dr. zaghloul ماجستير
DESCRIPTION
علاقة النمط الهرموني ببداية إفراز اللبن في النعاجTRANSCRIPT
الل�ه� ع�ل�ي ي�ت�و�ك�ل الل�ه� و�م�ن ع�ل�ي ي�ت�و�ك�ل و�م�ن
الل�ه� إ�ن� ب�ه� س ح� و� ه� الل�ه� ف� إ�ن� ب�ه� س ح� و� ه� ف�الل�ه� ع�ل� ج� د ق� ر�ه� م
أ� الل�ه� ب�ال�غ� ع�ل� ج� د ق� ر�ه� مأ� ب�ال�غ�
% درا ق� ء' ي ش� % ل�ك�ل* درا ق� ء' ي ش� ل�ك�ل*“ العظيم” الله “صدق العظيم” الله صدق
““33 ” ”آيةآية الطالقالطالقسورة سورة “ العظيم” الله “صدق العظيم” الله صدق
““33 ” ”آيةآية الطالقالطالقسورة سورة
Zaghloul Ahmed Abd Almoneim KhedrZaghloul Ahmed Abd Almoneim Khedr
خضر المنعم عبد أحمد خضر زغلول المنعم عبد أحمد خضر زغلول المنعم عبد أحمد خضر زغلول المنعم عبد أحمد زغلول
Under supervision ofUnder supervision of
Prof. Dr.Prof. Dr.
Ibrahim Fatouh HassanIbrahim Fatouh HassanProfessor of BiochemistryProfessor of Biochemistry
Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Veterinary MedicineKafr El-Sheikh, Tanta UniversityKafr El-Sheikh, Tanta University
Prof. Dr.Prof. Dr.
Ibrahim Fatouh HassanIbrahim Fatouh HassanProfessor of BiochemistryProfessor of Biochemistry
Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Veterinary MedicineKafr El-Sheikh, Tanta UniversityKafr El-Sheikh, Tanta University
Prof. Dr.Prof. Dr.Shawky Abd El-Hady MahmoudShawky Abd El-Hady Mahmoud
Professor of PhysiologyProfessor of PhysiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Veterinary Medicine
Kafr El-Sheikh, Tanta UniversityKafr El-Sheikh, Tanta University
Prof. Dr.Prof. Dr.Shawky Abd El-Hady MahmoudShawky Abd El-Hady Mahmoud
Professor of PhysiologyProfessor of PhysiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Veterinary Medicine
Kafr El-Sheikh, Tanta UniversityKafr El-Sheikh, Tanta University
Dr.Dr.Michel Fahmy SaadMichel Fahmy Saad
Assistant Professor of PhysiologyAssistant Professor of PhysiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Veterinary Medicine
Kafr El-Sheikh, Tanta UniversityKafr El-Sheikh, Tanta University
Dr.Dr.Michel Fahmy SaadMichel Fahmy Saad
Assistant Professor of PhysiologyAssistant Professor of PhysiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Veterinary Medicine
Kafr El-Sheikh, Tanta UniversityKafr El-Sheikh, Tanta University
R
epro
duc
tion
in
shee
p h
ad r
ecei
ved
mu
ch a
tten
tion
in
Egy
pt o
win
g to
the
ir h
igh
Rep
rod
ucti
on i
n sh
eep
had
rec
eive
d m
uch
att
enti
on i
n E
gypt
ow
ing
to t
heir
hig
h va
lue
as a
sou
rce
of m
eat
and
woo
l. In
crea
sin
g th
e re
prod
ucti
ve e
ffic
ien
cy o
f va
lue
as a
sou
rce
of m
eat
and
woo
l. In
crea
sin
g th
e re
prod
ucti
ve e
ffic
ien
cy o
f na
tive
bre
eds
of s
heep
nee
ds
som
e id
enti
fica
tion
of
the
char
acte
rist
ic c
hang
es o
f na
tive
bre
eds
of s
heep
nee
ds
som
e id
enti
fica
tion
of
the
char
acte
rist
ic c
hang
es o
f th
e re
prod
ucti
ve c
ycle
inc
lud
ing
som
e ho
rmon
al a
spec
ts u
nder
the
inf
luen
ce o
f th
e re
prod
ucti
ve c
ycle
inc
lud
ing
som
e ho
rmon
al a
spec
ts u
nder
the
inf
luen
ce o
f di
ffer
ent
fact
ors.
diff
eren
t fa
ctor
s.
T
he
per
ipar
turi
ent
per
iod
par
ticu
larl
y d
escr
ibes
the
eve
nts
that
occ
ur a
few
wee
ks
Th
e p
erip
artu
rien
t p
erio
d p
arti
cula
rly
des
crib
es t
he e
vent
s th
at o
ccur
a f
ew w
eeks
pe
rior
to
an
d
foll
owin
g pa
rtur
itio
n,
com
plex
sy
nchr
onou
s h
orm
onal
ch
ange
s pe
rior
to
an
d
foll
owin
g pa
rtur
itio
n,
com
plex
sy
nchr
onou
s h
orm
onal
ch
ange
s oc
cur
duri
ng t
hes
e p
erio
ds.
