draft hazard vulnerability capacity assessment report of kupwara
TRANSCRIPT
Draft
Hazard, Risks, Vulnerability and Capacity
Assessment of Kupwara District
A Report
Prepared by:
All India Disaster Mitigation Institute
With the support from:
District Administration, Kupwara
Draft
Contents
Contents 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4
2. District Profile .................................................................................................................... 4
2.1. Overview .................................................................................................................... 4
2.2. Geography .................................................................................................................. 4
2.2.1. Flora & Fauna ..................................................................................................... 4
2.2.2. Climatic Conditions ............................................................................................ 5
2.3. Population & Demographics ...................................................................................... 6
2.4. Human Resources ...................................................................................................... 6
2.5. Administrative Features ............................................................................................. 6
2.6. Economy..................................................................................................................... 7
2.7. Heritage sites ............................................................................................................. 7
3. Assessment of Line Departments from One-to-One Consultations .................................. 8
3.1. Agriculture Department ............................................................................................. 8
3.2. Border Road Organisation (BEACON) ...................................................................... 10
3.3. Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution Department ........................................... 10
3.4. DIC, Handicrafts and Handlooms Departments ....................................................... 11
3.5. Education Department ............................................................................................. 13
3.6. Fire and Emergency Services ................................................................................... 14
3.7. Fisheries Department Assessment........................................................................... 16
3.8. Health Department .................................................................................................. 17
3.9. Power Development Department ............................................................................ 18
3.10. Sheep Husbandry Department Assessment ........................................................ 19
3.11. Social Welfare Department .................................................................................. 20
3.12. Forest Department ............................................................................................... 21
3.13. Horticulture Department: .................................................................................... 22
3.14. Irrigation & Flood Control Department: .............................................................. 24
3.15. PHED Department: ............................................................................................... 26
3.16. Indian Army: ......................................................................................................... 27
4. Hazards, Risks, Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment .................................................. 28
4.1. District’s Risk Mapping ............................................................................................. 28
4.1.1. Hazard Type: Avalanche ................................................................................... 29
Draft
4.1.2. Hazard Type: Landslides - Mudslides ............................................................... 30
4.1.3. Hazard Type: Landslides – Rockfalls ................................................................. 31
4.1.4. Hazard Type: River Bank Erosion ..................................................................... 32
4.1.5. Hazard Type: Flash floods / Water Logging ..................................................... 33
4.1.6. Hazard Type: Floods ......................................................................................... 34
4.1.7. Hazard Type: Droughts..................................................................................... 35
4.1.8. Hazard Type: Drinking water crisis ................................................................... 36
4.2. Issues homegenously applicable across the district ................................................ 36
4.2.1. Forests and Man-animal Conflicts ................................................................... 36
4.2.2. Sand Mining ..................................................................................................... 38
4.2.3. Agriculture ....................................................................................................... 40
4.2.4. Waste Management and Sanitation ................................................................ 41
4.3. Area wise Hazard, Risk, Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment ............................. 43
4.3.1. Area 1: Rajwar Area ......................................................................................... 43
4.3.2. Area 2: Langate Area ........................................................................................ 47
4.3.3. Area 3: Ramhal Area ........................................................................................ 56
4.3.4. Area 4: Durgmulla Area .................................................................................... 62
4.3.5. Area 5: Lolab Area ............................................................................................ 64
4.3.6. Area 6: Kupwara Area ...................................................................................... 68
4.3.7. Area 7: Kalaroos Area ....................................................................................... 75
4.3.8. Area 8: Kralpora Area ....................................................................................... 88
4.3.9. Area 9: Karnah Area ....................................................................................... 101
4.3.10. Trehgam Area ................................................................................................. 114
Draft
1. Introduction Kupwara district is the frontier district of the Jammu and Kashmir state of India. It
shares its boundary with the Line of Control along the Pakistan Occupied
Kashmir. The district has recently been subdivided into 25 blocks from 11 blocks
which has a total of 347 panchayats. The district is situated at an average altitude
of 5300 feet from the sea level. The district is hilly and has dense forests, even as
it has undergone large scale deforestation during the militancy period. The
expanding population has only helped maintain the rate of deforestation.
There are three bad pocket areas, namely, Machil, Keran and Karnah located near
L.O.C which remains land locked for more than six months in a year. There are
some other areas located at barbed distances and remain cut off from District
Headquarter for a considerable time, like Kumkadi, Lashdat, Jumgund,
Kethanwali and Budnambal.
2. District Profile
2.1. Overview The most attractive feature of Kupwara is that it hosts a number of valleys and
is itself situated within a valley with characteristic features exclusive to the
area. Each valley here is surrounded by splendid mountains and thick green
forests. It has a large scope for adventure tourism due to presence of sprawling
meadows with flourishing green grass and attractive flowers that make the
surroundings fragrant. Kupwara district is one of the six districts of Kashmir
province. The river Kishanganga that originates from Himalayas flows
through the outer areas of the district from east to west. Kupwara district is the
most beautiful in the whole state of India Jammu and Kashmir and many
visitors come here. The district has vast area under forests being in Line of
Control. Thick forests exist all along the Line of Control. About 70% of land
is under forests as per the census carried out in the district. Due to forests the
district has rich potential to take up forest based activities such as wood and
herbal industries .It has been the first district to generate and provide
electricity to large parts of the state from Mohara Power House. The major
exportable items which are present in district are Walnut Kernels, Marble,
wood works, fruit jams jelly, juices and honey etc. Walnuts are the major
horticultural produce in the district.
2.2. Geography
2.2.1. Flora & Fauna
Forest of Kupwara has Deodar, Kali, Fir, Pine, Elm and blue in abundance.
Chinar, Poplars and walnuts are grown in the area. There is wide range of
wildlife among the bird crows, vultures, falcons, woodpeckers, swallows,
bushchats, flycatcher, bulbul, dove, pigeons are found and animals such as
Draft
black bear, red bear, tiger, goat, markhor, monkey, wildbuls, and musk deer
are found.
2.2.2. Climatic Conditions
The climate of the district is temperate cum Mediterranean type. In the higher
region the temperature remains cold throughout the year. Average minimum
and maximum temperature varies from –5°C to 32°C. The winter season starts
from the middle of the November and severe winter conditions continues till
the middle of February and March. The District receives an average annual
precipitation of about 700 mm in the form of rain and snow for about 60 days.
2.2.2.1. Land-use Pattern
Land Use Area in Hectares
Geographical area 66.594
Cultivable area 45.651
Forest area 0.340
Land under Non agricultural use 5.166
Permanent pastures 5.191
Cultivable wasteland 2.575
Land under Miscellaneous Tree
crops and groves
0.189
Barren and uncultivable land 3.338
Current fallows 2.467
Other fallows 3.338 Table 1 Showing Land Use Pattern
The above table simplifies that land use under forest is 0.340 hectares, area
under cultivable land is 45.651, area under non agricultural use is 5.166,
followed by permanent pastures is 5.191, cultivable wasteland is 2.575, land
under miscellaneous tree crops and groves is 0.189, Barren and uncultivable
land is 3.338, Current fallows is 2.467 and land use under other fallows in
Kupwara District is 3.338.
2.2.2.2.Physical Features
Kupwara district is hilly and mountainous in the north, west and east regions
comprising of Pir-Panjal ranges of Lesser Himalayas with broad intermountain
valley. The altitude of the hill ranges ranging from 2000 m to 3500 m above
main sea level. Valley has flat to mildly undulating topography with its
elevation about 1600 m above main sea level and has an area of about 6000 sq
km. The master slope in the area is towards southeast. The district forms part
of the Jhelum and KishanGanga sub-basin of Indus basin. River Jhelum is the
major river in the valley area where as Kishanganga River in the northern and
northwestern parts with several tributaries which drains the area. River Pohru,
a major tributary of the river Jhelum flows through the centre of the district to
meet it in Sopore (Baramulla district) before flowing via PoK into Pakistan.
The Kehmil nallah, the Hyhama Nallah and the Lolab Nallah are the important
tributaries which meet behind Kupwara town to form the river Pohru. The
Draft
river then crisscrosses the area and joins the river Jhelum. Soil in hilly areas is
poor and fertile in plain areas, thereby dictating the productivity accordingly.
2.3. Population & Demographics
In 2011, Kupwara had population of 870,354 of which male and female were
474,190 and 396,164 respectively. In 2001 census, Kupwara had a population
of 650,393 of which males were 341,303 and remaining 309,090 were
females. Kupwara district population constituted 6.94 percent of total
Maharashtra population. In 2001 census, this figure for Kupwara District was
at 6.41 percent of Maharashtra’s population.
There was a change of 33.82 percent in the population between the census
years 2001-2011. In the previous census of India 2001, Kupwara district
recorded an increase of 39.58 percent to its population compared to 1991.
The initial provisional data released by census India 2011, shows that density
of Kupwara district for 2011 is 366 people per sq. km. In 2001, Kupwara
district’s density was at 273 people per sq. km. Kupwara district administers
2,379 square kilometres of area.
Sex Ratio in Kupwara as per 2011 census stood at 835 per 1000 male
compared to 906 of 2001 census figures. The average national sex ratio in
India is 940 as per latest reports of Census 2011 Directorate.
2.4. Human Resources
2.4.1. Literacy
Average literacy rate of Kupwara in 2011 was 64.51 %. On gender terms,
male and female literacy were 75.68% and 50.95%, respectively. Total literate
in Kupwara District were 439,654 of which male and female were 282,823
and 156,831, respectively.
2.4.2. Occupation
There is a great potential for the development of small scale industrial units
due to the presence of huge forests. Rearing of live stock is also an important
occupation of the people. The district is basically agro based in nature and
59.88% of its working population is engaged in agriculture and allied
activities. It was recorded in 2007 that 1016085 animals including poultry
birds in the district contributing 5.68% to total live stock of the state.
2.5. Administrative Features The district has four subdivisions and fifteen tehsils, namely, Zachaldara,
Handwara, Langate, Villgam, Tarathpora, Durgmulla, Kupwara, Sogam,
Lalpora, Kralpora, Keran, Tadd, Karnah, and Machil spread over 357
panchayats. There are a total of 25 blocks under the Kupwara district which
include, Tangdhar, Kralpora, Reddi Chowkibal, Meelyaal, Keran, Trehgam,
Awoora, Herri Qadirabad, Kalaroos, Kupwara, Hyhama, Wavoora, Sogam,
Langate Pohru, Mawer Qalamabad, Qaziabad, Rajwar Zachaldara, Handwara,
Draft
Magam, Durgmulla, Natnussa, Villgam Ramahal, Tarathpora, Teethwal and
Machil.
2.6. Economy
The economy of Kupwara district depends mostly on traditional form of
occupation. Unaffected and unaltered by modern day industrial developments
and changing times, the indigenous traditional occupations of farming, animal
husbandry and horticulture forms the backbone of the economy of the district
Kupwara. About 90 per cent of the population depends in one way or other on
agriculture for their livelihood. Horticulture activities are also being given a
second major thrust in the district. Walnut is the major horticulture produce in
the district. An integral part of the Kupwara economy, the variety of
horticultural products has earned world-wide fame because of its good quality
and taste. Few products are Apple, Pear, Apricot, Peach, plam, Cherry, Citrus
and other fresh fruits covering nearly 17396 hectares area. The district has
almost a monopoly in growing dry fruits like walnuts. The annual production
of walnuts is 22103 metric tonnes. The Annual production of fresh fruits in the
district is 156555 metric tonnes. There is a great potential for the development
of small scale industrial units due to the presence of huge forests. Kupwara has
small-scale industries. There are industries in few parts of Kupwara but some
areas have been marked as primarily and significantly industrial areas. Some
of these important areas are Branwari, Chotipora, Radbugh. These industries
help to provide bread and butter to the people of the district. The total turnover
of the small scale industries in the district is 3240lacs. The major exportable
items which are present in district are Walnut Kernels, Marble, wood works,
fruit jams, jelly, juices and Honey. There are no medium or large scale
industrial units in the district. However, 38 small scale industries were set-up
during 1980-81. Rearing of live stock is also an important occupation of the
people. A large proportion of the population (about 49 per cent) is
unemployed and this seems to be a major cause for the gradual increase in
militancy in the district.
2.7. Heritage sites
Kupawara has been a district with immense historical evidence and
importance. There are a number of religious structures and place originated
way back which are still standing and are centre of tourist attention and thus
have both historical and economic importance. Some of the key sites include:
Jamia Masjid Kupwara: This splendid Mosque accommodates about 9000
persons at a time. The original Jamia Masjid near the Shrine of Syed
Mohammad Gabi was constructed by the Chek Rulers and is still in good
shape and continues to provide solace to people offering prayers therein.
Jamia Masjid Tangdar: This mosque is known for the chilla that Shahi
Hamdan is said to have performed here. This mosque has a reserved area that
Draft
has been fenced as well. This place is known as Chilla Kothri of Shahi
Hamdan.
Kheer Bawani Temple: This temple is located at Tikker Kupwara; this
beautiful temple is close to a sacred spring. The temple hosts a grand festival
every year, which attracts a lot of tourists. Accommodation has been provided
for yatris or pilgrims over the years.
Badra Kali Temple: Badra Kali Temple is situated close to the Badrakali
village of Handwara Tehsil. This temple organizes a fair every year. This area
has charming beauty and is a great place for pilgrim tourism.
3. Assessment of Line Departments from One-to-One
Consultations As part of the process, a number of consultations were held with several
departments on one-to-one basis before initiating the field based assessments. The
exercise provided an account of the existing scenario in which various
departments are functioning, the challenges that they face and reflects upon the
aspects that needs their addressal at the district level, and some of them even on
the policy front from the State or the Centre.
3.1. Agriculture Department
Agriculture is the main stay of the Kupwara district. The major crops of the
district are paddy and maize, while the district has a good potential for the
production of Oil Seeds during the Rabi season. Kools are constructed for
irrigation facilities, but often water is available till May / June. The risk of
crop failure or poor output is high due to rain dependency and climatic
condition creates higher risk of crop failure which is added by Flash Floods,
Erosion, and Poor Soil Health, Sedimentation with sand and boulders as well
as Droughts. Due to poor irrigation facilities and failures in crop production, a
lot of agricultural land has been converted into Horticultural land.
S.
No.
Factor Current
Status
Details Assessment
1. Soil Testing Available Soil testing laboratory is
available. However, it is
not up to the
requirements and there
are shortages of
chemicals for testing as
well. Against a target of
12000 samples tests to be
done, the department is
able to conduct 2 to 3000
tests only.
As discussed with SKUAST
and KVK, there is a need of
utilising soil maps of the
district and to form different
zones in order to decide on the
fertilizer requirements of the
soil in different zones and
spread the information through
both agriculture department’s
field staff and KVKs
awareness programs.
2. Bio-fertilizer
production
Unavailable Some parts of the district
are organic by default as
Tangdar, Keran and Machil are
some of these regions where
Draft
units they don’t have access to
chemical fertilizers and
pesticides.
they don’t access to chemical
fertilizers and pesticides. The
bio-fertilizer driven organic
farming is being promoted by
the company, International
Panacea, that Agri dept has
tied up with. They provide the
necessary inputs and the
organic paddy is sold in the
market at 3-4 times the cost.
But people don’t follow
organised process for using
and creating bio fertilizer.
3. Crop
Insurance
program
Dysfunctional Paddy and Potato is now
being covered in the
district under RKBY
which started around
2001-02 but it didn’t pick
up.
The reason for the lack of
success as per the CAO is that
Kupwara is a poor and
backward district where
farmers find it difficult to pay
Rs. 300 per ha of insured land
(Rs. 300 is paid by the
government). Second, farmers
don’t realise the benefits and
there is perhaps, a need of an
initial push by giving increased
subsidy for a short duration,
before they can self indulge in
taking insurance even at the
current premium. After the
damage to crops happens, the
farmer gets Rs. 12,000 per ha.
Farmers that take loan through
KCC have to mandatorily go
for the insurance of crops, who
are the ones mostly covered
under RKBY.
