Acknowledgement

We would like to express our profound gratitude to the following that in one way or another

helped us to complete this case study:

To Mrs. M.D. for being the subject of this study and for being cooperative during our

assessment and interview.

To all the staff & physicians of St. Luke’s Medical Center, for imparting us their

knowledge on becoming a professional staff nurse of the institution. And most especially, for

being patient and welcoming us during our rotation.

To our Clinical Instructor, Ms. Scatllana Ragrag, for supporting and sharing her

positive criticism that molded us into being an effective and assertive nurses.

To our family, for the unconditional and infinite love, support, encouragement and

inspiration.

To us, for working as a group, carrying our assigned task with ease and

professionalism. This wouldn’t be possible without the help of each one of us. Thanks for

working as one and for the friendship and fond memories that we shared.

And finally, to Almighty God, who has been there since the beginning of our time,

who was with us all along, coordinating our minds to focus on the study. Truly, everything is

nothing without you, Father.

III. PATIENT PROFILE

Name: M.D.Age: 44 y/oGender: FemaleNationality: FilipinoCivil Status: MarriedReligion: Roman CatholicAddress: Quezon, CityDate and Time Admitted: July 6, 2007; 3:00 PMHow Admitted: WheelchairborneAttending physician: De Oampo, Sherrie Isabel QuerubinOccupation: Police OfficerHospital Plan: IndividualSource of Information: Patient

Chief Complaint: “Masakit ang tiyan ko dito sa kanan, sa bandang itaas”

History of Present Illness:

Three months prior to admission, the patient developed epigastric pain (pain scale: 9/10), localized, burning lasting for hours. The patient denied any history of melena, hematochesia, constipation, diarrhea, belching, and regurgitation. The patient sought consultation at Capitol Medical Center where she was given Prevacid for 3 days and was diagnosed to have Acid Related Disease.

Due to the presented symptoms, the patient again sought consult at SLMC where she underwent an ultrasound around her abdomen and it showed gallbladder stones. The patient was advised Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy (ESWL) but she developed icteresia and was advised surgery thus admission.

Patient’s Medical History: Chronic Calculous Cholecystitis (August 1, 2005), (-) DM, (-)HPN, (-)Asthma, (-) Heart Disease

Surgery: Cesarian delivery (CS) (1989)

OB- Gyne History: Menarch: 13 y/oParity: PrimiGravida: 1TPAL: Term =1 Preterm = 0 Abortion = 0 Live birth = 1 Contraceptives: noneLMP: July 5, 2007

Family History:GI disorder: Father, MotherHeart Disease: Father, Mother

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

Date Taken: 07 / 06/ 07 ( 1:30 PM )

A. General Survey:Apparent State of Health: Signs of Distress: with mild restlessnessSkin Color: JaundiceHeight and Built: 163 cm; proportionate limbWeight by appearance and measurement: 64 kg; fatPosture, Motor Activity, and Gait: Good posture, normal motor activity,

normal gaitDress, Grooming, and Personal Hygiene: Wears loose clothing, well groomed,

good personal hygieneOdors of Body or Breath: No body odor, no halitosis

Facial Expression: With facial grimaceSpeech: No speech defect, no hoarseness of voice

B. Vital Signs:Blood Pressure: 130/90 mmHgRespiration Rate: 22 breaths per minutePulse Rate: 80 beats per minute Temperature: 36 °CPain Scale: 6/10

C. Mental StatusAppearance and Behavior: Alert, conscious, with guarding behaviorSpeech and Language: Speaks with clarity, fluent in speaking tagalog/ englishMood: With anxiety due to pain, with guarding behaviorThought and Perceptions: Coherent, with organization of thoughts, no

hallucinationsCognitive Functions: Memory intact, oriented to time, place, and person

D. Regional Examination:

I. SKIN

I: Jaundice, there is absence of lesion.P: Moist, warm and smooth to touch, has good skin mobility and turgor (goes

back quickly to normal when pinched).

II. NAILS

I: Transparent, smooth and convex with a 160˚ nail bed angle.P: Normal capillary refill (2 seconds).