Th
ese
hor
mon
es r
egul
ate
lact
ogen
esis
, p
artu
riti
on,
occu
r du
ring
th
ese
per
iod
s. T
hes
e h
orm
ones
reg
ulat
e la
ctog
enes
is,
par
turi
tion
, po
stpa
rtu
m m
ilk
pro
duc
tion
an
d re
prod
ucti
ve p
erfo
rman
ce.
post
part
um
mil
k p
rod
ucti
on a
nd
repr
oduc
tive
per
form
ance
.
P
regn
ancy
and
lac
tati
on s
tage
s pr
oduc
e gr
eat
over
load
on
the
anim
al s
yste
m a
nd
Pre
gnan
cy a
nd l
acta
tion
sta
ges
prod
uce
grea
t ov
erlo
ad o
n th
e an
imal
sys
tem
an
d or
gan
s in
clud
ing
live
r.
orga
ns
incl
udin
g li
ver.
T
otal
neu
trie
nt
requ
irem
ents
at
the
end
of
preg
nanc
y ar
e ab
out
75%
gre
ater
T
otal
neu
trie
nt
requ
irem
ents
at
the
end
of
preg
nanc
y ar
e ab
out
75%
gre
ater
th
an in
th
e n
on p
regn
ant
anim
als
of t
he s
ame
wei
ght
than
in t
he
non
pre
gnan
t an
imal
s of
the
sam
e w
eigh
t ..
L
acta
tion
eve
n im
pose
s a
grea
t d
eman
d, l
acto
se p
rod
ucti
on a
lone
nee
ds a
bou
t 20
0 L
acta
tion
eve
n im
pose
s a
grea
t d
eman
d, l
acto
se p
rod
ucti
on a
lone
nee
ds a
bou
t 20
0 gm
glu
cose
per
day
for
sh
eep
wit
h tw
in la
mb
sgm
glu
cose
per
day
for
sh
eep
wit
h tw
in la
mb
s ..
T
he
hig
h de
man
d f
or e
nerg
y in
mu
ltip
le p
regn
ant
shee
p (c
arry
ing
mor
e th
an o
ne
Th
e h
igh
dem
and
for
ene
rgy
in m
ult
iple
pre
gnan
t sh
eep
(car
ryin
g m
ore
than
on
e la
mb
) to
war
ds t
he
end
of
pre
gnan
cy a
nd
horm
onal
dys
regu
lati
on o
f fa
t an
d
lam
b)
tow
ards
th
e en
d o
f p
regn
ancy
an
d ho
rmon
al d
ysre
gula
tion
of
fat
and
ca
rboh
ydra
te m
etab
olis
m h
ave
been
con
side
red
as t
he m
ost
imp
orta
nt p
ath
ogen
ic
carb
ohyd
rate
met
abol
ism
hav
e be
en c
onsi
dere
d as
the
mos
t im
por
tant
pat
hog
enic
fa
ctor
s le
adin
g to
cli
nica
l ket
osis
fact
ors
lead
ing
to c
lini
cal k
etos
is..
SoSo
The aim of this study is to through a light on The aim of this study is to through a light on
some hormonal changes which occur during some hormonal changes which occur during
periparturient period and also the variations periparturient period and also the variations
occur between single and twins bearing ewes. occur between single and twins bearing ewes.
The present study was carried The present study was carried ononA
nim
als:
An
imal
s:
Eleven mature crossbred (Rahmany x Romanofe)Eleven mature crossbred (Rahmany x Romanofe)pregnant ewespregnant ewes
Aged from 3 – 5 yearsAged from 3 – 5 years
Th
ey g
ives
Th
ey g
ives
6 tw
in6
twin
4 S
ingl
e4
Sin
gle
On
e fr
eeO
ne
free
Ew
es g
ave
bir
th t
o ei
ther
sin
gle
or t
win
lam
bs
are
incl
ud
ed in
th
is s
tud
y E
wes
gav
e b
irth
to
eith
er s
ingl
e or
tw
in la
mb
s ar
e in
clu
ded
in t
his
stu
dy
Col
lect
ion
of
sam
ples
:C
olle
ctio
n o
f sa
mpl
es:
Blood samples were collected everyBlood samples were collected every
1515 d
ays
day
sdu
rin
g pr
egna
ncy
duri
ng
preg
nanc
y
1010 &
&
2020 d
ays
day
sbe
fore
lam
ping
befo
re la
mpi
ng
Day
Day
of
of
lam
pin
gla
mp
ing
1010 &
&
2020 d
ays
day
saf
ter
lam
pin
gaf
ter
lam
pin
g
Each blood sample divided into 2 tubesEach blood sample divided into 2 tubes
*Glu
cose
*Glu
cose
*Ket
one
