: Po""a3 0@/7, D!e to the s&a"" n!&-ers o$ $e&a"e

o$$enders3 ear"# st!dies in ri&ino"o'# s!h as Sha1 and M9a#s st!d# o$ onentri

=ones in the 0>/s si&%"# did not in"!de 'ir"s or 1o&en in the sa&%"es, Fe&a"es 1ere

.?



'i(en (er# "i&ited onsideration in &ost o$ the s!-se)!ent ri&ino"o'ia" theories

de(e"o%ed d!rin' the ./th ent!r# 6C"o1ard 2 Oh"in3 0/: Cohen3 0@@: Hirshi3 0:

S!ther"and3 0?7, Essentia""#3 $e&a"e de"in)!en# 1as (ie1ed as -ein' !ni&a'inati(e

and d!"" o&%ared to the ati(ities en'a'ed in -# the &a"e de"in)!ent 6Na$$ine3 0B7,

Soio"o'ia" theories o$ de"in)!en#3 in"!din' eo"o'ia"3 di$$erentia"

assoiation3 ontro"3 strain3 "a-e"in'3 and Mar4istritia" theories3 ha(e atte&%ted to

ao!nt $or the e$$ets o$ %o"itia" s#ste&s3 nei'h-orhoods3 soia" "ass3 "earnin'3 and

eono&i s#ste&s on the de"in)!ent ats o$ the ;!(eni"e o$$ender, These theories ha(e

'enera""# $ai"ed to onsider the s%ei$i nat!re o$ the $e&a"e o$$ender in re"ation to the

theor#Ks inter%retation o$ the ontri-!tors to $e&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$endin', S!-!"t!ra"

6Cohen3 0@@73 strain 6C"o1ard 2 Oh"in3 0/73 ontro" theor# 6Hirshi3 0: Re"ess3

Dinit=3 2 M!rra#3 0@3 0@7 and di$$erentia" assoiation 6S!ther"and 2 Cresse#3 0B7

1ere a"" de(e"o%ed 1ith (irt!a""# e4"!si(e re$erene to &a"es -ea!se &ost e&%iria"

researh has -een ond!ted 1ith sa&%"es %redo&inate"# o&%rised o$ &a"e ado"esents

6Chesne#<Lind3 0B7, This has res!"ted in "i&ited insi'ht into the theoretia"

e4%"anations $or $e&a"e ;!(eni"e de"in)!en# 6*"oo&3 2 O1en3 0B: Ste$$ens&eier et

a",3 .//@7,

Earl# theories.

In the ear"# 0//s3 1o&en 1ere %ri&ari"# %erei(ed as se4!a" o-;ets and

e4%eted to re&ain 1ithin &a"e do&inated soia" settin's ser(in' in ro"es s!h as

n!rt!rer3 aretaer3 and ho&e&aer3 o$ten seondar# to the &en in(o"(ed in their "i(es

.@



6Oa"e#3 0B@7, Ear"# theories ass!&ed that $e&a"e de"in)!en# 1as a-nor&a" and

e4tre&e"# rare, The# $o!sed &ost o$ their e4%"anations on the de(iation o$ de"in)!ent

$e&a"es $ro& stereot#%ia" $e&ininit# and the o$ten %res!&ed one%t that 1o&ens

%s#ho"o'ia" $!ntionin' 1as re"ated to their se4!a"it# and -io"o'# 69onee3 0:

Lo&-roso 2 Ferraro3 0//7,

Ear"# ri&ino"o'ists $o!sed a"&ost e4"!si(e"# on the $e&a"e anato&# as the

a!se o$ ;!(eni"e $e&a"e o$$endin', Lo&-roso de(e"o%ed a theor# o$ ri&ino"o'# -ased

on the one%ts o$ Soia" Dar1inis& and the -e"ie$ that a"" indi(id!a"s dis%"a#in'

antisoia" or de"in)!ent -eha(ior 1ere -io"o'ia" thro1-as 6Lo&-roso<Ferraro3 .//?7,

The -orn $e&a"e ri&ina" 1as %erei(ed to ha(e the ri&ina" )!a"ities o$ the &a"e %"!s

the 1orst harateristis o$ 1o&en, To address the $at that $e1er 1o&en -ea&e

in(o"(ed 1ith the ri&ina" ;!stie s#ste&3 Lo&-roso h#%othesi=ed that &en 1ere "ess

"ie"# to -reed 1ith the de"in)!ent3 %h#sia""# de$or&ed 1o&en, There$ore3 nat!ra"

se"etion e4%"ained the e4istene o$ a 'reater n!&-er o$ &a"e than $e&a"e -orn ri&ina"s

6Lo&-roso 2 Ferraro3 0//7, *asia""#3 the "ess attrati(e 1o&en 1ere &ore "ie"# to

o&&it ri&ina" ats: ho1e(er3 d!e to their !ndesira-i"it#3 the# had $e1er hanes to

trans&it those de"in)!ent 'enes to their o$$s%rin',

E4%andin' -e#ond the %h#sia" as%ets o$ the o$$ender %o%!"ation3 %s#ho"o'ia"

theories o$ ri&e 1ere de(e"o%ed in an atte&%t to e4%"ain indi(id!a" di$$erenes in

-eha(iors that ontri-!ted to de"in)!en#, Ear"# %s#hoana"#ti theor#3 as de(e"o%ed -#

Si'&!nd Fre!d 60B@<0>73 ar'!ed that the i&%ro%er"# soia"i=ed hi"d &a# de(e"o% a

.



%ersona"it# dist!r-ane that a!sed her or hi& to diret antisoia" i&%!"ses in1ard or

o!t1ard 6Fre!d3 007, The hi"d 1ho direted the& o!t1ard -ea&e a ri&ina"3 1hi"e

the hi"d 1ho direted the& in1ard -ea&e ne!roti, S%ei$i to $e&a"e o$$enders3 Fre!d

h#%othesi=ed that the one%t o$ %enis en(# res!"ted in $e&a"es en'a'in' in de"in)!ent

ati(it#, Fre!d h#%othesi=ed that 1o&en -eo&e ne!roti in their )!est to -e &ore

&as!"ine and t!rn to ri&e as a 1a# to den# their $e&inine side, Fre!d indiated that i$

1o&en (a"!ed their %ro%er %"ae in soiet# as 1i(es and as &others the# 1o!"d not see

the&se"(es as ino&%"ete and t!rn to ri&e 6Fre!d3 007,

Soio"o'ia" theorists s!h as Po""a 60@/73 Tho&as 607 and Re"ess

60@7 -e"ie(ed that ri&ina"it# 1as %atho"o'ia" and dri(en -# soia" interations3 rather

than -ein' deter&ined -# -io"o'ia" or %s#ho"o'ia" harateristis, For instane3

Tho&as 603 %,B7 sa#s3 the 'ir" as a hi"d does not no1 she has an# %arti!"ar (a"!e

!nti" she "earns it $ro& others, Po""a 60@/7 indiated that the -eha(ior "earned -# 'ir"s

at a (er# #o!n' a'e "ed the& into a &ased or hidden $or& o$ $e&a"e ri&ina"it#, He

ontended that 1ithin the &a"e<do&inated soiet#3 1o&en ha(e a"1a#s -een (ie1ed as

sereti(e and dan'ero!s, More s%ei$ia""#3 Po""a 60@/7 s%e!"ated that %reoio!s

-io"o'ia" &at!rit# 1as the "ar'est ontri-!tor to $e&a"e se4!a" de"in)!en#, In se4!a"

intero!rse3 the ro"e o$ the &a"e 1as to -e ati(e 1hi"e the ro"e o$ the $e&a"e 1as %assi(e,

This %assi(eness in 1o&en ontri-!tes to their a-i"it# to -e deeit$!"3 and th!s $e&a"e

de"in)!en# is &ased -# the hi(a"ro!s treat&ent o$ the ri&ina" ;!stie s#ste&,

.



Re"ess 60@73 ho1e(er3 -e"ie(ed the hidden nat!re o$ $e&a"e de"in)!en# 1as d!e to

their restrited ro"es in soiet#,

In the 0/s3 st!dies $o!sed %ri&ari"# on the %re(a"ene o$ (a'!e stat!s o$$enses

s!h as inorri'i-i"it#3 or the si&%"e need $or are and %rotetion3 as the $ators that

distin'!ish -et1een &a"e and $e&a"e de"in)!en# 6Co1ie3 Co1ie3 2 S"ater3 0B:

9ono%a3 0: Vedder 2 So&&er(i""e3 0/7, Researhers s!''ested that $e&a"e

ado"esents 1ere &ore onerned 1ith $indin' a -o#$riend and ha(in' $riends than 1ith

%ro-"e&s "ie -"oed eono&i or a%ita"isti o%%ort!nities 6*e"na%3 .//7,

Conse)!ent"#3 $e&a"e de"in)!en# a)!ired a sti'&a $o!nded in the ass!&%tion that

$e&a"e o$$endin' 1as se4!a" in nat!re 6Ho#t 2 Sherer3 0B7, Fe&a"e ado"esents 1ere

arrested $or ats onsidered i&&ora" s!h as 1a#1ardness3 !ndera'e drinin'3 tr!an#3

and r!nnin' a1a# -ea!se soiet# e4%ressed onern o(er the se4!a" -eha(ior or &ora"

de%ri(ation o$ $e&a"e de"in)!ents3 1hi"e &a"es 1ho en'a'ed in the sa&e -eha(ior 1ere

t#%ia""# not arrested 6Chesne#<Lind3 0>: She"den3 0B07, So&e on"!ded that this

dis%arate %roessin' o$ "o1<"e(e" o$$enses -# 'ender reated a se4!a" do!-"e standard in

the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& 6Chesne#<Lind3 07,

+ifecourse theor#.

Li$e<o!rse theorists ha(e e4%anded on so&e o$ the initia" ass!&%tions %ro%osed

-# ear"# -io"o'ia" theorists, Ha#nie 6.//>7 e4a&ined the re"ationshi% -et1een 'ir"sK

%!-erta" de(e"o%&ent and their de"in)!en# in(o"(e&ent and re%orted that %!-ert#

a$$ets 'ir"sK de"in)!en# thro!'h %arent and %eer re"ationshi%s, He noted that this 1as

.B



es%eia""# a%%arent in re"ation to ati(ities that soiet# %redo&inate"# re"ates to ad!"t

-eha(ior s!h as s&oin'3 drinin'3 and se4!a" re"ations 6Ha#nie3 .//>7, Mo$$it

%ro%osed t1o )!a"itati(e"# di$$erent ate'ories o$ de"in)!ent o$$enders 1ith her "i$e<

o!rse %ersistent and ado"esene<"i&ited t#%o"o'#, Mo$$itKs ado"esent<"i&ited theor# o$

de"in)!en# %ost!"ated that %!-ert# "eads to -io"o'ia" &at!rit# &!h ear"ier than soiet#

a""o1s soia" &at!rit#, So&e ar'!e that the di$$erene -et1een -io"o'#Ks %h#sia" si'na"s

o$ ad!"thood and soiet#Ks ae%tane o$ ad!"t stat!s reates a dis;!nt!re $or ado"esents

1hih res!"ts in $e&a"e ado"esent de"in)!en# 6Mo$$it3 R!tter3 2 Si"(a3 .//07,

S!-se)!ent"#3 $e&a"es sto% o$$endin' 1hen the# enter "e'iti&ate ad!"t ro"es,

Masculini/ation and emancipation.

So&e ri&ino"o'ists ha(e indiated that the inrease in arrests $or $e&a"es is a

res!"t o$ the 1o&enKs &o(e&ent, For instane3 Ad"er 60@7 and Si&on 60@7 ass!&ed

that $e&a"e de"in)!en# had -een !rtai"ed -# the "i&ited as%iration and o%%ort!nit# o$

1o&en, The# %ro%osed the idea that soia" not -io"o'ia" ir!&stanes de$ined the

'ender di$$erenes in de"in)!ent -eha(ior, Ad"er initiated dia"o' aro!nd 1o&enKs ri&e

rates and their han'in' soia" %osition in 0@ 1hen she ar'!ed that the 1o&enKs

&o(e&ent had han'ed the attit!des to1ard a 'enera" ae%tane o$ the &as!"in=ation

o$ $e&a"e -eha(ior 6Ad"er3 0@7, 8ith her &as!"ini=ation h#%othesis3 Ad"er attri-!ted

the rise in $e&a"e ri&e d!rin' the 0/s and 0/s to an inreasin' n!&-er o$ $e&a"es

ado%tin' 1hat 1ere traditiona""# onsidered &a"e ro"es3 and th!s inreasin'"#

&as!"ini=in' their attit!des and -eha(ior, Ad"er %ost!"ated that the in(o"(e&ent o$

.



1o&en in (io"ent ri&e 1o!"d inrease as 1o&en &odi$# their -eha(ior to -e &ore "ie

&en,

Rita Si&on 60@7 e4%anded on this "ine o$ tho!'ht 1ith her e&ani%ation

h#%othesis, Si&on %ost!"ated that the inreased %artii%ation in the 1or$ore a$$orded

1o&en 'reater o%%ort!nities to en'a'e in ri&ina" ati(it#, 8o&en 1ere -eo&in'

soia""# and !"t!ra""# &ore "ie &en -# o&%etin' and $i'htin' as a''ressi(e"# as &en

to ad(ane their areers and esta-"ish the&se"(es in soiet#, Si&on (ie1ed the inreasin'

in(o"(e&ent o$ 1o&en in ri&e as a onse)!ene o$ soia" &as!"in=ation and a ost o$

e&ani%ation, S%ei$ia""#3 Si&on h#%othesi=ed that 1o&en 1o!"d en'a'e in inreased

%ro%ert# ri&e as the# no1 ha(e aess to 'reater o%%ort!nities,

St!dies 'enera""# $ai" to "end e&%iria" s!%%ort to the theories o$ Ad"er and

Si&on, T1o st!dies ond!ted in the 0/s 6Cerno(ih 2 Giordano3 0: Dates&an3

Sar%itti3 2 Ste%henson3 0@7 indiated that $e&a"e ;!(eni"e de"in)!ents 1ere $o!nd to

re'ard their o%%ort!nities to ahie(e s!ess "ess %ositi(e"# than non<de"in)!ent $e&a"es3

and the 'enera" %ere%tion o$ -"oed o%%ort!nities 1as %rediti(e o$ $!t!re de"in)!ent

ati(it#, In addition3 &as!"ini=ation o$ the se4 ro"e has not -een deter&ined to -e

orre"ated 1ith an inrease in $e&a"e o$$endin' 6Nor"and3 8esse"3 2 Sho(er3 0B0:

Sho(er et a",3 0: Thornton 2 Ja&es3 07, Fe&a"es 1ith &ore<&as!"ine traits ha(e

-een re%orted as -ein' "ess in(o"(ed in de"in)!en# than $e&a"es 1ith &ore traditiona"

traits, A!stin 60B.7 tested the assoiation -et1een "i-erated attit!des a&on' $e&a"es and

in(o"(e&ent in de"in)!ent -eha(ior and $o!nd the h#%othesi=ed assoiation to -e

>/



(irt!a""# non<e4istent, Si&i"ar"#3 Fi'!eria<MDono!'h 60B07 $o!nd that $e&a"es 1ith

&ore traditiona" 'ender attit!des tended to -e &ore de"in)!ent than those 1ith "i-erated

attit!des,

$o)ercontrol.

So&e theorists s!h as Rosen$ie"d 607 and Hei&er and DeCoster 607 ha(e

$o!sed on the "e(e"s o$ soia" ontro" e4hi-ited -# %arents on &a"es and $e&a"es as the

deter&inin' $ator $or de"in)!ent ati(it#, Ha'an 6007 h#%othesi=ed that the

soia"i=ation %roess $or $e&a"e ado"esents (aried -ased on the %o1er str!t!re o$

%arenta" re"ationshi%s 1ithin the ho&e, Ha'ans %o1er<ontro" theor# %osits that -o#s

e4hi-it &ore inde%endene and ris<tain' -eha(ior in %art -ea!se %arents s!%er(ise

their ati(ities "ess "ose"# 6Ha'an3 Gi""is3 2 Si&%son3 0B@: Ha'an3 00: Ha'an3

MCarth#3 2 Foster3 .//.7, Ha'ans theor# s!''ested that 'ender re"ations in soiet#

%rod!e either a %atriarha" or e'a"itarian $a&i"# str!t!re3 eah 1ith di$$erent

onse)!enes $or $e&a"e ri&e, Ha'an s%e!"ated that the %atriarha" $a&i"# &ore "ose"#

ontro"s $e&a"e -eha(ior3 so that $e&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders o&&it "ess de"in)!ent ats,

The ore ass!&%tion is that the &other 1orin' o!tside the ho&e a!ses the da!'hter to

$ind herse"$ in a &ore e'a"itarian $a&i"# str!t!re3 1hih res!"ts in "ess s!%er(ision in the

ho&e 6Ha'an et a",3 0B@73 and is there$ore &ore "ie"# to en'a'e in de"in)!ent ati(it#,

Ho1e(er3 Morash and Chesne#<LindKs 6007 test o$ %o1er<ontro" theor# $o!nd that

'ender di$$erenes in de"in)!en# a%%eared re'ard"ess o$ the %atriarha" or e'a"itarian

$a&i"# str!t!re,

>0



General strain theor#.

Reent"#3 A'ne1s 60.3 .//03 .//7 a%%roah to1ard inte'ratin' "iterat!re on

a''ression3 stress3 and de"in)!en# in his re(ised soia"<%s#ho"o'ia" 'enera" strain theor#

has 'ained &o&ent!& as a stron' theoretia" e4%"anation $or de"in)!ent ati(it#, De%artin'

$ro& the traditiona" (ersions o$ strain theor#3 'enera" strain theor# inte'rated the introd!tion

o$ ne'ati(e sti&!"i and the re&o(a" o$ %ositi(e"# (a"!ed sti&!"i 1ith the strain o$ -"oed

'oa"s as the ata"#st $or de"in)!ent ati(it# 6A'ne13 0.7, Genera" strain theor# ass!&es

that ri&e and de(iane are the res!"t o$ $r!stration in a sit!ation 1here o%%ort!nities and or

e&otions are -"oed, *asia""#3 re(ised strain theor# enters on the %re&ise that stress$!"

e(ents in the nei'h-orhood or in the $a&i"# "ed to de"in)!en#3 es%eia""# i$ reso!res $or

o%in' 1ith that strain s!h as %arent and %eer s!%%ort are non<e4istent 6Ho$$&an 2 S!3

0: Ma=ero""e3 0B7, S%ei$ia""#3 1ith 'enera" strain theor#3 A'ne1 60.7 %ost!"ated

that the strain o$ hi"d a-!se and ne'"et and %h#sia" (iti&i=ation res!"ts in de"in)!ent

-eha(ior 6A'ne1 et a",3 .//.: A'ne13 .//3 Ha# 2 E(ans3 .//7, Initia""#3 A'ne1

6.//.7 $o!nd so&e e&%iria" s!%%ort 1hen he st!died a sa&%"e o$ hi'h shoo" -o#s and

$o!nd that (io"ent (iti&i=ation o$ $a&i"# and $riends 1as assoiated 1ith a''ressi(e

de"in)!en#, This ne1 t1ist to traditiona" strain theor# "ed so&e s!h as F!n 607 to

ontend that A'ne1Ks 'enera" strain theor# %ro(ides the -est e4%"anation $or $e&a"e

de"in)!en#, For instane3 $e&a"es ado"esents arrested $or r!nnin' a1a# t#%ia""# state that

esa%in' $a&i"# (io"ene and a-!se 1ere their reason $or "ea(in' ho&e 69oroi 2 Chesne#<

Lind3 0B@: MCor&a3 Jan!s3 2 *!r'ess30B7, Addin' to that rationa"e3 r!nnin' a1a#

>.



"eads $e&a"e ado"esents to en'a'e in a (ariet# o$ de"in)!ent ati(ities3 in"!din' %rostit!tion3

as a $or& o$ s!r(i(a" 6MCor&i et a"3 0B7,

Ho1e(er3 the e&%iria" data e(a"!atin' 'enera" strain theor# as an e4%"anation $or

$e&a"e de"in)!en# does not ao!nt $or the di$$erent $ators that ontri-!te to $e&a"e

and &a"e ;!(eni"e o$$endin', For instane3 a"tho!'h st!dies ond!ted -# Ho$$&an and

S! 607 and "ater Ma=ero""e 60B7 indiated that the in$"!ene o$ strain on de"in)!ent

ati(it# 1ere si&i"ar $or -oth &a"e and $e&a"e res%ondents3 Ma=ero""e $o!nd that

ne'ati(e "i$e e(ents s!h as tra!&a3 $a&i"# str!t!re and a-!se %redited (io"ent

o$$endin' $or &a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders -!t not $or their $e&a"e o!nter%arts, 8hi"e

in(esti'atin' the i&%at o$ inter%ersona" or %s#hosoia" in$"!ene o$ strain -# 'ender

and the i&%at on de"in)!ent ati(it#3 A'ne1 and *re=ina 607 $o!nd that there 1as a

stron'er orre"ation $or &a"es than $e&a"es, This $indin' diret"# ontradited %re(io!s

researh $o!sin' on inter%ersona" strain $or $e&a"es 6Gi""i'an3 0B.: T!rner3 8heaton3 2

L"o#d3 0@: T!rner 2 T!rner3 07 1hih had indiated that inter%ersona" strain

res!"ted in $e&a"e o$$endin', More reent"#3 in her test o$ 'enera" strain theor#3 9at=

6.///7 $o!nd that the theor# e4%"ained &a"e de"in)!en# -etter than $e&a"e, These

$indin's s!''est that 'enera" strain theor# has $ai"ed the e&%iria" test o$ e4%"ainin' the

a!ses and orre"ations o$ $e&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$endin',

*he feminist approach.

The inrease in $e&inist sho"arshi%3 as 1e"" as the inrease in the n!&-er o$

$e&a"e %ro$essiona"s in ri&ina" ;!stie sine the "ate 0/s and 0/s3 has res!"ted in

%ress!re to e4a&ine the %roessin' and treat&ent o$ de"in)!ent 'ir"s 6*e"na%3 .//0:

>>



Chesne#<Lind3 0BB: Chesne#<Lind 2 She"den3 0B7, Heidensohn 60B7 and *ertrand

607 initiated the on(ersation re'ardin' the a-sene o$ $e&a"e o$$endin' in e4istin'

theories o$ ri&e and de"in)!en#, Re"ess 6007 eno!ra'ed ri&ino"o'ists to disard

e4istin' theories -ea!se o$ their ina%%"ia-i"it# to 1o&en 6%, B7, These o-ser(ations

"ed $e&inist sho"ars to on"!de that the %ro-"e& 1ith e4istin' theories in"!ded t1o

i&%ortant as%ets, First3 the ore o$ ri&ino"o'ia" theor# 1as -ased in a "ass3 rae and

a'e -ased str!t!re that essentia""# i'nored the ro"e o$ 'ender: and seond3 it 1as not

no1n 1hether 'enera" theories o!"d e(en -e a%%"ied to $e&a"e o$$endin' 6Da"# 2

Chesne#<Lind3 0BB7,

Ear"# $e&inist riti)!es o$ ri&ino"o'ia" theor# 1ere -ased in the ana"#sis o$

ho1 ri&e had -een e4%"ained and desri-ed 6Da"# 2 Chesne#<Lind3 0BB7, The#

indiated that $e&a"e de"in)!en# 1as &ore o$ten desri-ed as -ein' in$"!ened -#

-io"o'ia" $ators than -# soia" or eono&i (aria-"es3 and &ost indiated that $e&a"e

o$$endin' 1as rooted %ri&ari"# in se4!a" de(iane 6Heidensohn3 0B: Car"en 2 8orra""3

0B: Mi""&an3 0@: Morris3 0B7, Chesne#<Lind 60>7 s!''ested that $e&a"e

;!(eni"e de"in)!en# 1as se4!a"i=ed3 and that non<ri&ina" o$$enses 6stat!s o$$enses7

ontri-!ted to the "ar'est %ortion o$ $e&a"e o$$endin',

Fe&inist theor# identi$ied a e# %ro-"e& 1ith the a%%"ia-i"it# o$ traditiona"

theor# to $e&a"es #o!th an -e inarerated $or -oth de"in)!ent ats and stat!s o$$enses

6Chesne#<Lind3 0B7, Fe&inist theor# notes that the &a;orit# o$ st!dies re'ardin'

;!(eni"e de"in)!en# ha(e $o!sed so"e"# on de"in)!ent ats, There$ore3 the "a o$

>?



e(a"!ation o$ the stat!s o$$ender and de"in)!en# res!"ts in the -e"ie$ that there is

onsidera-"e )!estion as to 1hether e4istin' theories that 1ere ad&itted"# de(e"o%ed to

e4%"ain &a"e de"in)!en# an ade)!ate"# e4%"ain $e&a"e de"in)!en# 6Chesne#<Lind3

0B3 %, 0/7, The $e&inist a%%roah to de"in)!en# is t#%ia""# identi$ied as a

onstr!tion o$ e4%"anations o$ $e&a"e -eha(ior that are sensiti(e to its %atriarhia"

onte4t 1ith s%ei$i $o!s on the soia" ontro" o$ the "e'a" s#ste& order that ser(es to

rein$ore a 1o&anKs %"ae in a &a"e do&inated soiet#, 6Chesne#<Lind3 0B3 %, 07,

This has "ead se(era" theorists s!h as Da"# and Chesne#<Lind 60BB7 and

Ste$$ens&eier and A""an 607 to ad(ane a 'endered %aradi'& o$ $e&a"e o$$endin',

This %aradi'& re"ies on e4istin' theor# and researh3 1hi"e notin' that $e&a"e o$$endin'

is di$$erent in onte4t and o&%"e4it# than that o$ &a"es, Ste$$ens&eier and A""an 607

ar'!e that the %rini%"e shorto&in' o$ 'ender ne!tra" theories o$ ri&e is the# are not

(er# in$or&ati(e a-o!t the s%ei$i 1a#s in 1hih di$$erenes in the "i(es o$ &en and

1o&en ontri-!te to 'ender di$$erenes in de"in)!en# 6%, ?>7, Conte&%orar# $e&inist

theories ha(e res%onded -# s!''estin' that the $o!s on 'ender and de"in)!en# sho!"d

e4tend -e#ond si&%"# addin' another (aria-"e to the researh &ode" in an atte&%t to

st!d# $e&a"e ri&e and de"in)!en#: rather3 the entire &ode" sho!"d -e str!t!red

di$$erent"# -# 'ender, Ste$$ens&eier and A""an 607 s!''ested that $e&inist theor#3

1hen in$or&ed -# data re'ardin' se4!a" (iti&i=ation3 &a# o$$er an area to the st!d# o$

$e&a"e ri&e and de"in)!en#, Aordin' to this %ers%eti(e3 (iti&i=ation ats as a

tri''er $or de"in)!ent -eha(ior -# $e&a"es3 o$ten res!"tin' in the $e&a"e r!nnin' a1a#

>@



and t!rnin' to dr!'s 6*isho%<Fra=ier3 0.7, Th!s3 -eha(iors s!h as r!na1a#3 tr!an#3

and dr!' !se are o$ten (ie1ed as s!r(i(a" si""s that res!"t in the 'ir"Ks in(o"(e&ent in

the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste&,

Gendered path)a#s

St!dies ha(e indiated that 'ir"s e4%eriene a di$$erent %ath1a# to1ard and

thro!'h the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& than their &a"e o!nter%arts, *o#s de(e"o% their se"$<

one%ts and identities in re"ation to the 1or"d3 1hi"e 'ir"s and #o!n' 1o&en de(e"o%

their se"$<one%ts and identities in re"ation to their interations 1ith others 6Gi""i'an 2