III. HAIR

I: Thick and evenly distributed.P: Fine and smooth to touch.

IV. HEAD AND FACE

I: Proportion to the gross body structure. Facial hair is evenly distributed.P: No tender areas, masses, or deformities.

V. EYES

I: Eyebrows are symmetrical. The pupils and iris are also symmetrical. There is no obvious deformity seen in the external eye structures, with yellowish sclerae (icteresia)for reaction to light: The patient has a normal pupillary reaction: constrict with light and dilate in darkness.for accommodation: The patient has a normal pupillary reaction: constrict with a near object and dilate with a distant object.for convergence: The patient has a normal convergence because she assumed a cross-eyed appearance.Visual acuity: The patient has a 20/20 vision.Extraocular movement: The patient has a normal extraocular movement.

VI. EARS

I: The ears are symmetrical with a shape and size proportion to the face. There is absence of cerumen or any discharge.for hearing acuity: The numbers whispered to both ears with one ear occluded at a time were heard clearly.

VII. NOSE

I: The patient’s nose is proportion to the face. The nasal bridge is aligned. The mucous membranes are pinkish.

P: Patency of nares: No difficulty of breathing experienced.There is no pain or discomfort felt upon palpating the frontal and maxillary sinuses.

VIII. MOUTH AND PHARYNX

I: The lips are pinkish in color, quite dry but no ulcers present. The buccal mucosa is pink, moist without any ulcers. Incomplete teeth alignment with cavities and discoloration in some of the teeth. There is absence of swelling, inflammation, or bleeding in the gums. The dorsum of the tongue is pinkish in color. The tongue is symmetrical and mobile. The tonsils are symmetrical and there is no swelling.

IX. NECK

I: The patient’s neck is mobile and proportion to the gross body structure. The trachea is in its normal midline position. There is absence of neck vein engorgement, masses, or scars.

Lymph nodesP: The lymph nodes are normal in size and shape. No pain felt upon palpation.

Trachea and ThyroidI: There is absence of any deviation.P: The trachea and thyroid rises as the client swallows.

X. SPINE

I: The patient’s spine has a normal curvature.P: There is absence of masses or lumps.

XI. CHEST AND LUNGS

I: The patient’s lungs have a normal shape. P: Respiratory excursion: The patient has a symmetrical lung expansion.

Vocal and tactile fremitus: The vibration felt as the patient utters “99” is more resonant on the upper part of the lungs.

Pe: The vibrating sound was heard louder on the upper part of the lungs. The lower the area percussed, the softer the sound heard. The lungs have a resonant sound.A: The patient manifests a vesicular breath sound because the length of

inspiration is greater than that of the expiration. There is absence of abnormal or adventitious breath sound.

XII. HEART

I: The Point of Maximum Impulse (PMI) was located on the 5 th intercostal space or the apical area.

P: The palpatory areas were properly identified (aortic, pulmonic, tricuspid, mitral).

A: The auscultatory areas were properly identified. The S1 and S2, where the “lub-dub” sound is best heard and pointed out.

XIII. ABDOMEN

I: The 4 quadrants and 9 regions were correctly identified, with presence of surgical incision at right upper quadrant, no signs of inflammation over the incision.

A: Gurgling sounds were heard over the abdomen, with normoactive bowel sound:22 per minute, no bruit.

Pe: The abdomen has a tympanic sound while the liver has a dull sound. P: Non-tender, smooth.

XIV. GENITALSPatient Refused.

XV. EXTREMITIES

I: Extremities are proportion to the gross body structure, normal in color and mobile. All body parts are present. Peripheral IV access at right arm with no signs of phlebitis and infiltration.

P: Peripheral pulses were properly palpated.

IV. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

The biliary system consists of the organs and ducts (bile ducts, gallbladder, and associated structures) that are involved in the production and transportation of bile. The transportation of bile follows this sequence:

1. When the liver cells secrete bile, it is collected by a system of ducts that flow from the liver through the right and left hepatic ducts.