bod
ies
*Ket
one
bod
ies
*Pro
gest
eron
e*P
roge
ster
one
*Oes
trad
iol:
17*O
estr
adio
l:17
*T*T
33
*T*T44
Pla
sma
Pla
sma
Ser
um
Ser
um
Met
hod
s:M
eth
ods:
(A)
Hor
mon
al a
ssay
of
pro
gest
eron
e an
d O
estr
adio
l 17β
(A)
Hor
mon
al a
ssay
of
pro
gest
eron
e an
d O
estr
adio
l 17β
(B)
(B) *
* Det
erm
inat
ion
of
seru
m t
riio
dot
hyr
onin
e (T
Det
erm
inat
ion
of
seru
m t
riio
dot
hyr
onin
e (T
33))
**
Det
erm
inat
ion
of
thyr
oxin
(T
Det
erm
inat
ion
of
thyr
oxin
(T
44))
(C)
Bio
chem
ical
an
alys
is(C
) B
ioch
emic
al a
nal
ysis
Glu
cose
oxi
das
e m
etho
ds
Glu
cose
oxi
das
e m
etho
ds
acco
rdin
g to
ac
cord
ing
to T
rind
er (
1969
)T
rind
er (
1969
)
Qu
anti
tati
ve m
etho
dQ
uan
tita
tive
met
hod
Det
erm
inat
ion
of
Det
erm
inat
ion
of
glu
cose
glu
cose
Det
erm
inat
ion
of
Det
erm
inat
ion
of
keto
ne
bodi
eske
ton
e bo
dies
By
By
By
By
Seru
m p
roge
ster
one
leve
l (ng
/ml)
of
sin
gle
and
twin
s be
arin
g ew
es d
urin
g pr
egn
ancy
Se
rum
pro
gest
eron
e le
vel (
ng/m
l) o
f si
ngl
e an
d tw
ins
bear
ing
ewes
dur
ing
preg
nan
cy
Weeks of pregnancyWeeks of pregnancy SingleSingle TwinTwin
11stst 0.91 0.91 0.04 0.04 ii AA 0.95 0.95 0.05 0.05 hh AA
33rdrd 1.8 1.8 0.04 0.04 hh AA 1.6 1.6 0.25 0.25 ghgh AA
55thth 2.49 2.49 0.33 0.33 gg AA 2.86 2.86 0.06 0.06 jj AA
77thth 3.5 3.5 0.05 0.05 ff AA 3.61 3.61 0.05 0.05 ee AA
99thth 4.33 4.33 0.2 0.2 dd AA 4.45 4.45 0.22 0.22 dd AA
1111thth 4.78 4.78 0.47 0.47 dd AA 4.58 4.58 0.25 0.25 dd AA
1313thth 5.84 5.84 0.46 0.46 cc AA 6.57 6.57 0.32 0.32 cc AA
1515thth 6.24 6.24 0.07 0.07 bcbc BB 7.26 7.26 0.06 0.06 bb AA
1717thth 11.29 11.29 0.38 0.38 aa BB 12.36 12.36 0.32 0.32 aa AA
1919thth 11.69 11.69 0.14 0.14 aa BB 12.45 12.45 0.29 0.29 aa AA
2020thth 1.10 1.10 0.05 0.05 ii AA 1.49 1.49 0.20 0.20 ghgh AA
Seru
m p
roge
ster
one
leve
l (ng
/ml)
of
sin
gle
and
twin
s be
arin
g ew
es d
urin
g pr
egn
ancy
Seru
m p
roge
ster
one
leve
l (ng
/ml)
of
sin
gle
and
twin
s be
arin
g ew
es d
urin
g pr
egn
ancy
0123456789
1011121314
Weeks of pregnancy
Pro
gest
ero
ne (
ng
/ml)
Single Twin
11stst
33rdrd 55thth 77thth 99thth
1111thth
1313thth
1515thth
1717thth
1919thth
2020thth
Seru
m p
roge
ster
one
leve
l (ng
/ml)
in th
e pe
ripa
rtu
rien
t per
iod
of p
regn
ant e
wes
Seru
m p
roge
ster
one
leve
l (ng
/ml)
in th
e pe
ripa
rtu
rien
t per
iod
of p
regn
ant e
wes
Period from parturition Period from parturition SingleSingle TwinTwin
2 days before parturition2 days before parturition 0.93 0.93 0.08 0.08 abab AA 0.87 0.87 0.07 0.07 bcbc AA
1 day after parturition1 day after parturition 0.63 0.63 0.04 0.04 dd AA 0.56 0.56 0.03 0.03 dd AA
7 days after parturition7 days after parturition 0.7 0.7 0.04 0.04 cdcd AA 0.7 0.7 0.08 0.08 cdcd AA
10 days after parturition10 days after parturition 0.88 0.88 0.060.06 bcbc AA 1.09 1.09 0.06 0.06 aa AA
15 days after parturition15 days after parturition 1.05 1.05 0.04 0.04 abab AA 1.08 1.08 0.02 0.02 aa AA
Seru
m p
roge
ster
one
leve
l (ng
/ml)
in th
e pe
ripa
rtu
rien
t per
iod
of p
regn
ant e
wes
Seru
m p
roge
ster
one
leve
l (ng
/ml)
in th
e pe
ripa
rtu