4. Facilities for
storage of
agricultural
produce
Available, but
insufficient
There are storage
facilities with the storage
capacity of 100 MT
while the requirement is
1000 MT.
There is an urgent need to
build the storage capacity of
warehouses in all 4 sub-
divisions. Besides the capacity,
there is no quality control
storage capacity with any
temperature or humidity
control that only severs the
quality of the output.
5. Farmer
cooperatives
Functional Apiculture Cooperative
societies are formed that
procure pesticides and
give it at the door step of
farmers.
There is a need to grow certain
species on a war footing that
include the plantation of
Pacacia (babool) by
Horticulture. Cattle grazing,
concretization and
Draft
deforestation have affected. It
is very essential for improving
yields through pollination and
to improve the quality of
honey.
3.2. Border Road Organisation (BEACON)
BEACON plays an essential role for connecting district to border areas. The
challenge is greater as much of these roads are prone to mudslides and
Rockfalls. The roads from Farkin top to Keran and Sarkuli to Machil are in
particular severely affected that has damaged roads and reduced road widths
making movement of heavy vehicles difficult. Preventive measures like R-
walls and breast walls have been taken in some places, which though had
limited success. The need for bio-engineering measures (vegetative measures)
is required to be taken to stabilise slopes and prevent damage to roads from
landslides.
S.
No.
Factor Current
Status
Details Assessment
1. Risk reduction
by adoption of
appropriate
designs
Monitored The design of bridges
includes providing lateral
stability to bridges and
doing false work to provide
greater strength to structures
at the time of construction.
No separate assessments of
engineering structures have
been done.
2.
Landslide risk
reduction
Partially
covered
Retaining walls and Breast
walls have been constructed
along the roads in some
areas.
Taken measures are
insufficient and ineffective at
many places.
3. Coordination
with the
District
Administration
Very limited There is limited
coordination with the
district administration.
BEACON can provide
support in providing FIRs,
conducting rapid damage
assessments of roads and
bridges, besides directing SP
Traffic to control civilian
traffic in landslide or
avalanche affected areas.
3.3. Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution Department
The CA & PD department is an essential link for the sustenance of large
population who are dependent on it for food and fuel supplies. But much of
the households are uncovered due to the non-execution of Census 2011
households for supplies. A large number of people seek atleast supplies in CA
& PD shops at regular rates (not subsidised rates).
S.
No.
Factor Current
Status
Details Assessment
1. Ration
supplies
Insufficient Beneficiaries even today
are covered as per
This is a matter of policy of
the government to adopt the
Draft
Census 2001 figures,
leaving aside several
households uncovered.
Census 2011 households for
coverage as beneficiaries.
2. Warehouse
storage
facilities
Sufficient The storage capacity is
enough as per current
supplies.
If the state / central
government approve the
beneficiaries as per census
2011, the current storage
facilities may not be enough.
3. Selection of
the location
for Fair Price
Shops
No codes
followed
No codes for area
selection are followed in
rural areas. Though in
urban areas, municipality
gives due consideration
for the selection of FPS
and NOCs are taken from
departments before
giving approval.
A risk assessment of three
major vulnerabilities, i.e.,
Flash Floods / Floods, Bank
Erosion and closure of route
from landslides must be
taken before giving approval
to fair price shops so that
there is least affect on food
supplies due to damage to
FPS.
4. Preparedness Steps taken
by the
department
The department gives
priority to vulnerable
areas that gets cut-off for
3-to-4 months by
dumping of advance food
stocks. These areas
mostly include Tangdar,
Teetwal, Machil, and
Keran.
Beneficiaries who are not
covered as per census 2001
suffer more in these areas.
They seek supplies from
CAPD even if it comes at the
regular cost.
3.4. DIC, Handicrafts and Handlooms Departments The district doesn’t have a strong set-up for promoting industrial growth and
micro entrepreneurship. A few industries in Handwara and lesser so in
Kupwara has come up. There is a scope of the expansion of major exportable
items of the district that include Walnut Kernels, Marbles, Wood works, Fruit
jams jelly, and Honey. The problem of limited support of banks in providing
credit to aspiring entrepreneurs has come up which is making economic
growth difficult.
S.
No.
Factor Current Status Details Assessment
1. MSMEs
Insurance
Available Insurance is a
provision in place for
the industry owners.
‘Red category’ industries
generally do go for
insurance. Industries such as
Flour mills, Cement and Oil
extraction are at greater risk.
There is also a need of
disaster insurance.
2. Protocols for
approval of
Good protocols
adopted
There are extensive
assessments done
Environment friendly
protocols are being adopted
Draft
industries before approval is
granted for setting up
of any business. First,
it check’s the viability
of the enterprise.
Second, review the
impact to environment,
pollution levels, and
ensuring distance from
wetlands, nallahs and
human habitations.
Third, it is sent to
power department to
assess the power
requirement of the
units and assess
whether the requisite
needs can be managed.
Fourthly, it is sent for
land clearance that
consider the location
from hazards risks
apart from the
documents of lease of
land or ownership,
before it is sent for
final approval for
setting up of the
enterprises.
for the approval of these
projects. The setting-up of a
waste water treatment plan
goes to show the serious of
the DIC in ensuring
environmentally friendly
industrial development in
Kupwara.
3. Mainstreaming
disaster
affected
households
Consideration
made in the
past, need for
institutionalising
it
For people who
suffered more in 2005
earthquake, trainings
were conducted in
Karnah area
considering that these
people may be more
socio-economically
backward.
There no placement of
trained people. The scope
of placement is also very
low indeed. There are no
such big industries
established in Kupwara
district hence the placement
chances are also less.
4. Micro
Enterprises
Skills training
provided, but
limited credit
support
Carpet Weaving
Centre in Machil,
Namda (woollen)
training center and
Dodhi (Machil) are
supported in setting up
Micro enterprises
through the scheme.
However, the banks
don’t provide easy
credit support to
aspiring entrepreneurs.
There is huge need of
creating livelihood for
youth. Current support for
establishing enterprise is not
enough to meet the
requirement. Banks and
these departments need to
address the issues together
to improve credit support to
aspiring entrepreneurs.
Draft
3.5. Education Department Education department has a very important role in reference to Disaster
Management. First, schools are home to children for a major part of the day.
Thus, the need for construction of earthquake resilient buildings as well as
vulnerability sensitive location identification is important to give children a
risk free environment. Second, it is to build the capacity of children to mitigate
disaster risk and improve their response capabilities. A lot of schools in the
district are constructed close to stream banks, transformers or in close
proximity to forests. Some schools are at risk to landslides as well. Several of
these do not have facilities of sanitation and drinking water. The picture below
showcases an exposed transformer at a low height which is in close proximity
to a school in Haril Panchayat of Mawer Qalamabad block.
A more specific assessment of the Education department is done in the table
below.
S.
No.
Factor Current
Status
Details Assessment
1 Toilet facilities Partially
unavailable
Out of 2101 school
(including private
and government)
145 schools have
defunct toilets
486 governments
schools have toilet
facilities but they are
running without water
2 Selection of
school locations
considering risks
from hazards
Not Done Due consideration is
not given for
selecting the site for
school buildings
which are in close
proximity to
Transformers, River
Banks, Forests, etc.
Majority buildings are
at vulnerable locations
because lands are
mostly donated by
people.
3 PTR & SCR Excellent 20: 1 Pupil-teacher
ratio
1: 34 Classroom-
Student
PTR & SCR ration is
excellent.
4 Formation of
groups like
No groups
formed
Schools don’t have
any groups like
Trainings under
National School
Draft
NCC, NYKS NCC, NYKS formed
in the district.
Safety Programme are
planned to be
undertaken in the
district. A student’s
platform needs to be
established in each of
these schools that can
work for developing a
culture of safety and
discipline among
children.
5 Fire
Extinguishers
Installed in
most schools
Fire Extinguishers
are available in the
most of the schools
but no training has
been provided on its
application. Fire
prevention and
control approaches
are not practiced in
schools as per any
clear procedures
instructed by the
department
There is a need of
giving training to
teachers for operating
fire extinguishers. The
replacements of
expired fire
extinguishers need to
be done.
3.6. Fire and Emergency Services There are nineteen Fire & Emergency Service stations presently
commissioned in district Kupwara. There are twenty seven (27) fire tenders
and twenty three (23) fire engines commissioned in these fire stations. The
manpower in these stations at present consists of about 165 personnel
including the staff posted in the command office and the department is
intending to increase the manpower in near future. In addition to fire
appliances and fire fighting equipments, some disaster management tools like
cutters, ropes and lines, spades, shovels, crow bars, lighting towers, stretchers,
life buoys and other tools are also available in most stations which can be
utilized during disasters including road accidents.
A more specific assessment of the Education department is done in the table
below.
S.
No.
Factor Current
Status
Details Assessment
1. Security of fire
personnel
Insecure The firemen don’t always
get security from Police,
sometimes even in their
presence, as they suffer
the fury of community in
case of failure of the
department to extinguish
Panchayats around the
district have been
identified which
indulge in stone
pelting. Awareness
drives need to be
organised by FES for
Draft
fire in a timely manner. the community to
apprise them of the
challenges faced by the
department. Besides,
greater Police
protection needs to be
provided in these areas.
2. Accessibility Most parts of
the district are
accessible
A total of 19 fire stations
are functional in the
district which reduces the
travel time substantially.
However, poor roads and
in some cases,
inaccessible panchayats
makes it difficult for
response.
The remote areas of
Karnah tehsil don’t
have any road
connectivity. Keran
and Machil roads are
difficult and remain
closed for half the year.
3. Fire Regulation No protocol in
place
Department don’t have
any authority to monitor
installation of fire
regulators / circuit
breakers in new
government buildings
under construction
There is a need to
authorise fire
department to monitor
adherence to systems
of fire regulation in
order to check fire
incidents in buildings
4. Resources Major
shortfall
There is a major shortfall
in manpower, about 50%
of the sanctioned
workforce. Material
resource availability is
also very low. Please refer
below to details on
resources available and
required by the
department.
Manpower in stations
is required to be
gradually increased.
The equipments
generally available at
stations include Fire
Tenders, Fire Pumps,
Rope, Stretcher,
Ladder, Fire Beater,
Pick axe, Shovel, Life
Buoy, Shear Cutter,
Spade and Search light.
There is a need to
adding to the resources
available, as discussed
below.
The resources required by the department for effective functioning are listed
below.
The District F&ES Headquarters Kupwara and Fire Station Handwara should
be provided with one Advanced Rescue Tender (ART) each which should be
equipped with all emergency and rescue tools. One Turntable ladder should
also be provided to the District Headquarter Kupwara. This will be helpful in
the flood prone areas for making temporary bridges in case the bridges
collapse or get submerged under water. This ladder can also be used for
extinguishing fire and for effecting rescue from high raised buildings. The
Draft
other equipments required for effective rescue operations during a flood or an
earthquake are as under:-
1. Rubber Dinghy (5-6 person capacity) = 05 N0s.
2. Rescue Boats (8- 12 person capacity) =05 Nos.
3. Pneumatic Jacks of different capacity =05 Nos.
4. Life Buoy = 05 Nos.
5. Rescue Ropes = 10 Nos.
6. Dewatering pumps = 05 Nos.
7. Water proof tents = 20 Nos.
8. Water proof tarpaulin =20 Nos.
9. Power operated cutting tools like iron and slab cutters = 05 Nos.
10. Power operated spreaders = 05 Nos.
11. Fire proof Jackets = 05 Nos.
12. Rescue Ramps = 02 Nos.
13. Victim locating camera = 01 No.
14. Electric saw = 02 Nos.
15. Woolen Blankets = 20 Nos.
16. Flood Lights = 10 Nos.
17. Spades = 20 Nos.
18. Shovels = 20 Nos.
19. Pick Axes = 10 Nos.
20. Life jackets = 10 Nos.
21. Buckets = 20 Nos.
While a lot of these resources are available, but they are not in requisite
numbers in all the fire stations. In addition to the above, Generator sets or
lighting towers, Stretchers, fire beaters, ropes and other requisite equipments
should be provided to all stations where these are not available.
3.7. Fisheries Department Assessment Fisheries department is small in scope in the district as there are no major
wetlands. A number of initiatives for its development have been taken such as
construction of units for fish breeding by diverting waters from major streams.
These units have failed due to factors like waste dumping and sedimentation
carried by nallahs which clogs the units. Flash Floods, Lifting of Rocks from
the River Course, Filling of Land Depressions with Earth and Weed growth
due to release of chemical fertilizers in ponds are affecting fisheries
department.
S.
No.
Factor Current
Status
Details Assessment
1. Fish farms /
Wetlands
Available No natural wetlands
have been established,
but 83 Carp ponds
and 21 Trout units
have been constructed
The capacity by the
department has been built,
but the units are functioning
productively due to high
sediment load and waste
Draft
in private sector,
which have added to
the economy of the
people in far-off
areas of the district
flow through Nallah waters.
2. Loans / Credit
facilities
Unavailable Department don’t
support fish
cultivators in
accessing loans /
credit facilities
There is need of motivating
people to take up fish
cultivation and support
cultivators in accessing loans
or credit facilities
3. Waste
Management
Potential
Threat
In Kupwara town
there is no dumping
areas for waste.
Nallahs filled with
waste destroys the
units’ set-up by the
department.
Several ponds and units set-
up by the department are
dysfunctional. There is a
need of creating proper
waste management system.
4. Fish Kills Adoption of
inappropriate
approaches
to kill fishes
Community has
resorted to bad
practices like electric
currents or poisoning
of water by using
excess bleaching
powder for ease in
fish kills. Some cases
of people dying due to
electrocution have
also been recorded.
There is a need to check
such malpractices causing
harm to human health by
poisoning of water.
3.8. Health Department Kupwara town being the district headquarter of district Kupwara, it is
recommended that the sub-district hospital Kupwara be elevated as 200
bedded district hospital. As almost more than 1000 OPD patients visit this
hospital every day and it is enactment area right from loc karna, Tangdar,
Machal Hyhama, Jumgand, Lolab etc. as its being centrally located and half of
the population of district Kupwara fall in the jurisdiction of this hospital.
On the supply side, 299 posts of ANM, 91 posts of Nurse, 18 posts of MOs, 7
posts of paediatrician and 4 posts of obstetricians/ gynaecologist are vacant.
Over all 299 posts at SCs, 349 posts at PHCs, and 99 posts at CHC level are
vacant. Role Ob/Gyne and Paediatricians is crucial for comprehensive
emergency obstetric care and high risk cases of neo natal health.
To meet the above mentioned and many others crucial health indicators, the
plan provides for filling gaps in the area of human resources by hiring key
staff including medical doctors and specialists on contract and converging
with AYUSH department. The basic infrastructure in the district has many
gaps. Out of total 205 sub centres, 132 are running in rented building without
Draft
labour room electricity and water supply. All the 205 SCs do not have
electricity, water supply connection and toilets which adversely impacts
utilization of services from SCs. There are total 37 PHCs but water supply is
available only in 52% and electricity in 57%.
S.
No.
Factor Current
Status
Details Assessment
1. Biological
waste
Improper
Waste
Management
Yes there is 100% coverage
of Biological waste. All the
PHCs/CHCs and District
hospital have Brunt +
dumping areas with proper
care.
There is need of need of
having chemical waste
management plant. With
support from District
Industry Centre the
chemical waste can be
recycle
2. Family
Planning
Interventions
(FPI)
Improved
acceptance,
but still very
limited
Department has covered
40% of youth population
under family planning
The religious practices
makes family planning
adopting difficult for the
community. Population
explosion is exposing
humans to all forms of
hazards and enhancing the
risk. A major thrust needs
to be laid on this to check
the risk.
3. Infrastructure
and
Resources
Available 214 health sub-centres, 2
speciality Hospitals, 5
referral hospitals, 7 CHCs, 2
IPHCs and 36 PHCs are
functional in Kupwara
district. However, the
equipments are not being
bought in a planned manner,
thereby rendering them
useless. For instance,
leprosy equipment that costs
at least Rs. 10 Lacs hasn’t
been used for 2 years due to
the unavailability of room.
A lot many cases are
referred to Srinagar due to
limited number of
specialists.