*ro1n3 0.7, Gi""i'an and *ro1n ar'!e that $e&a"e &ora" de(e"o%&ent is -ased on a

%ersona" (ie1 and o&&it&ent to others, There$ore3 attah&ent3 interde%endene and

onnetedness are ritia" to the $o!ndation o$ their identit#,

A"tho!'h $e&a"e o$$enders oasiona""# en'a'e in ond!t &ore stereot#%ia" o$

&a"es s!h as a''ression and assa!"ti(e -eha(ior 6Ca!$&an3 Fe"d&an3 8ater&an 2

Steiner3 0B73 &ore o$ten the# s!%%ress their a''ression and str!''"e 1ith the di$$i!"t#

o$ &ana'in' their e&otions3 es%eia""# those assoiated 1ith de%ression and an4iet#

6Ford3 Cha%&an3 Ma3 2 Pearson3 .//: MFad#en<9eth!&3 *ates3 Dod'e 2 Petit3

07, De"in)!ent 'ir"s ha(e a hi'her ris o$ se"$<de(a"!ation 6Fa'ot 2 Le(e3 0B73

s!iida"it# 68anna 2 Fo&-onne3 0B: 8asser&an et a",3 .//@73 and on$"it 1ith $a&i"#

and shoo"3 in"!din' tr!an#3 !r$e1 (io"ations3 and r!na1a# 6oo"""i"o3 Tre&-"a#3 2

Vitaro3 07 than their &a"e o!nter%arts,

>



St!dies ha(e s!''ested that the dai"# "i$e o$ ;!stie in(o"(ed 'ir"s is $i""ed 1ith

inter%ersona" on$"it and haos, Cha&-er"ain and Moore 6.//.7 $o!nd that .B o$ the

'ir"s the# st!died re%orted that the# had a $i'ht 1ith a $riend and a"&ost . re%orted

that the# had -een in(o"(ed in re"ationa" a''ression 1ithin the %re(io!s .? ho!rs,

Cond!ted in .//>3 the S!r(e# o$ Yo!th in Residentia" P"ae&ent 6SYRP7 ond!ted on

a sa&%"e o$ o(er se(en tho!sand inarerated #o!th3 $o!nd that $e&a"es 1ere a"&ost

t1ie as "ie"# to re%ort %rior %h#sia" a-!se 6?. o$ $e&a"es (ers!s .. o$ &a"es7 and

that $e&a"es re%orted hi'her rates 6 o$ $e&a"es (ers!s ?/ o$ their &a"e

o!nter%arts7 o$ the %er%etrator o$ the %h#sia" a-!se as -ein' a si-"in' or &other 6Sed"a

2 MPherson3 ./0/7, Se(era" st!dies ha(e $o!nd 'ir"s 1ho reside in (io"ent ho&es ha(e

hei'htened ris $ators $or en'a'in' in de"in)!ent ati(it# s!h as tr!an#3 se4!a"

%ro&is!it#3 r!nnin' a1a#3 and s!-stane a-!se 6Oso$s#3 0: Thorn-err#3 H!i=in'a3

2 Loe-er3 .//?7, Not s!r%risin'"#3 $e&a"e ;!(eni"es arrested $or r!nnin' a1a# $re)!ent"#

e4%eriene $a&i"# (io"ene 69oroi 2 Chesne#<Lind3 0B@: MCor&a3 Jan!s3 2

*!r'ess3 0B: R!sh3 0B/7 and e&otiona"3 %h#sia"3 and se4!a" a-!se 6MCor&a et,

a",3 0B: Rhodes 2 Fisher3 0>: Si"-ert 2 Pines3 0B07 as their %ri&ar# &oti(ation $or

"ea(in' ho&e 6Chesne#<Lind 2 She"den3 0B7,

A"tho!'h not a"" #o!th 1ho e4%eriene tra!&a en'a'e in de"in)!ent ati(it#3

st!dies o$ #o!th in(o"(ed 1ith the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& ha(e $o!nd rates o$ tra!&a

-et1een / and / 6MMain3 Morrisse#3 Ne1&an3 Er1in3 2 Da"e#3 0B: Ri(era

2 8ido&3 0/: Steiner3 Garia3 2 Mathe1s3 07, Steiner et a", 607 $o!nd that

>



and re%orted hi'her rates o$ %h#sia" in;!ries as a res!"t o$ se4!a" a-!se o(er &a"es

6Sed"a et a",3 ./0/7, Sher&an 6.//@7 ond!ted a st!d# o$ hronia""# de"in)!ent

$e&a"e o$$enders and noted that the $irst se4!a" eno!nters o!rred at an a(era'e a'e o$

,@ 6Sher&an3 .//@7, Hi'h"i'htin' the di$$erene -et1een the rates o$ se4!a" tra!&a

e4%eriened -# $e&a"e and &a"e o$$enders3 the st!d# $o!nd that on"# > o$ the &a"e

o&%ared to o$ $e&a"e o$$enders had a histor# o$ a-!se, Sine an4iet# disorders

t#%ia""# &ani$est as a res!"t o$ tra!&a3 it o!"d -e %res!&ed that the stress o$

(iti&i=ation ontri-!tes to de"in)!ent ati(it# 68asser&an et a",3 .//@7, F!rther&ore3

Goodind3 N'3 2 Sarri 6.//7 $o!nd that 'ir"s in(o"(ed in the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste&

1ho ha(e e4%eriened so&e $or& o$ se4!a" a-!se had &ore ne'ati(e &enta" hea"th3

shoo"3 s!-stane !se3 ris# se4!a" -eha(ior3 and de"in)!en# o!to&es than those 1ho

had not e4%eriened this $or& o$ tra!&a,

So&e researhers ha(e ar'!ed that the ri&ina"i=ation o$ (iti&i=ation has

res!"ted in %ro<arrest %o"iies $or $e&a"es 1hih ao!nt $or the inrease in $e&a"e

o$$endin' in o$$iia" arrest reords, Chesne#<Lind 6.//.7 ar'!ed that han'in' %o"iies

re'ardin' &andator# arrests $or inidents o$ do&esti (io"ene ha(e at!a""# res!"ted in

'ir"s -ein' arrested $or o$$enses that3 %re(io!s to the %o"i# han'es3 1o!"d ha(e si&%"#

-een (ie1ed as stat!s o$$enses, For instane3 a$ter initiatin' &andator# arrests $or

do&esti (io"ene a""s3 Prine 8i""ia& Co!nt# in Mar#"and e4%eriened an inrease in

arrests $or do&esti (io"ene a&on' 1o&en3 !% $ro& 0., in 0. to .0 in 0

6S&ith3 07, In 0?3 Mar#"ands Fe&a"e Po%!"ation Tas Fore re(ie1ed o(er .3///

>



$e&a"e ;!(eni"e reords $or #o!th re$erred to the Mar#"and ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste&,

E(a"!atin' ases o$ %erson<on<%erson o$$enses3 the tas $ore diso(ered that ,

in(o"(ed an assa!"ti(e ati(it#, F!rther st!d# re(ea"ed that ha"$ o$ those assa!"ts o!rred

1ithin the $a&i"# 6Mar#"and De%art&ent o$ J!(eni"e J!stie3 0@7, Ste$$ens&eier and

o""ea'!es 6.//@7 re%orted that the rise in $e&a"e (io"ent or assa!"ti(e o$$endin' 1as the

diret e$$et o$ net<1idenin' %o"i# shi$ts that had esa"ated 'ir"s arrest<%roneness

6Ste$$ens&eir et a",3 .//@3 %, >@@7, Si&%"# %!t3 'ir"s are -ein' arrested $or -eha(ior that

1o!"d not ha(e 1arranted an arrest %rior to the %o"i# han'e, This re"a-e"in' o$ $a&i"#

ar'!&ents a&on' $e&a"es and their %arents has res!"ted in a $or& o$ -ootstra%%in'

6de$ined %, .B7 o$ $e&a"e o$$enders3 es%eia""# a&on' A$rian A&erian #o!th3 into the

s#ste& 6*arto""as3 0>: Chesne#<Lind3 .//.7,

Gender Disparit# in "#stem $rocessin%

St!dies o$ de"in)!en# and the res%onse o$ the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& ha(e

onsistent"# $o!nd that -oth "e'a" and e4tra<"e'a" $ators ontri-!te to the detention and

dis%ositiona" o!to&es o$ #o!th in(o"(ed in ;!(eni"e o$$endin', Ho1e(er3 si&i"ar to the

res!"ts o$ st!dies on the i&%at o$ rae and ;!stie s#ste& %roessin'3 $indin's ha(e -een

inonsistent re'ardin' the e$$ets o$ 'ender on ase o!to&es in %ost ad;!diation

dis%osition deisions 6*e"na% .//0: Chesne#<Lind 2 She"den3 0B7, So&e st!dies ha(e

$o!nd that 'ir"s 1ere the rei%ients o$ &ore se(ere santions than their &a"e o!nter%arts3

es%eia""# re'ardin' s#ste&i res%onses to stat!s o$$enses 6*isho% 2 Fra=ier3 0.:

Chesne#<Lind3 03 0BB: She"den 2 Hor(ath3 0B: Ode&3 0@7, Other st!dies

?/



indiate that $e&a"es reei(e &ore "enient o!to&es $or de"in)!ent -eha(ior than &a"es

6*isho% 2 Fra=ier3 0: Farrin'ton 2 Morris3 0B>: Johnson 2 She!-"e3 007, So&e

researh has $ai"ed to $ind an# di$$erenes in the hand"in' o$ de"in)!en# ases -ased on

'ender 6Danne$er 2 Sh!tt3 0B.: 9e&%$<Leonard 2 Sonthei&er3 0@7, Others ha(e

sho1n that $e&a"e ;!(eni"es reei(ed -oth &ore se(ere and &ore "enient o!to&es than

their &a"e o!nter%arts,

In their ana"#sis o$ the %etition3 ad;!diation3 and dis%osition sta'es o$ the ;!(eni"e

o!rt %roessin'3 MaDona"d 2 Chesne#<Lind 6.//07 re%orted no di$$erene -et1een

-o#s and 'ir"s in the deision to %etition an o$$ense, Ho1e(er3 d!rin' the ad;!diation

sta'e3 har'e serio!sness 1as &ore i&%ortant $or 'ir"s than -o#s, D!rin' the

dis%osition sta'e3 the re(erse 1as diso(ered, Th!s3 1hen $e&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders are

ad;!diated de"in)!ent3 the# 1ere &ore "ie"# than -o#s to -e 'i(en a restriti(e

santion $or a "ess serio!s o$$ense 6%,0B7,

Inareration or detention o$ stat!s o$$enders is a'ainst the "a1 !nder the J!(eni"e

J!stie and De"in)!en# Pre(ention At 6JJDPA7 o$ 0?, Ho1e(er3 a han'e to the

JJDPA in 0B/ %ro(ided the o%%ort!nit# $or stat!s o$$enders3 $o!nd in onte&%t o$ o!rt

$or (io"atin' a (a"id o!rt order to -e %"aed in se!re detention $ai"ities 6*isho% 2

Fra=ier3 0.7, The a&end&ent a"so indiated that onte&%t %roeedin's &a# -e -ased

either on a o&&ission o$ a s!-se)!ent stat!s o$$ense or a $ai"!re to o&%"# 1ith a %rior

o!rt order 6Sher&an3 .//@7, The 0B/ a&end&ent there-# indiret"# n!""i$ied the AtKs

ori'ina" intent o$ ee%in' stat!s o$$enders o!t o$ detention3 and instead 1idened the net

?0



$or inareratin' $e&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders, S!-se)!ent"#3 st!dies $o!sed on the %re<

ad;!diation detention deisions re"ated to stat!s o$$enses ha(e onsistent"# re%orted that

$e&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders 1ere &ore "ie"# than their &a"e o!nter%arts to -e detained $or

stat!s o$$enses3 tehnia" (io"ations and 1arrants 6Sher&an3 .//@: Si&!nd et a",3

.//?7,

*# en'a'in' in a %ratie that has -een o&&on"# a""ed -ootstra%%in'3 o!rts

detain $e&a"es thro!'h $indin's o$ onte&%t o$ o!rt3 %ro-ation (io"ations3 or (io"ations

o$ o!rt orders $or !nder"#in' stat!s o$$enses or &inor de"in)!ent -eha(ior 6*isho% 2

Fra=ier3 0.: Sher&an3 .//@7, St!dies indiate that as a res!"t o$ -ootstra%%in'3 there

has -een an inrease in the n!&-ers o$ $e&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders -ein' detained %re<

ad;!diation $or o$$enses that are "ess threatenin' to the o&&!nit# than those o$ their

&a"e o!nter%arts, Data o-tained $ro& the J!(eni"e Detention A"ternati(es Initiati(e

6JDAI7 and "a!nhed -# the Annie E, Case# Fo!ndation in 0. ha(e re(ea"ed an

e&er'in' trend in ;!(eni"e detention, The initia" $indin's o$ the st!d# re%orted that d!rin'

the %eriod $ro& 0B@ to 0@3 the n!&-er o$ ;!(eni"es ho!sed in se!re detention

nation1ide inreased -# . 6Sher&an3 .//@7, It o!"d -e ass!&ed that this inrease

o!"d ha(e -een d!e to an inrease in (io"ent o$$enders $or 1ho&3 $or the sae o$

o&&!nit# sa$et#3 no other a"ternati(e o!"d -e $o!nd, Ho1e(er3 "ess than one<third o$

the ;!(eni"e o$$enders in detention in 0@ 1ere har'ed 1ith a (io"ent o$$ense, In $at3

there 1ere &ore #o!th detained $or stat!s o$$enses than (io"ent o$$enses3 1ith (io"ations

o$ o!rt orders ao!ntin' $or >, o$ the detention %o%!"ation,

?.



Re'ardin' 'ender di$$erenes3 $e&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders 1ere &ore "ie"# than

their &a"e o!nter%arts to -e detained $or stat!s o$$enses3 tehnia" (io"ations and

1arrants 6Sher&an3 .//@7, In .//03 tehnia" (io"ations and stat!s o$$enses ao!nted $or

?0 o$ detentions $or $e&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders3 -!t ao!nted $or on"# .@ o$

detentions o$ their &a"e %eers, In so&e ir!&stanes $e&a"e o$$enders o&%rised &ore

than / o$ #o!th detained $or stat!s o$$enses 6Si&!nd et a",3 .//?7, A s!r(e# o$ $o!r

st!d# sites ond!ted -# the A&erian *ar Assoiation and the Nationa" *ar Assoiation

6.//07 $o!nd that a"tho!'h $e&a"es o&%rised on"# 0? o$ the tota" detention %o%!"ation

at an# 'i(en ti&e3 >/ o$ those 'ir"s 1ere detained a'ain 1ithin one #ear, For those re<

detained3 @> o$ $e&a"es o&%ared to ?0 o$ their &a"e o!nter%arts 1ere detained $or

%ro-ation or tehnia" (io"ations, For those 1ho ret!rned to detention t1ie in one #ear3

/ o$ the $e&a"es o&%ared to ? o$ the &a"e ;!(eni"es 1ere detained $or %ro-ation

and tehnia" (io"ations, E(en &ore striin'3 . o$ the $e&a"es o&%ared to ? o$ the

&a"es 1ho 1ere detained three or &ore ti&es 1ithin one #ear 1ere detained $or %ro-ation

(io"ations 6A&erian *ar Assoiation 2 Nationa" *ar Assoiation3 .//07, *isho% and

Fra=ier 60.7 indiated that 'ender di$$erenes 1ere e(en &ore o-(io!s in the !se o$

detention $or re%eat stat!s o$$enders $o!nd in onte&%t o$ o!rt, Their st!d# $o!nd that

the &a"e stat!s o$$ender had a >, hane o$ inareration i$ he 1as re$erred $or an

additiona" stat!s o$$ense3 -!t the hane o$ inareration inreased to ?,? i$ he 1as

$o!nd in onte&%t o$ o!rt, Ho1e(er3 the t#%ia" $e&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$ender had a 0,B

?>



hane o$ inareration i$ re$erred $or a stat!s o$$ense 1ith an inrease to >,. i$ she

1as $o!nd in onte&%t o$ o!rt 6*isho% 2 Fra=ier3 0.7,

In .//3 the J!(eni"e O$$enders and Viti&s Nationa" Re%ort indiated that this

trend had e4tended to !stodia" %"ae&ents other than detention as 1e"", It re%orted that

the %ro%ortion o$ $e&a"es he"d in !stod# had inreased $ro& 0> in 00 to 0@ -#

.//> 6Sn#der 2 Si&!nd3 .//7, Ho1e(er3 the $e&a"e %ro%ortion 1as 'reater a&on'

stat!s o$$enders 6?/7 than de"in)!ent o$$enders 60?7 he"d in !stod# 6Sn#der 2

Si&!nd3 .//7, Ga(a==i3 Yarhe and Chesne#<Lind 6.//7 noted in their e(a"!ation

o$ the ris and needs o$ #o!th in a detention enter that girls were signi/cantly

more li0ely to be detained for incorrigibility and domestic violence and

that parents were more li0ely the complainants -heir /ndings

indicated that boys were signi/cantly more li0ely to be arrested for

property oenses with complainants more li0ely to be citi1ens in the

community rather than the boys parents Pro(idin' a stron' state&ent as to

the di$$erene in 'ender -ased detention deisions3 the a!thors s!&&ari=ed the di$$erene

-et1een &a"e and $e&a"e ;!(eni"e detention deisions+ Q-o#s are detained as a

res%onse to %!-"i sa$et# iss!es3 1hereas 'ir"s are detained -ea!se o$ %ro-"e&s at ho&e

6Ga(a==i et a",3 .//+ /B7,

Mental Health Disorders and Delin3uenc#

8hi"e aade&i attention to the %re(a"ene o$ &enta" disorders a&on'

inarerated ad!"ts and re"ated iss!es 1as initiated in the 0/s 6La&-3 8ien-er'er3 2

??



Gross3 0B: Met=ner3 Cohen3 2 Gross&an3 0B73 no re"ia-"e st!dies on the %re(a"ene

o$ %s#hiatri disorders a&on' ;!(eni"e o$$enders e4ist %rior to the 0/s 6Otto et a",3

0.7, St!dies tar'etin' the e4a&ination o$ these iss!es s%ei$i to ;!(eni"e o$$enders

1ith &enta" i""ness ha(e reent"# 'ained &o&ent!&, It has -een esti&ated that to

0> o$ A&erian hi"dren and ado"esents in the 'enera" %o%!"ation -et1een a'es nine to

0 ha(e a serio!s dia'nosa-"e %s#hiatri disorder 6Fried&an3 9at=<Le(#3 Mandersheid3

2 Sondhei&er3 07, Ho1e(er3 des%ite the di$$erenes in instr!&entation and

&ethodo"o'#3 n!&ero!s st!dies ond!ted o(er the "ast deade ha(e indiated &!h

hi'her rates o$ %s#hiatri disorders3 in"!din' hi'h rates o$ tra!&ati stress3 a&on'

#o!th in(o"(ed in the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& 6A-ra& et a",3 .//?: Arro#o3 .//0:

Ca!$$&an et a",3 0B: 8asser&an et a",3 .//.: 8ood3 Fo#3 Go'!en3 P#noos3 2 Ja&es3

.//.: 8ood3 Fo#3 La#ne3 P#noos3 2 *o#d3 .//.7,

The s%ei$i so%e o$ the iss!e has -een di$$i!"t to identi$# -ea!se o$ the 1ide

(ariet# o$ esti&ates in eah st!d#, St!dies initiated in the 0/s esti&ated %re(a"ene

rates an#1here $ro& @/ to 0//, For instane3 Faen=a et a", 6.///73 re%orted an

esti&ated %re(a"ene rate o$ @> $or o$$enders in Mar#"and 3 1as re%orted $or

o$$enders in Te4as 6P"is=a et a",3 .///73 and 0// o$ ;!(eni"es 1ere esti&ated to &eet

riteria $or a %s#hiatri disorder in Ohio 6Ti&&ons<Mithe"" et a",3 07, Te%"in et a",

6.//.7 $o!nd that o$ the &a"es and ? o$ the $e&a"es a&on' a sa&%"e o$ #o!th

detainees in a "ar'e it# &et dia'nosti riteria $or at "east one &enta" hea"th dia'nosis,

For s!-stane a-!se3 a"&ost ha"$ the entire sa&%"e3 -oth &a"e and $e&a"e3 &et dia'nosti

?@



riteria, In .//03 a st!d# e(a"!ated #o!th in(o"(ed 1ith -oth the ;!(eni"e ;!stie and hi"d

1e"$are s#ste&s, The st!d# $o!nd that @. o$ a sa&%"e o$ #o!ths 1ith %rior ;!(eni"e

;!stie in(o"(e&ent &et riteria $or a %s#hiatri dia'nosis3 1hi"e the hi"d 1e"$are

in(o"(ed #o!th indiated a rate o$ @? 6Gar"and3 Ho!'h3 MCa-e3 Yeh3 8ood3 2 Aarons3

.//07,

The (ariation a&on' $indin's o$ %re(io!s st!dies is e(en &ore a%%arent 1hen one

e(a"!ates the di$$erene in rates $or s%ei$i interna"i=in' disorders, For instane3 &ood

disorders ha(e -een esti&ated to -e as hi'h as . 6Ti&&ons<Mithe"" et a",3 07 to

a%%ro4i&ate"# ./ 6Te%"in et a",3 .//.73 and a "o1 o$ 0/ 68asser&an et a",3 .//.7,

An4iet# disorders ha(e -een indiated at a hi'h o$ @. 6Ti&&ons<Mithe"" et a",3 073

to ./ < >/ 6Te%"in et a",3 .//.73 and a "o1 o$ B 6Gar"and et a",3 .//07, Esti&ates o$

%s#hoti<s%etr!& disorders s!h as shi=o%hrenia or anti<soia" %ersona"it# disorder

ran'e $ro& a hi'h o$ 0 6Ti&&ons<Mithe"" et a",3 07 to a "o1 o$ 0 6Te%"in et a",3

.//.7,

Se(era" e4%"anations e4ist as to 1h# there is s!h a dis%arit# in the %re(a"ene o$

&enta" hea"th disorders o$ #o!th in(o"(ed 1ith ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste&, Most onsider the

%ossi-i"it# o$ &ethodo"o'ia" iss!es3 s!h as instr!&entation or !nderde(e"o%ed

o%erationa" de$initions o$ the disorders 6Grisso3 .//?7, Ho1e(er3 a ritia" o(er"ooed

di$$erene in the st!dies has -een $ro& 1hih sta'e in the ;!(eni"e ;!stie %roess the

sa&%"e o$ ;!(eni"e o$$enders 1as dra1n, Eah o$ the %re(io!s st!dies atte&%ted to

esta-"ish a %re(a"ene rate $or %s#hiatri disorders a&on' #o!th in(o"(ed in the ;!(eni"e

?



;!stie s#ste&, Ho1e(er3 the# eah in"!ded #o!th at di$$erent sta'es in the ;!(eni"e

;!stie %roess, Te%"in et a", 6.//.7 e(a"!ated #o!th detained in a te&%orar# detention

enter, Those #o!th 1ere either 1aitin' to a%%ear in o!rt $or their ad;!diation hearin'

or 1ere %endin' a transition to an o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent as a res!"t o$ the dis%osition,

Either 1a#3 the# 1ere #o!th 1ho 1ere dee&ed -# the o!rt to -e !nsa$e to the

o&&!nit# to ret!rn ho&e, Ho1e(er3 8asser&an et a", 6.//.7 in"!ded a"" #o!th re$erred

to the intae %roess $or !r-an %ro-ation de%art&ents in a se"eted state, A &a;orit# o$

those #o!th ret!rned ho&e a$ter intae3 1hi"e a se"et $e1 1ere detained %endin' their

o!rt hearin', This indiates that the s#&%to&o"o'# and onentration o$ &enta" hea"th

needs $or ;!stie in(o"(ed #o!th (ar# thro!'ho!t di$$erent intere%t %oints in the s#ste&,

Atins and o""ea'!es 607 de&onstrated di$$erent onentrations a&on' #o!th

in(o"(ed in -oth the &enta" hea"th and ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste&, Usin' the Dia'nosti

Inter(ie1 Shed!"e $or Chi"dren 6DISC7 .,>3 Atins $o!nd that B o$ #o!th hos%ita"i=ed

$or a &enta" hea"th e&er'en# &et riteria $or at "east one &enta" hea"th dia'nosis

6Atins et a",3 07, Ho1e(er3 o$ the #o!th in the st!d# reei(in' treat&ent in the

o&&!nit# $ro& the "oa" &enta" hea"th enter3 / &et riteria $or at "east one

%s#hiatri disorder, In o&%arison3 . o$ #o!th 1ho 1ere inarerated in a ;!(eni"e

;!stie settin' &et riteria $or at "east one %s#hiatri disorder3 s!''estin' that

inareration o$ #o!th in the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& &a# -e an inter&ediate ste% $or

&enta" hea"th treat&ent -et1een the o&&!nit# &enta" hea"th and the hos%ita" &enta"

hea"th s#ste&s,

?



Yo!th in(o"(ed 1ith the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& o$ten ha(e not one -!t se(era" o<

&or-id %s#hiatri disorders, 8asser&an et a", 6.//@7 $o!nd the %re(a"ene o$ #o!th 1ho

&et riteria $or at "east one %s#hiatri disorder to -e >3 1ith 0 &eetin' riteria $or

three or &ore disorders, For instane3 antisoia" -eha(iors in"!ded e(er#thin' $ro&

serio!s ats o$ de"in)!en# s!h as dr!' a-!se3 -!r'"ar#3 (anda"is&3 and assa!"t to &inor

stat!s o$$enses s!h as tr!an# and r!na1a# 6Hen''"er3 Shoen1a"d3 Ro1"and3 2

C!nnin'ha&3 0B7, There is onsidera-"e o(er"a% in the antisoia" -eha(iors o$

de"in)!ent #o!th and ond!t disordered #o!th3 s!h that treat&ent needs o$ #o!th in the

;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& are o$ten the sa&e as those $or #o!th in the &enta" hea"th s#ste&

6Me"ton 2 Pa'"ioa3 0.7, So&e ha(e e(en ar'!ed that the sa&e #o!th a%%ear in -oth

s#ste&s 6Atins et a",3 0: Coo==a 2 So1#ra3 .///: Te%"in et a",3 .//. 2 8asser&an

et a",3 .//.7,

In addition to the 'ro1in' e(idene o$ hi'h rates o$ %re(a"ene in the ;!(eni"e

;!stie s#ste&3 st!dies a"so indiate that &enta" hea"th disorders are orre"ated 1ith

de"in)!ent -eha(ior, For instane se(era" %ros%eti(e st!dies indiate that h#%erati(it#

6Man'!sson3 a$ 9"inte-er'3 2 Stattin3 0?: L#na&3 Cas%i3 2 Mo$$itt3 et a",3 .///:

Loe-er3 *rintha!%t3 2 Green3 0/73 ond!t disorders 6Loe-er3 0: Loe-er3 0/:

Farrin'ton3 0: Loe-er 2 Farrin'ton3 0B73 and e&otiona" disorders 6Co%e"and3

Johnson3 9ee"er3 et a",3 .//: *oots3 .//B: *oots3 .//7 are e# indiators $or

in(o"(e&ent 1ith the ;!stie s#ste&, S%ei$ia""#3 Co%e"and 6.//7 $o!nd that a$ter

ontro""in' $or o$$ense "e(e" and %o(ert#3 ./, o$ $e&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$endin' and 0@,>

?B



o$ &a"e ;!(eni"e o$$endin' 1as attri-!ta-"e to &enta" hea"th disorders, A&on' s%ei$i

%s#hiatri %ro$i"es3 the st!d# indiated that the stron'est assoiation -et1een &enta"

hea"th disorder and de"in)!ent -eha(ior in(o"(ed o<o!rrin' an4iet# or de%ressi(e

disorders, *oots 6.//7 e4tended these $indin's $!rther 1hen it indiated a &oderate

orre"ation -et1een de%ression and an4iet# 6r ,@7 and $!t!re o$$endin',

Gender Disparit# in Mental Health Disorders

Piine""i and Ho&en 607 ond!ted a o&%rehensi(e re(ie1 o$ se(era"

%o%!"ation -ased st!dies $ro& di$$erent o!ntries aross the 1or"d, The st!d# re(ea"ed

that 1o&en 'enera""# had hi'her rates o$ de%ression than &en, These di$$erenes ha(e

-een onsistent"# re%"iated in st!dies ond!ted in "inia"3 ri&ina" ;!stie3 and

o&&!nit# settin's 6Piine""i 2 Ho&en 0: Gater et a",3 0B: 8HO 2 ICPE3 .///7,

8o&en a"so ha(e hi'her %re(a"ene rates o$ o<o!rrin' an4iet# disorders 1ith

de%ression as a o&&on $ator 69ess"er et,3 a"3 0?7 and these $indin's ha(e -een

onsistent aross st!dies e(a"!atin' &enta" hea"th and 'ender 6Lin=er3 S%it=er3 9roene et

a"3 0: Resni et a",3 07, In ter&s o$ 1o&enKs &enta" hea"th and ri&ina" ;!stie

in(o"(e&ent3 Ja&es and G"a=e 6.//7 $o!nd that 1o&en 1ith &enta" hea"th disorders

1ere dis%ro%ortionate"# re%resented in inareration -ased settin's, S%ei$ia""#3 the

*!rea! o$ J!stie Statistis st!d# $o!nd that o&%ared to a 0. %re(a"ene rate a&on'

1o&en in the 'enera" %o%!"ation3 > o$ 1o&en in state r!n %risons and @ o$ 1o&en

in o!nt# ;ai"s had &enta" disorders aross the United States 6Ja&es 2 G"a=e3 .//7,

?