rien
t per
iod
of p
regn
ant e
wes
0
0.20.40.60.8
11.21.41.61.8
2
Period from parturition
Pre
pro
ges
tero
ne
(pg/m
l)Single Twin
2 d
ays
bef
ore
2 d
ays
bef
ore
par
turi
tion
par
turi
tion
1 d
ay a
fter
1 d
ay a
fter
par
turi
tion
par
turi
tion
7 d
ays
afte
r7
day
s af
ter
par
turi
tion
par
turi
tion
10 d
ays
afte
r10
day
s af
ter
par
turi
tion
par
turi
tion
15 d
ays
afte
r15
day
s af
ter
par
turi
tion
par
turi
tion
Seru
m e
stra
diol
-17
Seru
m e
stra
diol
-17
(E
2) le
vel (
pg/m
l) in
sin
gle
and
twin
s be
arin
g pr
egna
nt e
wes
(E
2) le
vel (
pg/m
l) in
sin
gle
and
twin
s be
arin
g pr
egna
nt e
wes
duri
ng
preg
nanc
y pe
riod
duri
ng
preg
nanc
y pe
riod
Weeks of pregnancyWeeks of pregnancy Single Single Twin Twin
11stst 37.36 37.36 0.630.63 gg AA 36.3 36.3 0.5 0.5 jj AA
33rdrd 36.1 36.1 0.69 0.69 gg AA 37.13 37.13 0.75 0.75 jjjj AA
55thth 38.46 38.46 0.42 0.42 gg AA 39.26 39.26 0.49 0.49 hihi AA
77thth 37.66 37.66 0.38 0.38 gg AA 39.6 39.6 0.78 0.78 hh AA
99thth 42.33 42.33 0.66 0.66 ff BB 44.4 44.4 0.54 0.54 gg AA
1111thth 52.3 52.3 0.83 0.83 ee BB 55.3 55.3 1 1 dd AA
1313thth 58.33 58.33 0.72 0.72 dd BB 63.63 63.63 0.95 0.95 ee AA
1515thth 68.26 68.26 0.57 0.57 cc BB 79.4 79.4 0.52 0.52 dd AA
1717thth 75.3 75.3 0.980.98 dd BB 87.45 87.45 1.21 1.21 cc AA
1919thth 74.46 74.46 1.07 1.07 bb BB 93.43 93.43 0.95 0.95 aa AA
2020thth 78.4 78.4 0.54 0.54 aa BB 90.8 90.8 0.81 0.81 bb AA
0102030405060708090
100
Weeks of pregnancy
Est
rog
en (
pg
/ml)
Single Twin
11stst
33rdrd 55thth 77thth 99thth
1111thth
1313thth
1515thth
1717thth
1919thth
2020thth
Seru
m e
strd
ial-
17b
(E2)
leve
l (pg
/ml)
in s
ingl
e an
d tw
ins
bear
ing
preg
nant
ew
esSe
rum
est
rdia
l-17
b (E
2) le
vel (
pg/m
l) in
sin
gle
and
twin
s be
arin
g pr
egna
nt e
wes
dur
ing
preg
nanc
y pe
riod
duri
ng
preg
nanc
y pe
riod
Seru
m E
stro
gen
leve
l (pg
/ml)
in p
erip
artu
rien
t per
iod
of s
ingl
e an
d tw
ins
Seru
m E
stro
gen
leve
l (pg
/ml)
in p
erip
artu
rien
t per
iod
of s
ingl
e an
d tw
ins
bea
ring
pre
gnan
t ew
esbe
arin
g pr
egna
nt e
wes
Period from parturitionPeriod from parturition SingleSingle TwinTwin
2 days before parturition2 days before parturition 572 572 6.93 6.93 aa BB 976 976 26.01 26.01 aa AA
1 day after parturition1 day after parturition 300 300 5.78 5.78 cc BB 346 346 14.45 14.45 ee AA
7 days after parturition7 days after parturition 414 414 4.84 4.84 dd AA 4.20 4.20 5.78 5.78 dd AA
10 days after parturition10 days after parturition 540 540 5.49 5.49 abab BB 670 670 10.9810.98 bb AA
15 days after parturition15 days after parturition 545 545 37.57 37.57 abab AA 511 511 3.78 3.78 cc AA
0100200300400500600700800900
100011001200
Period from parturition
Pre
pro
estr
ogen
e (p
g/m
l)Single Twin
2 d
ays
bef
ore
2 d
ays
bef
ore
par
turi
tion
par
turi
tion
1 d
ay a
fter
1 d
ay a
fter
par
turi
tion
par
turi
tion
7 d
ays
afte
r7
day
s af
ter
par
turi
tion
par
turi
tion
10 d
ays
afte
r10
day
s af
ter
par
turi
tion
par
turi
tion
15 d
ays
afte
r15
day
s af
ter
par
turi
tion
par
turi
tion
Seru
m E
stro
gen
leve
l (pg
/ml)
in p
erip
artu
rien
t per