3.9. Power Development Department
The power supply in the district is less than the demand, besides there are
power losses suffered due to poor supply lines which are in need of
augmentation. The supply infrastructure like LT lines, HT lines, transformers,
electric poles and wires of PDD are unsafe in some areas that increases the
risk of electrocution. The supply lines hang low, transformers are placed low
and exposed, electric poles are damaged and hanging low. There are cases
where these are particularly close to schools. The risk needs to be mitigated by
Draft
addressing these aspects, as has been done for the transformer by covering it
with wooden planks.
S.
No.
Factor Current
Status
Details Assessment
1. Demand and
Supply
Insufficient Kupwara district
receives 125.15
MVA.
Power demand in the district is about
199.06 MVA and Power supply is
about 125.15MVA. There are power
losses in supply and there is a need to
augment the supply infrastructure.
2. Revenue
Generation
Poor Revenue
generation is very
low.
Most people do not pay bills and
cases of power theft are also seen.
The department in cognizance with
the Police department needs to keep a
check on this.
3. Location of
transformers
and supply
lines
Partially
Maintained
Department do
give priority to
installing these in
and around safer
locations. But
there are cases
found where they
are buildings have
been constructed
after the
installation of
lines, or vice-
versa. Accordingly
creating risk for
the public.
In a lot of cases, transformers are at
low height and without any fencing.
There is a need to address atleast one
of these aspects. It is also found that
supply lines pass through school
buildings. It should be identified
whether the, actions need to be taken
to alleviate the risk.
3.10. Sheep Husbandry Department Assessment Sheep husbandry is the major livelihood for the Pahari and Gujjar population
living in hilly areas. Gujjars and Bakerwals from the far-off Jammu region
walk to the highland areas of Kupwara with their sheep and goats. As a result,
Draft
the pressure on grazing land is not just due to animals from Kupwara district.
The fencing of border areas has only increased the pressure.
S. No. Factor Current
Status
Details Assessment
1. Flock
Upgradation &
Crossbreeding
Available Above 62% of livestock
of Kupwara are upgraded
crossbred.
Upgraded breeds also require
more nutritious or more in
quantity fodder. The fencing of
border areas has reduced the
grazing land.
2. Preventive
health care
measures
Available Preventive health care
(Prophylaxis) and disease
control and the
interventions are carried
out on flock approach
basis. Flocks are given
anthelmithic treatments
minimum twice a year or
depending upon the
prevalence of infestation
in particular area.
Vaccinating sheeps during
summer months is very
difficult for the department as
people moves to higher
altitudes and there is no
facility of mobile medical
units. Besides, there is a need
of ensuring 100% vaccination
and immunization in other
parts of the state also as sheeps
migrate from one district to
another district. This creates
greater chance of diseases
occurrences.
3.11. Social Welfare Department Social Welfare department plays an important role in addressing problems of
weaker sections of the society, like Old aged persons, Women in distress,
physically challenged people, mal-nourished children, Lactating and expecting
women, Scheduled castes, Scheduled tribes, other backward classes and other
economically weaker sections of the Society. Much of the support systems are
semi-functional as almost 50% of the cases in various social welfare schemes
are pending due to unavailability of funds.
S.
No.
Factor Current
Status
Details Assessment
1. Pension &
Family
benefit
schemes
Partially
Available
All social welfare
schemes are available
with department
Most cases are pending to receive
support from various schemes. For
instance, no funds have been received
in NFBS in the last 3 years. About
10,000 cases are pending to receive
support.
2. Orphanage Functional Two orphanages are
functional in the
district for the
children of militancy
affected families or
militant’s children.
Good hostel system is functional in
the district that is providing good
support to children till the age of 18
years. An orphanage’s building at
Sulkoot need to be protected from
damages from landsliding.
Draft
3.12. Forest Department About 70 % of the land area of the district is forests which are the most
important resources of the region for fulfilling community’s needs for wood
and for maintaining the ecosystem sustainability. But because of the
degradation of forest land, the incidents like flash floods, erosion, landslides
and man-animal conflicts have increased substantially. The reasons behind the
degradation of forests include forest fire, timber smuggling, encroachment and
poor enforcement of forest law. The highly vulnerable areas include Kandi
range, South Lolab, Ramhall and Rajwar ranges. Many plant species,
especially medicinal herbs, and most of Mammalian species are endangered in
the district.
S.
No.
Factor Current
Status
Details Assessment
1. Manpower Patially
Available
Out of 46 posts only 19
have been occupied,
while other posts
remain vacant
There is a shortage of
manpower for effective
service delivery.
2. Trainings Not Done No trainings have been
given to field staff
except the induction
trainings that are
compulsory at the entry
level.
There is a need of conducting
refresher courses & trainings
on current trends in forestry.
Also, trainings such as the
application of GIS mapping
and GPS needs to be done.
3. Afforestation
interventions
Done, but
not enough
All the divisions have
taken plantation as well
as soil conservation
works under various
schemes for
rehabilitation of
degraded forests.
Social forestry interventions
have been undertaken on
degraded forests. There are no
separate lands being allocated
for taking forestry
interventions which means the
firewood dependency remains
only on the existing forests.
Thus, the regeneration efforts
will always be less compared
to the destruction. There is a
provision of land banks to be
maintained by the state and
allocated for plantation, but no
such land has been made
available.
4. Erosion of
highland
forest areas
by streams
High risk Interventions to check
the erosion are taken by
soil conservations
departments like mesh,
wire crates, retaining
The streams flowing down
from the highland areas are
generally found to be muddy
in colour, referring to the
extent of exposed soil carried
Draft
walls, check dams and
biological measures.
However, these have
been done in a very-
very small measure.
downstream. There is an
urgent need for Forests and
Soil & Water Conservation
departments to stabilize
drainage channels to put a
check on erosion.
5. Hi-tech
nursery
Available There is atleast 1
nursery in Kehmil
division. For all such
nurseries in the north
division, over 15 lakh
plantations has been
grown.
One nursery is not enough to
cater to the need of the whole
district.
6. Forest fires Large
number of
incidents
Around 100 incidents at
minor scattered high
intensity fires
The months from August to
Dec and more specifically the
months of Nov & Dec are the
most vulnerable to forest fires.
Fire lines are required to be
constructed in forest fire prone
areas. There is also a need of
creating a joint forest
management committee to
encourage community
participation in forest
conservation and response.
7. Fire fighting
units
Not
available
No fire fighting units
available. Dependence
is on the support of the
community to fire fight.
Fires often rage on for
days.
Traditional approaches such as
creating fire circles or fire
breaks are required to be
followed by cutting down of
trees with the support and
labour of villagers.
8. Small scale
Industries
Available Many saw mills/wood
joineries/furniture units
are operating in the
district.
Although there are openings
of small scale industries but
the livelihood intervention has
not been successful.
3.13. Horticulture Department:
The importance of Horticulture department has grown by leaps and bounds
over the last decade due to shifting of farmers from agriculture to horticulture.
The major horticultural produce is apples & walnuts. Apple orchards with
water logging problems are prone to pest infestations, which degrades the
quality of their produce. The department in coordination with irrigation &
flood control and rural development department need to improve drainage in
water logging prone areas. Walnuts are favourable in high altitude areas along
the slopes. Farmers incur losses in landslide prone areas where these trees get
uprooted.
Draft
S.
No.
Factor Current
Status
Details Assessment
1. Manpower Partially
available
There is a major shortage of
manpower with only 22 of
68 posts occupied.
The absence of support to the
farmers due to a very limited
field staff is observed. As a
result, farmers work without
any direction.
2. Trainings /
Awareness
Not done Trainings are only being
given to Grading Marketing
Inspectors on grading of
horticultural produce.
There is a need of conducting
training / awareness programs
for farmers on pest control,
maintenance of soil, water
logging prevention, slope
stabilization, etc.
3. Shift towards
organic
practices
Done, but
not
enough
In the initial phase, the
focus of shifting to organic
farming is being laid
towards two fresh fruits,
apples and pears, which
have been largely
dependent on chemicals.
The limiting of scope is
because of limited
availability of organic
inputs.
The department has taken up
the initiative which is still in
nasal stage where
vermicomposting, Bio-
fertilizers & Bio pesticides are
being promoted for their use.
SKUAST provide bio-
fertilizers & bio-pesticides to
the department. But so far
nothing has been successful
for maintaining soil quality,
preventing pest & enhancing
the yield
4. Disease
prevention
and control
Pesticides
available,
but of
poor
quality
The quality of pesticides
made available in the
market over the last couple
of years for sprays has
come under severe criticism
from horticultural farmers.
A large number of farmers
have been hit by poor quality
of pesticides. The enforcement
department needs to undertake
immediate action to stamp
down upon poor quality of
pesticides made available to
the market.
5. Market Available,
but
limited
The department for this
purpose coordinates with
the State Level Officers
placed in different cities to
support in marketing of
produce and even provides
lodging facilities to dealers
in these places.
The department serves the
advisory role and even
provides connectivity to the
markets in the big cities across
the country. But the steps
taken towards it are marginal.
6. Grading and
packaging
support
Not
available
Awareness camps are also
organized.
NABARD also invite
growers and line
departments to make people
aware.
Department plays the advisory
role on the benefits of grading
and improved packaging. But
these facilities are inadequate
& are not available.
Draft
7. Cold storage
units
Not
available
There are no cold storage
facilities, refrigerated vans
or refrigerators.
Cold storage units are
necessary to maintain fruit
quality and size as soon as
they are plucked from trees.
Several small pack houses
though have come up at
individual household level
across the district
8. Testing
laboratories
for soil,
water,
pesticides
and
fertilizers
Not
available
Pesticides samples are sent
outside the town for testing.
Samples are sent to Faridabad
which can take several months
before results are made
available. Soil and leaf sample
testing is done in Rajbagh in
Srinagar. Water and fruit
testing is also sometimes done
in Srinagar.
9. Coordination Nil None of these, so far only
coordination with DA is
with regard to sharing of
damage assessment records.
DRDA, FC&I, Soil & Water
Conservation, DDMA/DA do
not coordinate during
emergency response / recovery
operations. Hence, proper
coordination of departments is
required.
3.14. Irrigation & Flood Control Department: The district Kupwara doesn’t have a set rainfall pattern, but most of its rainfall
is received from March to 15th May. Afterwards, there can be few short spells
but with no certainty. The agriculture / horticulture season is from April / May
to September / October. Thus, the dependency on irrigation starting from 2nd
half of May till September is very high. Rains mostly return in September or
October, which are often fierce, as has been witnessed in the last few years.
The very nature of rains and the timing only cause losses, than provide any
benefit to the standing crops or fruits ready for harvesting.
As per records, 37 % of the cultivable land of Kupwara division and 40 %
cultivable land of Tangdar division is irrigated. However, the existing
potential created doesn’t function to its capacity as Kools and Irrigation Tanks
gets encroached, filled with sediments, and damaged. Much of the irrigation
Kools set-up in Tangdar is damaged from landslides. The funds for
maintenance are also negligible.
S.
No.
Factor Current
Status
Details Assessment
1. Irrigation
facilities
Partially
available
37% and 40 % of the
cultivable land of
division Kupwara and
Damage or lack of proper
maintenance of existing set-
up has limited the potential
Draft
Tangdar, respectively, is
being irrigated. The canal
network of the area is
being improved under
central sponsored
programs (AIBP) in order
to improve the access of
irrigation facility during
Rabi and Kharif seasons.
of the infrastructure
developed. Besides, maize
crop mostly grown
highland, away from the
streams are completely rain
dependent.
2. Sediment
deposition in
irrigation
tanks and
Kools
Water
storing
capacity
has
reduced to
a very
large
extent
A number of Irrigation
Tanks came up across the
district, mostly 40 odd
years ago. But today they
have limited capacity due
to reduced depth from
sediment depsits. Also,
need for dredging of
Kools is a yearly
requirement.
Dredging of Kools and
Irrigation Tanks need to be
done to improve the water
availability closer to the
harvesting period. Also,
there is a need to coordinate
with Forest and Soil &
Water Conservation
departments to work for
limiting the sediment load
carried by small streams.
Convergence plans can be
prepared with Rural
Development to include it in
MGNREGS.
3. Encroachme
nt of
irrigation
infrastructure
High
levels of
encroachm
ent by
communiti
es
Encroachment of Kools
and Tanks by plantation
of trees by community
has reduced the potential
of irrigation further as the
period for which water
remains available has
shrunk.
All plantations along the
earthen embankments of
tanks need to be removed
with the cooperation of
Revenue department.
4. Risk of
artificial
flash floods
due to breach
in
embankment
s of
irrigation
tanks
Maintenan
ce is done
wherever
holes or
weakened
soil is
found.
‘Helpers’ are employed
to monitor the strength of
earthen embankments by
earth filling wherever
gaps in the soil are seen.
In case of a disaster like
Earthquake during the
period of April to June /
July, when waterlevels in
these storage tanks are
considerably higher, it can
get breached to create
artificial flash floods.
Bioengineering approach
must be followed to
strengthen their banks.
Draft
5. Integrated
planning
approach
Not
followed
The planning for the
development of irrigation
infrastructure and
coordination to address
problems by involving
Agriculture, Rural
Development, and
Command Area
Development
departments is not done.
There is a need to adopt the
assessments from this report
and improve the inter-
departmental coordination.
3.15. PHED Department:
Kupwara is the source of numerous perennial streams and is a major
catchment of River Jhelum. Despite this, drinking water crisis is rampant
across the district. Most of the schemes are gravity supply schemes which
have long supply lines. This enhances the risk of damage to supply pipes even
more, mostly from landslides and flash floods. The intake chambers
constructed in close proximity to nallahs also gets damaged from flash floods
and sedimentation. The availability of funds is also very limited for
maintenance and reconstruction purposes. The major drinking water crisis
emerges in the summer where water availability in the streams reduces and the
department is forced to supply water via tankers. There are seven water
tankers in Kupwara and 5 in Handwara available with the department. The
other major factor adding to crisis is the quality of water being served. Human
waste from toilets in households and army camps are released into nallahs.
Limited number of filteration plants means supply of water with high sediment
load.
S.
No.
Factor Current
Status
Details Assessment
1. Water
treatment
plants
Available for
ground water
sources
Fluoride, Iron and
Phosphate
treatments plants
have been
provided, mostly
in Lolab area,
with only 1 water
source found to be
affected by
Phosphate.
The records show
minerals at much
higher than permissible
limits. The dependency
on ground water
sources are also
increasing with
decrease in discharge
along number of
sources.
2. Water
quality
testing lab
Available There are 6 third
party labs that has
newly been set-up
as the focus is
now bending
towards not just
ensuring water
supply but
providing quality
There is necessary
infrastructure in place
for water quality
testing. If there are
some quality aspects
that these labs are
unable to capture, they
are sent for further
tests to the Srinagar
Draft
water. laboratory.
3. Quantity of
water
availability
Mostly
Covered, but
with limited
per capita
availability
In some
habitations, only
10 LPDA is
currently made
available, while it
is 20 to 40 LPDA
in others.
Habitations coverage is
reasonable. However,
much of the supply
infrastructure is in
need of maintenance or
fitting of new pipes
that are defunct for
years. The challenge
remains to meet the
revised norms of
providing 55 LPDA.
Moreover, the quality
of drinking water is
poor, and untreated
water is provided from
the nallahs.
4. Drinking
water
provisions
after
damages to
supply lines
Available, but
inadequate
In case of damage
to water supply
lines, tanks are
pushed into
action. They are
only able to
provide water in
affected
habitations once
in three days in
most areas.
The water supplied is
very limited and the
dependency in such
cases is mostly on
springs for which
women have to travel
long distances.
3.16. Indian Army: The Indian army has played a substantial role in controlling militancy in the
district which has eliminated to a larger extent. The army has introduced the
community connect programs like BADP and Op Sadhbhavana and supports
community in remote areas to access basic necessities at subsidized tax free
rates, prepares play grounds for children in hilly areas, provide quality
education in army schools, etc.
Several outposts in the hilly areas are vulnerable to avalanches which have
cost lives of many jawans in the previous years. The road routes are difficult
and at risk to mudslides and rock falls. Army has continued to play a crucial
role in the emergency response particularly in areas like Machil, Keran and
Karnah where there is limited administrative reach as these remain cut-off for
a major part of the year.
S.
No.