There$ore3 a &a;or "i&itation o$ %re(io!s st!dies re'ardin' dis%osition deisions

and 'ender $or ;!(eni"e o$$enders is that the datasets !ti"i=ed did not in"!de e4tra"e'a"

(aria-"es s!h as tra!&a3 %h#sia" or se4!a" a-!se histor#3 and &enta" hea"th needs that

res!"t in di$$erent rates o$ s#ste& %roessin', In addition to haoti $a&i"# d#na&is3

$e&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders ha(e si'ni$iant &enta" hea"th iss!es that &a# ontri-!te to

their -eha(ior 6Te%"in et a",3 .//.: 8asser&an3 MRe#no"ds3 9o3 9at=3 2 Car%enter3

.//@7, The di$$erent e4%erienes o$ $e&a"es in(o"(ed in the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& ha(e

-een $o!nd to orre"ate to s!-stantia""# di$$erent rates o$ &enta" hea"th need and

%s#ho%atho"o'# -et1een $e&a"e and &a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders, For instane3 De&-o et a",

60@7 diso(ered that a"tho!'h &a"es 1ere &ore de"in)!ent than $e&a"es3 $e&a"es

sho1ed hi'her rates o$ se4!a" a-!se and e4%"oitation iss!es3 and hi'her rates o$ identi$ied

ris $ators re"ated &enta" hea"th need, There$ore3 it is not s!r%risin' that st!dies ha(e

onsistent"# indiated that 'ir"s ha(e hi'her rates o$ %s#hiatri disorders than their &a"e

o!nter%arts 6A-ra& et a",3 .//?: Arro#o3 .//0: Ca!$$&an et a",3 0B: 8asser&an et a",3

.//.: Te%"in3 .//.7,

A &a;or di$$erene in %s#hiatri disorders -et1een the 'enders is re"ated to ho1

those disorders &ani$est, Fe&a"es %resent a hi'her %re(a"ene o$ interna"i=in' disorders

that res!"t in s#&%to&s that are e4%ressed in1ard"#3 1hi"e &a"es %redo&inate"# %resent

1ith e4terna"i=in' -eha(iors that &ani$est as s!-stane a-!se and -eha(iors that -eo&e

%ro-"e&ati $or others 6A-ra&3 Te%"in3 MLe""and 2 D!"an3 .//>: A(ison 2 MA"%ine3

0.: Rosen$ie"d3 Lennon3 2 8hite3 .//@: Rosen$"ie"d3 Lennon3 2 8hite3 .//3 Te%"in

@/



et a",3 .//.: Te%"in3 et a",3 .//@7, Fe&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders ha(e a "o1er %re(a"ene o$

e4terna"i=in' disorders s!h as ond!t and o%%ositiona" de$iant disorder than &a"e

;!(eni"e o$$enders 6Loe-er et a",3 .///7, The -eha(iors t#%ia""# e4hi-ited -#

interna"i=in' disorders in"!de an4iet#3 sh#ness3 h#%ersensiti(it#3 %h#sia" o&%"aints3

and 1ithdra1a" $ro& others 69a=din3 0@7, Th!s3 $e&a"es in(o"(ed 1ith ;!(eni"e ;!stie

s#ste& tend to ha(e hi'h rates o$ an4iet# disorders3 &a;or de%ression3 %ost<tra!&ati

stress disorder3 so&ati=ation disorders3 and -order"ine %ersona"it# disorders 6De&-o et

a",3 0>: O$$ord3 0B: Rhode3 Mae3 2 Stee"e#3 0: Rihards3 0: Ti&&ons<

Mithe"" et a",3 0: 8annan 2 Fo&;-onne3 0B7, Co&%arin' se4 di$$erenes a&on' a

sa&%"e o$ #o!th in a ;!(eni"e detention $ai"it# Rohde3 Mae and Stee"e# 60+0.7

$o!nd that 'ir"s 1ere &ore "ie"# than -o#s to ha(e a "i$eti&e o!rrene o$ &a;or

de%ression, In addition3 ado"esent 'ir"s 1ith ond!t disorders are &ore at ris than

ado"esent &a"es $or de%ression3 an4iet#3 and s!iida" -eha(ior 6Loe-er et a",3 .///7,

Post<Tra!&ati Stress Disorder 6PTSD7 is one o$ the disorders that has -een &ore

o&&on"# $o!nd a&on' #o!th inarerated in the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& than those in

the o&&!nit# 6A-ra&3 .//?: Ca!$$&an et a",3 0B: 8asser&an et a",3 .//.73 1ith

esti&ates (ar#in' $ro& > to o(er @/ 6Arro#o3 .//0: Gar"and3 et a",3 .//0: Te%"in3 et

a",3 .//.: 8asser&an et a",3 .//.7, Ho1e(er3 $e&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders are &ore "ie"#

than &a"es to ha(e hi'her rates o$ the disorder, 8ood and o""ea'!es 6.//.7 re%orted that

$e&a"es re%orted hi'her "e(e"s o$ %s#ho"o'ia" distress3 es%eia""# a&on' their &eas!res

$or PTSD and de%ression, A-ra& and o""ea'!es 6.//?7 indiated that a&on' a sa&%"e o$

@0



;!(eni"es in detention3 si'ni$iant"# &ore &a"es 6>,.7 than $e&a"es 6B?7 re%orted a

tra!&ati e4%eriene3 #et &ore $e&a"es 60B7 &et dia'nosti riteria $or %ost<tra!&ati

stress disorder than &a"es 6007, Additiona""#3 Steiner and o""ea'!es 607 $o!nd that

$e&a"e o$$enders 1ere @/ &ore "ie"# to -e dia'nosed 1ith %ost<tra!&ati disorder than

their &a"e o!nter%arts,

Another ritia" di$$erene in the dia'nosis $o!nd -et1een &a"es and $e&a"es

in(o"(ed in the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& is the %re(a"ene o$ o<o!rrin' disorders 69ann

2 Hanna3 .///: 8annan 2 Fo&;-onne3 0B7, St!dies o$ %s#hiatri disorders and o<

&or-idit# onsistent"# re%ort a hi'her %re(a"ene $or $e&a"es in(o"(ed than &a"es

6De&-o3 8i""ia&s3 2 Sh&eid"er3 0>: 9ataoa3 .//0: Randa""3 Hen''e"er3 Pire"3 2

*rondino3 0: U"=en3 Ps#h3 2 Ha&i"ton3 0B7, S%ei$ia""#3 A-ra& et a", 6.//>7

$o!nd that ? o$ &a"es and @ o$ $e&a"es in detention had at "east t1o dia'nosa-"e

&enta" hea"th disorders3 o&%ared to the 0 o$ $e&a"es and ./ o$ &a"es 1ho &et

riteria $or on"# one disorder, Mo$$itt and o""ea'!es 6.///7 $o!nd that -e'innin' 1ith the

a'e o$ 0> and ontin!in' thro!'h ado"esene3 the s#&%to&s o$ de%ression 1orsen

s!-stantia""# $or 'ir"s 1ith o<o!rrin' ond!t disorder in o&%arison to other 'ro!%s

o$ either -o#s or 'ir"s,

Mental Health Disorders and Disparate "#stem esponse

St!dies i&%"# that ./ o$ #o!th in the 'enera" %o%!"ation ha(e a &enta" hea"th

disorder3 1ith !% to 0> o$ those #o!th ha(in' a serio!s disorder 6H!-ner 2 8o$son3

.///7, Ho1e(er3 esti&ates o$ #o!th in the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& 1ith &enta" hea"th

@.



disorders sho1 a &!h hi'her %re(a"ene ran'in' $ro& @/ to B/3 1ith a%%ro4i&ate"#

.@ ha(in' a serio!s %s#hiatri disorder 6Coo==a 2 So1#ra3 .///: Sh!$e"t 2

Coo==a3 .//: So1#ra 2 Po1e""3 .//: Te%"in3 A-ra&3 2 MC"e""and3 0B7, It is

i&%ortant to note that the (ast &a;orit# o$ indi(id!a"s arrested are %"aed on %ro-ation

6*!rea! o$ J!stie Statistis3 .//73 and those 1ith identi$ied &enta" hea"th disorders are

t#%ia""# re)!ired to %artii%ate in treat&ent as a ondition o$ their %ro-ation 6Ditton3

0" S0eem, E&e<Franes3 2 Lo!den 237, Special conditions of

probation require the juvenile probation o*cer (456' to supervise and

enforce mental health treatment, despite the limited community

resources and7or family support to address the identi/ed mental health

issues

There$ore3 a ritia" o&%onent in %roessin' ;!(eni"e o$$enders 1ith &enta"

hea"th needs in the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& re"ates to assess&ents &ade -# the s!%er(isin'

%ro-ation o$$ier 6Ma""ioat3 .//7, These assess&ents are ond!ted to in$or& the o!rt

in &ain' dis%osition deisions and are intended to -e indi(id!a"i=ed to eah o$$ender

6*rid'es 2 Steen3 0BB: 8a"sh3 0B@: 8atins3 0B7, Pro-ation o$$iers do not on"#

re$"et their o1n %ers%eti(e in assessin' o$$ender -eha(ior3 -!t a"so the ideo"o'# o$ their

de%art&ent -# "inin' the harateristis o$ a %arti!"ar ase 1ithin the %redeter&ined

ate'ories o$ s!%er(ision and reha-i"itation esta-"ished -# their or'ani=ation 6Cio!re"3

0B7, )nforcing and monitoring compliance with treatment is viewed as

a probation o*cer+s primary assignment in supervising oenders with

@>



mental illness 8owever, there are a limited number of standardi1ed

guidelines to assist an o*cer with the supervision of youth with mental

health disorders, and the few that are available have primarily focused

on the adult system (S0eem, )ncandela, & 9ouden, 2:' -hus, the

interaction of juvenile justice and mental health systems for these

youth can become rather complicated Re"ati(e to o$$enders 1itho!t a

dia'nosed disorder3 those 1ith o<&or-id disorders ha(e do!-"e the ris o$ ha(in' $or&a"

treat&ent onditions i&%osed on the& 6Monahan et a",3 .//@7, Draine and 6.//07

diso(ered that %ro-ation o$$iers s!%er(isin' &enta""# i"" o$$enders in the o&&!nit#

at!a""# threatened t1o<thirds o$ those o$$enders 1ith inareration $or nono&%"iane

1ith the &andated treat&ent, 8hen o&%ared to o$$enders 1itho!t a &enta" hea"th

dia'nosis3 those 1ith a &enta" hea"th need 1ere "ess "ie"# to -e s!ess$!" !nder

s!%er(ision and &ore "ie"# to -e re(oed to ser(e dis%osition in an instit!tion

6Da!%hinot3 0: Po!r%ino 2 Moti!3 0@7,

;hen the youth+s mental illness limits their ability to function,

they may have greater di*culty following the basic conditions of their

probation (6rlando< $orningstar, S0oler, & 8olliday, !%%%' It is not

uncommon for judges to add conditions to probation that require

compliance with medication, therapy, or other mental health service

programs (Draine & Solomon, 2!" Solomon et al,!%%'

Incarceration is traditionally viewed as the primary tool available to

@?



o*cers in enforcing probation stipulations -his allows o*cers to use

technical violations to incarcerate individuals for violating a court order

on behaviors that, by themselves, would not be illegal for the general

population

-his suggests that there would be a higher rate of out<of<home

placement and incarceration as a result of being involved in the

juvenile justice system for juvenile oenders with mental health needs

In a three year study of adult probationers, Dauphinot (!%%3' found

that the rates of rearrest for oenders with mental illness (=>' were

signi/cantly greater than that of probationers without mental health

disorders (:>' ?ot surprisingly, studies have found that oenders

with mental health disorders are disproportionately represented in

juvenile correctional facilities (@t0ins et al, !%%%" -eplin et al, !%%A"

;asserman et al, 2B'

In addition to their ina-i"it# to o&%"ete o&&!nit# %ro-ation3 se(era" st!dies

ha(e a""ed into )!estion ho1 the &enta""# i"" o$$ender is %roessed thro!'h the s#ste&,

The &ost $!nda&enta" ass!&%tion o$ &enta" hea"th o&%eten# and ;!stie s#ste&

in(o"(e&ent is that &enta" hea"th disorders are a ris $ator $or in(o"(e&ent in the

ri&ina" ;!stie s#ste& 68ini3 07, In 03 1ith !iranda v. Ari(ona deision ) the

U,S, S!%re&e Co!rt he"d that s!s%ets &!st -e &ade a1are o$ their ri'ht to o!nse" and

the ri'ht a'ainst se"$<inri&ination, Co&&on"# no1n as !iranda ri'hts3 o$$enders ha(e

@@



Disorder 6ADHD7 and an4iet# disorders an inrease the ris $or i&%!"si(e deision

&ain' and i&%air $o!s d!rin' the deision &ain' %roesses 69a=din3 .//>7, In

addition3 de%ression o&&on"# res!"ted in a distortion o$ in$or&ation %roessin' that

a!sed an o$$ender to e4%eriene di$$i!"t# in assessin' the i&%"iations o$ their deision

&ain', There$ore3 these #o!th &a# -e &ore %rone to a'reed ad;!diation %roed!res

1here-# the# are $!nne"ed dee%er into the s#ste& than the# 1o!"d ha(e -een i$ their

a-i"it# to o&%etent"# %artii%ate in their o1n de$ense 1ere not i&%eded -# their

%s#hiatri disorder6s7,

There is so&e e(idene that #o!th 1ith &enta" hea"th needs are &ore harsh"#

%roessed -# the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& than o$$enders 1itho!t %s#hiatri

s#&%to&o"o'# or dia'nosis, In a st!d# ond!ted in 9in' Co!nt#3 8ashin'ton3 $o!nd

;!(eni"es %artii%atin' in %!-"i &enta" hea"th ser(ies 1ere a"&ost three ti&es &ore

"ie"# to -eo&e in(o"(ed 1ith ;!(eni"e ;!stie a!thorities than those o$ si&i"ar

harateristis in the 'enera" %o%!"ation 6Vander Stoe%3 E(ens and Ta!-3 07, O$ the

#o!th re$erred3 ;!(eni"es in(o"(ed 1ith the o&&!nit# &enta" hea"th s#ste& 1ere &ore

"ie"# to -e re$erred to the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& $or &inor har'es s!h as tres%assin'3

r!na1a# and &inor %ro%ert# da&a'e, In addition3 #o!th in(o"(ed 1ith the o&&!nit#

&enta" hea"th s#ste& 1ere ad;!diated at a hi'her rate than ;!(eni"es not in(o"(ed 1ith

the &enta" hea"th s#ste&, S%ei$ia""#3 .. o$ the re$erra"s a&on' #o!th $ro& the

o&&!nit# not in(o"(ed in the &enta" hea"th s#ste& res!"ted in on(itions o&%ared to

? $or the #o!th in(o"(ed 1ith &enta" hea"th s#ste& 6Vander Stoe%3 E(ens 2 Ta!-3

@



07, There$ore3 those #o!th reei(ed &ore se(ere santions $or their -eha(ior than

;!(eni"es 1itho!t a dia'nosis,

So&e researhers ha(e s%e!"ated that ;!(eni"e o$$enders 1ith &enta" hea"th

needs are -ein' %"aed in ;!(eni"e ;!stie instit!tions in order to reei(e3 or %endin'3

&enta" hea"th treat&ent, Atins 607 ond!ted an ana"#sis that in"!ded sa&%"es o$

#o!th 1ho 1ere reei(in' ser(ies $ro& a o&&!nit# &enta" hea"th enter3 a state r!n

&enta" hea"th hos%ita"3 or inarerated in a ;!(eni"e ree%tion enter, The st!d# $o!nd that

B o$ hos%ita"i=ed and / o$ those in the o&&!nit# &enta" hea"th s#ste& &et

riteria $or at "east one %s#hiatri disorder, This 1as not s!r%risin' onsiderin' that -oth

the state and the o&&!nit# &enta" hea"th s#ste&s are desi'ned and &andated to ser(e

#o!th and ad!"ts 1ith %s#hiatri disorders, Ho1e(er3 the ;!(eni"e ;!stie settin'

dis%ro%ortionate"# he"d #o!th 1ith a &enta" hea"th disorder3 1ith . o$ #o!th 1ho

1ere inarerated in a ;!(eni"e ;!stie settin' &eetin' riteria $or at "east one %s#hiatri

disorder,

In .//?3 the U,S, Ho!se o$ Re%resentati(es Co&&ittee on Go(ern&ent Re$or&

$o!sed on the inareration o$ #o!th 1ho 1ere 1aitin' $or o&&!nit# &enta" hea"th

ser(ies in the United States 6United States Ho!se o$ Re%resentati(es3 .//?7, At the

re)!est o$ Re%resentati(e Henr# 8a4&an and Senator S!san Co""ins3 the S%eia"

In(esti'ations Di(ision s!r(e#ed ;!(eni"e detention $ai"ities aross the U,S, The s!r(e#

res%onses indiated that t1o<thirds o$ ;!(eni"e detention $ai"ities he"d #o!th si&%"#

-ea!se the# 1ere 1aitin' $or o&&!nit# &enta" hea"th treat&ent, Thirt#<three o$ the

@B



res%ondin' states indiated that #o!th 1ere he"d in detention enters 1itho!t an# $or&a"

har'es -ein' "e(ied a'ainst the&, O$ the ;!(eni"e detention $ai"ities that re%orted"# he"d

#o!th 1aitin' $or o&&!nit# &enta" hea"th ser(ies3 t1o<thirds indiated that se(era" o$

these #o!th atte&%ted s!iide 1hi"e detained in the $ai"it#,

Disparate *reatment for 4emale ffenders )ith Mental Health Disorders

There is a %a!it# o$ "iterat!re e4a&inin' the res%onse o$ the ;!(eni"e ;!stie

s#ste& to 'ir"s 1ith o<o!rrin' %s#hiatri disorders and de"in)!ent -eha(iors,

Ho1e(er3 se(era" st!dies ha(e identi$ied a orre"ation -et1een se(ere &enta" hea"th

disorders and ;!stie s#ste& in(o"(e&ent, Da(is et a", 6.//7 $o!nd that 'ir"s in(o"(ed

1ith the &enta" hea"th s#ste& 1ere arrested at #o!n'er a'es and &ore $re)!ent"# than

'ir"s 1itho!t &enta" hea"th in(o"(e&ent 6Da(is3 Fisher3 Gershenson3 Gr!d=insas3 2

*ans3 .//7, 8ithin the &enta" hea"th s#ste&3 so&e st!dies indiated that -o#s and 'ir"s

1ere treated di$$erent"#, Gir"s had "ess "ie"ihood o$ reei(in' &ediations and reei(ed

the& $or di$$erent dia'noses than &a"es 6ito et a",3 0: ito et a",3 .///7, Contro""in'

$or dia'nosis3 Pa(o( et a", 607 $o!nd that $or those #o!th needin' hos%ita"i=ations3

'ir"s reei(ed shorter %eriods o$ hos%ita"i=ation than -o#s, These $ats "ed so&e a!thors

to s!''est that 'ir"s 1ere t#%ia""# !ndertreated $or their &enta" hea"th needs 6C!$$e et a",3

0@7 and others to s!''est that this "a o$ treat&ent &a# res!"t in their in(o"(e&ent in

the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& 6De&-o et a",3 0>: De&-o et a",3 0@: 8asser&an et a",3

.//@7, 8hen rae 1as in"!ded in ana"#sis3 C!$$e et a",3 $o!nd that rae and 'ender -oth

@



%"a#ed a ro"e in treat&ent $or &enta" hea"th needs3 !&!"atin' in the hi'hest ris o$

!nder<treat&ent $or A$rian<A&erian $e&a"es,

So&e ha(e indiated that interna"i=in' %s#hiatri disorders s!h as de%ression

in$"!ene the %ro%ensit# o$ 'ir"s to1ard antisoia" -eha(ior 69o(as3 0: Reno!$ 2

Harter3 0/7, Co%e"and et a", 6.//7 identi$ied a trend to1ard arrest $or $e&a"es 1ith

de%ressi(e and an4iet# disorders, S%ei$ia""#3 Co%e"and $o!nd that ./, o$ $e&a"e

ri&e and 0@,> o$ &a"e ri&e 1as attri-!ted to &enta" hea"th disorders 1ith the

e4istene o$ an4iet# and de%ressi(e disorders as stron' indiators $or in(o"(e&ent -#

$e&a"e o$$enders in de"in)!ent -eha(ior 6Co%e"and et a",3 .//3 %, 0>7, So&e st!dies

indiated that 'ir"s in(o"(ed in the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& $or (io"ent o$$enses had &!h

hi'her rates o$ an4iet# disorders than their &a"e o!nter%arts 68asser&an et a",3 .//:

Atins et a",3 07, 8asser&an 6.//7 $o!nd a 'ender<&enta" hea"th disorder interation

indiatin' that 'ir"s har'ed 1ith (io"ent ri&es 1ere three to $i(e ti&es &ore "ie"#

than others to re%ort an4iet# disorders 6%, 0>?7,

The o&-ination o$ ri&ina" ;!stie in(o"(e&ent and %s#hiatri disorders has

-een deter&ined to orre"ate 1ith "on'<ter& ne'ati(e e$$ets $or $e&a"e o$$enders 6Ro-ins

2 Prie3 00: oo"i""o 2 Ro'ers3 007, Ro-ins ond!ted se(era" st!dies that

indiated the o&-ination o$ ;!(eni"e de"in)!en# and %s#hiatri dia'nosis %redited

%oor "on'<ter& o!to&es3 s!h as ontin!ed &enta" hea"th needs and hi'h !ti"i=ation o$

soia" ser(ies $or $e&a"es 6Ro-ins3 0B: Ro-ins et a",3 007, S%ei$ia""#3 Le1is et a",

6007 ond!ted a "on'it!dina" st!d# o$ 0@ 1o&en 1ho 1ere o&&itted to the

/



Ca"i$ornia Yo!th A!thorit# d!rin' the ei'ht #ear %eriod o$ 00 < 0, The sa&%"e

in"!ded 'ir"s 1ho 1ere rando&"# assi'ned to either inareration or o&&!nit#

treat&ent, The a(era'e n!&-er o$ arrests %rior to the assi'n&ent to either the o&&!nit#

treat&ent or inareration 'ro!% 1as ?,3 1ith a &a;orit# o$ those -ein' stat!s o$$enses,

Ho1e(er3 the# $o!nd that neither treat&ent 6o&&!nit# or inareration7 had an e$$et,

The &ean arrests $or the o&&!nit# treat&ent 'ro!% a$ter assi'n&ent inreased to ,.3

1ith the serio!sness o$ the o$$enses inreasin' 1hi"e as ad!"ts: on"# ? had no $!rther

arrests in -oth 'ro!%s, T1ent#<se(en %erent had at "east t1o arrests 1ith ?/ ha(in'

-een arrested $or ri&es a'ainst %erson and / -ein' inarerated at "east one 6Le1is

et a",3 007,

"ummar#

Findin's o$ st!dies e4a&inin' the in$"!ene o$ 'ender on ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste&

%roessin' (ar#, So&e s!''est that $or stat!s o$$enses3 $e&a"es reei(e &ore se(ere

santions than their &a"e o!nter%arts 6*isho% 2 Fra=ier3 0.: Chesne#<Lind3 03

0BB: Ode&3 0@: She"den 2 Hor(ath3 0B73 1hi"e others re%ort that &a"es reei(e

&ore se(ere santions $or de"in)!ent ats 6*isho% 2 Fra=ier3 0: Farrin'ton 2 Morris3

0B>: Johnson 2 She!-"e3 007, This has "ed so&e theorists to tr# and reso"(e the

a%%arent ontradition -# "ai&in' that 'ir"s are 'i(en harsher dis%ositions $or "ess

serio!s o$$enses and &ore "enient dis%ositions $or &ore se(ere o$$enses, MaDona"d 2

Chesne#<Lind 6.//07 indiated that in the %etition3 ad;!diation3 and dis%osition sta'es o$

the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste&3 there 1ere no di$$erenes -et1een -o#s and 'ir"s in deision

0



to %etition an o$$ense3 1ith har'e serio!sness -ein' &ore i&%ortant $or 'ir"s at

ad;!diation3 -!t &ore i&%ortant $or -o#s at dis%osition,

Addin' o&%"e4it# to the dis!ssion3 reent st!dies s!''est there is a orre"ation

-et1een ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& %roessin' and %s#hiatri disorders3 1ith so&e researh

indiatin' that 'ir"s 1ith &enta" hea"th disorders are $!nne"ed dee%er into the s#ste& $or

"ess serio!s o$$enses than their &a"e o!nter%arts, A-ra& 6.//>73 in a st!d# o$ Coo

Co!nt# J!(eni"e Detention #o!th3 $o!nd that not on"# 1ere $e&a"es 0,? ti&es &ore "ie"#

than &a"es to &eet dia'nosti riteria $or at "east one disorder3 the# 1ere a"so &ore "ie"#

to ha(e at "east one o<&or-id disorder, More s%ei$ia""#3 Da(is 6.//7 diso(ered

$e&a"es reei(in' are in the o&&!nit# &enta" hea"th s#ste& 1ere arrested #o!n'er

a'es and &ore $re)!ent"# than 'ir"s not reei(in' %!-"i &enta" hea"th treat&ent 6Da(is et

a",3 .//7 and $or those #o!th needin' hos%ita"i=ations3 'ir"s reei(ed shorter %eriods o$

hos%ita"i=ation than -o#s 6Pa(o(307, These $indin's ha(e "ead so&e researhers to

s!''est that 'ir"s 1ere t#%ia""# !ndertreated $or their &enta" hea"th needs 6C!$$e et a",3