iod
of s
ingl
e an
d tw
ins
Seru
m E
stro
gen
leve
l (pg
/ml)
in p
erip
artu
rien
t per
iod
of s
ingl
e an
d tw
ins
bear
ing
preg
nant
ew
esbe
arin
g pr
egna
nt e
wes
Seru
m T
Seru
m T
3 3 (n
g/dl
) of
sin
gle
and
twin
s be
arin
g pr
egna
nt e
wes
(ng/
dl)
of s
ingl
e an
d tw
ins
bear
ing
preg
nan
t ew
es
Weeks of pregnancyWeeks of pregnancy Single Single TwinTwin
11stst 64.36 64.36 1.33 1.33 gg AA 63.64 63.64 0.98 0.98 jj AA
33rdrd 66.2 66.2 0.98 0.98 gg AA 67.16 67.16 0.5 0.5 jj AA
55thth 65.13 65.13 0.98 0.98 gg BB 77.16 77.16 6.33 6.33 ee AA
77thth 66.96 66.96 0.91 0.91 gg AA 68.0 68.0 6.94 6.94 jj AA
99thth 79.2 79.2 0.4 0.4 jj AA 82.53 82.53 0.72 0.72 ee AA
1111thth 91.53 91.53 0.50 0.50 ee BB 103.56 103.56 2.35 2.35 cdcd AA
1313thth 98.33 98.33 0.52 0.52 dd BB 110.03 110.03 1.47 1.47 bcbc AA
1515thth 104.23 104.23 1.06 1.06 cdcd AA 107.33 107.33 1.61 1.61 bcbc AA
1717thth 113.56 113.56 0.63 0.63 bb BB 126.16 126.16 2.02 2.02 aa AA
1919thth 124.2 124.2 2.16 2.16 aa BB 132.2 132.2 4.16 4.16 aa AA
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Weeks of pregnancy
T3 (
ug/
dl)
Single Twin
11stst
33rdrd 55thth 77thth 99thth
1111thth
1313thth
1515thth
1717thth
1919thth
2020thth
Seru
m T
Seru
m T
33 ( (
g/dl
) of
sin
gle
and
twin
s be
arin
g pr
egn
ant e
wes
g/dl
) of
sin
gle
and
twin
s be
arin
g pr
egn
ant e
wes
Seru
m T
Seru
m T
44 ( (
g/dl
) of
sin
gle
and
twin
s be
arin
g ew
es d
urin
g pr
egn
ancy
g/dl
) of
sin
gle
and
twin
s be
arin
g ew
es d
urin
g pr
egn
ancy
Weeks of pregnancyWeeks of pregnancy SingleSingle TwinTwin
11stst 4.3 4.3 0.17 0.17 ff AA 4.5 4.5 0.2 0.2 ff AA
33rdrd 4.7 4.7 0.34 0.34 ff AA 4.56 4.56 0.23 0.23 ff AA
55thth 5.5 5.5 0.2 0.2 ee AA 5.6 5.6 0.17 0.17 ee AA
77thth 6.4 6.4 0.11 0.11 dcdc AA 5.86 5.86 0.37 0.37 dede AA
99thth 6.56 6.56 0.28 0.28 bcdbcd AA 6.76 6.76 0.23 0.23 abcabc AA
1111thth 6.43 6.43 0.280.28 cdcd AA 6.53 6.53 0.17 0.17 bcdbcd AA
1313thth 6.76 6.76 0.31 0.31 abcabc AA 6.86 6.86 0.37 0.37 abcabc AA
1515thth 7.3 7.3 0.15 0.15 abab AA 6.83 6.83 0.23 0.23 abcabc AA
1717thth 7.46 7.46 0.2 0.2 aa AA 7.16 7.16 0.17 0.17 abcabc AA
1919thth 7.43 7.43 0.17 0.17 aa AA 7.06 7.06 0.14 0.14 abcabc AA
0
2
4
6
8
10
Weeks of pregnancy
T4
(ug
/dl)
Single Twin
11stst
33rdrd 55thth 77thth 99thth
1111thth
1313thth
1515thth
1717thth
1919thth
2020thth
Seru
m T
Seru
m T
44 ( (
g/dl
) of
sin
gle
and
twin
s be
arin
g ew
es d
urin
g pr
egn
ancy
g/dl
) of
sin
gle
and
twin
s be
arin
g ew
es d
urin
g pr
egn
ancy
Blo
od a
ceto
ne le
vel (
m.m
ol/L
) in
pre
part
urie
nt
peri
od p
regn
ant e
wes
Blo
od a
ceto
ne le
vel (
m.m
ol/L
) in
pre
part
urie
nt
peri
od p
regn
ant e
wes
Period from parturitionPeriod from parturition SingleSingle TwinTwin
4 weeks before parturition4 weeks before parturition 0.37 0.37 0.02 0.02 dd AA 0.51 0.51 0.1 0.1 dd AA
3 weeks before parturition3 weeks before parturition 0.72 0.72 0.07 0.07 cc AA 0.85 0.85 0.03 0.03 bcbc AA
2 weeks before parturition2 weeks before parturition 0.95 0.95 0.05 0.05 abab AA 1.09 1.09 0.05 0.05 aa AA