2. These ducts ultimately drain into the common hepatic duct.

3. The common hepatic duct then joins with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct, which runs from the liver to the duodenum (the first section of the small intestine).

4. However, not all bile runs directly into the duodenum. About 50 percent of the bile produced by the liver is first stored in the gallbladder, a pear-shaped organ located directly below the liver.

5. Then, when food is eaten, the gallbladder contracts and releases stored bile into the duodenum to help break down the fats.

Functions of the biliary system:

The biliary system's main function includes the following:

to drain waste products from the liver into the duodenum to help in digestion with the controlled release of bile

Bile is the greenish-yellow fluid (consisting of waste products, cholesterol, and bile salts) that is secreted by the liver cells to perform two primary functions, including the following:

to carry away waste to break down fats during digestion

Bile salt is the actual component which helps break down and absorb fats. Bile, which is excreted from the body in the form of feces, is what gives feces its dark brown color. The gallbladder is about 7-10 cm long in humans and appears dark green because of its contents (bile), rather than its tissue. It is connected to the liver and the duodenum by the biliary tract.

The liver is located in the upper right-hand portion of the abdominal cavity, beneath the diaphragm, and on top of the stomach, right kidney, and intestines. Shaped like a cone, the liver is a dark reddish-brown organ that weighs about 3 pounds.

The cystic duct connects the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct.

The Common bile duct then joins the pancreatic duct, and enters through the hepatopancreatic ampulla at the major duodenal papilla.

Gallstones (cholesterol stones or pigment stones) form in the gallbladder over many years. They can sometimes travel into the common bile duct, causing a blockage.

If the common bile duct is blocked, this then obstructs the whole of the biliary drainage system as opposed to a blockage further up. Hence there is nowhere for the bile to go but up and the patient becomes jaundiced since certain waste products (bilirubin) are absorbed back into the blood stream. Furthermore there can be potentially fatal complications of infection of the biliary tree (cholangitis) and acute pancreatitis.

MEDICATION PROFILE:

Epidural Morphine Sulfate 0.02% = Freq: RTC Q12 x 3 doses; Strength: 10 mlLamiracoxig (Prexige) 400 mg PO OD x 3 daysCefuroxime (Zegen) 500 mg PO Q12Lansoprazole (Prevacid) 30 mg PO OD acCefoxitin 1gm IV Q8Pantropazol 40 mg IV ODKetoprofen (Oridis) + 100ml PNSS 100mg IV Q8 (-)ANST RTC x 3 dosesMonowel 1gm IV Q8 (ANST)Plasil 1 amp IV

Stat Meds:07/08/07 given Metoclopramide (Plasil) 10 mg (3 times)07/09/07 given Metoclopramide (Plasil) 10 mg (once)

Intravenous Fluids:07/06/07 D5NR 1L x 10 hrs consumed 07/07/0707/08/07 Post Op: D5NR 1L x 8 hrs consumed 07/09/07

D5Nm 1L x 8 hrs revised0/09/07 D5NR 1L x 10 hrs

D5NM 1L x 10 hrs T/C 07/10/07

Pre-anesthesia Evaluation:History of Physical Illness: Jaundice and Abdominal painPMH: Hospitalized in 2007 for typhoid (-) sequalae

(+) Pre-ecclampsia(-) HPN, (-) DM, No Known Allergy

Record of Operation:Date: July 7, 2007Surgeon: Dr. AmadoFirst Assist: Dr. CabreraAnesthesiologist: Dr. CuaAnesthetic: EpiduralPre-op Diagnosis: CholelithiasisOperative Diagnosis: sameMaterial: Forwarded to laboratory for examination of gallbladder stonesOperations performed: Cholecystectomy with I.O.C.