Factor Current
Status
Details Assessment
1. Areas or sites
vulnerable to
hazards
Highly
vulnerable
‘Avalanche prone areas
are:
a) Road Chowkibal NC
Pass Tangdhar
On receipt of any avalanche
warning from the Centre, the
areas that need to be put on high
alert are listed here. The traffic
Draft
b) Village area of Kalsuri
c) Area around Drangyari
on Chowkibal
Drangyari road
d) Areas along road from
Kalaroose to Moori
e) Areas around
Kumkudi, Dudi,
Machil and T Sunt
villages and roads
connecting them
f) Road Kalaroos to Z
Gali and further to
Dudi
g) Road Meelyaal to
Pharkian Gali
h) Areas around villages
of Patra Patro and
Kundiyan and
Jumgund’
movement closure needs to be
ensured, besides sending of early
warning communications to
communities via Sarpanchs &
Panchs of the identified areas to
be wary of avalanche risk.
2. Support for
local
communities
Provided Support to the communities
through intervention via
Op Sadbhavna is done to
improve economic capacity
and provide employment.
These interventions has helped
ease the risk of militancy and
mainstreamed communities into
leaving peacefully.
3. Coordination
with district
administration
Yes Army coordinates with
civil administration for
response operations.
There is a greater degree of
coordination required to between
the district administration and the
army to prepare better for
response operations.
4. Release of
waste from
army camps
into nallahs
Directly
released
into
nallahs
There is no proper waste
disposal system in place as
on date. It has been
reported widely by
communities, prominently
for Chowkibal camps
waste released into Kehmil
nallah.
The waste management systems
need to be established to prevent
damage to water quality of
nallahs and improve the
community sentiments.
4. Hazards, Risks, Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment
4.1. District’s Risk Mapping In this section, a summarized account of the assessments done across the 10
areas of the district is reflected. The tables below highlights the Panchayats
and in some cases villages falling under different areas and blocks which are
at substantial levels of risk – Very High, High and Medium - from various
hazards. This precise information can be extremely for a decision maker, the
Draft
Deputy Commissioner and the district level departmental heas of some of the
departments in planning the risk mitigation measures as well as the disaster
response measures with greater priority and vigour in more risk prone areas.
Besides this, this information can also be leveraged to send ‘targetted early
warning system’ to the district instead of sending a blanket communication.
For instance, incase of an early warning from the Centre for Avalanche to
Kupwara district, a more specific warning to only the panchayats mentioned in
the table below will help mitigate the risk and make it practical for the
administration to send out the communication. Also, only in case of extremely
heavy snowfall in the medium risk areas, will there be a risk of Snow
avalanches or else they may not be considered for sending out the early
warning.
4.1.1. Hazard Type: Avalanche
There are some parts of the district which are prone to avalanches that have
been identified and provided by the Nodal Officer, Disaster Management,
GOC (Indian Army). The same is listed separately besides the table
providing the list of areas with varying levels of avalanche risk.
‘Avalanche prone areas are:
a) Road Chowkibal NC Pass Tangdhar
b) Village area of Kalsuri
c) Area around Drangyari on Chowkibal Drangyari road
d) Areas along road from Kalaroose to Moori
e) Areas around Kumkudi, Dudi, Machil and T Sunt villages and roads
connecting them
f) Road Kalaroos to Z Gali and further to Dudi
g) Road Meelyaal to Pharkian Gali
Areas around villages of Patra Patro and Kundiyan and Jumgund’
S.
No.
Area
Name
Block Panchayat Halqas
Very High Risk High Risk Medium Risk
1. Kalaroos Kalaroos None Moori, Ladah, Thayan-
B, Sarkuli, Nunwani,
Nagsari, Narikoot
None
2. Trehgam Awoora None Jumgund None
3. Kralpora Keran Keran, Mundiyan,
Pathro, Warsun-
A, Manzpather,
Manchater
None None
4. Langate Mawer
Qalamabad
None None Nowgam-A,
Nowgam-B,
Yahama-A,
Teerina Manbal
6. Kupwara Hyhama None Munigah-C, Batpora-C
(Kumkudi, Safanwali)
None
Draft
7. Machil Machil Hard Ring Balla,
Hard Ring
Payeen, Dappal,
Dudi, Chontiwari-
A, B, Machil,
Pushwari
None None
8. Karnah Teetwal None None Hajitra, Jabdi
Tangdhar None Nechiyan, Bagbela,
Nowagabra-A, B, C,
Kona Gabra
None
4.1.2. Hazard Type: Landslides - Mudslides
S.
No.
Area
Name
Block Panchayat Halqas
Very High Risk High Risk Medium Risk
1. Kalaroos Kalaroos None Nagsari, Narikoot,
Moori, Sarkuli,
Nunwani, Paraypora,
Kanipora, Thayan-
A,B
None
2. Kralpora Keran Keran, Mundiyan,
Pathro
Warsun-A, Guzriyan
– B, Manzpather and
Manchater
Meelyal to Farkian
Top road,
Rawathpora,
Hachmarg, Reddi,
Chowkibal,
Tumbina,
Budnambal Balla
and Budnambal
Payeen
3. Langate Mawer
Qalamabad
None None Mawer, Qalamabad
(Mirpora), Hangah
(Sudargund),
Jahama (Peermala)
4. Trehgam Awoora Zurhama A, B
and Jumgund
Awoora D, Marhama Alchizab
Trehgam None None Hayan-A, Hayan-B
Herri
Qadirabad
None None Herri-A, Herri-B,
Laderwan,
Hanjipora
5. Kupwara Hyhama Munigah-C,
Batpora-C
Batpora-A,B,
Munigah-A,B,
Humander, Manzhaar
Jugtiyaal, Zangli
Kupwara None None Dedikote, Pazipora,
Karihama-A,
Sulkoot
6. Durgmulla Durgmulla None None Muqam Shahwali
7. Rajwar
Rajwar
Zachaldara
None Yamlar, Bowan
Watsar, Chanjmulla,
Ahagam, Wadder
Balla, Wadder
Khahipora,
Turkapora
Draft
Payeen, Satkoji,
Sarmarg,
Lachampora,
Zachaldara-A,B
Handwara None None Maidan,Chowgal-
A, Maidan
Chowgal-B,
Baderhar, Gund
Chowgal
8. Machil Machil Hard Ring Balla,
Hard Ring
Payeen, Dappal,
Dudi, Chontiwari-
A, B, Machil,
Pushwari
None None
9. Karnah Teetwal Teetwal
(Biayahadi),
Chamkote-B,
Gundigujran,
Ibkote
(Murchand),
Seemari, Jabdi
Amroohi, Parada
(Padna, Chatkadi)
None
Tangdhar Nechiyan,
Bagbela,
Hajinard,
Khoverpora-A,B,
Nowagabra-
A,B,C, Kona
Gabra
None None
10.
Ramhall Vilgam None Zafarkhani, Waisa
Kawnar
None
Tarathpora None Hegnikoot,
Shaherkoot, Hafrada,
Falmarg, Champora,
Pachkoot
None
11. Lolab Lolab None Muqam Dardpora,
Dardpora, Diver-A,
Diver-B, Diver-C,
Diver-D, Darpora-A,
Darpora-B, Lalpora-
A, Lalpora-B,
Lalpora-D
None
4.1.3. Hazard Type: Landslides – Rockfalls
S.
No.
Area
Name
Block Panchayat Halqas
Very High Risk High Risk Medium
Risk
1. Kalaroos Kalaroos None Nagsari, Narikoot None
2. Kralpora Keran Keran, Mundiyan, None None
Draft
Pathro
3. Trehgam Awoora None Awoora-D None
4. Rajwar Rajwar None Behnipora, Satkoji None
5. Karnah Teetwal Teetwal (Dringla,
Teetwal-Seemari road),
Ibkote, Seemari, Jabdi,
Saidpora (Anwadi)
Amroohi, Hajitra, (Yadiban,
Chambar, Danne), Chanipora-
A, Badherkote, (Dabar,
Haridal, Badherkote), Parada
(Padna)
None
Tangdhar Khoverpora-B,
Nowagabra-A,B,C,
Kona Gabra
None None
6. Machil Machil Hard Ring Balla, Hard
Ring Payeen, Dappal,
Dudi, Chontiwari-A, B,
Machil, Pushwari
None None
4.1.4. Hazard Type: River Bank Erosion
S.
No.
Area
Name
Block Panchayat Halqas
Very High Risk High Risk Medium Risk
1. Kalaroos Kalaroos None Ladah, Khumbriyal-
A,B, Thayan-A,
Doggerpora,
Madmadow, Lastiyal,
Kalaroos
Khumbriyal-C,
Narikoot,
Nagsari
2. Kralpora Reddi
Chowkibal
None Budnambal Balla,
Budnambal Payeen,
Gund Zunreshi,
Chowkibal, Shuloora,
Aloosa
None
3. Trehgam Awoora None Jumgund, Zurhama-A,
Zurhama-B, Marhama
Alchizab,
Awoora A, B, C
and D
Trehgam Kunan, Poshpora-A, Poshpora-B Trehgam A, B,
C, D, E, F,
Gugloosa A, and
Gugloosa B
Herri
Qadirabad
None None Herri-A, Herri-
B, Herri Payeen,
Hundi, Kawari,
Gulgam A, B,
C, D, Laderwan
and Hanjipora
4. Karnah Teetwal Badherkote & Ibkote
(Opposite of Charray
village of Chamkote-
B), Seemari, Jabdi,
Saidpora (Anwadi)
Amroohi, Hajitra
(Yadiban, Chambar,
Danne), Chanipora-A,
Badherkote (Dabar,
Haridal, Badherkote),
Parada (Padna)
None
Tangdhar Khoverpora-B, None None
Draft
Nowagabra-A,B,C,
Kona Gabra
5. Rajwar Handwara None Gund Chowgal
Maidan Chowgal-B
Baderhar,
Batkoot,
Baderkali,
Kulangam
6.
Langate Langate
Pohru
None Nallah Pohru: Pohrupeth, Guloora,
Kultoora, Unisoo
Nallah Mawer:
Khanoo Babagund,
Yaroo
None
Mawer
Qalamabad
None Nallah Mawer:
Nowgam A, Nowgam
B, Yahama-A,
Aadoora, Pringroo,
Mawer, Qalamabad,
Batagund
Nallah Hardhkhari: Shatgund Bala, Shanoo,
Teerina, Jahama
None
7. Ramhal Tarathpora None None Zaffarkhani,
Waisa Kawnaar
8.
Drugmulla Nutnussa None Jaggerpora, Kawari,
Vodhpora
None
Drugmulla None Bramree-A None
9. Kupwara Kupwara Bohipora,
Mughalpora,
Hatmulla, Nagri,
Gushi-A, Gushi-B
Pazipora, Dedikote,
Karihama-A
None
10.
Kralpora Reddi
Chowkibal
None None Chowkibal,
Reddi
Kralpora
None None Guzriya-A,
Guzriya-B,
Warsun-A,
Dardpora A-E,
Aloosa
Meelyaal None None Lone Harie-A,
B, Dard Harie
11. Karnah Teetwal None Rear Saidpora, Parada,
Tad
Chanipora A & B,
Ibkote
4.1.5. Hazard Type: Flash Floods / Water Logging
S.
No.
Area
Name
Block Panchayat Halqas
Very High Risk High Risk Medium Risk
1. Rajwar Handwara None Gund, Chowgal,
Maidan Chowgal-A,
Maidan Chowgal-B
Baderkali,
Baderhar,
Wadipora-B
Draft
2. Langate Mawer
Qalamabad
None Batagund, Aadoora,
Khanoo, Babagund,
Shatgund Balla
Mawer,
Qalamabad
Langate
Pohru
None Pohrupeth, Guloora,
Kultoora, Unisoo,
Wahipora, Khanoo,
Babagund, Kachri,
Yaroo
None
Qaziabad None None Kralgund,
Deedarpora
3. Ramhal Tarathpora None Paddergund, Dohama-
A, Dohama-B,
Pachkoot, Kalmoona,
Champora, Manzgam
Vilgam-A,
Vilgam-B,
Punzwa-A,
Puzwa-B,
Cheerkoot
4. Drugmulla Nutnussa None Jaggerpora, Kawari,
Vodhpora
Tirich, Keegam,
Bumhama,
Kandi-A,
Kandi-B
Drugmulla None Bramree-A Anderhama
5. Kupwara Kupwara Bohipora,
Mughalpora,
Hatmulla, Nagri,
Gushi-A, Gushi-B
Mughalpora, Hatmulla,
Nagri
None
6. Kalaroos Kalaroos None Khumbriyal-A,
Khumbriyal-B and
Khumbriyal-C
None
7. Kralpora Reddi
Chowkibal
None Shuloora, Aloosa Kralpora-B,
Kralpora-C
8. Karnah Teetwal None Chanipora A & B, Tad,
Saidpora, Chamkote B
(Charray)
None
Tangdhar None Nechiyan, Bagbela,
Hajinard
None
4.1.6. Hazard Type: Floods
S.
No.
Area
Name
Block Panchayat Halqas
Very
High Risk
High Risk Medium
Risk
1. Rajwar Hundwara None Gonipora, Kulangam-A, Maidan
Chowgal-A, Wadipora-B
None
2. Drugmulla Nutnussa None Jaggerpora, Kawari, Vodhpora None
Drugmulla None Bramree-A None
3. Lolab Sogam: None Gundmancher, Sogam-A, Tekipora-A,
Tekipora-B, Dardpora, Diver-A, Diver-
None
Draft
B, Diver-D
Wavoora None Dooniwari, Maidanpora, Khurhama-A,
Sever Thandipora, Kawari, Warnow-A
and Kuligam-A
None
Tangdhar None Khoverpora, Nechiyan, NowaGabra-C, None
6 Kalaroos Kalaroos None Khumbriyal-B None
4.1.7. Hazard Type: Droughts
S.
No.
Area
Name
Block Panchayat Halqas
Very High
Risk
High Risk Medium Risk
1. Rajwar Hundwara None Gonipora, Baderhar, Batkoot,
Machipora, Wadipora-A, B,
Bakiahaker, Shehlal
None
Rajwar None Zachaldara-A, B, Yamlar,
Bowan Watsar, Rajpora,
Wadder Bala, Wadder
Payeen, Sarnargm,
Lachampora, Behnipora
None
2. Langate Mawer
Qalamaba
d
None Yahama-A, B, Mawer, Lach,
Moonbal and Khudi
None
3.
Ramhal
Villgam
Ramhal
None Zaffarwani, Waisa Kawnar,
Sunmulla, Puzwa-A and
Puznwa-B
None
Tarathpor
a
None Hegnikoot, , Shaherkoot,
Hafrada, Falmarg
None
4. Durgmulla Natnussa None Tirich, Kandi-B, Keegam None
5. Kalaroos Kalaroos None Moori, Ladah, Narikoot,
Nagsari, Thaiyan-B and
Kanipora
None
6.
Kralpora Reddi
chowkibal
None Manchater, Gund Zunreshi,
Budnambal Balla, Budnambal
Payeen, Chowkibal,
Hachmarg
Reddi,
Manzpather,
Rawathpora,
Tumbina
Kralpora Dardpora-
A,B,C,
Guzriyal-A,
B, Warsun-
A, Warsun-B
Dardpora- D, E Batpora – A,
B, Dardsun-A,
B Reshigund
Meelyaal None None Dard Harie,
Lone Harie-A,
B
7. Karnah Teetwal None Badherkote, Gundigujran,
Ibkote(Gundishath), Seemari,
Teetwal, Hajitra, Parada,
Saidpora, Tad
None
Tangdhar None Baghbela, Kandi Balla, None
Draft
Tangdhar-B, NowaGabra-
A,B&C, KonaGabra,
4.1.8. Hazard Type: Drinking water crisis
S.
No.
Area Name Block Panchayat Halqas
1. Rajwar Handwara Baderhar, Batkoot, Machipora, Bakiahaker, Shehlal
Rajwar Zachaldara-A, B, Bowan Watsar, Rajpora, Wadder Bala,
Wadder Payeen, Sarmarg, Lachampora
2. Langate Langate
Pohru
Pohrupeth, Guloora, Kultoora, Unisoo, Khanoo
Babagund, Yaroo, Moonbal (Kilshan), Banday ,
Sahipora, Kachloo, Khahipora, Mandigam, Lokipora,
Lalbugh and Gundkamal
3.