Week of Week of parturitionparturition 0.94 0.94 0.02 0.02 abab AA 1.08 1.08 0.05 0.05 aa AA
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Period from parturition
Ket
one
bodi
es (m
.mol
/L)
Single Twin
4 w
eek
s b
efor
e4
wee
ks
bef
ore
par
turi
tion
par
turi
tion
3 w
eek
s b
efor
e3
wee
ks
bef
ore
par
turi
tion
par
turi
tion
2 w
eek
s b
efor
e2
wee
ks
bef
ore
par
turi
tion
par
turi
tion
Wee
k o
fW
eek
of
par
turi
tion
par
turi
tion
Blo
od a
ceto
ne le
vel (
m.m
ol/L
) in
pre
part
urie
nt p
erio
d in
ew
esB
lood
ace
tone
leve
l (m
.mol
/L)
in p
repa
rtur
ien
t per
iod
in e
wes
Seru
m g
luco
se le
vel (
mg/
dl)
of p
regn
ant e
wes
one
mon
th b
efor
e pa
rtur
itio
n:Se
rum
glu
cose
leve
l (m
g/dl
) of
pre
gnan
t ew
es o
ne m
onth
bef
ore
part
urit
ion:
(in
the
prep
artu
rien
t per
iod)
(in
the
prep
artu
rien
t per
iod)
Period from parturitionPeriod from parturition SingleSingle TwinTwin
4 weeks before parturition4 weeks before parturition 59.33 59.33 1.451.45 aa AA 50.0 50.0 1.52 1.52 aa AA
3 weeks before parturition3 weeks before parturition 39.33 39.33 1.45 1.45 bb AA 35.0 35.0 1.15 1.15 bb AA
2 weeks before parturition2 weeks before parturition 32.33 32.33 0.87 0.87 cc AA 26.0 26.0 0.280.28 cc AA
Week of Week of parturition parturition 26.0 26.0 0.57 0.57 dd BB 23.0 23.0 0.87 0.87 cc AA
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Period from parturition
Glu
cose
(mg/
dl)
Single Twin
4 w
eek
s b
efor
e4
wee
ks
bef
ore
par
turi
tion
par
turi
tion
3 w
eek
s b
efor
e3
wee
ks
bef
ore
par
turi
tion
par
turi
tion
2 w
eek
s b
efor
e2
wee
ks
bef
ore
par
turi
tion
par
turi
tion
Wee
k o
fW
eek
of
par
turi
tion
par
turi
tion
Seru
m g
luco
se le
vel (
mg/
dl)
of p
regn
ant e
wes
one
mon
th b
efor
e pa
rtur
itio
nSe
rum
glu
cose
leve
l (m
g/dl
) of
pre
gnan
t ew
es o
ne m
onth
bef
ore
part
urit
ion
T
he
pre
sent
stu
dy
was
des
ign
ed t
o in
vest
igat
e th
e h
orm
onal
cha
nges
whi
ch o
ccur
T
he
pre
sent
stu
dy
was
des
ign
ed t
o in
vest
igat
e th
e h
orm
onal
cha
nges
whi
ch o
ccur
du
rin
g pr
egna
ncy,
pre
-par
turi
ent
and
post
par
turi
ent
per
iod
an
d th
e d
iffe
renc
e du
rin
g pr
egna
ncy,
pre
-par
turi
ent
and
post
par
turi
ent
per
iod
an
d th
e d
iffe
renc
e be
twee
n s
ingl
e an
d tw
ins
bea
rin
g ew
es.
betw
een
sin
gle
and
twin
s b
eari
ng
ewes
.
T
he
resu
lts
show
ed t
hat
pro
gest
eron
e le
vels
had
no
sign
ific
ant
vari
ance
bet
wee
n T
he
resu
lts
show
ed t
hat
pro
gest
eron
e le
vels
had
no
sign
ific
ant
vari
ance
bet
wee
n ew
es b
eari
ng s
ingl
e an
d th
ose
bear
ing
twin
s du
ring
th
e p
erio
d f
rom
1ew
es b
eari
ng s
ingl
e an
d th
ose
bear
ing
twin
s du
ring
th
e p
erio
d f
rom
1stst w
eek
til
l w
eek
til
l 11
th w
eek
of
preg
nanc
y w
hil
e pr
oges
tero
ne
hor
mon
e re
cord
ed s
ign
ific
ant
incr
ease
11
th w
eek
of
preg
nanc
y w
hil
e pr
oges
tero
ne
hor
mon
e re
cord
ed s
ign
ific
ant
incr
ease
in
ew
es c
arry
ing
twin
s th
an t
hat
car
ryin
g si
ngl
e fe
tus
in t
he p
erio
d be
twee
n 1
3in
ew
es c
arry
ing
twin
s th
an t
hat
car
ryin
g si
ngl
e fe
tus
in t
he p
erio
d be
twee
n 1
3thth t
ill
til
l 14
th w
eek
of
preg
nanc
y.