Description of Operation techniques (to include incision, drainage, sutures ):

Findings and Immediate Post-Operative Condition:Patient places in supine position under general anesthesia. Asepsis and antisepsis. Sterile drapes applied. A RUQ incision was done carried down to the peritoneum. Gallbladder identified isolated and ligated individually. 5mm stone removed from the cystic duct. Intraoperative

cholangiogram done which showed good egress of contrast material through the non-dilated CBD to the intrahepatics and down to the duodenum, no filling defect noted. Gallbladder dissected from the liver bed using electrocautery. Gallbladder delivered. Hemostasis assured. Closure done in layers peritoneum and posterior fascia, vicryl 2-0, continuous. Anterior fascia, vicryl 2-0, continuous. Subdermal, vicryl 4-0, inverted T, sterile strips applied. Dressings applied/ patient tolerated the procedure. Intra-op Findings: Gallbladder measuring 9x4 cm with multiple tiny blackish stones, wall not thickened, common bile duct and cystic duct dilated, no filling defect with good egress of contrast material.

LABORATORY:

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio Pancreatography ReportRequest Date: 07/ 07 / 2007

Indication: JaundiceHistory: Cholelithiasis / Elevated Liver EnzymesClinical Diagnosis: T/C CholedocholithiasisMedication: Dormicum 2mg, Diprivan 100mg, Fentanyl 65mcgFindings:

Visualized portions of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum are unremarkablePapilla is small with overlying fold. No bile egress noted. Pancreatogram is normal

.Attempts to cannulate the CBD using various cannulas and maneuvers failed.Cholangiogram not possible.

Diagnosis:Normal Pancratogram.Cholangiogram not done.

John Arnel N. Pangilinan, MD (Endoscopist)

DISCHARGE INSTRUCTION / HEALTH TEACHINGAttending Physician: De Ocampo, Sherrie Isabel QuerubinDate: 07/11/07Send home meds/ drugs and instruction on administration

Discharge Planning

M- edications Prevacid

Start date: 07/12/07End date: 07/18/07Dose: 30 mg 1tablet ( 1 tab once a day, 30 minutes before breakfast for 1 week )

Cefuroxime

First dose: 07/09/07Last dose: 07/15/07Dose: 500 mg 1tablet (1 tab every 12 hours for 5 days)

ArcoxiaDose: 90 mg 1 tablet (only if there is pain)

E- xercise Teach patient about deep breathing and controlled coughing execises.

Deep Breathing Exercise> While on sitting position, place palms across from each other, down and along lower borders of rib cage to feel the rise and fall movement.> Inhale fully through the nose, hold for 2 – 3 seconds and exhale slowly through the mouth.

Controlled Coughing Exercise> Splint the surgical wound with pillow.> Take a deep breath, hold for 3 seconds, and cough deeply 2- 3 times.

Encourage bed exercises.> Frequent gluteal and quadriceps muscle setting exercise during the day help to prepare the client for later ambulation.

Instruct patient to turn frequently when lying every two hours.T- reatment

Surgical Wound Care

H- ealth Teaching Instruct patient to comply with the given diet. (Comprehensive health teaching for patient’s diet: c/o Dietary.) Surgical Wound Care.

Keep the dressing clean and dry. May wash the wound with sterile normal saline water, then apply antibacterial ointment or povodine iodine (betadine) ointment, and change the dressing daily.

Teach patient about deep breathing and controlled coughing exercise to avoid pressure on the wound.

O- PD Follow-up Follow –up on July 18, 2007 at Dr. De Ocampo’s clinic; 10am Look for Amador Robert Sy.

D- iet No special diets or other precautions are needed after surgery.

Eat regular, balanced meals

Eat regular meals that contain some fat. Eat plenty of whole grains and fiber, and have

regular servings of food that contain calcium (found in green, leafy vegetables and milk

products). Limit saturated (animal) fat and foods high in cholesterol.

S- igns and symptomsWatch out for: Infection

> Any redness extending from the wound or yellow drainage from the area, worsening pain, severe swelling, loss of sensation and warmth over the wound.

Call your doctor if you have worsening pain, spreading redness around the site, bleeding from the wound, fever (temperature greater than 100.4°F), or other concerns.

Go to a hospital's emergency department if you have bleeding from the site that will not stop with gentle pressure, if you have a thick discharge (pus) from the wound, or if you have a high fever.