Drugmulla Natnussa Kandi-B, Keegam, Vodhpora, Waterkhani, Kawari
Durgmulla Muqam Shahwali
4. Kupwara Kupwara Gushi-A, Gushi-B, Dedikote, Pazipora, Karihama-A, B,
Halmatpora-A, B, C, Hatmulla, Mughalpora, Nagri
5. Reddi
Chowkibal
Reddi
Chowkibal
Budnambal Balla, Budnambal Payeen, Gund Zunreshi
6. Kralpora Kralpora Dardsun-A, B, Reshigund, Warsun-B
4.2. Issues homegenously applicable across the district
4.2.1. Forests and Man-animal Conflicts
The conflicts between communities and wild animals are found to have
increased all over the district with strange uniformity. Leopards, Bears and
Monkeys have caused an extremely widespread and heavy damage to
agriculture, horticulture, domestic animals and human lives. The damages
caused are discussed below in detail.
1. Maize crop cultivation is consumed by both Bears and Monkeys close to the
harvesting season. The crop is also particularly more vulnerable because it is
grown in agricultural land in hilly areas, close to forest areas.
2. The shift from agriculture to horticulture where apple orchards have come at
a large scale over the last decade. Apples have attracted Monkeys and Bears
from the forests to even the far-off areas.
3. Walnut is consumed by monkeys which are mostly grown along the hill
slopes close to the forest areas.
4. Leopards are indulging in rapid attacks in human habitations and regularly
kill domestic animals like goat, sheep and cow for their food. Besides this,
there have been so many cases of humans, mostly children being attacked
and taken away by Leopards.
5. Bears, which are generally attracted to human habitations for maize and
apples, attacks and injures people severely who accidentally come in close
Draft
proximity to them. In some cases, it has even resulted in the loss of people’s
lives.
In Pohrupeth Panchayat of Langate Pohru block only, at least three incidents
of attacks by Bears on people were recorded in 2014 that caused extensive
injuries (as can be seen in the picture below).
The factors behind the rise in man-animal conflicts are discussed below.
1. Increase in Wild Life Population: As per the Wild Life department census
figures, the population of wild animals have increased substantially in the
last decade and a half.
2. Decrease in the population of prey animals: While the population of wild
animals has increase, the population of several prey animals like Hangul,
Deer, Wild Sheep, etc. has got extinct. This has also been accepted by
communities across the district who says that they don’t see prey animals
anymore when they visit forest areas.
3. Diminishing availability of water sources in forests: The availability of
drinking water sources in the forests of the high mountains have diminished
to a great extent. Often, thirst brings down these wild animals to human
habitations where they are exposed to food as well, which may include
Maize, Apples and domestic animals.
4. Shifting of cultivable land close to forest areas: The cultivation of Walnut
trees and Maize crops too close to forest areas, in several cases after clearing
of forests in illegal manner, has extended the invitation to wild animals to
enter human habitations.
5. Diminishing of wild animal’s habitat due to deforestation: During the
militancy period, there was immeasurable cutting of forests due to the
absence of any law and order. But even today, large scale illegal clearance of
forest belts is being done by communities and in some cases, alleged timber
smugglers. For instance, it was seen in the formerly densely forested
Hengnikoot Panchayat of Tarathpora block that a farmer who received
maize hybrid seeds from the Agriculture Extension Officer (AEO) produced
a bumper crop. This motivated other farmers to take up the same who have
undertaken an unbelievably large scale cutting of forests in the previous year
to start Maize crop cultivation. Otherwise also, people who don’t receive
sanction of wood for house construction purposes from the Forests
department take to illegal cutting. This way, human habitations are
constantly fast eroding the habitats of wild animals which are resulting in
man-animal conflicts.
6. Forest Fires: The confier forests of the district are vulnerable to forest fires,
particularly between the months of October, November and December
during which forests are generally dry and vulnerable to fires. This has
caused steady loss of forests. The reasons associated with fires are lighting
of cigarattes by Nomads (Gujjars / Bakerwals) and by army personnel on
security vigil. Besides, starting of camp fires without properly clearing the
surface of gasses also leads to forest fires.
Draft
7. Unavailability of fruit bearing trees in forest areas: Bears and Monkeys
are attracted to Maize and Apples that are only found in human habitations.
This point to the non-availability of fruits to the herbivores.
8. Expanding human population: Due to limited adoption of family planning
by the community, there has been an extensive rise in human population
witnessed over the years. As a result, every household has given way to
anywhere between 4 to 6 new houses. This has shrunk agricultural land and
forced human habitations to consume forest habitats.
4.2.2. Sand Mining
The Geology and Mining department is granted the responsibility of
allowing contractors to undertake sand mining from the stream beds as
against the loyalty received for the same. The picture depicts wet pit sand
mining in progress along Nallah Kehmil along Champora panchayat of
Tarathpora block.
The department is also bestowed with the responsibility of monitoring of
riverbed mining. However, it is found that there is no scientifically coherent
approach that is followed in mining and it is being indiscriminately done in
some of the streambeds checked. There is also no expertise in the domain to
work out the sediment influx / replenishment capacity of the river. As a
result, it is observed that channel geometry, bed elevation, substratum
composition and stability, instream roughness of the bed, flow velocity,
discharge capacity, and turbidity, all have been affected. For instance, it can
be seen in the picture below taken at Shanoo Panchayat Halqa along Nallah
Hardhkhari that there is a grave discontinuity in which dredging has been
done even as the monsoon season is approaching at the time of visit in
March. It has resulted in bed elevation in some places which directs the
changes in channel geometry, i.e., it causes changes in channel configuration
and flow-paths.
Draft
Often, sand, gravel and boulders are lifted from the edges of the streams that
leave riverbanks exposed and prone to bank erosion. The increase in bed’s
gradient at some places also increases the river velocity. This accelerates
bank erosion. The risk of flooding also increases when stream channels are
formed close to the banks as mining leaves the bed’s central portion
elevated. The picture below taken in Nallah Kehmil along Shuloora
panchayat of Reddi Chowkibal panchayat reflects one such scenario where
channel bed at the centre is elevated.
There have also been cases of ‘wet pit mining’, i.e., mining below the water
level of a perennial channel during the lean period, where extensive mining
from a single point beyond permissible debth is done. This resulted in atleast
one case of a person drowning at a point he used to take bath everyday,
unaware that dredging of the bed was done at the site.
In another scenario, it is found that the unscientific approach of exploitation
of bed has changed the flow pattern of Nallah Mawer which now tends to
cause flooding in some areas and droughts in some others. It is found that
upstream riverbeds are mined to greater depths which have damaged the
riverbed gradient that has diminished the capacity of the water to smoothly
drain into the downstream areas. This unnaturally created phenomenon
Draft
increases the vulnerability to droughts because of reduced availability of
water in downstream, which in this case falls in Langate Pohru block areas.
Actions Required: Mining department clearly need to lay down directions
that:
i) Mining of graval sand should be restricted to a maximum depth of 3 m (10
feet),
ii) Mining of riverbank should be located sufficiently (atleast 3 m) away
from river banks to minimize risk of bank erosion,
iii) Controlled mining activity in a given segment of the river is required to
be ensured to prevent sudden channel gradient changes that can induce
seasonal scouring and intensify within channel erosion activity. If not
controlled, it does not have adverse effect only on mining area but both
upstream and downstream areas of the river course;
iv) Identification of river stretches must be done to define area for mining
operations in the region. The Mining Lease (ML) area shall be demarcated
on the ground with boundary pillars to avoid illegal and unscientific mining.
v) Riparian habitat along the ML area must be ensured to be intact, restored
or strengthened by improving vegetative cover on and adjacent to the river
banks, which controls erosion and prevent intrusion of waste into the stream
through runoff.
Mining department need to closely monitor the adherence to these directions
and ensure due involvement of Irrigation & Flood Control department also
in monitoring and overseeing sand mining along channels.
4.2.3. Agriculture
Agriculture in the district has mainly two crops, Paddy and Maize. Paddy is
the most prominent and sown in plain, terraced lands of the hilly region and
is often irrigated from Nallahs, Kools and Storage tanks that drains round the
year. However, it is the maize crop which is sown on the highland hilly
slopes that are mostly rainfed. There is limited infrastructure set-up of
Zamindar Kools (not constructed by Irrigation department) which has
covered some maize croplands. There is a need for the construction of
rainwater harvesting tanks and dug wells for meeting the irrigation
requirements for this crop. The proximity to forest areas has largely left the
maize plantation vulnerable to depredation by Bears and Monkeys.
Farmers are involved in land terracing (as can be seen in the picture below)
in order to allow water to seep into the soil and upon saturation, allows fields
to remain water logged that is a required feature for the paddy fields.
Draft
However, the top layer of the soil still suffer from sheet erosion which can
only be controlled by planting vegetative hedges (as shown in the figure
below) that can control the flow of water, mitigate risk of soil erosion,
control melting of terrace bunds and trap sediments in the grass hedges that
would otherwise add to the sediment load of the rivers. This problem is
particularly more severe in areas that include Rajwar and Kalaroos blocks.
4.2.4. Waste Management and Sanitation
Kupwara and Handwara towns of the district suffer extensively due to the
absence of any waste disposal systems. In Kupwara town, a project was
being taken up for setting up of the waste disposal plant. However, it could
not be carried forward as the community living in close proximity to the site
identified objected to it. As a result, there is no land available with the
district administration for land fill. Much of the waste is released into the
nallahs itself which gets washed away from its banks and adjacent areas to
the downstream areas.
The bio-medical waste management in health centers is also not being
appropriately done. Often the sharps and other form of waste are not
segregated, besides the vaccines of the injections are not cut with needle
Draft
cutter. This poses a huge risk to people even visiting the hospitals as in
several cases it has been observed that used vaccines lay on the ground.
The waste disposal system in the sub-district hospital is not established
appropriately. As can be seen in the picture below, a dump is well
constructed with a concrete cover and a cylindrical pipe with a closed cover
for putting sharps. However, a waste water pipe can also be seen to its right
with a hole in the concrete cover, which can cause the filling of the dump
with water. Besides, this facility has never been used for dumping of sharps.
The dumping of all forms of hospital waste – Infected, Plastic and Sharps –
are being thrown in an open dig which remains filled along with waste
during the rains, as can be seen in the picture below.
Besides waste management, there are traditionally no properly designed
sanitary toilets in place along with sewerage system. Toilets traditionally
constructed are slightly raised of the ground and made of wood covering, but
without any pit. As a result, human excreta are deposited at the base of the
toilets. When it rains or surface water in streams increases, excreta is washed
into the streams itself. PHE department has established a lot of water supply
lines from these nallahs itself which means this waste reaches through pipes
for drinking water purposes. This problem is only exacerbated by the fact
that people often construct these toilets along the stream channels to get an
Draft
easy access to water for cleaning. A picture shown below that was taken at
Muqam Shahwali panchayat of Durgmulla block reflects such a case.
4.3. Area wise Hazard, Risk, Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment
As part of the field assessments, a total of 10 areas in the district were
selected. The details of the areas covered are provided in the table below.
This section provides a detailed assessment of each of the areas covered.
Area
No.
Area
Name
Blocks Covered
1. Rajwar Rajwar Zachaldara, Handwara
2. Langate Langate Pohru, Mawer Qalamabad, Qaziabad
3. Ramhall Villgam Ramhal, Tarathpora
4. Durgmulla Durgmulla, Natnussa
5. Lolab Sogam, Wavoora
6. Kupwara Kupwara, Hyhama
7. Kalaroos Kalaroos
8. Kralpora Kralpora, Meelyaal, Reddi Chowkibal, Keran
9. Karnah Tangdhar, Teetwal
10. Trehgam Trehgam, Awoora, Herri Qadirabad
4.3.1. Area 1: Rajwar Area
About the Area: Rajwar area is the South-Western part of the district which
comprises of a hilly Rajwar Zachaldara block and mostly plain areas of
Handwara block. Rajwar Zachaldara block is one of the most landslide
prone areas of the district, while Handwara is more affected by flash floods
and floods as some of its panchayats are on plain land. Several parts of the
area also suffer from droughts. While the problem of droughts in Rajwar
block is in Maize crops, it is more so along Paddy crops in Handwara area.
Some areas in both the blocks also have drinking water availability problem.
Hazard wise Assessment
Landslides
The entire Rajwar area is mostly hilly which has already suffered large
number of slope failures. This can be attributed to land degradation that has
occurred because of large scale deforestation and extremely limited grass
cover. The vulnerability to slides only increases during rainfall spells when
the soil gets saturated and in the absence of tree roots or grass roots binding
the soil, the soil gets ruptured from its base, thereby causing slides.
In the absence of the development of drainage systems and without the
strengthening of natural drainages with plantation of grasses along it, the
vulnerability to slides increases. Some habitations though have benefitted
with the construction of drains under MGNREGS which has limited the risk
of damages to the houses, as can be seen from the picture below taken in the
Satkoji Panchayat Halqa.
Draft
The above picture depicts the scenario of large scale slope failures in Wadder Bala
area.
The picture given below showcases a piece of land in Zachaldara B that was
made into a playground 7 years ago is now turned into a rough terrain.
This movement of the soil is also damaging to the houses that falls in the
course of the slide areas. The picture below depicts a house in Zachaldara B
Panchayat Halqa that has developed cracks due to slides on the upper parts.
Draft
There are some parts of the land that have rocky formations which fall in the
Rajpora, Behnipora and Satkoji Panchayat Halqas, as can be seen in the
picture below. Several parts of these rocky slopes have been completely
exposed with limited or no soil cover. There have been incidents along this
route in the past of rock falls, causing closure of the roads. However, this
stretch is risky to human life as well besides houses constructed in the valley
area, thereby making it necessary to take an urgent action of Vetiver grass
plantation for improving the hold on the soil much of which is already
beyond repair.
Panchayat Halqas at High Risk to Landslides
Rajwar Block (Mudslides): Zachaldara – A, B, Yamla (Salpora), Ahagam, Rajpora,
Behnipora (Golpora), Wadder Bala, Wadder Payeen (Yangarhar), Lachampora,
Bowan Watsar (Chapran)
Rajwar Block (Rock falls): Rajpora, Behnipora, Satkoji (along the road)
Panchayat Halqas at Medium Risk to Landslides
Rajwar Block (Mudslides): Khahipora, Turkapora
Handwara Block (Mudslides): Baderkali (Sheikh Mohalla, Bahadurpura), Maidan
Chowgal-A (Sardar Mala), Maidan Chowgal-B (Takiyabal), Baderhar (Nagradnar),
Gund Chowgal (Shart Gund Chowgal),
Draft
Flash Floods and Nallah Bank Erosion
There is no substantial threat from flash floods in Rajwar Zachaldara block
as streams are mostly either small or the habitations are placed at safe
distance from streams like Nallah Talri. Even then the scouring by the
streams of the banks happens as the vegetative cover along the exposed
banks is largely non-existent. The picture below depicts one such stream in
Wadder Payeen where banks are suffering from erosion. It is necessary to
control erosion in these areas in order to reduce sediment load being
transported downstream and which has damaging affects in downstream
areas of not just Kupwara, but beyond.
In Handwara block, Nallah Pohru flows through some panchayats that suffer
from flash flooding.
Thus, there is a need of improving vegetative cover to limit the exposure of
banks to streams.
Panchayat Halqas at high risk to Flash Floods
Flash Floods (Handwara): Gund Chowgal (Shart Gund Chowgal), Maidan
Chowgal-A, Maidan Chowgal-B (Haran, Takiyabad),
Bank Erosion (Handwara): Gund Chowgal (Shart Gund Chowgal), Maidan
Chowgal-B (Haran, Takiyabad)
Panchayat Halqas at Medium risk to Flash Floods
Flash Floods (Handwara): Baderkali (Bahadurpura), Baderhar (Nagranag),
Wadipora-B
Bank Erosion (Handwara): Baderhar (Nagradnar), Batkoot (Wasikura), Baderkali
(Gujarpati), Kulangam
Floods
The risk of flooding is only in some panchayats of Handwara area which are
plain with no slope gradient.