0@7 and others to s!''est that this "a o$ treat&ent res!"ts in their in(o"(e&ent in the

;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& 6De&-o et a",3 0>: De&-o et a",3 0@: 8asser&an et a",3 .//@7,

Fe&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders 1ith %s#hiatri disorders enter a ;!(eni"e ;!stie

s#ste& that is o$ten i"" e)!i%%ed to a%%ro%riate"# hand"e the tra!&a the# ha(e e4%eriened

and &!"ti%"e dia'noses3 and &!"ti<s#ste&i iss!es $ain' the&, In addition3 tar'eted

researh e(a"!atin' the in$"!ene o$ 'ender and %s#hiatri disorder in %ost<ad;!diation

dis%osition deisions $or ;!(eni"e o$$enders is "ain', There$ore3 a st!d# e4a&inin' the

.



ro"es and %otentia" interations o$ 'ender and &enta" hea"th need in ;!(eni"e ;!stie

s#ste& %roessin' is 1arranted, Ana"#=in' the e4tent to 1hih %s#hiatri disorder

in$"!enes ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& %roessin' 1i"" %ro(ide a &ore o&%rehensi(e %it!re

o$ the !ni)!e ontri-!tion o$ 'ender di$$erenes in -eha(ior and ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste&

in(o"(e&ent, Cha%ter three desri-es the &ethods e&%"o#ed in the !rrent st!d# to

e(a"!ate the in$"!ene o$ 'ender and &enta" hea"th need in dis%osition deisions res!"tin'

in residentia" %"ae&ent, It in"!des a desri%tion o$ the data to -e e4a&ined3 sa&%"in'

%roed!res3 &eas!res3 and statistia" ana"#ses to -e %er$or&ed,

Chapter III

Method

vervie) of "tud# Desi%n

At the ti&e o$ this st!d#3 the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& in Te4as in"!des t1o

o(ersi'ht ar&s o$ state 'o(ern&ent, First3 the Te4as Yo!th Co&&ission 6TYC7 is the

instit!tiona" di(ision o$ ;!(eni"e ;!stie3 in 1hih ;!(eni"es are 1ards o$ the state and

%artii%ate in reha-i"itati(e %ro'ra&&in' in se!re instit!tions ad&inistered -# the state

o$ Te4as, The seond di(ision in(o"(es the Te4as J!(eni"e Pro-ation Co&&ission 6TJPC7,

The TJPC $!ntions as an ad&inistrati(e o(ersi'ht a'en# 1here-# #o!th re&ainin'

>



!nder the s!%er(ision o$ "oa"3 o!nt# -ased ;!(eni"e %ro-ation de%art&ents are s!-;et to

%ro'ressi(e santions desi'ned to di(ert #o!th $ro& o&&it&ent to the state o%erated

TYC, TJPC 1ors in %artnershi% 1ith eah o$ the 0@ "oa" ;!(eni"e -oards and ;!(eni"e

%ro-ation de%art&ents to s!%%ort and enhane ;!(eni"e %ro-ation ser(ies thro!'ho!t the

state 6Te4as J!(eni"e Pro-ation Co&&ission and Te4as Yo!th Co&&ission3 ./0/7,

TYC is diret"# res%onsi-"e $or ad&inisterin' the stateKs ;!(eni"e orretiona"

$ai"ities3 %aro"e %ro'ra&s3 and re"ated o&&!nit#<-ased ser(ies $or #o!th 1ho are

o&&itted to the !stod# and are o$ the state, In addition to %ro(idin' ser(ies $or #o!th

o&&itted to its !stod#3 the a'en# o%erates di(isions $or trainin'3 &onitorin'3 se!rit#3

researh3 treat&ent3 ed!ation3 &edia" o(ersi'ht3 and ad&inistrati(e o%erations, Most o$

the st!dies ond!ted on ;!(eni"e o$$enders $o!s on #o!th 1ho $a"" 1ithin the %!r(ie1 o$

TYC or the e)!i(a"ent instit!tiona" di(ision o$ other state ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste&s,

Ho1e(er3 #o!th are o$ten s!-;et to inter&ediate ations -# "oa" ;!(eni"e a!thorities

-e$ore -ein' o&&itted to an instit!tion o%erated -# the State3 1ith "oa" ;!risditions

ser(in' as the 'ate ee%ers o$ #o!th sent to state r!n<#o!th %risons s!h as TYC, For this

reason3 the !rrent st!d# e(a"!ates the dis%ositiona" deisions &ade !nder the ;!risdition

o$ three "oa" ;!(eni"e %ro-ation de%art&ents,

To e(a"!ate the %otentia" e$$ets o$ 'ender and &enta" hea"th need on ;!(eni"e

;!stie s#ste& %roessin'3 a three<%art ana"#sis 1as ond!ted, The $irst %art in"!ded an

e(a"!ation o$ the in$"!ene o$ 'ender on %"ae&ent a&on' a"" ;!(eni"es re$erred d!rin'

the sa&%"e %eriod, The seond %art in"!ded an e(a"!ation o$ the in$"!ene o$ &enta"

?



assoiated 1ith the re$erra" e(ent that res!"ted in the &ost se(ere dis%osition d!rin' the

sa&%"e %eriod, The ate'oria" odin' '!ide"ines identi$ied 1ithin the TJPC data ode

-oo 1ere !sed as a '!ide"ine $or esta-"ishin' the o%erationa" de$initions and assi'nin'

ate'oria" (a"!es $or o$$ense serio!sness, The TJPC data ode-oo is !sed -# ;!(eni"e

%ro-ation o$$iers o""etin' and enterin' data into the states data o""etion s#ste&,

Usin' this odin' strate'# red!ed so&e %otentia" threats to re"ia-i"it# in the st!d#, The

$irst set o$ reodes ate'ori=ed the ?3/0 t#%es o$ o$$enses ontained in the TJPC ode

-oo into a ontin!o!s "assi$iation (aria-"e ran'in' $ro& the "east serio!s 0 6stat!s

o$$enses7 to the &ost se(ere B 6a%ita" $e"on#7, To a%t!re the s%ei$i data e"e&ents

identi$ied in the "iterat!re as e# distin'!ishin' $eat!res o$ de"in)!ent -eha(ior and

in(o"(e&ent in the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& -et1een $e&a"e and &a"e ;!(eni"e o$$ender3 a

seond 'ro!% o$ o$$ense reodes o&%rised o$ t1o di$$erent ate'ories 1as !ndertaen,

The $irst ate'or# o$ reoded o$$enses 1as de(e"o%ed in order to e(a"!ate the

%otentia" -ootstra%%in' o$ ;!(eni"es into and thro!'h the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste&, The

ter& -oot stra%%in' has -een de$ined in the "iterat!re as the %roess o$ en'a'in' in a

%ratie 1here-# o!rts detain $e&a"es thro!'h $indin's o$ onte&%t o$ o!rt3 %ro-ation

(io"ations3 or (io"ations o$ o!rt orders $or !nder"#in' stat!s o$$enses or &inor de"in)!ent

-eha(ior 6*isho% 2 Fra=ier3 0.: Sher&an3 .//@7, This res!"ted in the reation o$ the

*ootstra% o&%osite o&%rised o$ the $o""o1in' ate'ories+ Traditiona"3 Vio"ation3 and

E"se, The Traditiona" -ootstra% ate'or# 1as in"!si(e o$ o$$enses that ha(e -een

t#%ia""# ate'ori=ed as stat!s o$$enses 6other1ise no1n as Cond!t Indiatin' Need



6Grisso3 .//7 as the ate'ori=ation '!ide3 and in"!ded ;!(eni"es 1ho reei(ed an

ad&inistration o$ the Ma#si<., This res!"ted in the de(e"o%&ent o$ a series o$ (aria-"es -ased

on the Ma#si<. !to$$ riteria, Eah o$ the s!-sa"es o$ the Ma#si<.3 1ith the e4e%tion o$

Tra!&ati E4%erienes3 1ere ate'ori=ed into the (a"!es o$ =ero to t1o, The sores that $e""

1ithin the a!tion ran'e 1ere assi'ned a (a"!e o$ one3 those 1ithin the 1arnin' ran'e 1ere

assi'ned a (a"!e o$ t1o3 and those that did not $a"" 1ithin the !to$$ ran'es 1ere assi'ned a

(a"!e o$ =ero, A $ina" Ma#si<. (aria-"e 6Assess7 1as de(e"o%ed -# o&%!tin' the

o&-ination o$ a!tion and 1arnin' sores aross s!-sa"es that 1o!"d initiate the re$erra"

$or a &enta" hea"th assess&ent as esta-"ished -# TJPC, The Tra!&ati E4%erienes s!-sa"e

does not ha(e an esta-"ished !to$$ or 1arnin' riteria3 there$ore that s!-sa"e 1as e%t in the

ori'ina" re%ortin' $or&at 1ith a sorin' ran'e o$ / to @ 6/no tra!&ati e4%erienes: @$i(e

tra!&ati e4%erienes7,

The de(e"o%&ent o$ the seond tier in"!ded the !se o$ the Dia'nosti and Statistia"

Man!a" o$ Menta" Disorders IV 6DSM IV: A&erian Ps#hiatri Assoiation3 0?7 as the

ate'ori=ation '!ide3 and in"!ded data on ;!(eni"es 1ho reei(ed a &enta" hea"th assess&ent

$ro& the "iensed "inia" sta$$ in the &enta" hea"th assess&ent enters o$ the ;!(eni"e

%ro-ation de%art&ents, In order to ens!re that a"" in$or&ation that &a# -e (a"!a-"e to a

"iniian in %"annin' treat&ent is in"!ded in an assess&ent3 the DSM<IV !ti"i=es a &!"tia4ia"

e(a"!ation s#ste&, 8ith this s#ste&3 in$or&ation on the ;!(eni"e -ein' assessed is in"!ded in

$i(es a4es, A4is I and II o&%rise &enta" disorders: A4is III3 %h#sia" onditions and

disorders: and3 A4es IV and V3 o&%rise %s#hosoia" stressors and a '"o-a" assess&ent o$

$!ntionin' 6A&erian Ps#hiatri Assoiation3 0?7, D!e to the $at that this st!d# is

.



$o!sed on the in$"!ene o$ 'ender and &enta" hea"th need on o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent3 on"#

dia'nosti data in"!ded on A4is I and II 1ere in"!ded, There$ore3 the ori'ina" .B/

dia'nosti odes ontained 1ithin the assess&ent data 1ere re<oded into $o!r ate'ori=ed

o&%osite (aria-"es $or ana"#sis,

The $irst set o$ dia'nosti o&%osites 1as de(e"o%ed to $irst test $or the in$"!ene o$

&!"ti%"e disorders3 in"!din' s!-stane a-!se3 and to test the in$"!ene o$ e4terna"i=in'

(ers!s interna"i=in' dia'noses on %"ae&ent o!t o$ the ho&e, This res!"ted in the

de(e"o%&ent o$ Co&or-id3 S!-stane3 E4terna"i=in'3 and Interna"i=in', The data o""etion

s#ste& de(e"o%ed -# eah o$ the "oa" ;!(eni"e %ro-ation de%art&ents on"# a""o1ed $or !% to

si4 dia'noses to -e o""eted $or eah hi"d, There$ore3 the (a"!es 1ithin the Co&or-id

(aria-"e o&%!ted the n!&-er o$ dia'noses rather than t#%e o$ disorder and ran'ed $ro& a

(a"!e o$ / to , The S!-stane o&%osite 1as de(e"o%ed to a%t!re the &ost o&&on o<

o!rrin' s!-stane disorders re"ated to #o!th 1ith %s#hiatri dia'noses, T#%ia"

disorders assoiated 1ith this ate'or# in"!de anna-is3 oaine3 a&%heta&ine3

ha""!ino'en3 and %o"#s!-stane de%endene as 1e"" as other s!-stane a-!se 6Te%"in3

et,a",3 0B: Te%"in et,a",3 .//.: 8asser&an3 et,a",3 .//@7, Si&i"ar to the Co&or-id

o&%osite3 the S!-stane o&%osites (a"!es ran'ed $ro& / to ,

The E4terna"i=in' o&%osite 1as de(e"o%ed to a%t!re the &ost o&&on dia'noses

assoiated 1ith e4terna" disorders, E4terna" disorders in"!de -eha(iors that are direted

to1ard the en(iron&ent and others 69a=din3 .//@3 %, B7, T#%ia""# these in"!de -eha(iors

assoiated 1ith %ro-"e&s re"ated to i&%!"si(eness3 inattention3 and o(erreation, The %ri&ar#

-eha(iors assoiated 1ith this ate'or# in"!de -ein' o%%ositiona"3 h#%erati(e3 a''ressi(e3

>



and antisoia" 69a=din3 .//@7, The %s#hiatri disorders in"!ded 1ithin this ate'or# 1ere

attention<de$iith#%erati(it# disorder3 o%%ositiona" de$iant disorder3 ond!t disorder and

disr!%ti(e disorder, 69a=din3 .//@: Te4as De%art&ent o$ State Hea"th Ser(ies TDSHS3

.//7,

The Interna"i=in' o&%osite 1as de(e"o%ed to a%t!re the &ost o&&on dia'noses

assoiated 1ith interna"i=in' disorders, Interna"i=in' disorders in"!de e&otions and

-eha(iors that are direted to1ard the se"$ or interna" e4%eriene 69a=din3 .//@7, T#%ia"

-eha(iors assoiated 1ith this ate'or# in"!de inhi-ition3 1ithdra1a"3 disassoiation3

and onstraint 69a=din3 .//@7, The %s#hiatri disorders in"!ded 1ithin this ate'or#

1ere de%ression3 an4iet#3 %ost<tra!&ati stress3 and other &ood disorders 6Co&%ton3

*!rns3 E''er3 2 Ro-ertson3 .//.: 9a=din3 .//@: TDSHS3 .//7,

Not a"" the %otentia" %s#hiatri dia'noses $it 1ithin the '!ide"ines o$ the

e4terna"i=in' and interna"i=in' o&%osite ate'ories, There$ore3 a seond set o$ dia'nosti

o&%osites 1as de(e"o%ed in order to test $or %otentia" e$$ets -# s%ei$i disorder t#%es

1hi"e e4"!din' dia'nosti ate'ories not re"ated to ado"esent &enta" hea"th s!h as

de&entia re"ated to a"=hei&ers and %er(asi(e de(e"o%&enta" disorders, The dia'nosis

o&%osites 1ere "i&ited to the &ost o&&on"# o!rrin' disorders, This $ina" set o$

o&%osites in"!ded -i%o"ar3 de%ression3 an4iet#3 ad;!st&ent3 ond!t3 o%%ositiona"3 attention

de$iit and h#%erati(it#3 and disr!%ti(e disorders eah 1ith a (a"!e o$ / to , The o&%osites

1ere then o&-ined to $or& the $ina" o&%osite (aria-"e that 1as in"!si(e o$ a"" %otentia"

%s#hiatri dia'nostis o&-ined 1ith a (a"!e o$ / to ,

utcome measures.

?



o&%osite (aria-"e 1as de(e"o%ed in order to ao!nt $or the "e(e" o$ se(erit# -# $ai"it#

t#%e, The ate'ori=ation o$ this "e(e" in"!ded not on"# the deter&ination o$ 1hether the

$ai"it# 1as se!re or non<se!re3 -!t a"so onsideration o$ 1hat intere%t %oint in the

;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& 6%re or %ost dis%osition7 the ;!(eni"e o!"d -e %"aed 1ithin the

$ai"it#, A"tho!'h o$ten a se!re settin'3 ;!(eni"e detention $ai"ities are the $irst t#%e o$

$ai"it# 1ithin the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& that a ;!(eni"e an -e %"aed3 and ;!(eni"es

t#%ia""# s%end "ess a&o!nt o$ ti&e in detention than in other t#%es o$ %"ae&ents,

There$ore3 detention 1as assi'ned the "o1est "e(e" o$ $ai"it# se(erit# and assi'ned the

(a"!e o$ 0, The ne4t three "e(e"s o$ $ai"it# se(erit# 1ithin the $ai"it# o&%osite 1ere

non<se!re3 se!re3 and TYC3 assi'ned the (a"!es o$ . thro!'h ?3 res%et$!""#,

Control measures.

The ontro" &eas!res onsidered in this st!d# in"!ded a'e3 ethniit#3 o$$ense

histor#3 dis%osition histor#3 and %"ae&ent histor#, De&o'ra%hi data 1as %ro(ided $or a""

#o!th re$erred to the %artnerin' ;!(eni"e %ro-ation de%art&ents d!rin' the sa&%"e %eriod,

To test $or ethni in$"!enes on the o!to&e &eas!res in the re'ression &ode"s3 the

d!&&# (aria-"es o$ His%ani and *"a 1ere reated, Eah 1as oded into a -inar# 6/3

07 (aria-"e3 1ith the test ethniit# 6His%ani or *"a7 oded as 0 and a"" other ethniities

/, For a'e3 ho1e(er3 %re(io!s st!dies s!''est that one o$ the stron'est %reditors o$ $!t!re

o$$endin' is a'e at $irst re$erra", *oth a'e at $irst re$erra" as 1e"" as a'e at tar'et re$erra"

1ere in"!ded $or ana"#sis,



A"&ost ha"$ o$ the ;!(eni"es in the sa&%"e had a %rior reord 1ith the %artnerin'

;!(eni"e %ro-ation de%art&ents 6n 03/7, For these ;!(eni"es3 o$$ense histor# 1as

ate'ori=ed !sin' the TJPC ode -oo, The sa&e %roess 1as e&%"o#ed in the

de(e"o%&ent o$ the historia" o$$ense o&%osite (aria-"es as 1as !sed in the de(e"o%&ent

o$ the re$erra" o$$ense (aria-"es, In addition to the o&%osites re"ated to -ootstra% "e(e"

o$$enses and assa!"t re"ated o$$enses 6in"!ded in the re$erra" "e(e" ana"#sis73 the historia"

o$$ense o&%osites in"!ded (aria-"es re"ated to the n!&-er o$ %re(io!s re$erra"s and the

n!&-er o$ %re(io!s o$$enses -# t#%e 6serio!sness3 s!-stane3 and se4 re"ated7,

The dis%osition histor# (aria-"e 1as reated thro!'h the de(e"o%&ent o$ a

o&%osite (aria-"e that in"!ded the &ost se(ere dis%osition %rior to the ;!(eni"es

re$erra" to the ;!(eni"e %ro-ation de%art&ent d!rin' the sa&%"e %eriod, Si&i"ar to the

o$$ense histor# o&%osite de(e"o%&ent3 the dis%osition histor# o&%osite 1as de(e"o%ed

in the sa&e &anner as the re$erra" dis%osition, Ho1e(er3 in the historia" (aria-"es3 on"#

those res!"tin' in s!%er(ision 1ere onsidered and in"!ded de$erred %rose!tion3

ad;!diated to %ro-ation3 and &odi$ied %ro-ation oded 0 thro!'h > res%et$!""#,

The %"ae&ent histor# (aria-"e 1as reated !sin' the sa&e o&%osite %roess as

the re$erra" %"ae&ent (aria-"e, Ho1e(er3 in addition to "e(e" o$ &ost se(ere %"ae&ent3

the additiona" (aria-"es o$ a(era'e n!&-er o$ %"ae&ents -# t#%e and "en'th o$ sta# 1ere

a"so o&%!ted, D!e to the $at that %"ae&ent histor# 1as onsidered a se%arate ontro"

&eas!re3 TYC o&&it&ent 1as re"e'ated to the %"ae&ent histor# o&%osite (aria-"es,

Ho1e(er3 "en'th o$ sta# $or TYC 1as not a(ai"a-"e in the data set o""eted,



Hypotheses.

H0+ Fe&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders are ordered to o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent &ore o$ten

than &a"es $or "o1er "e(e" o$$enses,

H.+ J!(eni"e o$$enders 1ith &enta" hea"th needs are ordered to o!t<o$<ho&e

%"ae&ent &ore o$ten than ;!(eni"e o$$enders 1itho!t &enta" hea"th needs 1ith

si&i"ar o$$enses,

H>+ Fe&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders 1ith &enta" hea"th needs are ordered to o!t<o$<

ho&e %"ae&ent at a hi'her rate $or "esser o$$enses than &a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders

1ith si&i"ar &enta" hea"th need,

Anal#ses

*ea!se this st!d# intended to not on"# e(a"!ate the ratio o$ di$$erenes -et1een

the %ath1a# that &a"e and $e&a"e o$$enders tae to3 and thro!'h3 the ;!(eni"e ;!stie

s#ste&3 -!t a"so to a%%"# %rediti(e &ode"in' to the $ators that deter&ine the %ath1a#3

ross ta-!"ar3 Ordinar# Least S)!ares 6OLS73 and -inar# "o'isti re'ression ana"#ses 1ere

!ti"i=ed $or eah h#%othesis, Cross ta-!"ation ana"#sis %ro(ides ana"#sis o$ the

re"ationshi% -et1een t1o or &ore ate'oria" (aria-"es and is t#%ia""# %resented in a

&atri4 $or&at, OLS re'ression is a o&&on &ode" !sed in soia" sienes that e4a&ines

the re"ationshi% -et1een a de%endent (aria-"e and a o""etion or series o$ inde%endent

(aria-"es, OLS an %ro(ide (a"!es that e4tend -e#ond a / or 0, *inar# "o'isti re'ression

ana"#sis a""o1s one to %redit a disrete o!to&e 6de%endent or o!to&e (aria-"es7 $ro&

a set o$ (aria-"es that &a# -e ontin!o!s3 disrete3 dihoto&o!s3 or a &i4 o$ an# o$ these

B



6inde%endent or %reditor (aria-"es7 and is "i&ited to a (a"!e o$ / or 0 -ea!se the

de%endent or res%onse (aria-"e is dihoto&o!s, Disri&inate ana"#sis is a"so so&eti&es

!sed to %redit an o!to&e 1ith on"# t1o 'ro!%s, Ho1e(er3 disri&inate ana"#sis an

on"# -e !sed 1ith ontin!o!s %reditor (aria-"es, Th!s3 in instanes 1here the %reditor

(aria-"es are ate'oria"3 or a &i4 o$ ontin!o!s and ate'oria"3 or the (aria-"es are

dihoto&o!s 6i,e, on(erted to a -inar# $or&at73 "o'isti re'ression is %re$erred, The tests

$or eah o$ the h#%otheses in this st!d# -e'in 1ith -i(ariate ana"#sis !ti"i=in' ross

ta-!"ation $o""o1ed !% -# &!"ti(ariate ana"#sis !sin' OLS, H0 and H. a"so re)!ired the

in"!sion o$ the interation ter&s3 'ender3 and &enta" hea"th 1hih re)!ired se%arate

$e&a"e and &a"e &ode"s, Se%arate3 -inar# "o'isti re'ression 1as ond!ted 1ith the

%reditor (aria-"es re'ressed on eah o$ the $o!r $ai"it# t#%es, Additiona" ana"#sis 1as

ond!ted to test $or di$$erenes -et1een re'ression oe$$iients o$ the 'endered &ode"s,

The $or&!"a s!''ested -# Paternoster3 Ma=ero""e3 and Pi)!ero 60B7 1as !sed to test $or

di$$erenes -et1een the &ode" oe$$iients+

Z =b1−b

2

√ SEb12+SEb2

2

Ana"#ses #ie"din' statistia""# si'ni$iant di$$erenes a&on' the re'ression oe$$iients

-et1een the 'enders 1ere in"!ded in the dis!ssion, An# oe$$iient di$$erenes that did

not reah statistia" si'ni$iane 1ere not dis!ssed,



To e4a&ine the %otentia" &!"tio""inearit# a&on' the di$$erent ontro" and

%reditor (aria-"es3 an e4a&ination o$ the si&%"e orre"ations a&on' the %reditor

(aria-"es 1as ond!ted 1ith s%ei$i e&%hasis on &enta" hea"th need3 'ender3 and "e(e"

o$ o$$ense, This inter<orre"ationa" ana"#sis 1as ond!ted !sin' S%ear&anKs Rho,

S%ear&ans Rho an test the inde%endene -et1een t1o (aria-"es 1hen e(a"!atin' a n!""

h#%othesis 1hen the %reditor (aria-"es are ordina" 6M#ers3 0/7, F!rther ro-!stness

hes 1ere %er$or&ed to assess the %otentia" $or3 and to orret i$ neessar#3 the

in$"!ene o$ &issin' ases3 s&a"" e"" si=e3 o!nt#<"e(e" e$$ets3 and se"etion -ias that

o!"d res!"t $ro& s!essi(e sta'es o$ ase %roessin', These ana"#ses are desri-ed in

'reater detai" a"on' 1ith a %resentation o$ the res!"ts in Cha%ter IV o$ this te4t,

B/



Chapter I5

Anal#sis and esults

This ha%ter %resents the res!"ts $ro& ana"#ses e4a&inin' the re"ationshi%

-et1een 'ender3 &enta" hea"th need3 and dis%osition deisions res!"tin' in o!t<o$<ho&e

%"ae&ent, The test $or eah h#%othesis is %resented in order, The $irst setion o$ this

ha%ter ontains the desri%ti(e ana"#sis o$ the sa&%"e %o%!"ation3 o!to&e3 %reditor3

and ontro" (aria-"es $or the st!d#, The seond setion in"!des the -i(ariate and

&!"iti(ariate ana"#sis $or the $irst h#%othesis3 1ith the third and $o!rth setions

ontainin' the ana"#ses $or the seond and third h#%otheses3 res%eti(e"#, The $irst

h#%othesis in"!des ana"#ses on the entire sa&%"e %o%!"ation3 1hi"e the seond and third

in"!de ana"#ses on s!-sa&%"es 1ith in"!si(e &enta" hea"th sreenin' 6Ma#si<.7 and

assess&ent data, Eah setion in"!des tests $or &!"tio""inearit#,

Descriptive Anal#sis of "ample

The initia" sa&%"e ontained ?/30 !nd!%"iated #o!th 1ho 1ere re$erred to

three o$ the "ar'est ;!(eni"e %ro-ation de%art&ents in the state o$ Te4as d!rin' the sa&%"e

B0



%eriod o$ Jan!ar# 03 .// thro!'h Dee&-er >03 .//B, A &a;orit# o$ the #o!th in the

sa&%"e 1ere &a"e 6,73 and $ro& a &inorit# ethni 'ro!% 6?/,. His%ani: >

*"a73 1ith a &ean a'e at re$erra" o$ 0?,0 #ears, Ta-"e 0 %ro(ides an o(er(ie1 o$ the

de&o'ra%hi in$or&ation $or the sa&%"e,

*able 1 Demographic distribution of sample population +* , )/012

De&o'ra%his N

A'e

0/ ./? /,@

00 ?B 0,

0. 03./ ?,.

0> >3BB? ,@ 0? 3B/ 0,B

0@ 0/3?B .@, 0 0?3B >@, 0 .3>/? @,

0B 00. /,>

Rae

8hite B3. .0,>

*"a 0@30>B >,/ His%ani 03??. ?/,.

Asian ?>. 0,0

Nati(e A&erian >? /,0 Other 0?. /,>

Gender

Fe&a"e 0>3.? >.,?