Final Diagnosis: Obstructive Jaundice probably secondary to Choledocholithiasis with recent passage Chronic Calculous Cholecystitis

Operation: Cholecystectomy with Intraoperative Cholangiogram (IOC)

DIAGNOSTIC RESULTS

ULTRASOUND of GALL BLADDER, LIVERAUGUST 01, 2005INTERPRETATION:

GALL BLADDER: the gall bladder shows multiple shadowing echogenicities. The walls are thickened. Common duct is not dilated.

Impression: Cholelithiases

LIVER: The liver shows normal size. No discrete mass lesion nor dilated intrahepatic ducts.

Impression: Normal Liver

ULTRASOUND of GALL BLADDERJUNE 22, 2007INTERPRETATION:

The gall bladder shows multiple intraluminal echogenicities. The wall is not thickened. Common duct is not dilated.

Impression: Cholelithiases

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio Pancreatography ReportJuly 7, 2007INDICATION: Jaundice

HISTORY: Cholelithiasis/ Elevated Liver Enzymes

Clinical Diagnosis: To Confirm Choledocholithiasis

Medication: Dormicum 2 mg. DIPRIVAN 100 mg, Fentanyl 65 mcg

FINDINGS: Visualized portions of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum are unremarkable. Papilla is small with overlying fold. No bile egress noted.Pancreatogram is normal.

Attempts to cannulate the CBD using various cannulas and maneuvers failed.Cholangiogram not possible.No unplanned events.

DIAGNOSIS: Normal Pancreatogram Cholangiogram not done.

OPERATIVE CHOLANGIOGRAMJULY 08, 2007INTERPRETATION:

The visualized intrahepatic bile ducts are normal in size.The common bile duct shows abnormal filling defects.There is egress of contrast into the duodenum.

LABORATORY RESULTS

BIOCHEMISTRYJULY 5, 2007

NORMAL VALUES

RESULT IMPRESSION REMARKS

Bilirubin Total

0.2 – 1.3 mg/dL (K)

5.2 elevated Bilirubin concentrations are elevated in the blood

either by increased production, decreased conjugation, decreased

secretion by the liver, or blockage of the bile

ducts.Direct Bilirubin

0 – 0.4 mg/dL(K)

3.7 elevated Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is

caused by obstruction of the biliary ducts, as with

gallstones or hepatocellular diseases

such as cirrhosis or hepatitis

Unconjugated Bilirubin

0.1 – 1.1 mg/dL (K)

1.5 elevated

ALP(Alk Phos)

38 – 128 u/L (K)

275 elevated Indicates that the person’s bile ducts are

somehow blocked.

BIOCHEMISTRYJULY 9, 2007

NORMAL VALUES

RESULT IMPRESSION REMARKS

ALT (SGPT) 11.0 – 66 U/L (D)

487 elevated Detects liver injury

Bilirubin Total

0 – 1.0 mg/dL (D)

1.4 elevated

Direct Bilirubin

0 – 0.3 mg/dL (D)

0.7 elevated

Unconjugated Bilirubin

0.0 – 0.8 mg/dL (D)

0.7 normal

ALP(Alk Phos)

50 – 136u/L (D)

188 elevated

SURGICAL PATHOLOGY CONSULTATION REPORT

JULY 9, 2007

Clinical diagnosis: Cholelithiasis

Specimen: gallbladder with stones

Diagnosis: Chronic cholecystitis with cholelithiasis

Gross microscopic description: the specimen consist of previously opened gallbladder in its measuring 6.6x2x2cm. the external surface is greenish to gray tan and glistening while the mucosa is green and velvety.

CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGYJULY 10, 2007Specimen: SerumExamination:

Hepatitis profile (renal)

Hepatitis B surface Antigen – non Reactive

Antibody to Hep B surface antigen - Reacive(18.8 mlU/ml)

Antibody to Hap C virus – non reactive

Cutoff: 9.99Remarks: Total antibody to Hep B core antigen -REACTIVE