Panchayat Halqas at high risk to Floods
Handwara: Gonipora, Kulangam-A, Maidan Chowgal-A (Chowgal), Wadipora-B
Draft
Droughts
In Rajwar block, the maize crop along hilly areas is mostly rainfed in the
absence of much of irrigation facilities. On the other side, Handwara block’s
panchayats mostly crop paddy or apple orchards. While there is no irrigation
facility in Bakiahaker, Shehlal is at the tail of the irrigation Kool where
water doesn’t reach as the season progresses. Besides in other panchayats
that are listed below, mostly water don’t last beyond May or June.
Panchayat Halqas at high risk to droughts
Handwara: Gonipora, Baderhar, Batkoot, Machipora, Wadipora-A, B, Bakiahaker,
Shehlal
Rajwar: Zachaldara-A, B, Yamlar, Bowan Watsar, Rajpora, Wadder Bala, Wadder
Payeen, Sarnargm Lachampora, Behnipora (Burchungi)
Drinking Water Crisis
There are some areas in both the blocks which suffer from drinking water
crisis as listed below.
Panchayat Halqas suffering from drinking water crisis
Handwara: Baderhar, Batkoot, Machipora, Bakiahaker, Shehlal
Rajwar: Zachaldara-A, B, Bowan Watsar, Rajpora, Wadder Bala, Wadder Payeen,
Sarmarg, Lachampora
4.3.2. Area 2: Langate Area
About the Area
The Langate area comprises of three blocks: Langate Pohru, Mawer
Qalamabad and Qaziabad. The Langate Pohru is a small block in area terms
comprising of only 7 panchayats that are all located to the South of the
district along the national highway. The topography of the area is plain with
a low slope gradient that ensures there is not much scope of flooding from
River Pohru. However, in times of rapid rush of water, it does cause flash
floods that inundate horticultural lands from few hours to a few days
(depending upon the length of the period of high water discharge in Pohru
channels). In times of excessively high water discharge, it also causes
inundation of habitations for short periods. But the major problem caused by
River Pohru is that of bank erosion which puts habitations at risk, apart from
causing loss of horticultural land. Drought is not a major hazard anymore as
the land is primarily engaged in horticulture which has low requirement of
water. The drinking water problem is severe – both in terms of quality and
access – as communities largely depend upon River Pohru that is muddy and
carrier of municipal waste & human excreta.
The Mawer Qalamabad and Qaziabad blocks are hilly areas located to the
South-West of the district. The region on the whole is not at risk to
avalanches, with only medium risk associated to few panchayats of
Qalamabad area. The area has some land that is vulnerable to landslides,
even though the risk on the whole is not as high as compared to other parts
Draft
of the district. There is no major risk of droughts in the region except in the
western most parts of Qalamabad block that include Nowgam-A, Nowgam-
B and Yahama-A (Mankal) since these are at a greater height and Nallah
Mawer’s water is inaccessible for irrigation purposes. These areas are
primarily indulging in the cultivation of Maize crop which requires much
lesser per hectare availability of water. But there are no small scale irrigation
sources such as Water harvesting tanks, Dugout ponds and Borewells.
The River System
In the erstwhile Langate block which included the plain areas that now form
of Langate Pohru block, the River Pohru flows through all their panchayats.
The South-Western part of the area and the district has a major Nallah
known as Nallah Mawer which is an important watershed of the Pohru
catchment that drains through Qalamabad (Kalamchakla) block. It flows
through Nawgam-A, Nawgam-B, Yahama-B, Mawar, Lach, Qalamabad,
Batagund, Hangah, Tulwari (Langate Municipality) and meets Pohru in
Lokipora (near Sunwari) in Lower Qaziabad.
Another important stream Nallah Hardhkhari which has its source at
Qazinag in Bangus passes through panchayats that include Moonbal,
Banday, Haril, Jahama, Shatgund and Batagund, respectively. At Batagund,
it merges with Nallah Mawer.
Nallah Kandri, starts from the forests behind Mankal village of Yahama-A
before merging with Nallah Mawer after passing through Yahama-B at
Mawer panchayat. The water of this stream is extremely muddy that reflects
the erosion along the stream in forest areas and the need for soil
conservation measures in the forests.
Hazard wise Assessment
Snow Avalanche: There is no risk from Avalanche hazard in the Langate
Pohru and Qaziabad. However, a few panchayats of Mawer Qalamabad
block has limited risk in case of heavy snowfall in these areas.
Panchayat Halqas at Medium Risk to Snow Avalanche
Nowgam A (Pathwari), Nowgam B, Yahama-A (Mankal), Teerina (Darbal), Manbal
(Lahikoot, Manbal)
Landslides: The area on the whole is not prone to landslides. Langate Pohru
is in the plains and Qaziabad block has the soil type that is not prone to
landslides and is at a low risk.
The Mawer Qalamabad block is also largely safe to which a medium level
of risk can be associated to it. It is found that some land of forest
compartments and Panchayat Halqas are getting affected by mudslides.
Hangah, Jahama, Mawer, and Qalamabad Panchayat Halqas are rated under
medium risk zones. However, these areas have higher density of habitations
Draft
and infrastructure constructed along the slopes. As a result, while the risk of
occurrence is medium, the vulnerability is to be considered as high. During
the course of field visits, in fact, there was one such landslide in Mirpora
village of Qalamabad Halqa where a landslide damaged one house quite
severely (as can be seen in the picture below). A school building is also at
great risk from the slides, putting the infrastructure and children at risk.
Panchayat Halqas at Medium Risk to Landslides
Mawer Qalamabad:: Mawer, Qalamabad (Mirpora), Hangah (Sudargund), Jahama
(Peermala)
Yahama-B and Moonbal Halqas are also under some risk from slides and are
thereby kept under the low risk category.
Flash Floods and the Nallah Bank Erosion
Flash floods are a risk in some parts of the area. In Langate Pohru block,
there is not much risk to habitations as they are situated on high ground. But
the risk to the cultivable land is far greater as the apple orchards to the left
bank of the River Pohru suffer the temporary inundation of fields which can
last few days in case of continuous and heavy precipitation. These events
can cause large scale damage to the orchards in the form of fruit falls or
reduced size and quality. Such losses were witnessed in October 2014
floods. In case of an extremely large influx of water in Pohru, as was
witnessed in the year 1992, it can also cause temporary inundation in
habitations that are placed at a greater height along the right bank of the
river. Thus, it can be said that the risk to habitations is low and the fields
is medium to high.
The overall risk from flash floods in Mawer Qalamabad and Qaziabad
blocks is low to medium as the region is topographically hilly and
habitations are mostly situated farther away from the banks. In some places,
Draft
field in close proximity to the nallahs do get inundated during extreme large
influx in the channels. The areas particularly affected are Lach, Qalamabad,
Hangah, Maratgam, Kargam, Teerina, Jahama and Pringroo. However,
fields generally don’t remain inundated for longer spells as water quickly
gushes back into the streams as water levels recede. The risk to the fields is
that the crop can be washed away or get flattened. The overall assessment is
that there is a medium level of vulnerability of damage to cultivable lands
and therefore, people’s livelihoods from flash floods.
Panchayat Halqas with habitations are at High risk to flash floods
Nallah Pohru: Pohrupeth (Pohrupeth, Bangaon), Guloora (Guloora, Kohru), Kultoora
(Kultoora, Hanjishat), Unisoo (Unisoo, Ujroo), Wahipora (Wahipora, Haripora),
Khanoo Babagund, Kachri, Yaroo
Mawer Qalamabad: Batagund (Batagund, Shatgund Payeen), Aadoora (Chak
Aadoora), Khanoo Babagund from Nallah Mawer; Shanoo and Shatgund Balla from
Nallah Hardhkhari
Panchayat Halqas with habitations are at Medium risk to flash floods
Mawer Qalamabad: Mawer, Qalamabad,
Qaziabad: Kralgund (Nahama), Deedarpora (Shalpora)
Floods / Water Logging
The entire is not affected by flooding or water logging. Even the plain areas
that fall under Langate Pohru block maintain a low slope gradient that
prevents inundation for longer periods. Any inundation remains only as long
as water levels in River Pohru are above the high levels.
However, the problem of water logging in apple orchards happens along the
either side of the Sopore - Handwara highway. This happens because of
rainwater flowing down the hills into the plain fields or due to the melting of
ice along the hills that comes out from beneath the surface. Even as these
orchards maintain slope, the water gets logged that is quite damaging to the
orchards. This factor causes early leaf and fruit falls.
Action Required: Development of drainage channels along the fields by
Floods Control and Rural Development department.
Panchayat Halqas with habitations are at High risk to Water Logging
Langate Pohru: Pohrupeth, Guloora, Kultoora, Unisoo, Wahipora, Khanoo
Babagund, Yaroo
River / Nallah Bank Erosion
The Langate Pohru and Mawer Qalamabad blocks are the ones that have
major streams flowing through it. The problem of Nallah bank erosion
(channel erosion) along the Pohru Nallah is extensive in some areas, as a
result of which slopes along the right bank has put habitations at risk. In the
event of major bank erosion, a very large number of households may
require permanent resettlement. The left bank of River Pohru has also
particularly suffered from erosion of land. Considering the extent of risk to
Draft
some habitations and risk of permanent loss of horticultural lands, the
vulnerability is kept as Very high.
In Mawer Qalamabad block, bank erosion is particularly profound along
Mawer and Hardhkhari Nallahs. The right bank of the nallah Mawer along
Nowgam-A and Nowgam-B are causing erosion of land which can put their
habitations at risk in future. In lower areas, it is the agricultural land that is
mostly under stress from bank erosion. Along Nallah Hardhkhari, the bank
erosion is particularly severe along Shanoo, Shatgund Bala, Teerina and
Jahama are the Panchayat Halqas where both habitations and agricultural
land are under risk from erosion.
Opposite of Shatgund Bala Halqa’s Doorna village, Compartment 1 B of
Shanoo forest Block and Compartment 20 of Mawer forest block is under
immense stress from slides (as can be seen from the picture below). On its
front, Nallah Hardhkhari flows through it which further exposes the
uncovered soil. Besides that, it can also be seen that there is immense
erosion along the drainage path which has cut the hill into two and under
risk of forming a ravine. This area is in urgent need of treatment through
plantation of vegetative barriers that must include deep rooted grasses such
as Vetiver (also popularly known as Khus).
Thus, some of the areas particularly with habitations under threat in future
need to be protected with greater priority over the next 3-to-4 years.
Panchayat Halqas at higher vulnerability to bank erosion
Nallah Pohru: Pohrupeth, Guloora, Kultoora, Unisoo Nallah Mawer: Nowgam A, Nowgam B, Yahama-A, Aadoora, Pringroo, Mawer, Qalamabad, Batagund, Khanoo Babagund, Yaroo Nallah Hardhkhari: Shatgund Bala, Shanoo, Teerina, Jahama
Droughts
The Langate Pohru block is not vulnerable to droughts as much of the land
has apple orchards which require water for spraying purposes only. Until
about a decade ago, these lands were being used for Paddy. However,
insufficient irrigation availability as required by paddy and higher returns in
Draft
apple orchards made people shift to horticulture. Still, some land mostly on
the western parts of the block remains under agriculture. Irrigation Kools are
available, but over the years the water remains available till the month of
June. The availability of water in Mawer Nallah is greatly reduced due to the
unplanned and unscientific mining activities taken up on the river course of
Mawer for generation of royalty by the Mining department.
In Mawer Qalamabad block, paddy and maize are the two most important
crops. The Nallah Mawer drains right through the year which helps ensure
better productivity of Paddy. But the Maize growing belts in this area
particularly suffer more as they are completely rainfed and the crop fail to
sustain in the absence of regular rainfall. The western parts that include
Yahama-A (Mankal), Yahama-B, Mawer and Lach suffer more as they are at
a greater height and Nallah Mawer’s water is inaccessible for irrigation
purposes.
In Qaziabad, there is generally no problem for irrigation in Upper Qaziabad
areas starting from Ashpora to Kralgund and Renan. Plain areas close to the
highway sometimes don’t get water for irrigation after June. The panchayats
on the other side of the highway along plain areas have to a great extent
shifted to horticulture, thereby reducing the irrigation needs substantially.
However, overall the irrigation availability is fine in this block.
Thus, it can be said that irrigation infrastructure in the Maize growing areas
of Mawer Qalamabad and few parts of Qaziabad need to established. The
overall vulnerability can be categorized to be low to medium.
Panchayat Halqas at high vulnerability to Droughts
Mawer Qalamabad: Yahama-A, B, Mawer, Lach, Moonbal and Khudi
Action Required: In Langate Pohru block, water harvesting tanks need to
be constructed for spraying purposes. In Mawer Qalamabad block, There is a
need for improving small scale irrigation sources such as Water harvesting
tanks, Dugout ponds and Borewells, particularly in panchayats that include
Yahama-A,B, Mawer, Lach, Moonbal and Khudi.
Drinking Water Crisis
The entire area can be bifurcated into two sub-areas to identify the drinking
water status. First, the plain areas of Langate Pohru block and Lower
Qaziabad that has very poor availability of water as well as the quality.
Second, the Mawer Qalamabad block and the upper Qaziabad block where
the drinking water problems are mostly non-existent.
In the first category, there are limited or no piped water supply schemes that
are currently functional. WSS Peerkhanabad project for Yaroo panchayat
that was initiated in 2005 hasn’ completed as yet. People are forced to drink
water by lifting water from Nallah Pohru. The water in Pohru (as can be seen
in the picture below) is not potable and also suffers from direct disposal of
human waste or otherwise washing away of household waste into the Nallah
Draft
in the times of increased water flow. Some people with greater resources
draw water from Pohru using motors and pipes that are installed to fetch
water to the taps that have been installed privately. However, irrespective of
the medium which is adopted to draw water, it remains not fit for drinking.
The only other medium of drinking water remains some wells or few hand
pumps. The water quality in these is also poor as there is high iron content in
water. Considering these aspects of water availability and its quality, the
vulnerability is kept as Very High.
In the second category, the area is one of the better served in terms of water
availability because of the presence of perennial source of water in the form
of Nallah Mawer. Piped water supply has predominantly been done for most
habitations in the district even as there are very limited filtrations units. A
new filtration plant has also come up at Panchayat Haril. Generally, the
problem of water availability arises when there is break down of water
supply system due to damage to Intake Chamber or Supply Main pipes in
streams due to flash floods. Under these circumstances, people are forced to
walk long distances to sources close to forests (generally applicable to fringe
villages to forests). Otherwise, in their absence, they depend upon local
Nallahs (as can be seen in the picture below) that flow through close to their
habitations where water quality is bad.
People in general are also not quite used to boiling water to make it
relatively potable for drinking purposes. Besides, construction of traditional
wooden toilets only where from human excreta often flows down to Nallahs
pose a major health hazard for habitations in downstream areas, even beyond
the Mawer Qalamabad area where people are forced to consume this water
for drinking purposes. Despite good gravity schemes based water supply
network, there are some villages which are not covered and remains
neglected under the blanket of good supply network. These villages include
Shilthray in Banday Halqa and Kilshan in Moonbal Halqa. Considering
these aspects of water availability and its quality, the vulnerability is rated as
Medium.