14th
wee
k o
f pr
egna
ncy.
F
rom
20
Fro
m 2
0thth w
eek
til
l 15
day
aft
er p
artu
riti
on,
prog
este
ron
e sh
owed
no
sign
ific
ant
wee
k t
ill
15 d
ay a
fter
par
turi
tion
, pr
oges
tero
ne
show
ed n
o si
gnif
ican
t ch
ange
s.ch
ange
s.
Se
rum
oes
trad
iol-
17Se
rum
oes
trad
iol-
17
show
ed a
sig
nifi
can
t in
crea
se f
rom
th
e 1
sh
owed
a s
igni
fica
nt
incr
ease
fro
m t
he
1stst w
eek
til
l 20
wee
k t
ill
20thth w
eek
w
eek
of
pre
gnan
cy a
nd a
lso
sign
ific
ant
dec
reas
e re
cord
ed d
uri
ng t
he
two
wee
ks a
fter
of
pre
gnan
cy a
nd a
lso
sign
ific
ant
dec
reas
e re
cord
ed d
uri
ng t
he
two
wee
ks a
fter
pa
rtu
riti
on in
bot
h ew
es c
arry
ing
sing
le a
nd
twin
s.
part
uri
tion
in b
oth
ewes
car
ryin
g si
ngle
an
d tw
ins.
O
estr
adio
l-17
Oes
trad
iol-
17
show
ed t
han
that
car
ryin
g si
ngle
. s
how
ed t
han
that
car
ryin
g si
ngle
.
B
lood
glu
cose
lev
el s
how
ed s
igni
fica
nt d
ecre
ase
duri
ng t
he
last
wee
ks o
f pr
egna
ncy
Blo
od g
luco
se l
evel
sho
wed
sig
nifi
cant
dec
reas
e du
ring
th
e la
st w
eeks
of
preg
nanc
y in
bot
h ew
es c
arry
ing
sin
gle
and
th
ose
carr
ying
tw
ins.
in
bot
h ew
es c
arry
ing
sin
gle
and
th
ose
carr
ying
tw
ins.
T
he
gluc
ose
leve
ls i
n tw
ins
bea
rin
g ew
es r
ecod
ed s
ign
ific
antl
y lo
wer
glu
cose
val
ues
Th
e gl
ucos
e le
vels
in
twin
s b
eari
ng
ewes
rec
oded
sig
nif
ican
tly
low
er g
luco
se v
alue
s co
mp
ared
wit
h s
ingl
e be
arin
g ew
es.
com
par
ed w
ith
sin
gle
bear
ing
ewes
.
T
ri-i
odot
hyr
onin
e (T
Tri
-iod
oth
yron
ine
(T33)
mea
sure
men
t sh
owed
no
sign
ific
ant
dif
fere
nce
in i
ts l
evel
)
mea
sure
men
t sh
owed
no
sign
ific
ant
dif
fere
nce
in i
ts l
evel
eith
er i
n e
we
bear
ing
sing
le o
r th
ose
carr
yin
g tw
ins
duri
ng t
he
firs
t w
eek
till
9ei
ther
in
ew
e be
arin
g si
ngle
or
thos
e ca
rryi
ng
twin
s du
ring
th
e fi
rst
wee
k ti
ll 9
thth
wee
k o
f pr
egna
ncy.
wee
k o
f pr
egna
ncy.
F
rom
11
Fro
m 1
1thth w
eek
s ti
ll 1
9 w
eek
s ti
ll 1
9thth w
eek
s of
pre
gnan
cy T
wee
ks
of p
regn
ancy
T33
show
ed a
sig
nifi
can
t in
crea
se i
n s
how
ed a
sig
nifi
can
t in
crea
se i
n
both
sin
gle
twin
s be
arin
g ew
es.
both
sin
gle
twin
s be
arin
g ew
es.
K
eton
e bo
dies
sho
wed
sig
nif
ican
t in
crea
se i
n p
regn
ant
ewes
fro
m t
he 1
7K
eton
e bo
dies
sho
wed
sig
nif
ican
t in
crea
se i
n p
regn
ant
ewes
fro
m t
he 1
7thth w
eek
til
l w
eek
til
l pa
rtu
riti
on.
part
uri
tion
.
M
oreo
ver,
ket
one
bodi
es s
how
ed s
ign
ific
antl
y h
ighe
r le
vels
in
twin
s be
arin
g ew
es
Mor
eove
r, k
eton
e bo
dies
sho
wed
sig
nif
ican
tly
hig
her
leve
ls i
n tw
ins
bear
ing
ewes
th
an t
hos
e ca
rryi
ng s
ingl
e fe
tus.
than
th
ose
carr
ying
sin
gle
fetu
s.