Ma"e .3/ ,

Tota"

*ote3 D!e to ro!ndin' error3 %erenta'es &i'ht not add !% to 0//,

B.



Crossta- ana"#sis 1as o&%"eted to e(a"!ate the di$$erenes in the "assi$iation

o$ o$$enses at re$erra" -et1een $e&a"e and &a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders3 and in"!ded the

o&%osite (aria-"es o$ o$$ense se(erit# 6C"ass73 *ootstra%3 and Viti&, A"tho!'h 'ir"s

had a hi'her %erenta'e o$ stat!s o$$enses at re$erra" than &a"es 6>>,? and 0,0

res%eti(e"#73 C"ass * Misde&eanors ao!nted $or the &a;orit# o$ o$$enses $or -oth

'enders 6?0,B $e&a"e: >,> &a"e7,

Desri%ti(e ana"#sis $or the seondar# o&%osite (aria-"es re(ea"ed so&e 'ender

di$$erenes a&on' the #o!th re$erred d!rin' the sa&%"e %eriod, Ana"#sis on the *ootstra%

o&%osite re(ea"ed that3 'ir"s had a"&ost do!-"e 600,B7 the %erenta'e o$ traditiona"

-ootstra% o$$enses 6stat!s o$$enses and onte&%t o$ o!rt itations7 o&%ared to -o#s

6,.73 1hi"e -o#s had si'ni$iant"# &ore Vio"ations o$ Pro-ation 6VOP7, Ana"#sis o$ the

Viti& o&%osite re(ea"ed that 'ir"s had a hi'her %erenta'e 6.,B7 o$ do&esti (iti&s

than their &a"e o!nter%arts 60,73 1ith (irt!a""# no di$$erene a&on' the Other and

P!-"i ate'ories, Ta-"e . %ro(ides an o(er(ie1 o$ the $re)!en# distri-!tion and

si'ni$iane o$ o$$enses res!"tin' in the &ost se(ere dis%osition -# 'ender,

*able 2 Percent of offenses resulting in most severe disposition by gender 6 * ?/307

Fe&a"e Ma"e Tota" χ2

O$$ense 0,>>

Not S%ei$ied /,> /,@ /,?

Stat!s >>,? 0,0 .>,

M* ?0,B >,> >B,B

MA 0,/ ./,. 0B,B

FS 0,> >,@ .,B

F> ?,> B, ,.

F. .,> ,B ,/

F0 /,@ .,B .,0

B>



F /,/ /,0 /,/

*ootstra% @?,/

Traditiona" 00,B ,. B,/

VOP B,> 0>,> 00, E"se , B/, B/,?

Viti& @,0

Do&esti .,B 0, .,0

Other 0/,. 0/,0 0/,0

P!-"i /,B /,B /,B

E"se B,. B,@ B,/

*ote3 D!e to ro!ndin' error3 %erenta'es &i'ht not add !% to 0//% W ,///0

Descriptive Anal#sis of Histor# 5ariables

O(er >/ o$ 'ir"s and ?> o$ -o#s in the sa&%"e had a %rior o$$ense and re$erra"

histor#, O$ those #o!th 1ith %rior histor#3 -o#s had a "ar'er &ean n!&-er o$ %re(io!s

re$erra"s as 1e"" as a hi'her &ean on the o$$ense serio!sness 6C"ass7 than 'ir"s, For

assa!"ti(e o$$enses3 the &ean (iti& re"ationa" sore 1as "o1er $or 'ir"s than -o#s

indiatin' that &ore (iti&s o$ $e&a"e assa!"ti(e o$$enses 1ere do&esti than P!-"i or

Other, *o#s had a hi'her &ean o$ %rior s!-stane re"ated o$$enses than 'ir"s as 1e"" as a

hi'her &ean o$ (io"ation o$ %ro-ation and $e"on# o$$enses, *o#s a"so had a hi'her &ean

n!&-er o$ %re(io!s %ro-ations than 'ir"s, Ta-"e > %ro(ides an o(er(ie1 o$ the re$erra"

and o$$ense histor# -# 'ender,

*able 6 Offense and referral history by gender 6n 03/7,

Mean SD Ma4 Ga&&a t

Female (n

=4,098) Re$erra" Co!nt .,. .,/> .@ <,0/ 00,/B

C"ass .,?@ .,// <,?? >@,> Viti& /,? /,B > <,/@B >,>.

S!-stane /,0? /,@0 . <,@> 0,.

B?



*ootstra% /,0@ /,?/ > ,0> <?,0 VOP /,. /,B> 0. <,.. ,@

Misde&eanor 0,/@ 0,>. 0 <,.@ 0,/0

Fe"on# /,0 /,? ? <,@>@ .,? Pro-ation Histor# /,@? /, @ <,>B0 .>,.?

Ma"e 6n 003B7

Re$erra" Co!nt .,? .,@@ >0 <,0/ 00,/B

C"ass >,@? 0,B B <,?? >@,>

Viti& /,@. /,B > <,/@B >,>. S!-stane /,?/ /,B/ . <,@> 0,.

*ootstra% /,0. /,>B @ ,0> <?,0

VOP /,?0 0,/0 0 <,.. ,@ Misde&eanor 0,@. 0,. .0 <,.@ 0,/0

Fe"on# /,@> /,B 0/ <,@>@ .,?

Pro-ation Histor# /,> /,B <,>B0 .>,.?% W ,///0

Pro-ation 1as the &ost se(ere %re(io!s s!%er(ision $or -oth 'enders ao!ntin'

$or ,@ and 0,B o$ %re(io!s s!%er(isions $or 'ir"s and -o#s res%eti(e"#3 X .3 673

@,3 % W ,///0, *o#s a"so had a hi'her %erenta'e o$ &odi$iations o$ %ro-ation

60,73 than 'ir"s 60>,@73 X .3 673 .,3 % W,///0,

Descriptive Anal#sis of Disposition and $lacement 5ariables from "ample $eriod

A"tho!'h 'ir"s had a "ar'er %erenta'e o$ dis%ositions 1ith a "i&ited "e(e" o$

s!%er(ision -# the ;!(eni"e %ro-ation de%art&ent s!h as o!nse"in' santions 600,7

and de$erred %rose!tion 6>?,B7 than their &a"e o!nter%arts 6@, and .,

res%eti(e"#73 the %erenta'e o$ 'ir"s and -o#s that reei(ed dis%ositions res!"tin' in no

s!%er(ision 1ere o&%ara-"e aross 'enders, Ad;!diation to %ro-ation ao!nted $or a

hi'her %erenta'e o$ dis%ositions $or -o#s 6.,7 than $or 'ir"s 60,.7, *o#s a"so

reei(ed a"&ost do!-"e the a&o!nt o$ dis%ositions res!"tin' in &odi$iation o$ e4istin'

%ro-ation orders 6?,?7 than 'ir"s 6.,?7 as 1e"" as a &!h hi'her %erenta'e

B@



Female (N =13,247)

Male (N =27,670)

χ2

Detention .,? ?,? 0/.,>?

Non<Se!re @,> .,B 0@.,@? Se!re 0,/ 0.,> 0??.,0>

% W ,///0

To ana"#=e the di$$erenes in t#%es o$ %"ae&ents $!rther3 the o!nt#<-ased

%"ae&ent (aria-"es o$ detention3 non<se!re3 and se!re3 and TYC 1ere o""a%sed into a

ne1 -inar# (aria-"e that in"!ded %"ae&ent 607 and no %"ae&ent 6/7, Ana"#sis on this

ne1 (aria-"e indiated that 1hen detention is in"!ded as a %"ae&ent3 there 1as (irt!a""#

no di$$erene in o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent (ers!s no %"ae&ent $or -o#s, Ho1e(er3 $or 'ir"s

a &!h s&a""er %erenta'e ao!nted $or o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent 6.,7 than those 1ho

re&ained in the o&&!nit# 6/,07, 8hen detention 1as re&o(ed $ro& the %"ae&ent

(aria-"e3 %"ae&ents $or -o#s dereased -# a"&ost >/ %erenta'e %oints 1hi"e 'ir"s

dereased -# .> %erenta'e %oints, Ta-"e %ro(ides an o(er(ie1 o$ the (aria-i"it# in o!t<

o$<ho&e %"ae&ent -# 'ender,

*able 9 Crosstab comparison of out-of-home placement by gender &ith and &ithout

detention +* ,)/012.

8ith detention 67 8itho!t Detention 67

Female (N =13,245) P"ae&ent ., ,

No P"ae&ent /,0 >,0

Male (N =

27,670) P"ae&ent ?,. 0,>

No P"ae&ent @/,B B/,

χ2 0>,.@ 0/@B,>B

% W ,///0

B



ivariate *ests for H1

The ne4t set o$ ana"#ses e(a"!ated the (aria-i"it# -et1een s%ei$i t#%es o$ o!t<o$<

ho&e %"ae&ent -# 'ender and o$$ense, For this ana"#sis3 the ontin!o!s "assi$iation

(aria-"e $or o$$ense "assi$iation 1as reoded into 0 Stat!s 6C"ass C Misde&eanors and

other Cond!t Indiatin' Need $or S!%er(ision o$$enses73 . Misde&eanor 6C"ass * and

C"ass C Misde&eanors73 and > Fe"on# 6a"" $e"on# "e(e" o$$enses7, Initia"3 rossta-

ana"#sis o$ a"" #o!th re$erred 6N ?/307 d!rin' the sa&%"e %eriod indiated that a

&a;orit# o$ $e&a"e ;!(eni"es 6.,7 re&ained in the o&&!nit# 1hi"e a &a;orit# o$

their &a"e o!nter%arts 6,.7 1ere re&o(ed $ro& their ho&es, For -oth 'enders3

&isde&eanor o$$enders ao!nted $or the hi'hest %erenta'es o$ o!nt# -ased o!t<o$<

ho&e %"ae&ents, Ho1e(er3 &a"e $e"ons ao!nted $or the hi'hest %erenta'e o$ TYC

o&&it&ents, Ta-"e %ro(ides an o(er(ie1 o$ o$$ense ate'ories -# 'ender and

%"ae&ent t#%e $or a"" #o!th re$erred d!rin' the sa&%"e %eriod,

*able : Crosstab analysis of offense categories by gender) offense) and placement type for all youth referred during sample period +* ,)/012.

Detention Non<Se!re Se!re TYC

Female (N=13,245) Stat!s ?,/ 0,@ /,/ /,. Misd, ./,@ >,/ /, /,.

Fe"on# @,/ /,B /,B /,.

χ2 0.B0,0/ @,. ,0> ,.@

Male (N =27,670) Stat!s @,0 /,/ >,/ 0,.

Misd, .,0 .,/ ,/ 0,.

Fe"on# 0@,0 0,/ >,> .,.

χ2 0B0,/0 0B,>@ 0>/,/0 ?B,@>

BB



*ote3 More than one t#%e o$ %"ae&ent is %ossi-"e there$ore the %erenta'es arossate'ories &a# not e)!a" 0//,

% W ,///0

In order to e(a"!ate di$$erenes -et1een &a"e and $e&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders -#

o$$ense se(erit# and %"ae&ent t#%e3 the ne4t ana"#sis onentrated on"# on #o!th 1ho

1ere re&o(ed $ro& their ho&es and ordered to an# o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent -# the

;!(eni"e o!rt, O$ those #o!th detained3 'ir"s had hi'her %erenta'es o$ stat!s o$$enses

60>,?7 and &isde&eanors 6B,@73 1hi"e $e"on# o$$enses ao!nted $or a hi'her

%erenta'e o$ &a"e 6>/,7 detentions than 'ir"s 60,7, A si&i"ar %attern e&er'ed

1hen ana"#sis 1as ond!ted on #o!th %"aed in non<se!re %"ae&ents, Gir"s had &!h

hi'her %erenta'es o$ a"" three t#%es o$ o$$enses 6stat!s3 &isde&eanor3 2 $e"on#7 res!"tin'

in o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent than -o#s, Ho1e(er3 -o#s had hi'her %erenta'es o$ a"" three

o$$ense ate'ories res!"tin' in se!re %"ae&ent and TYC o&&it&ent, Ta-"e B %ro(ides

an o(er(ie1 o$ the rossta- ana"#sis o$ o$$ense ate'ories -# 'ender and %"ae&ent t#%e

$or #o!th ordered to o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent,

*able ; Crosstab analysis of offense categories for placement type for youth ordered to

out-of-home placement +n ,03@7.

Detention Non<Se!re Se!re TYC

Female (n =3,955) Stat!s 0>,? ?, /,/ /,

Misd, B,@ 0/,/ >,0 /,B

Fe"on# 0, .,B /,> /,χ2 0.,/ 0>@,B >/,/? ?>,?0

Male (n =13,614) Stat!s 0/,@ /,0 ,0 .,. Misd, @>,0 >, 0.,. .,.

B



Fe"on# >/, 0, , ?,0

χ2 0?>,? ,?/ 0@,.. ?.,@0

*ote3 More than one t#%e o$ %"ae&ent is %ossi-"e there$ore the %erenta'es aross

ate'ories &a# not e)!a" 0//,% W ,///0: %W,/0

Additiona" rossta- ana"#sis 1as ond!ted to e(a"!ate s%ei$i o$$ense attri-!tes

identi$ied in the "iterat!re as e# distin'!ishin' $eat!res o$ de"in)!ent -eha(ior -et1een

the $e&a"e and &a"e ;!(eni"e o$$ender, Ana"#sis 1ithin the *ootstra% (aria-"e re(ea"ed

traditiona" -ootstra% "e(e" o$$enses 6stat!s o$$enses and onte&%t o$ o!rt7 ao!nted $or

hi'her %erenta'es o$ detention 6@,>7 and non<se!re 6,?7 %"ae&ents $or 'ir"s than

-o#s, For non<se!re %"ae&ents3 the %erenta'e o$ 'ir"s %"aed $or Vio"ation o$

Pro-ation 6VOP7 1as o(er $i(e %erent 'reater 6,>7 than $or -o#s %"aed $or VOP

6.,@7, Ho1e(er3 $or se!re %"ae&ents3 VOP ao!nted $or o(er se(en %erent &ore $or

-o#s 6,@7 than $or their $e&a"e o!nter%arts 6.,?7, A"tho!'h -o#s had a hi'her

%erenta'e o$ VOPs that ao!nted $or TYC o&&it&ent 6>,7 than 'ir"s 60,.73 it

sho!"d -e noted that the %erent o$ VOP $or 'ir"s ao!nted $or the hi'hest %erenta'e o$

$e&a"e o&&it&ents to TYC,

Ana"#sis o$ the Viti& o&%osite (aria-"e re(ea"ed that $or detention %"ae&ents3

'ir"s had 'reater %erenta'es aross a"" three (iti& ate'ories than -o#s, More

s%ei$ia""#3 'ir"s had 'reater %erenta'es o$ do&esti (iti&s aross a"" three o!nt#

-ased %"ae&ents 6Detention3 Non<Se!re3 2 Se!re7 than -o#s, There 1as no di$$erene

-et1een do&esti (iti&s and 'ender $or TYC o&&it&ents, P!-"i ser(ants as (iti&s

/



re&ained re"ati(e"# e)!ita-"e aross 'enders and aross %"ae&ent t#%e, Ta-"e %ro(ides

an o(er(ie1 o$ the o$$ense o&%osites -# 'ender and %"ae&ent t#%e,

*able < Crosstab analysis of offense composites for placement type for youth ordered to

out-of-home placement +n , 03@7.

O$$ense Cate'or# Detention Non<Se!re Se!re TYC

Female (n =3,955) *ootstra%

Stat!s @,> /,? /,/ /,/

VOP 0B,. ,> .,? 0,. Other ?, 0/,/ @,B /,

χ2 @,?> .B?,> .>B,@. @,0

Viti&

Do&esti B,. /, /,. /,/

Other 0,> .,@ /,. /,.

0



P!-"i 0,B /,? /,/ /,0

Non-assaultive

0,> 0?,. >,0 0,B

χ2

0/,0 >@,0> ..,>/ ./,BMale (n =13,614) *ootstra%

Stat!s 0,B /,/ /,/ /,/

VOP ./,/ .,@ ,@ >,

Other .,? >,. 0@,@ ?,

χ2 B,?. .B?,> /?,0 ?>.,?0

Viti&

Do&esti >,/ /,. /,0 /,/ Other 0/,B /,@ 0B, /,?

P!-"i 0,0 /,/ /,. /,0 Non-assaultive

,> @,0 .., ,

χ2 /,0 00,/> 0B,0 0/@,B?

% W ,///0: % W ,/0

Multivariate *ests for H1

The $irst &!"iti(ariate ana"#sis $or H0 1as ond!ted to test the 'enera" in$"!ene

o$ the %reditor (aria-"es on o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent on a"" $ai"it# t#%es !sin' Ordinar#

OLS re'ression 1ith 'ender 6/ &a"e3 0 $e&a"e7 in"!ded in the e)!ation and the

%reditor (aria-"es re'ressed on the $ai"it# o&%osite 6/ no %"ae&ent3 0 detention3 .

non<se!re3 > se!re3 ? TYC7,

4acilit# Composite.

The res!"ts o$ the re'ression ana"#sis indiated that the stron'est %reditors o$

%"ae&ent 6an# $ai"it# t#%e7 1ere (io"ation o$ %ro-ation 6VOP7 and %ro-ation histor#,

.



Gender 1as ne'ati(e"# re'ressed indiatin' that -ein' $e&a"e at!a""# dereased the "e(e"

o$ %"ae&ent $or the ;!(eni"e, Mirrorin' the 'ender diretion3 o&&ittin' a stat!s o$$ense

a"so indiated a derease "e(e" o$ %"ae&ent, A'e at re$erra" indiated that the o"der a

;!(eni"e 1as at re$erra" the "o1er the "e(e" o$ %"ae&ent3 1hi"e the o"der the ;!(eni"e 1as

1hen he or she 1as $irst re$erred to the %ro-ation de%art&ent inreased "e(e" o$

%"ae&ent, Ta-"e 0/ %ro(ides an o(er(ie1 o$ the res!"ts o$ the "inear re'ression &ode"

1ith the %reditor (aria-"es 6in"!din' 'ender7 re'ressed on the $ai"it# o&%osite,

*able 10 Analysis of predictor variables regressed on facility composite.

Varia-"e 4 S,E, Si', *eta

Constant <,/>B ,/? ,?/

Gender <,0./ ,/? ,/// <,/@.Re$erra" A'e <,/0 ,// ,/// <,/B/

O$$ense ,0? ,//> ,/// ,.

Stat!s <,0 ,/0@ ,/// <,/@/VOP ,0 ,/0 ,/// ,0B@

His%ani ,00 ,/00 ,/// ,//

*"a ,0@@ ,/00 ,/// ,/@?

O$$enseHistor# ,0? ,//> ,/// ,..

Pro-ation

Histor#

,?> ,//B ,/// ,.>

First A'e ,/@0 ,//@ ,/// ,/?

*ote3 R . ,?> 6% W ,///07

To e(a"!ate the in$"!ene o$ the %reditor (aria-"es on s%ei$i t#%es o$ o!t<o$<

ho&e %"ae&ent -# 'ender3 a seond set o$ &!"ti(ariate ana"#ses $or H0 1ere ond!ted,

A dihoto&o!s o!to&e (aria-"e 1as reated $or eah $ai"it# t#%e and oded as either no

%"ae&ent 6/73 or %"ae&ent 607, In the ase o$ a dihoto&o!s o!to&e (aria-"e3 -inar#

"o'isti re'ression is %re$erred and 1as !sed $or the "ast $o!r tests o$ H0,

>



Detention.

Ana"#sis ond!ted on the %reditor (aria-"es re'ressed on detention indiated

that as the -o#s in the sa&%"e 'ot o"der3 the# 1ere &ore "ie"# to -e detained, Ho1e(er3

a'e at re$erra" 1as not a si'ni$iant %reditor o$ detention $or 'ir"s, For eah inrease in

o$$ense se(erit#3 the "ie"ihood o$ detention $or 'ir"s 6E4% 4 .,0>.7 1as 'reater than $or

-o#s 6E4% 4 0,/7, Gir"s 1ith a %ro-ation and o$$ense histor# had a s"i'ht"# hi'her

"ie"ihood o$ -ein' detained than -o#s 1ith %ro-ation and o$$ense histor#, Ha(in' a stat!s

o$$ense 1as ne'ati(e"# re'ressed $or -oth 'enders indiatin' that o&&ittin' a stat!s

o$$ense dereased the "ie"ihood o$ detention, Ho1e(er3 the in$"!ene o$ a stat!s o$$enses

and "ie"ihood o$ detention 1as "o1er $or -o#s 6E4% 4 /,>@/7 than $or 'ir"s 6E4% 4

/,@0?7, For -o#s3 a stat!s o$$ense dereased the odds o$ detention to 0> that o$ non<

stat!s o$$enses, Ho1e(er3 $or 'ir"s3 a stat!s o$$ense dereased the odds o$ detention to

on"# that o$ non<stat!s o$$enses, Ta-"e 00 %ro(ides an o(er(ie1 o$ the re'ression

ana"#sis $or 'ender and detention,

?



*able 11 Analysis of predictor variables regressed on detention.

Varia-"e 4 S,E, 8a"d DF Si', E=p & B'

Fe&a"e Re$erra" A'e <,/@> ,/>0 .,B 0 ,/B /,?B

O$$ense ,@ ,/./ 0>,0> 0 ,/// .,0>. Stat!s <,@ ,/B/ B,B@> 0 ,/// /,@0?

VOP 0,>.B ,// .0@,. 0 ,/// >,.

His%ani ,@? ,/@ B@,?0 0 ,/// 0,. *"a ,.B@ ,// ..,?// 0 ,/// 0,>.

O$$ense Histor# ,?/B ,/. ?>,@@@ 0 ,/// 0,@/?

Pro-ation Histor# ,>/0 ,/.? 00,>> 0 ,/// 0,>@0 First A'e ,/0? ,/>/ ,.0 0 ,?. 0,/0?

Constant <.,? ,. B,.> 0 ,/// /,//

Ma"e Re$erra" A'e ,/> ,/0 @,?B 0 ,/0 0,/?/

O$$ense ,?@ ,// .@/,B? 0 ,/// 0,/

Stat!s <0,/@/ ,/> ./,?? 0 ,/// /,>@/

VOP 0,./0 ,/@0 @@.,@@? 0 ,/// >,>.. His%ani ,? ,/>B >/,>@ 0 ,/// 0,?>

*"a ,@@@ ,/> ..?,/@B 0 ,/// 0,?.

O$$ense Histor# ,0B. ,/. ?,./ 0 ,/// 0,.// Pro-ation Histor# ,./ ,/00 >B,> 0 ,/// 0,.>>

First A'e <,/?/ ,/0@ ,BB> 0 ,// /,/

Constant <.,?@. ,0@@ .?,0>0 0 ,/// /,/B

*otes+ Ma"e R

.

,... 6% W ,///07: Fe&a"e R

.

,..B 6% W ,///07

onsecure.

Ana"#sis ond!ted on the %reditor (aria-"es re'ressed on non<se!re o!t<o$<

ho&e %"ae&ent indiated that $or -oth 'enders3 the a'e oe$$iient is ne'ati(e3 indiatin'

that the o"der a ;!(eni"e 1as at re$erra"3 the "ess "ie"# the# 1ere to -e %"aed in a non<

se!re %"ae&ent des%ite 'ender, The re'ression ana"#sis re(ea"ed $!rther that ha(in' a

%ro-ation histor# had an o%%osite e$$et -# 'ender, For eah %re(io!s %ro-ation the odds

o$ o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent in a non<se!re $ai"it# inreased $or 'ir"s -# a"&ost t1o 6E4%

4 0,>07, Ho1e(er3 ha(in' a histor# o$ %ro-ation dereased the odds o$ o!t<o$<ho&e

@



%"ae&ent in a non<se!re $ai"it# $or -o#s 6E4% 4 /,7, The stat!s o$$ense

oe$$iient 1as not a si'ni$iant %reditor o$ non<se!re %"ae&ent $or -o#s3 and 1as

ne'ati(e $or 'ir"s3 indiatin' that o&&ittin' a stat!s o$$ense dereased the odds o$ a 'ir"

-ein' %"aed in a non<se!re $ai"it#, There 1as (irt!a""# no di$$erene -# 'ender in the

odds o$ non<se!re %"ae&ent -# o$$ense "e(e", Ta-"e 0. %ro(ides an o(er(ie1 o$ the

-inar# re'ression ana"#sis o$ the %reditor (aria-"es on non<se!re %"ae&ent,

*able 12 Analysis of predictor variables regressed on non-secure placement.

Varia-"e 4 S,E, 8a"d DF Si', E=p & B'Fe&a"e

Re$erra" A'e <,/. ,/?B >,> 0 ,/@ /,0.

O$$ense ,> ,/>0 0@>,/ 0 ,/// 0,?/

Stat!s <0,/> ,. 0?,/>0 0 ,/// /,>@? VOP 0,@. ,0.. 0>,B 0 ,/// ?,0

His%ani <,./ ,00 >,0>. 0 ,/ /,B0?

*"a ,0. ,000 0,.0 0 ,.@ 0,0>@ O$$ense Histor# ,. ,/. B,/.> 0 ,/// 0,>/

Pro-ation Histor# ,?B ,/ @/,.> 0 ,/// 0,>0

First A'e <,/.@ ,/?? ,>>0 0 ,@@ /,@

Constant <.,B>0 ,@. .,/0 0 ,/// /,/@Ma"e

Re$erra" A'e <,/B> ,/> @,?/ 0 ,/./ /,./

O$$ense ,?0. ,/. .?,>/ 0 ,/// 0,@/ Stat!s <,0B0 ,>/. ,>/ 0 ,@?B /,B>?

VOP .,00 ,0.> >0,>/ 0 ,/// B,?

His%ani ,/>/ ,0/@ ,/B. 0 ,? 0,/>0 *"a <,/0 ,0/ ,/>> 0 ,B@@ 0,/>0

O$$ense Histor# ,./ ,/.0 0@?,B 0 ,/// 0,.

Pro-ation Histor# <,>@B ,// >@,.. 0 ,/// /, First A'e <,/0 ,/>. B,/0. 0 ,//@ /,0>

Constant <>,.B ,?.@ @,B/0 0 ,/// /,/>

*otes+ Ma"e R . ,/>@ 6% W ,///07: Fe&a"e R . ,/B? 6% W ,///07

"ecure.



Constant <,0. 0,./ .@,B@ 0 ,/// ,//.

*otes+ Ma"e R . ,0> 6% W ,///07: Fe&a"e R . ,/>? 6% W ,///07

*>C Commitment.

Ana"#sis o$ the %reditor (aria-"es on o&&it&ent to the state o%erated Te4as

Yo!th Co&&ission 6TYC7 indiated that there 1as (irt!a""# no di$$erene a&on' the

%reditor (aria-"es -# 'ender3 1ith s"i'ht 'ender (aria-i"it# $or o$$ense se(erit# and

(io"ations o$ %ro-ation, An inrease in the o$$ense se(erit# inreased the odds o$ -ein'

o&&itted to TYC -# a "itt"e &ore than t1o 6E4% 4 .,..?7 $or 'ir"s and a "itt"e "ess than

. 6E4% * 0,@B7 $or -o#s, Reei(in' a (io"ation o$ %ro-ation inreased the odds o$ TYC

o&&it&ent -# &ore than ei'ht 6E4% 4 B,>.7 $or 'ir"s and 6E4% 4 ,B7 $or -o#s, Ta-"e

0? %ro(ides an o(er(ie1 o$ the res!"ts o$ the -inar# re'ression ana"#sis $or TYC

o&&it&ent -# 'ender,

*able 17 Analysis of predictor variables regressed on TYC commitment.