Draft
Panchayat Halqas suffering from Drinking Water Crisis
Langate Pohru: Pohrupeth, Guloora, Kultoora, Unisoo, Khanoo Babagund, Yaroo Mawer Qalamabad: Moonbal (Kilshan), Banday (Shilthray) Qaziabad: Sahipora, Kachloo, Khahipora, Mandigam, Lokipora, Lalbugh and Gundkamal
ACTIONS REQUIRED TO BE TAKEN
Lead Department: Education Department
Action Required Department(s)
to coordinate
Panchayat Name School Name
To make provision
for drinking water
supply
Public Health
Engineering
(PHED)
Deedarpora PS Koda Mohalla
PS Sheikhpora
Kachloo UPS Wangam
Lobipora UPS Sanwari
PS Mandigam
Reshipora UPS Reshipora
PS Reshipora
Unisoo MS UPS Ujroo
PS Ujroo
Renan PS Khan Mohla
Hajin MS Hajin
Kultoora MS Kultoora
Bangam MS Hanji Mohalla
Speed breakers and
Signboards
R & B /
BEACON /
PMGSY
Kargam MS Kargam
Guloora HS Guloora
MS Guloora
Kralgund MS Nahama
Repair of damaged
building
SSA / R & B Pandithpora MS G Pandithpora
Yaroo MS Yaroo
Renan UPS Pazipora
School fencing to
protect from wild
animals
Forest
Department
Kultoora MS Hanjishat
Kultoora MS Kultoora
Hajin MS Ananwan
Hajin PS Munnershah
Renan UPS Pazipora
Bank erosion
control
Flood Control /
Soil
Conservation
Langate Town PS Asthampora
Control of water
logging inside
school premises
SSA Langate Town PS Asthampora
Earth Filling Rural
Development
(MGNREGS) /
SSA
Pandithpora
MS B Pandithpora
Relocation of
transformer from
school premises /
Power
Development
Department
Bangam
MS Hanji Mohalla
Draft
Fencing around
transformer
(PDD)
Lead Department: Agriculture department
Action Required Location Department(s) to
coordinate
Channel erosion control using soil
stabilization grasses (Bioengineering)
and engineering methods in sensitive
areas like Gabion Bags
Land along the
Nallah Pohru,
Nallah Mawar and
Nallah Hardkhari
Flood Control /
Agriculture (Soil
Conservation) / Soil
and Water
Conservation
Plantation of hedges along terrace
bunds in Paddy fields for improved
water retention in soil and erosion
control
Agriculture (Soil
Conservation)
Lead Department: Horticulture department
Action Required Location Department(s) to
coordinate
Drainage improvement measures to
prevent water logging of apple
orchards
Langate Pohru
block panchayats
situated along both
sides of the
highway
Flood Control (I &
FC)
Construction of small water
harvesting tanks for spraying
purposes
Rural Development
(MGNREGS) / Soil &
Water Conservation
Lead Department: Health department
Action Required Location
Health awareness camps needs to be organized for usage
of safe drinking water, personal hygiene and social
hygiene
Addressing Infant Mortality Rawalpora-B,
Becherwara, Mandigam,
Lokipora, Lalbugh,
Udhipora, Ashpora,
Harveth, Rangpath-A,
Renan, Walrahama-A &
B, Hajin & Gundkamal,
Nowgam-A,B, Lach,
Maratgam, Haril
Addressing Maternal Mortality Gundkamal
Awareness camps to address poor institutional delivery Ashpora, Harveth,
Rangpath-A, Rangpath-B,
Renan and Gundkamal
Draft
4.3.3. Area 3: Ramhal Area
About the Area: The Ramhal area comprises of the erstwhile Ramhal block
that today comprises of Villgam Ramhal and Tarathpora blocks. These are
located to the South-West of Kupwara town. The topography of the area is
both hilly and plain. While Tarathpora block is mostly hilly, the Vilgam
block is largely plain.
Hazard wise Assessment
Landslides
The problem of landslides is more prominent in areas that include
Zaffarkhani and Waisa Kawnaar with high level of risk from slides to
habitations. However, slides are particularly severe on the slopes on the
opposite of habitations where walnut trees and agricultural land is lost to
landslides.
In Tarathpora area, it is not a major problem except in parts of Champora,
Pachkoot and Falmarg. The picture below depicts the severity of landslides
due to rainfall which has caused large scale losses of land that today houses
are also at risk. Besides, almost the entire graveyard land has also been
washed away.
Another picture below depicts large scale soil sliding off to Kahnama Nallah
in Waisa Kawnar Panchayat Halqa.
Draft
Panchayat Halqas at higher vulnerability
Villgam Ramhal: Zaffarkhani, Waisa Kawnar,
Tarathpora: Hafrada, Hegnikoot, Shaherkoot, Pachkoot, Falmarg, Champora
Flash Floods & Nallah Bank Erosion
There are four major nallahs that drain through different Panchayats of the
block that include Nallah Viji, Nallah Kahnama, Nallah Dangarwari and
Nallah Kehmil. Among these, Nallah Dangarwari is developed for irrigation
purposes and don’t cause any damage. Among the remaining three, the most
severe in terms of damage from flash floods is Nallah Kehmil which causes
damages to land and infrastructure. The most severely affected Panchayats
are Paddergund, Cheerkoot, Dohama-A, Dohama-B. Viji Nallah also causes
some damage to Punzwa-A, B and Vilgam- A, B panchayats. The erosion
along the channel is in proportion of the drainage from the channels. Kehmil
has caused widespread erosion and damage to roads around the channel. As
can be seen in the picture below, the original straight road to the bridge was
washed away in 2014 floods and an alternate road had to be laid.
In Tarathpora block, the damage and erosion losses from flash floods due to
Kehmil Nallah are along Panchayats that include Pachkoot, Kalmoona,
Champora and Manzgam.
Panchayat Halqas at Very high vulnerability to flash floods and Bank Erosion
Nallah Kehmil: Paddergund (Paddergund, Bangergund, Gundmun), Dohama-A,
Dohama-B, Pachkoot, Kalmoona (Gundishah), Champora, Manzgam
Panchayat Halqas at Medium vulnerability to flash floods and Bank Erosion
Nallah Viji: Vilgam-A, Vilgam-B, Punzwa-A, Puzwa-B, Cheerkoot
Nallah Kahnama (Bank Erosion): Zaffarkhani, Waisa Kawnaar
Droughts
The irrigation facility is developed in this area with the availability of
Dangarwari Kool that ensures availability of water for the mainstay paddy
crop in most parts of Tarathpora and some parts of Villgam Ramhal. The
Draft
panchayats covered by Dangarwari are given below in the flow chart format.
The other remaining panchayats are covered through Viji Nallah which
include Puzwa-A, B, Vilgam-A, B, Cheerkoot and Hafrada.
However, there is an acute need of developing small scale irrigation sources
such as Water harvesting tanks, Dugout ponds and Borewells for Maize
cropping lands as water don’t reach the slopes. As a result, maize crop is
largely rainfed and farmers suffer from losses every year as rains generally
do not sustain till the end of harvesting period in September.
Manzgam Pachkoot Kalmoona Tarathpora-A Tarathpora-B Kenyal
Lilam
Doolipora Sunmulla
Panchayat Halqas at high vulnerability to droughts
Villgam Ramhal: Zaffarwani, Waisa Kawnar, Maize growing hilly areas of
Kukroosa, Sunmulla, Puzwa-A and Puznwa-B
Tarathpora: Hegnikoot, , Shaherkoot, Hafrada, Falmarg
ACTIONS REQUIRED TO BE TAKEN
Lead Department: Agriculture department
Action Required Location Department(s) to
coordinate
Channel erosion control using soil
stabilization grasses (Bioengineering)
and engineering methods in sensitive
areas like Gabion Bags
Land along the
Nallah Kehmil in
Panchayats
Pachkoot,
Kalmoona,
Champora,
Paddergund and
Cheerkoot
Flood Control /
Agriculture (Soil
Conservation) / Soil
and Water
Conservation
Plantation of hedges along terrace
bunds in Paddy fields for improved
water retention in soil and erosion
control
Waisa Kawnar,
Zafarkhani,
Hegnikoot, Falmarg
Agriculture (Soil
Conservation)
Lead Department: Education Department
Action Required Department(s)
to coordinate
Panchayat Name School Name
To make provision
for drinking water
supply
Public Health
Engineering
(PHED)
Punzwa B M/S DINGREE
Punzwa A P/S PIR
MUHALLAH
PUNZWA
Kukroosa UPS JOGENBAGH
Hafrada P/S LONEPORA
Draft
HAFRADA
Hafrada UPS HAFTHRADA
BALLAH
Phalmarg PS SHALDORI
Hafrada P/S HATFRADA
PAYEEN
Hafrada
PS MALIK
MOHALLA
WUDER
Hangnikoot HS HAGNIKOOT
Hangnikoot PS KHADIBAL
Hangnikoot PS HERPORA
SOCHALYARI
Hangnikoot PS CHACHI
MUHALLA
Hangnikoot PS MUKHDOM
MUHALLA
Hachmarg MPS BULINAR
Speed breakers
and Signboards to
mitigate the risk of
road accidents
R & B /
BEACON /
PMGSY
Punzwa A PS PUNZWA
Punzwa B MS DINGREE
Punzwa A UPS KHAN
MUHALLA
PUNZWA
Dolipora MS DOLIPORA
Dolipora
PS SHEIKH
MUHALLA
DOLIPORA
Lilam HS LILAM
Lilam UPS KALIPORA
Kenyal UPS KENYAL
Kenyal GUPS HURDOONA
Tarathpora A HSS
TARATHPORA
Tarathpora A GMS
TARATHPORA
Tarathpora A BMS
TARATHPORA
Hafrada PS HANGDAR
MOHALA
Hafrada PS HAFTRADA
PAYEEN
Dahama A BPS DAHAMA
Champora BMS CHAMPORA
Villagam A GHS VILLIGAM
Villagam A BMS VILLIGAM
Villagam A HSS VILLIGAM
Villagam A PS NEW COLONY
SHAH MUHALA
Repair of damaged SSA / R & B Punzwa A PS PUNZWA
Draft
buildings Punzwa A UPS WANI
MOHALA
Punzwa A
UPS KHAN
MUHALLA
PUNZWA
Cheerkote MS
BUNGERGUND
Cheerkote PS KULPORA
BANGARGUND
Dolipora MS DOLIPORA
Dolipora
PS SHEIKH
MUHALA
DOLIPORA
Dolipora PS WANI
MOHALA
Sonmulla UPS PUTWAH
Sirajpora UPS TULWARI
Kukroosa HS KUKROOSA
Kukroosa GUPS KUKROOSA
Kenyal PS MAGRAY
MUHALA
HURDOONA
Hafrada PS LONEPORA
HAFRADA
Boundary walls
around school to
protect from wild
animals
Forest
Department
Dolipora GUPS
MAHEDWARI
Sirajpora MS SIRAJPORA
Kukroosa HS KUKROOSA
Kukroosa GUPS KUKROOSA
Kukroosa UPS KRAMPORA
Kukroosa PS JOGAN BAGH
Kukroosa BPS KUKROOSA
Lilam PS LILAM
Lilam GUPS LILAM
Lilam PS CHURPOWA
Kenyal MPS DACHNA
KENYAL
Kenyal PS PIR MOHALA
DACHINA
Waisa HS WAISA
Waisa UPS WAISA
PAYEEN
Waisa UPS KANWAR
Waisa PS INDROOT
WAISA
Waisa BPS WAISA
Tarathpora B MS DARIL BALA
Hafrada HS HAFTHRADA
Hafrada UPS HAFTHRADA
Draft
Hafrada PS
AUSTHANWALI
Hafrada PS LONEPORA
HAFRADA
Hafrada UPS HAFTHRADA
BALLAH
Hafrada PS HANGDAR
MOHALA
Phalmarg PS SHALDORI
Hafrada KGBV HAFTRADA
Hafrada PS HAFTRADA
PAYEEN
Hangnikoot HS HAGNIKOOT
Hangnikoot PS KHADIBAL
HAGNIKOOT
Hangnikoot UPS SOCHAYARI
Hangnikoot PS BANDER
MUHALA
Hangnikoot PS HERPORA
SOCHALYARI
Hangnikoot
PS CHACHI
MUHALA
Hangnikoot
PS DEEDAD
MUHALA
Hangnikoot
PS MUKHDOM
MUHALA
Sheharkoot UPS MATIPORA
Sheharkoot BMS SHARKOOT
Sheharkoot PS NAJAR
MOHALA
Sheharkoot PS TANTRY
MUHALA
MALIKPORA
Sheharkoot UPS MALIKPORA
Sheharkoot
UPS CHEK
MUHALA
MALIKOPORA
Hachmarg MPS BULINAR
Phalmarg UPS PHALMARGH
Villagam A HSS VILLAGAM
Protection wall to
protect against
flood & flash
floods
Flood Control /
Soil
Conservation
Punzwa B UPS BUNPORA
DINGREE
Punzwa A UPS MIR
MUHALA
PUNZWA
Cheerkote UPS CHEK
BAKSHI
Cheerkote MS
BUNGERGUND
Draft
Cheerkote UPS
GUNDIMUMIN
Cheerkote
PS SHAH
MUHALA
GUNDIMUMIN
Lilam PS CHURPOWA
Tarathpora A HSS
TARATHPORA
Hafrada HS HAFTHRADA
Hafrada UPS HAFTHRADA
Hafrada PS
AUSTHANWALI
Hafrada KGBV HAFTRADA
Manzgam GUPS MANZGAM
Manzgam HS MANZGAM
Manzgam UPS CHOPAN
MOHALA
MANZGAM
Paddargund UPS
PADDERGUND
Kalmunah BPS
GUNDLASSHAH
Villagam A MS
BUNGERGUND
Relocation of
transformer from
school premises /
Fencing around
transformer
Power
Development
Department
(PDD)
Dolipora
PS PAHADI
MUHALA
DOLIPORA
Kukroosa UPS BAGANDHAR
Lilam HS LILAM
Zaffarkhani PS GUNAI
MUHALA
Hafrada HS HAFTHRADA
Hafrada KGBV
HAFTHRADA
Hafrada PS HAFTHRADA
PAYEEN
Sheharkoot GUPS SHARKOOT
Sheharkoot UPS AMARGAD
4.3.4. Area 4: Durgmulla Area
Durgmulla area comprises of two blocks: Durgmulla and Natnussa that lies
to the South of Kupwara town and to the North of Kulangam. This area lies
to the either side of the highway, with much of it on the eastern side of the
Kulangam-Kupwara highway along the hills. The biggest problem faced in
this area is with regard to the lack of drainage system to keep the small
streams flowing down the hills from entering into habitations.
Hazard wise Assessment
Draft
Landslides
This region has no major risk to landslides. Most of the land in this area is
plains or low gradient slopes. In the two blocks, only one panchayat of
Durgmulla block – Muqam Shahwali classified as at medium risk of
landslides.
Flash Floods and Bank Erosion
The risk of flash floods is relatively low as no major streams flow through the area,
except through Jaggerpora, Vodhpora and Bramree which are along the Nallah
Pohru. However, some of the panchayats which are located close to the hills face
flash floods like situation every time there are torrential rains.
Panchayat Halqas at high vulnerability to Flash Floods and Bank Erosion
Natnussa (Flash Floods and Bank Erosion): Jaggerpora, Kawari, Vodhpora
Durgmulla (Flash Floods and Bank Erosion): Bramree-A
Panchayat Halqas at medium vulnerability to flash floods
Natnussa: Tirich, Keegam, Bumhama, Kandi-A, Kandi-B
Durgmulla: Anderhama
Floods
Some parts of the area do suffer from flooding due to the overflowing of Nallah
Pohru. Some panchayats also get cut-off due to inundation which can last for
several days as well.
Panchayat Halqas at high vulnerability to floods
Natnussa: Jaggerpora, Kawari, Vodhpora
Durgmulla: Bramree-A
Droughts
The scarcity of water for irrigation purposes is faced in some parts. Irrigation
department has worked on developing the capacity, such as Lal Kool which
dries by the month of June. The department has also introduced a lift
irrigation scheme from Nallah Pohru that caters to Vodhpora, Natnoosa, but
doesn’t reach Tirich and Kandi properly. In Durgmulla block, the eastern
most panchayat Keegam have water available for irrigation generally till the
month of June.
Panchayat Halqas at high vulnerability to droughts
Natnussa: Tirich, Kandi-B, Keegam
Drinking Water Crisis
The drinking water availability is a problem in some areas as not all the
habitations are covered even in Panchayats that have been covered. Many of
the schemes that were installed several years ago don’t cover the new
households that have come up. People living in panchayats that are in close
proximity to the forests often depend upon Springs.
Panchayat Halqas facing drinking water crisis
Natnussa: Kandi-B (No PWSS), Keegam (PWSS till June), Vodhpora (Khurmabad),
Draft
Waterkhani, Kawari
Durgmulla: Muqam Shahwali
4.3.5. Area 5: Lolab Area
About the Area: Lolab area is to the East of the district and comprises of
two blocks, viz Sogam and Wavoora. This area is largely prone to droughts
and drinking water crisis. However, in order to manage those, about 40 years
ago several Irrigation Tanks were constructed in the district which over the
years have been encroached upon by community through plantation. Several
tanks which have not been maintained properly today have got filled with
sediments as a result of which their water storage capacity and thereby, the
irrigation capacity has been greatly redced.