In
all
pre
gnan
t ew
es i
n o
ur s
tud
y T
In a
ll p
regn
ant
ewes
in
our
stu
dy
T33
horm
one
incr
ease
d fr
om t
he
beg
inni
ng o
f th
e h
orm
one
incr
ease
d fr
om t
he
beg
inni
ng o
f th
e
test
ed p
erio
d t
ill p
artu
riti
on.
test
ed p
erio
d t
ill p
artu
riti
on.
TT
33 ho
rmon
e sh
owed
no
sign
ific
ant
diff
eren
ces
in i
ts l
evel
in
twin
s ca
rryi
ng
ewes
h
orm
one
show
ed n
o si
gnif
ican
t di
ffer
ence
s in
its
lev
el i
n tw
ins
carr
yin
g ew
es
than
th
ose
carr
ying
sin
gle
fetu
s du
rin
g th
e p
erio
d f
rom
fir
st w
eek
till
9th
an t
hos
e ca
rryi
ng s
ingl
e fe
tus
duri
ng
the
per
iod
fro
m f
irst
wee
k ti
ll 9
thth w
eek
of
wee
k o
f pr
egn
ancy
whi
le d
uri
ng
the
per
iod
fro
m 1
1pr
egn
ancy
whi
le d
uri
ng
the
per
iod
fro
m 1
1thth w
eek
til
l 19
wee
k t
ill
19thth w
eek
of
preg
nanc
y T
wee
k o
f pr
egna
ncy
T33
leve
ls i
n ew
es c
arry
ing
twin
s sh
owed
sig
nifi
cant
in
crea
se c
omp
ared
wit
h t
hos
e le
vels
in
ewes
car
ryin
g tw
ins
show
ed s
igni
fica
nt i
ncr
ease
com
par
ed w
ith
th
ose
carr
ying
sin
gle
fetu
s.ca
rryi
ng s
ingl
e fe
tus.
T
hyr
oxin
e ho
rmon
e (T
Th
yrox
ine
horm
one
(T44)
mea
sure
men
t sh
owed
non
sig
nifi
cant
inc
reas
e in
ew
es
) m
easu
rem
ent
show
ed n
on s
igni
fica
nt i
ncre
ase
in e
wes
carr
ying
tw
ins
than
th
ose
carr
ying
si
ngle
fe
tus
duri
ng
the
who
le
peri
od
of
carr
ying
tw
ins
than
th
ose
carr
ying
si
ngle
fe
tus
duri
ng
the
who
le
peri
od
of
preg
nan
cy a
lth
ough
it
show
ed c
onti
nuou
s in
crea
se f
rom
th
e be
gin
ning
of
our
preg
nan
cy a
lth
ough
it
show
ed c
onti
nuou
s in
crea
se f
rom
th
e be
gin
ning
of
our
exp
erim
ent
till
the
tim
e of
par
turi
tion
in a
ll p
regn
ant
ewes
.ex
per
imen
t ti
ll t
he t
ime
of p
artu
riti
on in
all
pre
gnan
t ew
es.
Ou
r O
ur
resu
lts
show
ed t
hat
in
a g
rou
p o
f p
regn
ant
ewes
, re
sult
s sh
owed
th
at i
n a
gro
up
of
pre
gnan
t ew
es,
mon
itor
ing
the
hor
mon
al p
rofi
le o
f p
roge
ster
one,
est
rad
iol
mon
itor
ing
the
hor
mon
al p
rofi
le o
f p
roge
ster
one,
est
rad
iol
and
th
yrox
ine
can
be
tak
en a
s a
way
to
pre
dic
t th
e n
um
ber
of
and
th
yrox
ine
can
be
tak
en a
s a
way
to
pre
dic
t th
e n
um
ber
of
feti
fro
m t
he
11fe
ti f
rom
th
e 11
thth t
o 17
to
17thth w
eek
of
pre
gnan
cy.
wee
k o
f p
regn
ancy
.
Mor
eove
r,M
oreo
ver,
pro
gest
eron
e an
d e
stra
dio
l in
ad
dit
ion
to
pro
gest
eron
e an
d e
stra
dio
l in
ad
dit
ion
to
glu
cose
an
d
ket
one
bod
ies
leve
ls
in
the
last
w
eek
s of
gl
uco
se
and
k
eton
e b
odie
s le
vels
in
th
e la
st
wee
ks
of
pre
gnan
cy c
an b
e ta
ken
as
a w
ay t
o p
red
ict
the
tim
e of
p
regn
ancy
can
be
tak
en a
s a
way
to
pre
dic
t th
e ti
me
of
par
turi
tion
. p
artu
riti
on.
Dr. Medhat KamalDr. Medhat Kamal
01277232060127723206Dr. Medhat KamalDr. Medhat Kamal
01277232060127723206