Varia-"e 4 S,E, 8a"d DF Si', E4% 6*7Ma"e Re$erra" A'e ,/>/ ,/>? ,? 0 ,>> 0,/>/

O$$ense ,. ,/.B @,?B 0 ,/// 0,@B

Stat!s <0@,?>0 .0,0?/ ,/// 0 ,B /,/// VOP .,/@0 ,00 >/,BB 0 ,/// ,B

His%ani .,/@ ,0/ >,@ 0 ,/@> 0,..B

*"a .,? ,0/@ @,?./ 0 ,/./ 0,.B O$$ense Histor# ,?>> ,/0 @0B,.B 0 ,/// 0,@?0

Pro-ation Histor# ,@ ,/>@ .B0,0B 0 ,/// 0,B0?

First A'e <,/0B ,/. ,?>> 0 ,@00 /,B.

Constant <B,. ,?B> .>,/ 0 ,/// /,///Fe&a"e

Re$erra" A'e ,00@ ,00 ,>B 0 ,>>> 0,0..

O$$ense , ,0// >,@>/ 0 ,/// .,..? Stat!s <0>, >,/? ,/// 0 ,B /,///

VOP .,0.@ ,?/@ .,@> 0 ,/// B,>0

B



His%ani <,/>. ,>> ,// 0 ,.? /,B *"a <,0 ,>?? ,>>> 0 ,@? /,B./

O$$ense Histor# ,?@. ,/B ??,// 0 ,/// 0,@0

Pro-ation Histor# ,0@ ,0. >0,B> 0 ,/// .,/?> First A'e <,. ,0/. ,B> 0 ,//B /,?

Constant <,> 0,?/ 0,@ 0 ,/// /,//0

*otes+ Ma"e R . ,00? 6% W ,///07: Fe&a"e R . ,/>/ 6% W ,///07

*est for Multicollinearit#.

To test $or %otentia" %ro-"e&s 1ith &!"tio""inearit#3 an inter<orre"ationa"

ana"#sis 1as ond!ted !sin' S%ear&anKs Rho, Ta-"e 0@ %resents the res!"ts o$ the

ana"#sis, The $indin's indiate that the stron'est orre"ation o!rs -et1een %ro-ation

histor# and o&&it&ent to TYC, Ho1e(er3 a &a;orit# o$ the orre"ations are -e"o1 ,./3

there$ore the "ie"ihood o$ &!"tio""inearit# is "o1,



A"tho!'h 'ir"s re%orted a hi'her &ean o$ tra!&ati e4%erienes 60,?7 than -o#s

60,0.7 on the Ma#si<.3 the %erenta'es o$ tra!&ati e4%erienes indiated that &a"es

re%orted s"i'ht"# hi'her rates o$ one or t1o e4%erienes, Ho1e(er3 $or #o!th 1ho

re%orted $o!r or &ore tra!&ati e4%erienes3 'ir"s re%ortin' si'ni$iant"# hi'her

%erenta'e %oints o$ tra!&ati e4%erienes -o#s, More s%ei$ia""#3 the $e&a"e %erenta'e

o$ $i(e or &ore e4%erienes 1as o(er $o!r ti&es hi'her 6?,07 than their &a"e

o!nter%arts 6,73 X .3 6073 >>0,.@B3 % W ,///0, Ta-"e 0B %ro(ides an o(er(ie1 o$ the

%erenta'e o$ tra!&ati e4%erienes re%orted on the Ma#si<. -# 'ender,

*able 1; Percent of reported Traumatic $periences by gender 6n >?3...7,

n 0 . > ? @ r

Tra!&a ,/0B

Fe&a"e 0/3>0 .0, 0?, 0/,@ ,B ?,0Ma"e .>3// .@,@ 0,0 0/,. ?,> ,

% W ,///0

For those #o!th re$erred d!rin' the sa&%"e %eriod 1ho reei(ed a &enta" hea"th

assess&ent3 'ir"s reei(ed a hi'her %erenta'e o$ dia'noses re"ated to interna"i=in'

-eha(ior s!h as de%ression and an4iet# 1hi"e -o#s reei(ed hi'her %erenta'es o$

e4terna"i=in' disorders s!h as ond!t and attention de$iit h#%erati(it# 6ADHD7,

S%ei$ia""#3 'ir"s dia'nosed 1ith interna"i=in' disorders 1ere a"&ost t1o ti&es 'reater

than the "ie"ihood a&on' their &a"e o!nter%arts, Ta-"e 0 %ro(ides the $re)!en#

distri-!tion o$ e4terna" and interna" dia'noses -# 'ender,

*able 1< Percent eternal and internal diagnoses by gender 6n 3//7,

Co&%osite Female (n =1,943)

Male (n =7,957)

χ2

E4terna"i=in' 0,0 @,@ 0,Interna"i=in' ?/,. 0, >B>,?

0/.



Ad;!st&ent ..,? .,>? ,./ ,?0 <?,0

Disr!%ti(e >, >/,?@B ,>. ,? ,??

% W ,///0

ivariate *ests for H2

The ne4t series o$ ana"#ses e(a"!ated the (aria-i"it# -et1een &enta" hea"th need

and o$$ense, The $irst ana"#sis e(a"!ated the (aria-i"it# o$ &ean sores that $e"" 1ithin

the 1arnin' ran'e on the Ma#si<. -et1een ;!(eni"es in o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent and those

in the o&&!nit# -# o$$ense "e(e" and %"ae&ent t#%e, 8ith the e4e%tion o$

&isde&eanor ;!(eni"es in se!re %"ae&ent3 ;!(eni"es in o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent 6aross

a"" three o!nt# %"ae&ent t#%es and TYC o&&it&ent7 had hi'her &ean sores 1ithin

the 1arnin' ran'e on the Ma#si<. than ;!(eni"es in the o&&!nit#, For stat!s o$$enders3

the ;!(eni"es in non<se!re %"ae&ent had the "ar'est (ariane in &ean 1arnin' sores

6,>7 1hen o&%ared to ;!(eni"es in the o&&!nit#, For -oth &isde&eanor and $e"on#

o$$enders3 TYC ao!nted $or the "ar'est (aria-i"it# 1ith a ,>0 and ,0 di$$erene in &ean

sores res%eti(e"#, J!(eni"es in se!re o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent had the s&a""est (ariation

o$ &ean 1arnin' sores 1hen o&%ared to ;!(eni"es in the o&&!nit#, Ta-"e .>

%ro(ides an o(er(ie1 o$ the &ean Ma#si<. 1arnin' di$$erenes -et1een ;!(eni"es in the

o&&!nit# and those in o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent -# o$$ense "e(e" and %"ae&ent t#%e,

*able 26 !ean &arnings across !aysi-# subscales by placement 6n >?3...7,

Ma#si<. 8arnin's Mean6no

%"ae&ent7

Mean6%"ae&ent7

d$ t

tatus (n = 1,803)

?>

Detention ,.B ,? B,??

Non<Se!re ,>? ,0 ,.

Se!re ,> ,> ,>?

TYC ,>@ ,@/ >,0

Mis!" (n = 0>

0/@



Tra!&a Yes B, , 0, 0,/

χ2 , /,>>. >,B /,/

% W ,///0: % W ,/0: % W,/@

Ana"#sis o$ sores on the tra!&ati e4%erienes sa"e o$ the Ma#si<. -et1een

;!(eni"es in o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent and those in the o&&!nit# re(ea"ed that3 1ith the

e4e%tion o$ $e"on# o$$enders in se!re %"ae&ent3 ;!(eni"es in an# t#%e o$ o!t<o$<ho&e

%"ae&ent had "ar'er &ean n!&-ers o$ tra!&ati e4%erienes than #o!th 1ho re&ained

in the o&&!nit#, For stat!s and &isde&eanor o$$enders the "ar'est &ean di$$erene

-et1een ;!(eni"es in o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent and those in the o&&!nit# o!rred 1ith

#o!th in non<se!re $ai"ities, For $e"on# o$$enders3 the "ar'est &ean di$$erene o!rred

-et1een #o!th in detention and in the o&&!nit#, For stat!s and $e"on# o$$enders3

;!(eni"es in se!re %"ae&ent had "o1er &ean sores on the tra!&ati e4%erienes sa"e

than si&i"ar #o!th in the o&&!nit#, Ta-"e .@ %ro(ides an o(er(ie1 o$ the &ean

di$$erenes in tra!&a sores $or #o!th in o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent and #o!th in the

o&&!nit# -# o$$ense "e(e" and %"ae&ent t#%e,

*able 28 !ean number of traumatic eperiences reported on the !aysi-# by placement

type 6n >?3...7,

Ma#si< . Tra!&a

Sa"e

Mean

6no

%"ae&ent7

Mean

6%"ae&ent7

d$ t

Stat!s 6n @3/7 @/?

Detention 0,0> 0,?/ ,?

Non<Se!re 0,./ 0,@ @,@

Se!re 0,.? 0,/? <>,B@

TYC 0,.0 0,. ,

Misd, 6n .03>.07 .03>0>

Detention 0,/@ 0,. 0.,B

0/



Non<Se!re 0,0> 0,@. B,B

Se!re 0,0? 0,.. .,>B

TYC 0,0@ 0,? ?,>

Fe"on# 6n 3B7 3@

Detention 0,/ 0,. @,>

Non<Se!re 0,./ 0,.B >,>> Se!re 0,.. 0,0 <0,/>

TYC 0,./ 0,>@ .,

% W ,///0: % W ,/0: % W,/@

The ne4t set o$ ana"#ses e(a"!ated the (aria-i"it# o$ %s#hiatri dia'noses a&on'

#o!th 1ho reei(ed a &enta" hea"th assess&ent 6n 3//7 -# o$$ense "e(e" and

%"ae&ent t#%e, A"tho!'h ;!(eni"es in o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent had hi'her %erenta'es o$

dia'noses than no disorders3 the $indin's 1ere on"# statistia""# si'ni$iant $or detention

stat!s o$$enders3 $e"on# o$$enders in non<se!re %"ae&ent3 a"" #o!th in se!re $ai"ities3

and $e"on# o$$enders o&&itted to TYC, Se!re %"ae&ent ao!nted $or the "ar'est

onentration o$ #o!th 1ho had reei(ed a &enta" hea"th assess&ent ha(in' a &enta"

hea"th need, O$ the #o!th in se!re %"ae&ent3 ,> 1ere stat!s o$$enders3 0?, @ 1ere

&isde&eanor #o!th3 and ,B 1ere $e"on# o$$enders, Detention had the seond hi'hest

%erenta'e o$ stat!s o$$enders 1ith a dia'nosed &enta" hea"th disorder 60.,?7, For

#o!th in non<se!re o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent3 on"# $e"on# #o!th had a statistia""#

si'ni$iant re%resentation 1ith .,@ o$ those in non<se!re 1ho had reei(ed a &enta"

hea"th assess&ent -ein' assi'ned a %s#hiatri dia'nosis, Ta-"e . %ro(ides an o(er(ie1

o$ the %erent o$ ;!(eni"es 1ho reei(ed a &enta" hea"th dia'nosis -# o$$ense "e(e" and

%"ae&ent t#%e,

*able 29 Percent assessed &ith at least one diagnosis and no diagnosis by placement

type +n , 3//7,

MH Assess&ent Detention Non<Se!re Se!re TYC

tatus (n = 1,803)

0/B



o$$ense se(erit#, Ha(in' an# &enta" hea"th dia'nosis inreased the "ie"ihood and "e(e"

o$ se(erit# o$ o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent 1hi"e ha(in' either an e4terna"i=in' or interna"i=in'

dia'nosis3 dereased the odds o$ a ;!(eni"e -ein' %"aed in o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent, Ta-"e

. %resents the $indin's $ro& the re'ression ana"#sis on $ai"it# o&%osite $or #o!th 1ho

reei(ed a &enta" hea"th assess&ent,

*able 2< Analysis of predictor variables regressed on facility composite for Assessment

6n 3//7.

Varia-"e 4 S,E, Si', *eta

Constant <,/ ,0>. ,///

Re$erra" A'e ,/0B ,/00 ,0/@ ,/./

O$$ense ,0B ,// ,/// ,.?Stat!s <,@>/ ,/ ,/// <,//

VOP ,/. ,/>0 ,/// ,.0

His%ani <,/.0 ,/>/ ,?B <,//

*"a ,/. ,/>/ ,?/0 ,/0/O$$ense Histor# ,00/ ,// ,/// ,./

Pro-ation Histor# ,>/@ ,/0? ,/// ,.@0

First A'e ,/@ ,/0/ ,/// ,/>Dia'nosis6es7 ,0. ,/00 ,/// ,0@B

E4terna"i=in' <,/0 ,/./ ,?/. <,//B

Interna"i=in' <,0.B ,/.? ,/// <,/@0

*ote3 R

.

,.? 6% W ,///07

Multivariate *ests for H6

The $ina" set o$ &!"ti(ariate ana"#ses e4a&ined o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent -# 'ender

and &enta" hea"th need, Si&i"ar to the ana"#ses ond!ted $or H0 and H.3 the tests $or H>

1ere ond!ted on -oth the Ma#si<. and the Assess&ent s!-sa&%"es to $irst esta-"ish the

'enera" in$"!ene o$ &enta" hea"th need and 'ender on o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent3 and then

to e4a&ine the in$"!ene o$ the %reditor (aria-"es -# s%ei$i $ai"it# t#%e and 'ender,

The e4a&ination o$ the 'enera" in$"!ene o$ the %reditor (aria-"es on o!t<o$<ho&e

%"ae&ent $or a"" $ai"it# t#%es !ti"i=ed a OLS re'ression &ode" 1ith 'ender 6/ &a"e3 0

00.



$e&a"e7 in"!ded in the e)!ation and the %reditor (aria-"es re'ressed on $ai"it#

o&%osite 6/ no %"ae&ent3 0 detention3 . non<se!re3 > se!re3 ? TYC7,

The e(a"!ation o$ the in$"!ene o$ the %reditor (aria-"es on s%ei$i t#%es o$ o!t<o$<

ho&e %"ae&ent -# 'ender and &enta" hea"th need re)!ired se%arate $e&a"e and &a"e

&ode"s -# "e(e" o$ &enta" hea"th need 6Ma#si<.: Assess&ent7, A dihoto&o!s o!to&e

(aria-"e 1as reated $or eah $ai"it# t#%e and oded as either no %"ae&ent 6/73 or

%"ae&ent 6073 and 1as tested -# "e(e" o$ &enta" hea"th need -# 'ender $or eah $ai"it#

t#%e, In the ase o$ a dihoto&o!s o!to&e (aria-"e3 -inar# "o'isti re'ression is

%re$erred and 1as !sed $or the "ast series tests o$ H>,

Ma#si2.

Facility Composite.

Ana"#sis o$ the %reditor (aria-"es re'ressed on $ai"it# o&%osite $or ;!(eni"es

1ho reei(ed a &enta" hea"th sreenin' 1ith the Ma#si<. 6n >?3...7 indiated that a""

%reditor (aria-"es 1ere statistia""# si'ni$iant, OLS re'ression ana"#sis re(ea"ed that

the stron'est %reditors o$ "e(e" o$ %"ae&ent 1ere a sore on the tra!&a sa"e3 o$$ense

se(erit#3 a'e at $irst re$erra"3 and %ro-ation histor#, Gender 1as ne'ati(e"# re"ated

indiatin' that -ein' $e&a"e at!a""# dereased a ;!(eni"es the odds o$ -ein' %"aed in a

hi'her "e(e" o!t<o$<ho&e, Ta-"e >/ %ro(ides an o(er(ie1 o$ the res!"ts o$ the OLS

re'ression &ode" 1ith the %reditor (aria-"es 6in"!din' 'ender7 re'ressed on the $ai"it#

o&%osite $or Ma#si<.,

00>



the "ie"ihood o$ detention 1as hi'her $or 'ir"s than $or -o#s, Ta-"e >0 %ro(ides an

o(er(ie1 o$ the -inar# "o'isti re'ression ana"#sis on detention $or #o!th sreened -# the

Ma#si<.,

*able 61 Analysis of predictor variables regressed on detention for !aysi-# and gender.

Varia-"e 4 S,E, 8a"d DF Si', E4% 6*7

Fe&a"e

Re$erra" A'e <,/ ,/>? >,B/ 0 ,/? /,>@ O$$ense ,B0 ,/.. >,. 0 ,/// 0,@

Stat!s <,?> ,/B. 0>/,B?? 0 ,/// /,>B

VOP 0,B.0 ,00. .>,>?? 0 ,/// ,0 His%ani ,??> ,/? ?B,/? 0 ,/// 0,@@

*"a ,@ ,/> 0.0,BB0 0 ,/// .,//?

O$$ense Histor# ,.>. ,/.@ B,.. 0 ,/// 0,.0 Pro-ation Histor# ,0?B ,/@ @,.0 0 ,/.. 0,0@

First A'e ,//B ,/>. ,// 0 ,0 0,//

Tra!&a ,.. ,/0 0B>,@ 0 ,/// 0,.@

8arnin' ,//@ ,/>@ ,/0 0 ,B@ 0,//@ Constant <.,.0 ,. @B,BB 0 ,/// /,0/>

Ma"e

Re$erra" A'e ,/> ,/0B 0.,./? 0 ,/// 0,/@ O$$ense ,??0 ,/0/ 0?,>0> 0 ,/// 0,@@>

Stat!s <0,.@> ,/> ..,0./ 0 ,/// /,.B

VOP 0,>B ,/@ @,.@ 0 ,/// >,

His%ani ,// ,/> .>,> 0 ,/// 0,B.. *"a ,0 ,/?/ >.,B/B 0 ,/// .,/@.

O$$ense Histor# ,0@B ,/00 ./?,>>? 0 ,/// 0,00

Pro-ation Histor# ,/B/ ,/. B,. 0 ,//> 0,/B> First A'e <,/? ,/0 B,.> 0 ,//? /,@?

Tra!&a ,/0 ,/0> .0,/@ 0 ,/// 0,/>

8arnin' ,0@0 ,/.? >B,.> 0 ,/// 0,0> Constant <.,?>@ ,0. .//,.00 0 ,/// /,/BB

*otes+ Ma"e R . ,./> 6% W ,///07: Fe&a"e R . ,.?> 6% W ,///07

Non-secure.

Ana"#sis o$ the %reditor (aria-"es $or non<se!re %"ae&ent $or #o!th 1ho

reei(ed a Ma#si<. sreenin' indiated that a'e 1as ne'ati(e"# re"ated $or -oth 'enders3

indiatin' that as a'e at re$erra" inreased3 the "ie"ihood o$ -ein' %"aed in a non<se!re

%"ae&ent dereased3 des%ite 'ender and &enta" hea"th need, O$$ense se(erit# and

00@



o$$ense histor# inreased the "ie"ihood o$ %"ae&ent in a non<se!re %"ae&ent at

(irt!a""# the sa&e rate $or -oth 'enders, 8hi"e a (io"ation o$ %ro-ation inreased the odds

o$ o!t<o$<ho&e non<se!re %"ae&ent at a"&ost do!-"e the a&o!nt $or -o#s 6E4% 4

B,>7 than 'ir"s 6E4% 4 ?,@?73 %ro-ation histor# inreased the odds o$ non<se!re

%"ae&ent -# o(er do!-"e the a&o!nt $or 'ir"s 6E4% 4 0,?.7 than -o#s 6E4% 4 , ,B7,

Neither Ma#si<. &eas!re o$ &enta" hea"th need 6Tra!&a 2 8arnin'7 1as $o!nd to -e a

statistia""# si'ni$iant %reditor o$ %"ae&ent in a non<se!re $ai"it# $or -o#s, For 'ir"s3

ho1e(er3 a %ositi(e sore on either sa"e inreased the odds o$ o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent in

a non<se!re $ai"it#, Ta-"e >. %resents the res!"ts o$ the -inar# re'ression ana"#sis,

*able 62 Analysis of predictor variables regressed on non-secure for !aysi-#.


Ma"e

Re$erra" A'e <,/@ ,/> ?,>// 0 ,/>B /,.B O$$ense ,>B0 ,/. ./0,0B? 0 ,/// 0,??

Stat!s <,.B@ ,>/. ,BB 0 ,>? /,@.

VOP .,0@ ,0. .>,/@ 0 ,/// B,>

His%ani ,/>> ,0/ ,/ 0 ,@@ 0,/>>

*"a <,/. ,0/ ,/ 0 ,B /,>

O$$ense Histor# ,.?. ,/.0 0>0,0>@ 0 ,/// 0,.? Pro-ation Histor# <,?/> ,/. ?.,B. 0 ,/// /,B

First A'e <,/? ,/>. B,@./ 0 ,//? /,0/

Tra!&a ,/./ ,/>> ,>0 0 ,@?> 0,/.0

8arnin' ,/? ,/@. ,@ 0 ,> 0,/?

Constant <>,0. ,?> @/,B/ 0 ,/// /,/??

Fe&a"e

Re$erra" A'e <,0. ,/? ,/ 0 ,/0/ /,BB0

O$$ense ,. ,/>. BB,/0B 0 ,/// 0,>?B Stat!s <0,.>B ,.BB 0B,?B@ 0 ,/// /,./

VOP 0,@@ ,0.B 0?B,>/> 0 ,/// ?,@?

His%ani <,/. ,00 ,.> 0 ,/0 /,?/

*"a ,.0/ ,00> >,?> 0 ,/? 0,.>? O$$ense Histor# ,.?0 ,/. ?,0/? 0 ,/// 0,..

Pro-ation Histor# ,>B/ ,// .,.>> 0 ,/// 0,?.

First A'e ,// ,/?@ ,/?. 0 ,B> 0,//

Tra!&a ,./ ,/.B @@,? 0 ,/// 0,..B

8arnin' ,0@> ,/?B 0/,00. 0 ,//0 0,0@

Constant <.,B ,@?B .@,B 0 ,/// /,/.

*otes+ Ma"e R . ,/>@ 6% W ,///07: Fe&a"e R . ,/ 6% W ,///07

00



Secure.

Ana"#sis o$ the %reditor (aria-"es on se!re o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent indiated that

on"# t1o o$ the %reditor (aria-"es $or -o#s 1ere not statistia""# si'ni$iant3 1hi"e $i(e

1ere not si'ni$iant $or 'ir"s, The ana"#sis a"so re(ea"ed that a'e at re$erra" 1as not a

si'ni$iant %reditor o$ se!re %"ae&ent $or 'ir"s3 ho1e(er $or -o#s3 it had a ne'ati(e

re"ationahshi%: indiatin' that the o"der the &a"e o$$ender 1as at re$erra"3 the "ess "ie"# he

1as to -e %"aed in se!re o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent, 8hi"e a (io"ation o$ %ro-ation

inreased the odds o$ se!re %"ae&ent $or -o#s -# .,0@3 'ir"s e4%eriened o(er ten ti&es

'reater ris o$ se!re o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent than -o#s 6E4% 4 ..,@.7, None o$ the

Ma#si<. &eas!res o$ &enta" hea"th need 1ere statistia""# si'ni$iant $or -o#s, Ho1e(er3

$or 'ir"s3 a %ositi(e indiator on the tra!&a sa"e inreased the ris o$ %"ae&ent in a se!re

$ai"it# 6E4% 4 0,.073 1hi"e a sore 1ithin the 1arnin' !to$$ ran'e on Ma#si<.

s!-sa"es res!"ted in a derease in the odds o$ se!re o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent 6E4% 4 , ,

@>7, The stat!s (aria-"e is !nre"ia-"e d!e to the s&a"" e"" si=e $or 'ir"s as re$"eted in the

"ar'e sore $or standardi=ed error, Ta-"e >> %resents an o(er(ie1 o$ the res!"ts on the

-inar# re'ression ana"#sis o$ the %reditor (aria-"es on se!re o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent -#

'ender $or #o!th 1ho reei(ed a &enta" hea"th sreenin' 1ith the Ma#si<.,

00



*able 66 Analysis of predictor variables regressed on secure for !aysi-# and gender.


Fe&a"e

Re$erra" A'e ,/? ,/. ,.. 0 ,/ 0,/?B

O$$ense ,@ ,/B/ @/,B0 0 ,/// 0, Stat!s <0@,.0 0/>/,@?? ,/// 0 ,BB /,///

VOP >,00@ ,>0? B,>/ 0 ,/// ..,@.

His%ani ,@. ,. >,0. 0 ,/@ 0, *"a ,@@? ,.@ >,@./ 0 ,/0 0,?/

O$$ense Histor# ,0 ,/@ ,?@ 0 ,//. 0,0.

Pro-ation Histor# ,0B ,0.@ .,./@ 0 ,0>B 0,./@

First A'e <,0B ,/B> @,0B@ 0 ,/.> /,B.B Tra!&a ,0 ,/@@ 0.,0 0 ,/// 0,.0

8arnin' <,.. ,0B? 00,>B0 0 ,//0 /,@>

Constant <@,B@ 0,.?> ..,.? 0 ,/// /,//>Ma"e

Re$erra" A'e <,0.? ,/.. >0,/> 0 ,/// /,BB>

O$$ense ,0>> ,/0? @,@@/ 0 ,/// 0,0?>

Stat!s <.,B@ ,>@ @,.B 0 ,/// /,/B VOP ,. ,/@ 0>,@B 0 ,/// .,0@

His%ani ,..@ ,/@B 0?,? 0 ,/// 0,.@. *"a ,0 ,/@ B,B. 0 ,//> 0,0>

O$$ense Histor# ,0 ,/0. .>0,> 0 ,/// 0,0

Pro-ation Histor# ,B ,/. .,./> 0 ,/// 0,B@

First A'e ,0>> ,/0 ?B,/0. 0 ,/// 0,0?. Tra!&a ,/0? ,/0B ,@ 0 ,?? 0,/0?

8arnin' ,/? ,/. .,@ 0 ,0/B 0,/?B

Constant <>,> ,./ 0/,B? 0 ,/// /,/>>

*otes+ Ma"e R . ,0>@ 6% W ,///07: Fe&a"e R . ,/?0 6% W ,///07

TYC Commitment.

Ana"#sis o$ the %reditor (aria-"es $or TYC o&&it&ent 1ith #o!th 1ho had

reei(ed a &enta" hea"th sreenin' indiated that the a'e at re$erra" 1as not si'ni$iant $or

either 'ender and se(erit# o$ o$$ense and o$$ense histor# had (irt!a""# the sa&e odds o$

00B



o&&it&ent to TYC -# 'ender, Gir"s 1ith a %ro-ation histor# had a s"i'ht"# hi'her

"ie"ihood o$ TYC o&&it&ent 6E4% 4 0,07 than their &a"e o!nter %arts 6E4% 4

0,07, A'e at $irst re$erra" 1as not si'ni$iant $or -o#s, Ho1e(er3 $or 'ir"s3 it 1as

ne'ati(e"# re"ated indiatin' that the a'e at $irst re$erra" had no %rediti(e nat!re $or -o#s

1ho had -een ad&inistered the Ma#si<.3 ho1e(er $or 'ir"s3 it indiated that the o"der the

'ir" 1as at her $irst re$erra"3 the "ess "ie"# she 1as to -e o&&itted to TYC, *oth o$ the

Ma#si<. &eas!res o$ &enta" hea"th need 1ere si'ni$iant $or -o#s 1ith on"# the tra!&a

sa"e -ein' si'ni$iant $or 'ir"s, E(er# %ositi(e sore $a""in' 1ithin 1arnin' !to$$s on

the Ma#si<. inreased the odds o$ TYC o&&it&ent -# 0,./ $or -o#s, A"so3 $or e(er#

re%ort o$ a tra!&ati e4%eriene on the Ma#si<. $or -o#s3 the odds $or TYC o&&it&ent

inreased -# 0,/B, For 'ir"s3 the Ma#si<. 1arnin' !to$$s he"d no %rediti(e (a"!e,

Ho1e(er3 $or eah inrease in a %ositi(e re%ort o$ a tra!&ati e4%eriene on the Ma#si<.3

the inreased odds o$ TYC o&&it&ent $or 'ir"s 1as 0,.B, There$ore3 'ir"s had a hi'her

ris o$ TYC o&&it&ent -ased on re%orts on the Ma#si<. tra!&a sa"e3 1hi"e -o#s had a

hi'her ris o$ TYC o&&it&ent $or re%orts that $e"" 1ithin the 1arnin' !to$$s the

Ma#si<., The stat!s (aria-"e is !nre"ia-"e d!e to the s&a"" e"" si=e $or 'ir"s as re$"eted

in the "ar'e sore $or standardi=ed error, Ta-"e >? %resents the res!"ts o$ the -inar#

re'ression ana"#sis o$ the %reditor (aria-"es re'ressed on TYC o&&it&ent $or the

;!(eni"es 1ho reei(ed a &enta" hea"th sreenin' 1ith the Ma#si<.,

00



*able 67 Analysis of predictor variables regressed on TYC for !aysi-# and gender.


Fe&a"e

Re$erra" A'e ,0>. ,0.> 0,0@/ 0 ,.B? 0,0?0 O$$ense , ,0/> @,@0> 0 ,/// .,0

Stat!s <0>,/ ,.@B ,/// 0 ,B ,///

VOP .,/B ,?00 .@,B>@ 0 ,/// B,// His%ani ,0@/ ,>?. ,0? 0 ,/ 0,0.

*"a <,0?> ,>? ,0B 0 ,B. ,B

O$$ense Histor# ,?. ,/ ??,@0 0 ,/// 0,@B Pro-ation Histor# , ,0. .B,BB 0 ,/// 0,0

First A'e <,.@@ ,0/> ,/B? 0 ,/0? ,@

Tra!&a ,.@. ,/. 0.,.?> 0 ,/// 0,.B

8arnin' <,/@ ,0> ,..B 0 ,>> ,> Constant <B,../ 0,B. ./,.>/ 0 ,/// ,///

Ma"e

Re$erra" A'e ,/@/ ,/>? .,0?> 0 ,0?> 0,/@. O$$ense ,0 ,/.B @/,?/? 0 ,/// 0,@

Stat!s <0@,>B0 ?B,@> ,/// 0 ,B ,///

VOP .,/?0 ,00 .?,@ 0 ,/// ,

His%ani ,.0 ,0/ ?,.0 0 ,/?/ 0,.?@ *"a ,.>. ,0/ ?,@? 0 ,/. 0,.0

O$$ense Histor# ,?. ,/0 ?>,@0 0 ,/// 0,@>>

Pro-ation Histor# ,@. ,/> .@@,/@/ 0 ,/// 0,0 First A'e <,/.0 ,/. ,/> 0 ,?> ,

Tra!&a ,/B@ ,/>/ B,../ 0 ,//? 0,/B

8arnin' ,0B ,/?. 0,00 0 ,/// 0,./ Constant <B,.> ,@// .,/>. 0 ,/// ,///

*otes+ Ma"e R . ,0.> 6% W ,///07: Fe&a"e R . ,/>@ 6% W ,///07

Assessment.

Facility Composite.

OLS re'ression ana"#sis o$ the %reditor (aria-"es re'ressed on the $ai"it#

o&%osite $or the ;!(eni"es 1ho reei(ed a &enta" hea"th assess&ent 6n 3//7 indiated

0./



that a"" -!t $o!r %reditor (aria-"es 1ere statistia""# si'ni$iant, The "ar'est %reditors o$

o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent 1ere (io"ation o$ %ro-ation and %ro-ation histor#, Gender 1as

ne'ati(e"# re"ated to o!to&e indiatin' that -ein' $e&a"e dereased a ;!(eni"eKs

"ie"ihood o$ -ein' re&o(ed $ro& the ho&e, Ha(in' a dia'nosis inreased the se(erit# o$

%"ae&ent 1hi"e ha(in' an interna"i=in' disorder dereased the se(erit# o$ %"ae&ent t#%e,

Ta-"e >@ %resents the res!"ts o$ the OLS re'ression ana"#sis o$ the %reditor (aria-"es

in"!din' &enta" hea"th dia'nosis $or $ai"it# o&%osite,

*able 68 Analysis of predictor variables regressed on facility composite for Assessment

and gender 6n , 3//7,

Varia-"e 4 S,E, Si',

Constant <,@@? <,0>0 ,///

Gender <,> ,/. ,///

Re$erra" A'e ,/./ ,/00 ,/0O$$ense ,0@ ,// ,///

Stat!s <,?@ ,/@ ,///

VOP ,/ ,/>/ ,///

His%ani <,/>/ ,/>/ ,>0*"a ,/.. ,/>/ ,?@

O$$ense Histor# ,0// ,// ,///Pro-ation Histor# ,. ,/0? ,///First A'e ,/@ ,/0/ ,///

Dia'nosis6es7 ,0@. ,/00 ,///

E4terna"i=in' <,/>? ,/./ ,/BInterna"i=in' <,/ ,/.? ,//?

*ote3 R . ,.? 6% W ,///07

Detention.

The -inar# "o'isti re'ression ana"#sis re'ressed on detention re(ea"ed that $or

;!(eni"es 1ho reei(ed a &enta" hea"th assess&ent3 there 1as (irt!a""# no di$$erene in the

odds o$ -ein' detained -# 'ender $or o$$ense and %ro-ation histor#, Ho1e(er3 $or eah

inrease in o$$ense se(erit#3 'ir"s had a"&ost t1o ti&es the odds o$ detention 6E4% 4

0.0



.,..7 1hen o&%ared to -o#s 6E4% 4 0,>007, For (io"ation o$ %ro-ation3 'ir"s sa1 o(er

three ti&es 6E4% 4 ,?>7 the ris o$ detention 1hen o&%ared to -o#s 6E4% 4 >,0/7,

Ha(in' a dia'nosis 1as not a statistia""# si'ni$iant %reditor o$ detention $or 'ir"s3

ho1e(er $or -o#s it dereased the odds o$ detention, The s%ei$i ate'or# 6interna"i=in'

or e4terna"i=in'7 dia'nosis 1as a"so not si'ni$iant $or 'ir"s, For -o#s eah interna"i=in'

dia'nosis inreased the odds o$ detention -# 0,.0, Ta-"e > %resents the res!"ts o$ the

-inar# "o'isti re'ression ana"#sis o$ the %reditor (aria-"es and detention,

*able 69 Analysis of predictor variables regressed on detention for Assessment.


Fe&a"e Re$erra" A'e ,/0 ,/? ,/? 0 ,>?. 0,/>

O$$ense ,B0 ,/@ 00, 0 ,/// .,..

Stat!s <,./B ,. ,@ 0 ,?> /,B0. VOP .,.?B ,.>0 ?,>. 0 ,/// ,?>

His%ani <,.? ,0. 0,> 0 ,0 /,B0

*"a <,/>@ ,0> ,/>. 0 ,B@ /,

O$$ense Histor# <,/.> ,/@/ ,./ 0 ,@/ /,B Pro-ation Histor# ,/@ ,0.@ ,./ 0 ,?B 0,/@

First A'e ,0 ,/B ,/? 0 ,/0/ 0,0. Dia'nosis6es7 ,/. ,/@ ,.@ 0 ,>> 0,/@ E4terna" ,/@. ,0>> ,0@> 0 , 0,/@>

Interna" ,0?@ ,0> 0,. 0 ,.BB 0,0@

Constant <?,.B@ ,B. .?,0> ,/// /,/0?Ma"e

Re$erra" A'e ,>@/ ,/>> 00.,B 0 ,/// 0,?./

O$$ense ,.0 ,/./ 0B0,... 0 ,/// 0,>00 Stat!s <0,> ,0B @.,>>/ 0 ,/// /,.@@

VOP 0,0>> ,/0 0@?,?@ 0 ,/// >,0/

His%ani <,/B0 ,/B ,B.? 0 ,>? /,..

*"a ,/? ,// ,.. 0 ,/ 0,/? O$$ense Histor# <,/>> ,/0B >,@/ 0 ,/@B /,

Pro-ation Histor# <,.// ,/>B .,>?> 0 ,/// /,B0

First A'e <,/B <,/>/ 00,0>. 0 ,//0 /,/ Dia'nosis6es7 <,/ ,/>/ ?,. 0 ,/. /,>

E4terna" <,// ,/@ ,/0? 0 ,/ /,>

Interna" ,0 ,/? , 0 ,//B 0,.0 Constant <>,/0 ,>/ .,>? 0 ,/// /,/??

0..



*otes+ Ma"e R . ,/ 6% W ,///07: Fe&a"e R . ,0?/ 6% W ,///07

Non-secure.

Ana"#sis o$ the %reditor (aria-"es and non<se!re o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent

indiated that 1hi"e si4 o$ the %reditor (aria-"es 1ere si'ni$iant $or -o#s3 on"# $o!r

1ere $or 'ir"s, For instane3 a'e at re$erra" 1as not si'ni$iant $or either 'ender 1hi"e

o$$ense se(erit# 1as a %ositi(e %reditor $or -o#s -!t not si'ni$iant $or 'ir"s, Ma"es had

hi'her odds 6E4% 4 >,07 o$ -ein' %"aed in a non<se!re %"ae&ent $or (io"ation o$

%ro-ation than 'ir"s 6E4% 4 .,/>/7, Ha(in' a &enta" hea"th dia'nosis 1as ne'ati(e"#

re"ated to o!to&e $or -o#s and %ositi(e"# re"ated $or 'ir"s indiatin' that $or eah

dia'nosis a -o#Ks odds o$ -ein' %"aed in a non<se!re $ai"it# derease3 1hi"e a 'ir"Ks

odds inrease, Neither ate'or# o$ dia'noses 1as not statistia""# si'ni$iant $or 'ir"s3

ho1e(er $or &a"e ;!(eni"es an interna"i=in' dia'nosis inreased the odds o$ -ein' %"aed

in a non<se!re o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent, Ta-"e > %resents the res!"ts o$ the -inar#

"o'isti re'ression ana"#sis $or non<se!re %"ae&ent,

*able 6: Analysis of predictor variables regressed on non-secure placement for Assessment.


Fe&a"e

Re$erra" A'e <,/0B ,/@ ,/ 0 ,@ /,B.

O$$ense ,/.B ,/?0 ,?/ 0 ,?> 0,/.B

Stat!s <,?BB ,>/ 0,?/ 0 ,0B /,0? VOP ,0> ,0? ..,> 0 ,/// .,/>

His%ani <,>0@ ,0? ?,@@ 0 ,/>. /,.

*"a <,/0 ,0?> ,/0? 0 ,/ /,B>

O$$ense Histor# ,0/@ ,/>@ ,0/@ 0 ,//> 0,000 Pro-ation Histor# ,0/ ,/B. 0,>> 0 ,0BB 0,00@

First A'e ,/@ ,/@? 0, 0 ,0/ 0,/B

Dia'nosis6es7 ,.> ,/@@ .B,>0 0 ,/// 0,>?0

E4terna" ,/> ,0/> ,0.> 0 ,. 0,/>

Interna" <,/0/ ,0/0 ,// 0 ,.? /,/

Constant <.,.0 ,/> 0?,0 0 ,/// /,/

Ma"e

Re$erra" A'e <,// ,/?@ 0,@ 0 ,0B@ /,?.

0.>



*able 6; Analysis of predictor variables regressed on secure placement for Assessment.


Fe&a"e

Re$erra" A'e ,/@> ,0/? ,.@@ 0 ,0? 0,/@? O$$ense ,.@. ,/? ,0 0 ,// 0,.B

Stat!s <0,.B ?>/,. ,/// 0 , /,///

VOP 0,B.B ,>0? >>,@> 0 ,/// ,../

His%ani ,?@ ,>.@ 0,@ 0 ,00 0,@B *"a ,.@0 ,>.? ,@ 0 ,?> 0,.B@

O$$ense Histor# ,/. ,/. .,.?. 0 ,0>? 0,/

Pro-ation Histor# ,0B? ,0?? 0,>? 0 ,./0 0,./. First A'e <,0// ,/ 0,/B> 0 ,.B /,/@

Dia'nosis6es7 <,B> ,0? ./,./B 0 ,/// /,?@

E4terna" ,?.> ,.?0 >,/B? 0 ,/ 0,@.

Interna" ,0 ,.. 00,./ 0 ,//0 .,0?/ Constant <>,. 0,??0 ,@ 0 ,/0/ /,/.?

Ma"e

Re$erra" A'e ,/0 ,/. ,?/0 0 ,@. 0,/0 O$$ense <,/?/ ,/0 @,B./ 0 ,/0 /,0

Stat!s <.,B@ ,@B ..,>0 0 ,/// /,/.

VOP ,.0 ,/> B,B@ 0 ,//> 0,.?. His%ani ,// ,/@ ,/0 0 ,// 0,//

*"a ,//. ,/ ,//0 0 ,B/ 0,//.

O$$ense Histor# ,/? ,/0@ 0/,@? 0 ,//0 0,/?B Pro-ation Histor# ,?/ ,/>> 0,0 0 ,/// 0,@B?

First A'e ,0@> ,/.> ??,> 0 ,/// 0,0

Dia'nosis6es7 ,?> ,/. >/,?00 0 ,/// 0,@B E4terna" <,0/ ,/? 0@,/. 0 ,/// /,B.

Interna" <,?0 ,/. ?@,/>0 0 ,/// /,/

Constant <?,00B ,>?> 0??,.0? 0 ,/// /,/0

*otes+ Ma"e R . ,0>. 6% W ,///07: Fe&a"e R . ,/? 6% W ,///07

0.@



TYC Commitment.

Ana"#sis o$ the %reditor (aria-"es re'ressed on o&&it&ent to TYC indiated

(er# "itt"e 'ender di$$erenes $or o$$ense se(erit#3 o$$ense histor#3 and %ro-ation histor#,

Ho1e(er3 ha(in' a (io"ation o$ %ro-ation 1as the stron'est %reditor $or -oth -o#s and

'ir"s3 1ith 'ir"s ha(in' s"i'ht"# hi'her odds o$ TYC o&&it&ent than -o#s, 8hi"e ha(in'

an# &enta" hea"th dia'nosis has no statistia" si'ni$iane in TYC o&&it&ent $or -o#s3

it inreases the odds o$ TYC o&&it&ent $or 'ir"s, Ha(in' an e4terna"i=in' dia'nosis

inreases the odds o$ TYC $or -o#s3 1hi"e not -ein' a statistia""# si'ni$iant %reditor

$or 'ir"s, The stat!s (aria-"e is !nre"ia-"e d!e to the s&a"" e"" si=e $or 'ir"s as re$"eted in

the "ar'e sore $or standardi=ed error, Ta-"e > %resents the res!"ts o$ the -inar# "o'isti

re'ression ana"#sis 1ith the %reditor (aria-"e re'ressed on TYC o&&it&ent,

*able 6< Analysis of predictor variables regressed on TYC commitment for Assessment.


Fe&a"e

Re$erra" A'e ,>/ ,0?? ?,@>/ 0 ,/>> 0,>@B

O$$ense ,B0> ,0>. >B,/.@ 0 ,/// .,.@@ Stat!s <0@,.?/ ?@>B,@ ,/// 0 , /,///

VOP .,0>@ ,@> 0@,B? 0 ,/// B,?@B

His%ani ,/0? ,> ,//0 0 ,0 0,/0? *"a <,/B? ,?0. ,/?0 0 ,B> /,./

O$$ense Histor# ,>B ,/B. ..,.0 0 ,/// 0,?

Pro-ation Histor# ,.// ,00 0,@@ 0 ,.0. 0,... First A'e <,>>> ,00B ,. 0 ,//@ /,0

Dia'nosis6es7 ,?B@ ,0> 0.,@B/ 0 ,/// 0,.@

E4terna" <,?0? ,.B> .,0?0 0 ,0?> /,0 Interna" <,?@ ,.. .,B00 0 ,/? /,>?

Constant <B,/ .,00 0,?0 0 ,/// /,///

Ma"e Re$erra" A'e ,/@B ,/?0 0,@ 0 ,0/ 0,//

O$$ense ,> ,/>@ >.?,0B 0 ,/// 0,B/

Stat!s <0,? >>?0,>.. ,/// 0 , /,///

VOP .,/@. ,0@. 0B>,>? 0 ,/// ,B@ His%ani ,/0/ ,0. ,// 0 ,>B 0,/0/

*"a ,0./ ,0.@ ,0? 0 ,>> 0,0.

0.



O$$ense Histor# ,>@? ,/.> .>.,/B. 0 ,/// 0,?.@

Pro-ation Histor# ,>> ,/?. B,?> 0 ,/// 0,?B0

First A'e <,// ,/>> ,/ 0 ,B. /,0 Dia'nosis6es7 ,/>B ,/?? ,@@ 0 ,>B@ 0,/>

E4terna" ,.?/ ,/B? B,.@@ 0 ,//? 0,.0

Interna" ,0// ,/B 0,/> 0 ,>/ 0,0/@ Constant <B,/@ ,0B 0/,@?. 0 ,/// /,///

*otes+ Ma"e R . ,0>B 6% W ,///07: Fe&a"e R . ,/ 6% W ,///07

*est for Multicollinearit#.

To test $or %otentia" %ro-"e&s 1ith &!"tio""inearit#3 an inter<orre"ationa"

ana"#sis 1as ond!ted !sin' S%ear&anKs Rho, The res!"ts o$ the inter<orre"ationa"

ana"#sis o$ the %reditor (aria-"es on the Ma#si<. s!-sa&%"e indiate that the stron'est

orre"ation o!rs -et1een %ro-ation and o$$ense se(erit# 6Le(e"73 %ro-ation and

(io"ation o$ %ro-ation 6VOP73 %ro-ation and se!re %"ae&ent3 and (io"ation o$ %ro-ation

and o$$ense se(erit#, Ho1e(er3 a &a;orit# o$ the orre"ations are -e"o1 ,./3 there$ore the

"ie"ihood o$ &!"tio""inearit# is "o1, The res!"ts o$ the inter<orre"ationa" ana"#sis o$ the

%reditor (aria-"es and the Assess&ent s!-sa&%"e indiate the stron'est orre"ation

o!rs -et1een %ro-ation and o$$ense se(erit#3 a'e at $irst re$erra" 6First a'e73 and o$$ense

se(erit# and (io"ation o$ %ro-ation, Si&i"ar to the Ma#si<. s!-sa&%"e3 a &a;orit# o$ the

orre"ations are -e"o1 ,./3 there$ore the "ie"ihood o$ &!"tio""inearit# is "o1, Ta-"es ?/

and ?0 %resent the res!"ts o$ the ana"#sis $or the Ma#si<. and Assess&ent sa&%"es

res%et(e"#,

0.



*able 70 Inter-correlation matri for out-of-home placement for female and male 'uveniles mental health need as captured on the !aysi-#.

Varia-"e De&o'ra%his O$$ense Menta" Hea"t

Gender A'e Rae Le(e" Stat!s VOP Tra!&a 8

Gender <,/>@ ,/>? <,0/ ,0.. <,/@ ,/>@ <,/

A'e ,/. <,/ ,//> ,0B <,// <,/

Rae ,/.. <,0/ <,/@> ,/.? ,/

Le(e" <,0> <,>? />> ,/

Stat!s <,0./ <,/> <,/

VOP <,/0/ ,/

Tra!&a ,>

8arn

Le(e"Pro-,

First

A'e

% W ,///0: % W ,/0: % W ,/@

0.B



*able 71 Inter-correlation matri for out-of-home placement 'uveniles mental healthneeds as captured &ith a mental health assessment.

Varia-"

e

De&o'ra%his O$$ense Menta" Hea"th

Gender

A'e Rae Le(e" Stat!s VOP Dia', Intern E4

Gender <,/? ,/> <,0// ,/@ ,/./ <,/@0 ,0@ <,0?

A'e ,/>? <,/ <,/. ,.0? <,/.@ <,/>? <,/

Rae ,//0 ,/0. <,// ,/@0 ,/B@ <,/

Le(e" <,/@ <,@@ <,/B. <,/. <,/

Stat!s <,/B <,/@ <,/0 <,/>

VOP <,/.B ,/?? <,/>

Dia', ,.@ ,?Intern <,0.

E4tern

Le(e"

Pro-,

First

A'e

% W ,///0: % W ,/0

0.



%"ae&ent 1hi"e ontro""in' $or o$$ense and de&o'ra%hi e$$ets, *oth -i(ariate and

&!"ti(ariate ana"#ses 1ere ond!ted, The -i(ariate tests re(ea"ed that a 'reater %erenta'e

o$ -o#s 1ere %"aed o!t<o$<the ho&e than 'ir"s, The re'ression ana"#sis on the $ai"it#

o&%osite (aria-"e indiated that -ein' &a"e3 o$$ense se(erit#3 and (io"ation o$ %ro-ation

inreased a ;!(eni"eKs "ie"ihood o$ -ein' re&o(ed $ro& their ho&e, Co&&ittin' a stat!s

o$$ense dereased a ;!(eni"eKs odds o$ o!t o$ ho&e %"ae&ent,

Ho1e(er3 the ana"#sis on the %reditor (aria-"es $or s%ei$i %"ae&ent t#%es

indiated that 'ender 1as a %rediti(e $ator o$ o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent -!t the in$"!ene

(aried -# $ai"it# t#%e, S%ei$ia""#3 -inar# re'ression ana"#sis indiated that as o$$ense

se(erit# inreased3 the odds o$ a 'ir" -ein' detained inreased 'reater than the odds $or a

-o#, For non<se!re o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ents3 the %reditors $or %"ae&ent 1ere &i4ed,

8hi"e there 1as (er# "itt"e di$$erene in the in$"!ene o$ on o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent -#

o$$ense se(erit# -et1een the 'enders3 as %ro-ation histor# inreased the odds o$ a 'ir"

-ein' %"aed in a non<se!re $ai"it# inreased -# &ore than do!-"e that o$ a -o#,

Ho1e(er3 $or the o$$ense o$ (io"ation o$ %ro-ation3 the odds o$ -o#s -ein' %"aed in a non<

se!re %"ae&ent inreased -# do!-"e that o$ a 'ir", For se!re o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent3 $or

eah inrease in o$$ense se(erit#3 a 'ir"Ks odds o$ -ein' %"aed inreased3 'reater than that

$or a -o#3 indiatin' that o$$ense se(erit# 1as "ess o$ a %reditor $or se!re %"ae&ent $or

-o#s than 'ir"s, Ho1e(er3 i$ a 'ir" 1as har'ed 1ith a (io"ation o$ %ro-ation3 her odds o$

-ein' %"aed in a se!re $ai"it# inreased at o(er ten ti&es the rate o$ a -o#Ks, Fina""#3 the

ana"#sis re(ea"ed that there 1as no si'ni$iant di$$erene -et1een the %reditor (aria-"es

and TYC o&&it&ent -# 'ender,

0>0



-et1een $e&a"e de"in)!en# and &enta" hea"th need, A st!d# %!-"ished in .//

indiated that a"&ost .0 o$ $e&a"e ri&e o!"d -e attri-!ted to the s#&%to&s o$ a

&enta" hea"th disorder or &!"ti%"e disorders3 o&%ared to on"# 0@ $or &a"es 6Co%e"and

et a",3 .//7, Others ha(e indiated that the e4istene o$ an4iet# and de%ressi(e disorders

are stron' indiators o$ (io"ent o$$endin' a&on' $e&a"e o$$enders3 and that $e&a"es ha(e

hi'her rates o$ an4iet# disorders than their &a"e o!nter%arts 6Atins et a",3 0:

Co%e"and et a",3 .//: 8asser&an et a",3 .//7, S!-se)!ent"#3 researhers ha(e -e'!n to

h#%othesi=e &enta" hea"th disorders at!a""# inrease a 'ir"Ks "ie"ihood o$ de"in)!ent

ati(it# 69o(as3 0: Reno!$ 2 Harter3 0/73 and %erha%s e(en in$"!ene the

s!-se)!ent res%onse $ro& the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& 6MRe#no"ds3 Sh1a"-e3 2

8asser&an3 ./0/7, The e$$et o$ %s#hiatri disorder is $!rther o&%"iated -# a hi'her

rate o$ o<o!rrin' disorders a&on' $e&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders 6De&-o3 8i""ia&s3 2

Sh&eid"er3 0>: 9ataoa3 .//0: Randa""3 Hen''e"er3 Pire"3 2 *rondino3 0: U"=en3

Ps#h3 2 Ha&i"ton3 0B7, At "east one reent st!d# $o!nd that 1hi"e e4terna"i=in'

disorders inreased the ris o$ reidi(is& $or -oth 'ir"s and -o#s3 'ir"s 1ith o<o!rrin'

disorders had &ore than do!-"e the ris o$ re<arrest than -o#s 6MRe#no"ds et a",3 ./0/7,

It 1as h#%othesi=ed that $e&a"e ;!(eni"e o$$enders 1ith &enta" hea"th needs 1ere

ordered to o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent at a hi'her rate $or "esser o$$enses than &a"es 1ith

si&i"ar &enta" hea"th need, The tests $or this h#%othesis in"!ded &!"ti(ariate "o'isti

re'ression 1ith se%arate $e&a"e and &a"e &ode"s and se%arate ana"#sis -# "e(e" o$ &enta"

hea"th need 6Ma#si<.: Assess&ent7, The OLS re'ression &ode" re'ressed on the $ai"it#

o&%osite (aria-"e $or -oth the Ma#si<. and the Assess&ent sa&%"e indiated that -ein'

&a"e inreased a ;!(eni"eKs "ie"ihood o$ -ein' %"aed o!t<o$<ho&e, The &ode" indiated

0>?



other %"ae&ent o!to&es3 the on"# Ma#si<. &eas!re 1ith si'ni$iant indiation o$

inreased ris $or 'ir"s 1as a sore on the tra!&a sa"e, Ho1e(er $or -o#s3 a sore on the

tra!&a sa"e or a sore in the 1arnin' !to$$ indiated inreased odds o$ TYC

o&&it&ent, For #o!th 1ho reei(ed an assess&ent3 reei(in' an e4terna"i=in' dia'nosis

inreased the odds o$ o&&it&ent $or -o#s3 1hi"e reei(in' an# dia'nosis inreased the

odds $or a 'ir",

esults of H#pothesis *estin%

The res!"ts o$ the -i(ariate tests and re'ression ana"#ses indiated that the n!""

h#%othesis $or H0 o!"d -e %artia""# re;eted, The -i(ariate tests indiated that

&isde&eanor and stat!s o$$enses ao!nted $or a "ar'er %erenta'e o$ o$$enses $or 'ir"s in

detention and non<se!re %"ae&ent than $or -o#s, The re'ression ana"#sis indiated that as

o$$ense se(erit# inreased3 the "ie"ihood o$ a 'ir" -ein' detained inreased at a hi'her rate

than a -o#, In addition3 $or e(er# inrease in %ro-ation histor#3 the inrease in odds o$ a

'ir" -ein' detained 1as 'reater than that o$ a -o#, For non<se!re $ai"ities3 %ro-ation

histor# 1as a %ositi(e indiator o$ ris o$ %"ae&ent $or 'ir"s3 1hi"e it 1as a ne'ati(e

indiator $or -o#s, For se!re %"ae&ent3 an o$$ense o$ (io"ation o$ %ro-ation inreased the

odds o$ a 'ir" -ein' %"aed -# a &!h 'reater a&o!nt than that o$ a -o#, Ho1e(er3 $or TYC

the ana"#sis indiated that there 1as not &!h 'ender (ariane a&on' the %reditor

(aria-"es,

The res!"ts o$ -i(ariate tests and &!"ti(ariate ana"#ses $or H. indiated that the n!""

h#%othesis o!"d -e %artia""# re;eted, The -i(ariate tests re(ea"ed that3 des%ite o$$ense

se(erit#3 ;!(eni"es in o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent had hi'her rates o$ &enta" hea"th need in -oth

0>



the Ma#si<. and Assess&ent s!-sa&%"es than ;!(eni"es 1ith si&i"ar o$$enses 1ho

re&ained in the o&&!nit#, Ho1e(er3 the hi'hest onentrations o$ ;!(eni"es 1ith &enta"

hea"th needs o!rred in se!re %re<ad;!diation detention and se!re %ost<ad;!diation

$ai"ities, The &!"ti(ariate re'ression ana"#sis indiated that3 $or #o!th 1ho had reei(ed a

&enta" hea"th assess&ent3 ha(in' an# dia'nosis had (irt!a""# the sa&e odds o$ o!t<o$<

ho&e %"ae&ent as no dia'nosis,

Si&i"ar to the tests $or H0 and H.3 the ana"#ses $or H> re(ea"ed that the n!""

h#%othesis o!"d -e %artia""# re;eted, The res!"ts o$ the -i(ariate ana"#ses indiated that

'ir"s had hi'her rates o$ &enta" hea"th need -ased on the Ma#si<. &eas!res, The ana"#ses

re(ea"ed $!rther that 'ir"s had hi'her %erenta'es and &ean sores $or dia'noses assoiated

1ith interna"i=in' disorders3 1hi"e -o#s had hi'her rates $or those assoiated $or

e4terna"i=in', OLS re'ression ana"#sis re(ea"ed that a %ositi(e sore on the tra!&a sa"e on

the Ma#si <. 1as the stron'est %reditor o$ %"ae&ent "e(e" o$ a"" the %reditor (aria-"es,

*inar# "o'isti re'ression ana"#ses o$ the Ma#si<. s!-sa&%"e re(ea"ed that $or detention an

inrease in tra!&a sores and o$$ense se(erit# inreased the odds o$ a 'ir" -ein' detained at

a hi'her rate than a -o#, The ana"#ses re(ea"ed $!rther that $or (io"ation o$ %ro-ation3 a

'ir"s odds o$ -ein' detained inreased -# a"&ost do!-"e that o$ a -o#s,

For non<se!re %"ae&ent3 the ana"#ses indiated that3 1hen ontro""in' $or o$$ense

se(erit#3 reei(in' a %ositi(e sore on an# o$ the t1o Ma#si<. &eas!res o$ &enta" hea"th

need and reei(in' an# &enta" hea"th dia'nosis 1ere %ositi(e %reditors o$ -ein' %"aed

$or 'ir"s3 -!t 1ere not si'ni$iant %reditors o$ %"ae&ent $or -o#s, This indiates that $or

0>B



non<se!re %"ae&ent3 'ir"s 1ith a &enta" hea"th need 6-oth sreened and assessed7 are

%"aed at a hi'her rate than their &a"e o!nter%arts in non<se!re %"ae&ents,

For se!re o!t<o$<ho&e %"ae&ent3 the res!"ts 1ere &i4ed -# "e(e" o$ &enta" hea"th

need and o$$ense serio!sness, The hi'h rate o$ insta-i"it# $or stat!s o$$enses $or 'ir"s

indiated that there 1as a (er# s&a"" e"" si=e in the re'ression ana"#sis, There$ore the

di$$erenes in o$$ense se(erit# 1ere di$$i!"t to inter%ret, Ho1e(er3 reei(in' a (io"ation o$

%ro-ation or a %ositi(e sore on the tra!&a sa"e 'reat"# inreased the odds o$ -ein' %"aed

in a se!re $ai"it# $or a 'ir" 1hen o&%ared to a -o#, For #o!th 1ho reei(ed a &enta"

hea"th assess&ent3 a (io"ation o$ %ro-ation inreased the odds o$ se!re %"ae&ent $or a

'ir" -# o(er si4 ti&es the a&o!nt as $or a -o# 1ith the sa&e har'e, In addition3 ha(in' an

interna"i=in' dia'nosis inreased a 'ir"s odds o$ -ein' %"aed3 1hi"e ha(in' an

interna"i=in' dia'nosis dereased the odds $or a -o#, It sho!"d -e noted that ha(in' an#

dia'nosis inreased the odds o$ a -o# -ein' %"aed 1hi"e dereasin' the odds o$ a 'ir"

-ein' %"aed in a se!re $ai"it#,

For TYC o&&it&ent3 -oth o$$ense se(erit# and (io"ation o$ %ro-ation reated

si&i"ar odds o$ TYC o&&it&ent -# 'ender, Ho1e(er3 ha(in' an# &enta" hea"th

dia'nosis inreased the odds $or a 'ir" o$ TYC o&&it&ent 1hi"e -ein' a non<si'ni$iant

%reditor $or a -o#, It sho!"d -e noted3 ho1e(er3 that a"tho!'h ha(in' an e4terna"i=in' or

interna"i=in' dia'nosis 1as not a si'ni$iant %reditor o$ TYC o&&it&ent $or a 'ir"3

ha(in' an e4terna"i=in' dia'nosis inreased the odds $or a -o#,

0>



+imitations

8hi"e this st!d# !ti"i=ed seondar# data3 a onentrated and strate'i e$$ort 1as

&ade to ens!re that the e$$ets o$ an# data "i&itations s!h as &issin' data res!"ts 1ere

&ini&i=ed, S%ei$ia""#3 "ist1ise de"etion 1as !ti"i=ed to e"i&inate ases 1ith an#

&issin' (a"!es $ro& ana"#sis, The on"# instane o$ s&a"" e"" si=e 1as addressed 1ithin

the onte4t o$ the re'ression ana"#ses ond!ted on the o!to&e o$ se!re %"ae&ent and

TYC o&&it&ent and $e&a"e stat!s o$$enders, Essentia""#3 the s&a"" e"" si=e 1as

'enerated -ea!se o$ the e4tre&e"# s&a"" n!&-er o$ ases that res!"ted in either se!re

residentia" %"ae&ent or TYC o&&it&ent $or $e&a"e stat!s o$$enders, A seond

"i&itation o$ this st!d# 1as $o!nd 1ithin the onte4t o$ the o$$ense ate'or# Vio"ation o$

Pro-ation 6VOP7, So&e VOPs &a# ha(e ori'inated as an additiona" o$$ense that 1as not

inde%endent"# ad;!diated3 -!t rather onso"idated 1ithin the dis%osition o$ the VOP, To

ontro" $or this "i&itation3 the (aria-"e Pro-ation Histor# 1as !sed as a seondar#

&eas!re o$ %re(io!s s!%er(ision, A third "i&itation o$ this st!d# 1as that the Assess&ent

sa&%"es 1ere "i&ited to on"# #o!th 1ho had reei(ed a &enta" hea"th assess&ent $ro&

"iensed &enta" hea"th %ro$essiona"s on sta$$ 1ith the %artii%atin' ;!(eni"e %ro-ation

de%art&ents, This "i&ited ana"#sis to on"# those #o!th 1ho& the de%art&ent identi$ied

as needin' a &enta" hea"th assess&ent, Not a"" #o!th 1ho sored 1ithin the !to$$s o$ the

Ma#si<. as needin' a &enta" hea"th assess&ent at!a""# reei(ed an assess&ent3 there-#

reatin' the o%%ort!nit# $or so&e %ossi-"e se"etion -ias, F!t!re st!d# sho!"d in"!de

ana"#sis on a"" &enta" hea"th assess&ent data in"!din' an# dia'nosti riteria that &a#

ha(e -een ad&inistered -# &enta" hea"th %ro$essiona"s $ro& the %!-"i and %ri(ate &enta"

hea"th de"i(er# s#ste&,

0?/



st!dies ha(e )!estioned the a%%ro%riateness o$ re"#in' on the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& $or

&enta" hea"th ser(ies and e4a&ined the &ehanis&s to $ai"itate di(ersion s!h as the !se

o$ s%eia"i=ed s!%er(ision3 risis inter(ention tea&s3 and s%eia"t# &enta" hea"th o!rts

6Arredondo3 9!&i"i3 Soto3 et, a",3 .//0: Morrisse#3 Fa'an3 2 Coo==a3 .//: 9o%%"e&an3

.//@: 2 Nationa" GAINS Center 3 .//?7, A"tho!'h these di(ersion strate'ies ha(e -een

$!nded and s!%%orted -# -oth state and $edera" %o"i# or'ani=ations3 to date3 no "on' ter&

e(a"!ations o$ those strate'ies ha(e -een ond!ted, F!rther researh on the e$$eti(eness

o$ di(ersion strate'ies $or 'ir"s and ;!(eni"es 1ith &enta" hea"th needs sho!"d -e

ond!ted,

Fina""#3 1hen di(ersion $ro& the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& is not an o%tion3 the

;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& sho!"d ens!re that the &ost a%%ro%riate and e$$eti(e treat&ent -e

&ade a(ai"a-"e to &eet the #o!thKs &!"ti$aeted needs, Researh on the i&%"e&entation

and !se o$ e(idene -ased treat&ent $or ado"esents 1ith &enta" hea"th disorders has seen

an inreased $o!s in the &enta" hea"th s#ste&, The S!-stane A-!se and Menta" Hea"th

Ser(ies Ad&inistration 6SAMHSA7 de$ines e(idene<-ased treat&ent as an a%%roah to

treat&ent that is -ased in theor# and has reei(ed sienti$i e(a"!ation, So&e o&&!nit#

-ased a%%roahes that ha(e -een e4tensi(e"# researhed and $o!nd to -e e(idene -ased

and e$$eti(e 1ith #o!th 1ith &enta" hea"th needs are M!"tis#ste&i Thera%#3 F!ntiona"

Fa&i"# Thera%#3 and Co'niti(e<*eha(iora" Thera%# 6Far&er3 Co&%ton3 *!rns3 2

Ro-ertson3 .//.: Hen''e"er et, a"3 .//.: Hoa'1ood3 *!rns3 9iser3 Rin'seisen3 2

Shoen1a"d3 .//07, Ho1e(er3 &ini&a" researh has -een ond!ted on treat&ent

e$$eti(eness 1ithin the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste&, More s%ei$ia""#3 researh on the

$easi-i"it# o$ the !se o$ e(idene -ased treat&ent in orretiona" settin's has -een (irt!a""#

0?.



non<e4istent, Pros%eti(e st!dies on the &odi$iation and i&%"e&entation o$ e(idene

-ased %raties and treat&ents in the ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& aross the entire ser(ie arra#

6o&&!nit# and residentia" settin's7 sho!"d -e ond!ted,

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0@0



Giaonia3 R,3 Reinher=3 H,3 Si"(er&an3 A,3 Pai=3 *,3 Frost3 A,3 2 Cohen3 E, 60@7,

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Gi""i'an3 C, 60B.7, In a different voice, Ca&-rid'e+ Har(ard Uni(ersit# Press,

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S#&%to&s in a Hi'h Shoo"<A'ed Po%!"ation, 6ournal =ealth and "ocial

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Grisso3 T, 60B/7, J!(eni"esK a%aities to 1ai(e Miranda ri'hts+ An e&%iria" ana"#sis,

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Grisso3 T, 60B07, 6uvenilesF &aiver of rights3 ?egal and psychological competence. Ne1

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Grisso3 T, 6.//?7, Double 'eopardy3 Adolescent offenders &ith mental disorders. Chia'o+

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Grisso3 T, 2 *arn!&3 R, 6.///7, !assachusetts Youth "creening Instrument-# +!AY"I-

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Grisso3 T, 2 *arn!&3 R, 6.//7, !assachusetts Youth "creening Instrument- ersion #3

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Grisso3 T, 2Po&iter3 C, 607, Interro'ation o$ ;!(eni"e+ An e&%iria" st!d# o$

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C!rran3 A, L, MGarr#3 2 S,A, Shah 6Eds,7, <orensic psychiatry and psychology3

Perspectives and standards for interdisciplinary practice 6%%, 0?@<0@7,

Phi"ade"%hia+ F,A, Da(is.

Grisso3 T,3 Stein-er'3 L,3 8oo"ard3 J,3 Ca!$$&an3 E,3 Sott3 E,3 Grah&3 S,3 Le4ien3 F,3

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Shoo" Hea"th3 Nationa" Center $or Chroni Disease Pre(ention and Hea"th

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Ha'an3 J,3 Gi""is3 A,3 2 Si&%son3 J, 60B@7, The "ass str!t!re o$ 'ender and

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American 6ournal of "ociology) /) 00@0<00B,

Ha'an3 J, 6007, Destin# and Dri$t+ S!-!"t!ra" %re$erenes3 stat!s attain&ents3 and the

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Heidensohn3 F, 60B7, The de(iane o$ 1o&en+ A riti)!e and an en)!ir#, 4ritish

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Heidensohn3 F, 60B7, Mode"s o$ ;!stie+ Portia or %erse%honeZ So&e tho!'hts on

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Hirshi3 T, 607, Causes of Delin7uency. *ere"e#+ Uni(ersit# o$ Ca"i$ornia Press,

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Ho$$&an3 J, P,3 2 S!3 S, S, 607, The onditiona" e$$ets o$ stress on de"in)!en# and

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Crime and Delin7uency) 86073 ?<,

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;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste&3 ne'"eted -# soia" siene, ?a& and =uman 4ehavior)

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Ho1 do 'ir"s di$$er $ro& -o#sZ 6ournal of Counseling and Development) 1:) .

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9at=3 R, 6.///7, E4%"ainin' 'ir"s and 1o&ens ri&e and desistane in the onte4t o$

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9a=din3 A, 6.//@7, Parent !anagement Training3 Treatment for oppositional)

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9e&%$<Leonard3 9, 2 So&thei&er3 H, 60@7, The ro"e o$ rae in ;!(eni"e ;!stie in

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9ono%a3 G, 607, The Adolescent %irl in Conflict , En'"e1ood C"i$$s3 NJ+ Prentie<

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Loe-er3 R,3 *rintha!%t3 V,3 Green3 S, 60/7, Attention de$iits3 i&%!"si(it#3 and

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Coa"ition $or the Menta""# I"" in the Cri&ina" J!stie S#ste&,

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Psychology) #3 B><00/,

S!ther"and3 E,3 2 Cresse#3 D, 60B7, Criminology 60/th ed,7, Phi"ade"%hia+ Li%%inott,

S!ther"and3 E, 60?7, Principles of criminology, Phi"ade"%hia+ J,*, Li%%inott,

Te%"in3 L,3 A-ra&3 9,3 2 MC"e""and3 G, 60B7, Ps#hiatri disorders in inarerated

;!(eni"e de"in)!ents, 6ournal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent

Psychiatry) 85) >@<>@,

Te%"in3 L,3 A-ra&3 9,3 MC"e""and3 G,3 D!"an3 M,3 2 Meri"e3 A, 6.//.7, Ps#hiatri

Disorders in #o!th in ;!(eni"e detention, Archives of %eneral Psychiatry) /)

00>><00?>,

Te%"in3 L,3 E"in'ton3 9,3 MC"e""and3 G,38ash-!rn3 J, 3 2 Pi!s3 A, 6.//@7, Ma;or

Detetin' &enta" disorder in ;!(eni"e detainees+ 1ho reei(es ser(ies, American

6ournal of Public =ealth) /) 0><0B/,

Te4as J!(eni"e Pro-ation Co&&ission, 6.//7, The state of 'uvenile probation activity in

Teas3 "tatistical and other data on the 'uvenile 'ustice system in Teas for

0



calendar year #:. 6TJPC P!-"iation No, RPT<STAT<.//7, Retrie(ed Oto-er

03 ./0/3 $ro& htt%+111,t;%,state,t4,!s%!-"iationsre%ortsRPTSTAT.//,%d$

Te4as J!(eni"e Pro-ation Co&&ission, 6./0/7, The state of 'uvenile probation activity in

Teas3 "tatistical and other data on the 'uvenile 'ustice system in Teas for

calendar year #:. 6TJPC P!-"iation No, RPT<STAT<.//B7, Retrie(ed $ro&

httpB))).t-pc.state.t=.uspublicationsreports$*"*A*200;.pdf

Te4as J!(eni"e Pro-ation Co&&ission, 6./0/-7, O(er(ie1 o$ the s%eia" needs

di(ersionar# %ro'ra& $or &enta""# i"" ;!(eni"e o$$enders, A!stin3 T+ A!thor,

Retrie(ed $ro&

httpB))).t-pc.state.t=.uspublicationsreports$**H201102.pdf

Te4as J!(eni"e Pro-ation Co&&ission 2 Te4as Yo!th Co&&ission, 6./0/7, Coordinated

"trategic Plan. A!stin3 T+ A!thor, Retrie(ed $ro&

htt%+111,t#,state,t4,!sa-o!tTJPC5TYC5Coordinated5Strate'i5P"an5FY./0

/,%d$

Tho&as3 8, 607, The nad'usted %irl. Ne1 Yor3 NY+ Har%er and Ro1,

Thorn-err#3 T,3 H!i=in'a3 D,3 2 Loe-er3 R, 6.//?7, The a!ses and orre"ates st!dies+

Findin's and %o"i# i&%"iations, 6uvenile 6ustice) /) > < 0,

Thornton3 83 2 Ja&es3 J, 607, Mas!"init# and de"in)!en# re(isited, 4ritish 6ournal

of Criminology)0/) ..@<.?0,

Te4as De%art&ent o$ State Hea"th Ser(ies, 6.//7, 9esiliency and Disease !anagement

Program !anual ersion #. Co&&!nit# Menta" Hea"th and S!-stane A-!se

Ser(ies Di(ision, A!stin3 T, Retrie(ed A%ri" .03 ./0/ $ro&

0/

http://www.tjpc.state.tx.us/publications/reports/RPTSTAT2008.pdf

http://www.tjpc.state.tx.us/publications/reports/RPTOTH201102.pdf

http://www.tjpc.state.tx.us/publications/reports/RPTSTAT2008.pdf

http://www.tjpc.state.tx.us/publications/reports/RPTOTH201102.pdf



htt%+111,dshs,state,t4,!s&h%ro'ra&sRDMdo!&entsRDM5Pro'ra&5Man!

a",%d$,

Ti&&ons Mithe""3 J,3 *ro1n3 C,3 Sh!"=3 S,3 8e-ster3 S,3 Under1ood3 L,3 2 Se&%"e3

8, 607, Co&%arin' the &enta" hea"th needs o$ $e&a"e and &a"e inarerated

;!(eni"e de"in)!ents, 4ehavioral "ciences and the ?a&) 0) 0@<./.,

T!rner3 H,3 2 T!rner3 R, 607, Gender3 soia" stat!s3 and e&otiona" re"iane, 6ournal of

=ealth and "ocial 4ehavior) ) >/<>,

T!rner3 R,3 8heaton3 *,3 2 L"o#d3 D,A, 60@7, The e%ide&io"o'# o$ soia" stress,

American "ociological 9evie&) 5) 0/?<0.@,

U"=en3 T,3 Ps#h3 D,3 2 Ha&i"ton3 H, 60B7, The nat!re and harateristis o$ %s#hiatri

o&or-idit# in inarerated ado"esents, Canadian 6ournal of Psychiatry) 8) @<

>,

United States Ho!se o$ Re%resentati(es, 6.//?7, Incarceration of youth &ho are &aiting

for community mental health services in the nited "tates. 8ashin'ton3 DC+

A!thor, Retrie(ed $ro& htt%+hs'a,senate,'o(%!-"iinde4,$&Z

F!seAtionFi"es,Vie12Fi"eStore5id-d-/..<->d@<?d?<$$<@.dde?B/da,

Vander Stoe%3 M,3 E(ens3 C,3 2 Ta!-3 J, 607, Ris o$ ;!(eni"e ;!stie s#ste& re$erra"

a&on' hi"dren in a %!-"i &enta" hea"th s#ste&, The 6ournal of !ental =ealth

Administration) #3 ?.B<??.,

Vedder3 C,3 2 So&&er(i""e3 D, 60/7, The delin7uent girl , S%rin'$ie"d3 IL+ Char"es C,

Tho&as,

00



Vi";oen3 J,3 Roesh3 R, 2 a%$3 P, 6.//.7, An e4a&ination o$ the re"ationshi% -et1een

o&%eten# to stand tria"3 o&%eten# to 1ai(e interro'ation ri'hts3 and

%s#ho%atho"o'#, ?a& and =uman 4ehavior) #5 3 ?B0<@/,

8a"sh3 A, 60B@7, The ro"e o$ the %ro-ation o$$ier in the sentenin' %roess+ Inde%endent

%ro$essiona" or ;!diia" ha, Criminal 6ustice and 4ehavior) 0#) .B<>/>,

8annan3 G,3 2 Fo&;-onne3 E, 60B7, Gender di$$erenes in rates and orre"ates o$

s!iida" -eha(ior a&on' hi"d %s#hiatri o!t%atients, 6ournal of Adolescence)

#0) >0 < >B0,

8asser&an3 G,3 2 MRe#no"ds3 L, 6.//7, S!iide ris at ;!(eni"e ;!stie intae, "uicide

> ?ife - Threatening 4ehavior) 85) .> < .?B,

8asser&an3 G,3 MRe#no"ds3 L,3 9o3 S,3 9at=3 L,3 2 Car%enter3 J, 6.//@7, Gender

di$$erenes in %s#hiatri disorders at ;!(eni"e %ro-ation Intae, American

6ournal of Public =ealth) /) 0>0<0>,

8asser&an3 G,A,3 MRe#no"ds3 L,S,3 L!as3 C,P,3 Fisher3 P,3 2 Santos3 L, 6.//.7, The

Voie DISC<IV 1ith inarerated &a"e #o!ths+ Pre(a"ene o$ disorder, 6ournal of

the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry3 03 >0?<>.0,

8atins3 M, 60B7, The role of gender and race in pre-sentencing attributions3 =o&

probation officers eplain the criminal behavior of 'uvenile offenders. Seatt"e+

Uni(ersit# o$ 8ashin'ton,

8ini3 *, 607, The MaArth!r treat&ent o&%etene st!d#+ Le'a" and thera%e!ti

i&%"iations, Psychology) Public Policy) and ?a&) #30> 0,

0.



8ood3 J,3 Fo#3 D,3 Go'!en3 C,3 P#noos3 R,3 Ja&es3 C, 6.//.7, Vio"ene e4%os!re and

PTSD a&on' de"in)!ent 'ir"s, 6ournal of Aggression) !altreatment and Trauma)

5) 0/ < 0.,

8ood3 J,3 Fo#3 D,3 La#ne3 C,3 P#noos3 R,3 2 *o#d3 C, 6.//.7, An e4a&ination o$ the

re"ationshi%s -et1een (io"ene e4%os!re %osttra!&ati stress s#&%to&ato"o'#

and de"in)!ent ati(it#+ An eo%atho"o'ia" &ode" o$ de"in)!ent -eha(ior

a&on' inarerated ado"esents, 6ournal of Aggression) !altreatment and

Trauma) 5) 0. < 0?,

8or"d Hea"th Or'ani=ation3 Internationa" Consorti!& o$ Ps#hiatri E%ide&io"o'#, .///,

Cross<nationa" o&%arisons o$ &enta" disorders, 4ulletin of the Eorld =ealth

Organi(ation) 1:3 ?0> < ?.,

ito3 J,3 Sa$er3 D,3 dosReis3 S,3 Ma'der, L,3 Gardner3 J,3 2 arin3 D, 607,

Ps#hothera%e!ti &ediation %atterns $or #o!ths 1ith attention<

de$iith#%erati(it# disorder, Archives of Pediatrics > Adolescent !edicine) 08)

0.@<0.>,

ito3 J,3 Sa$er3 D,3 dosReis3 S,3 Gardner3 J,3 *o"es3 M,3 2 L#nh3 F, 6.///7, Trends in

%resri-in' o$ %s#hotro%i &ediations to %reshoo"ers, 6ournal of the American

!edical Association) #:8) 0/.@ < 0/>/,

oo"i""o3 M,3 2 Ro'ers3 9, 6007, Charateristis and o!to&e o$ hos%ita"i=ed

ado"esent 'ir"s 1ith ond!t disorder, 6ournal of the American Academy of Child

and Adolescent Psychiatry) 8) > < B0,

0>



.// < Present Aade&# o$ Cri&ina" J!stie Sienes

.// < Present Editoria" *oard Me&-er3 Jo!rna" o$ 9no1"ed'e and *est Praties in

J!(eni"e J!stie and Ps#ho"o'#3 Prairie Vie1 A2M Uni(ersit#3 Te4asJ!(eni"e Cri&e Pre(ention Center,

.//@ < Present J!(eni"e J!stie Assoiation o$ Te4as

.//@ < Present Te4as Pro-ation Assoiation

. "E+EC*ED $+ICA*I"

I, Re$ereed Jo!rna" Arti"es+

a2 Co"1e""3 *,3 Vi""arrea"3 S,3 2 Es%inosa3 E, 6./007, Pre"i&inar# o!to&es o$ a %re<ad;!diation di(ersion initiati(e $or ;!(eni"e ;!stie in(o"(ed #o!th 1ith

&enta" hea"th needs in Te4as, Criminal 6ustice > 4ehavior. In Press.

-7 Hart="er3 *,3 2 Es%inosa3 E, 6./0/7, Mo(in' ri&ina" ;!stie or'ani=ationsto1ard ado%tion o$ e(idene<-ased %ratie (ia ad(aned 1orsho% trainin' in

&oti(ationa" inter(ie1in'+ A researh note, Criminal 6ustice Policy 9evie&.

7 Es%inosa3 E,3 *e"sha13 S,3 2 Osho3 G, 6.//B7, J!stie -# 'ender+

Understandin' the ro"e o$ 'ender in dis%osition deisions in(o"(in' o!t o$ho&e %"ae&ent $or ;!(eni"e o$$enders, American 6ournal on Criminal

6ustice) 88) .<.B0,

II, Non<re$ereed Arti"es+

a7 Es%inosa3 E, 6.//7, Corre"ates o$ de"in)!en#+ E(a"!atin' the orre"ationsa&on' tra!&ati -rain in;!r#3 &enta" i""ness3 and ;!(eni"e de"in)!en#, Te4as

J!(eni"e Pro-ation Co&&ission3 A!stin3 T,

-7 Es%inosa3 E, 6.//7, Mer'in' are 1ith ontro"+ A need $or s%eia"i=ed

s!%er(ision in ;!(eni"e ;!stie, Te4as J!(eni"e Pro-ation Co&&ission3 A!stin3 T,

7 Es%inosa3 E,3 2 *e"sha13 S, 6.//7, OC %e%%er s%ra#+ Researh o(er(ie1 and %o"i# reo&&endations, Te4as Pro-ation Assoiation, ..+?,

d7 Es%inosa3 E, 6.//@7, *rid'in' the 'a%+ Cone%t %a%er $or te"e&enta" hea"th %i"ot

initiati(e $or ;!(eni"e %ro-ation in Te4as, Te4as J!(eni"e Pro-ation Co&&ission3

A!stin3 T,

0@

dr. william allan kritsonis - phd dissertation advisory committee member for erin m. espinoza -...

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