Hazard wise Assessment
Avalanche: There is no risk from Avalanche hazard in the block.
Landslides: There are certain areas along the hilly side where the
habitations are constructed along the hill slopes that suffer from landslide
risks due to cutting down of slopes. However, the risk of landslide is
relatively lesser because of the soil type. Some of the areas that are greater
vulnerability to landslides are listed below. The risk of landslide is found to
be Medium.
Panchayat Halqas vulnerable to Landslides
Muqam Dardpora, Dardpora, Diver-A, Diver-B, Diver-C, Diver-D, Darpora-A,
Darpora-B, Lalpora-A, Lalpora-B, Lalpora-D
Flash Floods: The entire Lolab area comprising of both Sogam and
Wavoora blocks are hilly areas on one side, much of which that borders
Bandipora district. Several small streams flow down from the hilly forest
land from different sources that end up in Macher Nallah in plain land of the
blocks. However, due to the absence of the development of any drainage
channels, the streams cause flash floods and enter habitations & fields
unchecked. The speed of these small streams is also very high due to very
steep slopes such as in Panchayat areas like Doorosa or Tekipora, and the
absence of check dams required to be constructed for slowing down the
speed of streams. In habitations that have developed along the slopes such as
in Panchayats like Dardpora, Lalpora, etc., several stream channels are
found to have been reduced without doubt for agriculture or the construction
of houses. As a result, the vulnerability of the over flowing of channels have
increased. In the downstream area of the Sogam block, Macher Nallah meets
Kalaroos Nallah close to Tangcheck Panchayat Halqa and inside Wavoora-A
where it gets a new name ‘Lolab Nallah’. The discharge in the stream
increases but the risk of flash floods in areas till it reaches Kupwara town is
very low. Considering all the factors, the vulnerability due to small streams
is higher before they meet Macher Nallah.
Draft
Action Required: There is a need of construction of drainage channels right
into the main Macher Nallah by a collaborated effort of departments that
include Flood Control and Rural Development department.
River / Nallah Bank Erosion: The Nallah bank erosion (channel erosion)
along the Macher Nallah happens but is not extensive. Besides, since the
channel width of the Nallah has been encroached in several places along the
channel, erosion is only a natural result. Considering these factors, the
vulnerability to channel erosion is kept as medium.
Action Required: Revenue authorities need to free the encroached Nallah
channels in order to mitigate the risk of inundation of fields and prevent the
road route from getting cut-off.
Floods / Inundation: This area is more prone to flash floods than floods as
this region is largely a hilly region and even the plain areas mostly maintain
a slight slope gradient. However, as there have been encroachment of Nallah
channels in general and particularly large scale encroachment of
Gundmacher which has been reduced to one-third its size. As a result,
Gundmacher Panchayat Halqa’s agricultural land and the adjoining roads
suffer the most and get submerged for 7-15 days depending upon the
precipitation. Official land records are available which shows that the width
of the channel is about 70 feet which today is reduced between 15-20 feet in
different portions of the channel, as can be seen in the picture below.
Panchayat Halqas at Higher Vulnerability to Floods Sogam: Gundmancher, Sogam-A, Tekipora-A, Tekipora-B, Dardpora, Diver-A, Diver-B,
Diver-D
Wavoora: Dooniwari, Maidanpora, Khurhama-A, Sever Thandipora, Kawari, Warnow-A and
Kuligam-A
Draft
Action Required: Revenue authorities need to free the encroached Nallah
channels in order to mitigate the risk of inundation of fields and prevent the
road route from getting cut-off.
Droughts: The Sogam area has the maximum number of Irrigation Tanks
constructed in the entire district which were constructed about 40 years ago.
But over the years due to insufficient maintenance and increase in sediment
load from even small streams flowing down from forests in hilly areas, the
depth of these tanks have been reduced by several feet. Moreover, the
encroachment of irrigation ponds (as can be seen in the picture below) has
been done by locals by plantation of trees along the bunds of these tanks for
the stabilization of bund. However, this causes the reduction of water levels
in tanks and defeats their purpose. Often, water in tanks dries down by the
end of month of May and doesn’t provide any benefits as crops are required
to be irrigated till September.
There are some Kools also that has come up along a 11 Km along channel,
but water for irrigation purposes is available only till May-June. As a result,
drought is a major vulnerability in this area. Considering these factors, the
vulnerability to droughts is categorized as high, even as it can potentially be
reduced to low by addressing the above mentioned factors.
Drinking Water Crisis: There is no Gravity based water supply schemes in
the area as there are no perennial sources of water. Much of the dependency
is on ground water sources which have also suffered from water table
reduction. Besides, the stratum is such that high mineral content such as
fluoride, iron, arsenic, etc. are found in ground water that contaminates it.
Several areas depend upon small springs to fetch water. Considering these
aspects of water availability and its quality, the vulnerability is kept as high.
ACTIONS REQUIRED TO BE TAKEN
Draft
Lead Department: Education Department
Action Required Department(s) to
coordinate
Panchayat
Name
School Name
Construction of
boundary walls for
protection from road
accidents & depredation
by wild animals inside
school premises
Rural Development
Department
Dever PS Loharpati
UPS Dilbagh
UPS Anderbugh
Sogam A UPS Wani sogam
Sogam D UPS Gangbugh
Lalpora A UPS Tilwanpora
Dorusa
UPS Gojarpati
PS Bhat Mohalla
Dorusa
Wavoora UPS(G) Wavoora
Tekipora BMS Tekipora
Strengthening of plinth
foundations to be done
that has weakened due to
repeated flash floods
Sarva Shiksha
Abhiyaan / PWD (R
& B)
Telupora
UPS Checki-
Telupora
Securing of high tension
lines near school
premises to reduce risk
of electrocution
Power Development
Department
Sogam D
UPS Jagir
Repair of structurally
weak building
Sarva Shiksha
Abhiyaan / PWD (R
& B)
Potushai PS Gojarpati
Lead Department: Public Health Engineering / Mechanical
Action Required Department(s) to
coordinate
Water Supply Scheme
Ground Water sources need
to be explored
Ground water
department
Putshai
Cheepora
Mir-muqam wukhalward
Sogam
Tekipora
Dorus
Dever
Lalpora
Dardpora
Surigam
Doonwari
Gagal
Darpora
Pre-settling tanks & filtration
plants need to be constructed
Forest Department Khurhama
Warnow
Gagal
Dardpora
Kuligam
Draft
Mineral contamination
treatment required
---- Tellupora
Kanthpora Doniwari
Protection wall needs to be
constructed immediately
Flood control
department
Khurhama
Varnow
Chandigam
Dardpora
Hapathnar(Lalpora)
Kakadpathi
Wangnipora
Puthushei
Kuligam
Gagal
Krusan-Tangcheck
Anderbough
Telupora
Lead Department: Irrigation
Action Required Department(s) to coordinate
Deepening of Irrigation Ponds Internal / MGNREGS (Rural
Development Department)
Removal of trees from the bunds of
Irrigation Tanks and 5 feet area outside
of ponds
Revenue Department
Construction of drainage channels into
the Irrigation Tanks
Flood Control / MGNREGS (Rural
Development Department)
Protection wall needs to be constructed
immediately
Flood control department
4.3.6. Area 6: Kupwara Area
About the Area: Kupwara area comprises two community development
blocks, Kupwara and Hyhama. Hyhama is to the north of the district and
Kupwara town. One of its panchayats also shares close proximity to the line
of control along Pakistan Occupied Kashmir. It is a largely hilly area and is
prone to landslides, with a couple of areas also at some risk to snow
avalanches. The Kupwara block is largely a plain area where all the rivers
from across the several parts of the district merges together to form River
Pohru. The plains are prone to flash floods and the river bank erosion.
Drinking water availability is also a problem in several panchayats of
Kupwara block due to non-timely augmentation of infrastructure.
Agricultural lands also faces drought in some identified areas due to no
irrigation infrastructure and dependency on rainfed farming.
The River System
Draft
Nallah Kehmil is the catchment channel of all the streams flowing through
various Micro-watersheds and Watersheds in the area. All the zero-order and
first-order streams that originate from different hilly pockets falling under
different Panchayats merge together with this Nallah. The Nallah Kehmil
which is formed at Drangyari village of Chowkibal Panchayat drains
through different panchayats falling under blocks that include Reddi
Chowkibal, Kralpora, Vilgam Ramhall, Tarathpora and Trehgam in the same
order. The nallah finally enters Kupwara block through Pazipora panchayat
and drains through Pushwari, Dedikote, Karihama-A, Gushi-B, Gushi-A,
Bohipora and Mughalpora respectively. At this place, it merges with Nallah
Tikkerwari and Nallah Lolab to form Nallah Pohru, what is called as the
biggest tributary of River Jhelum.
Nallah Hyhama is formed by the coming together of Nallah Munigah and
Nallah Batpora at Sulkoot panchayat. Nallah Munigah originates from
Munigah-C and drains downstream through Humandar, Manzhar, Qasba
Hyhama, Shartpora, Gutlipora, Babpora, Sohipora and Sulkoot panchayats.
Nallah Batpora originates from Batpora-C and drains through Batpora-A,
Batpora-D, Gonipora, Gundisana and finally into Sulkoot panchayat.
Nallah Tikkerwari runs it course through Zurhama in Awoora block and
enters Kupwara block in Battergam. It then flows through Bohipora, Tikker,
Gushi A & Gushi-B panchayats before merging with Nallah Kehmil at
Mughalpora, right behind Kupwara town.
Nallah Pohru is the integration of all the major nallahs of the area such as
Nallah Kehmil, Nallah Tikkerwari, Nallah Hyhama & Nallah Lolab. The
Nallah Lolab flows through the Lolab area and enters Kupwara town before
meeting with Nallah Hyhama in Kupwara town. This nallah then merges
with Nallah Kehmil, Nallah Tikkerwari at Mughalpora to form Nallah
Pohru.
Draft
Hazard wise Assessment
Snow Avalanche
The risk of avalanche is not so profound in most of the area, except in the
northern Hyhama block which is the closest of all to the L.O.C. The risk
although has attenuated even in these areas over the last few years with the
climatic changes leading to lower snowfall. In case of receipt of warning of
Snow Avalanche for Kupwara district, only the following areas need to be
warned of the risk and the movement of people need to be stopped for at
least a couple of days after fresh snowfall. The picture below showcases
Batpora-C panchayat in the mid of April. Kumkudi and Safanwali villages
of this panchayat are at greater height closer to the L.O.C.
Panchayat Halqas at Risk to Snow Avalanche
Batpora-C (Kumkudi, Safanwali), Munigah-C
Draft
Landslides
The risk of landslides in most parts of the area is low. While Kupwara block
is largely a plain area, Hyhama is most hilly. The northernmost part of the
Hyhama block are at greatest risk to landslides. Much of the MGNREGS
plan in these areas have the requests for the construction of Protection Bunds
for individual households which fail to sustain and benefit much as often the
slopes are cut to construct houses. The road route to Batpora-C and
Munigah-C is also not entirely safe and prone to landslides. There is a need
to shift to bioengineering approach to improve the stability of the soil.
Panchayat Halqas at Very High Risk to Mudslides
Hyhama: Batpora-C, Munigah-C
Panchayat Halqas at High Risk to Mudslides
Hyhama: Batpora-A,B, Munigah-A,B, Humander, Manzhaar,
Panchayat Halqas at Medium Risk to Mudslides
Hyhama: Jugtiyaal, Zangli; Kupwara: Dedikote, Pazipora, Karihama-A, Sulkoot
The picture below was taken at Batpora-C which shows the extent to which
mudslides have been triggered in this area.
Draft
In another picture given below, Kupwara block’s Sulkoot Panchayat Halqa’s
land has developed these kind of cracks that puts buildings at risk.
The picture depicts the way houses are at risk from mudslides from beneath
their surface in Batpora-C of Hyhama area.
Effect of Landslides on River Streams: Ever since the earthquake of 2005,
the risk of landslides has only increased. The two streams – Safanwali and
Trunard – that merge within the Batpora-C Halqa are quite distinctive from
each other due to this very reason. While Nallah Trunard carries pure and
clean water, it is the Nallah Safanwali which has very muddy water flowing
through it. Upon discussion with the community, it came out that the nature
of the river changed after earthquake which has left soil in the upper areas
well exposed. It can be seen in the picture below how even a very small
stream carrying a lot of sediments merges with Nallah Trunard and changes
the colour of water in the main Nallah.
Draft
Flash Floods and River Bank Erosion
Kupwara block is the most severely affected by flash floods in the entire
district. This is because much of the land is low lying plain area where four
different streams – Kehmil, Lolab, Hyhama and Tikkerwari - merge together
to form Nallah Pohru at Mughalpora panchayat. As a result, any spell of
continuous and heavy rainfall of two days puts some of the areas at risk of
temporary submergence. The banks of the rivers also suffer from erosion as
a result of increase in water levels of the stream.
Panchayat Halqas at Very High Risk to Flash Floods and Bank Erosion
Flash Floods:: Kupwara: Gushi-A, Gushi-B, Bohipora
Bank Erosion:: Kupwara: Bohipora, Mughalpora, Hatmulla, Nagri, Gushi-A,
Gushi-B
Panchayat Halqas at High Risk to Flash Floods and Bank Erosion
Flash Floods:: Kupwara: Mughalpora, Hatmulla, Nagri
Bank Erosion:: Kupwara: Pazipora, Dedikote, Karihama-A
Agriculture
There are two major crops – Paddy and Maize – taken up by farmers in this
area. Paddy is largely done in plain areas of Kupwara block and Maize is
done in most parts of Hyhama.
Irrigation
There is no provision of irrigation in northern parts of Hyhama block as
there is no water availability for maize crop. In plain areas of Kupwara,
irrigation channels are formed by locals to irrigate the fields.
Lead Department: Irrigation and Flood Control
High Priority and urgent actions
required to be taken
Panchayat, Village
and Area Name
Departments to
Coordinate
Encroachments on canal/kools
need to be cleared along the
Kools.
Kupwara: Dedikote,
Pazipora, Karihama-A&B,
Bohipora, Tikker,
Battergam,
Gushi-A&B,
Irrigation,
Revenue
department and
Police
department
Draft
Haimatpora-A,B&C
Hyhama: Munigah-B,
Manzhaar, Payerpora,
BAtpora-B, Gundisana,
Jugtiyaal, Gonipora,
Babpora, Shartpora, Qasba
Hyhama, Gutlipora, Zangli
Construction of check dams in
hilly areas in order to reduce the
speed of the flowing water,
which in turn will reduce the soil
erosion & landslides.
Besides, plantation of deep
rooted grasses for protection
against landslides & bank
erosion.
Kupwara: Dedikote,
Pazipora, Karihama-A&B,
Bohipora, Tikker,
Battergam,
Gushi-A&B,
Haimatpora-A,B&C
Hyhama: Munigah-B,
Manzhaar, Payerpora,
BAtpora-B, Gundisana,
Jugtiyaal, Gonipora,
Babpora, Shartpora, Qasba
Hyhama, Gutlipora, Zangli
Social Forestry
Department/
Rural
Development
Department
Provide with lift irrigation
facilities to areas prone to drought
with agriculture’s dependency on
rains.
Kupwara: Dedikote,
Pazipora, Karihama-A&B,
Halmatpora-A, B & C
Hyhama: Munigah-B,
Manzhaar, Payerpora,
BAtpora-B, Gonipora,
Zangli
Irrigation
Department
Erosion
Losses of agricultural land to river bank erosion are huge. The problem is
more profound along Nallah Kehmil before it merges with other nallahs to
form Nallah Pohru, which is an even more aggressive form of the river. The
need for bank protection is among the greatest in this part of the district.
Drinking Water Security
Drinking Water Availability Crisis:
The problems of drinking water availability and quality are being faced in
the area. In Kupwara block, much of the problem being faced in areas like
Gushi-A,B, Nagri, Mughalpora, etc. because the supply pipelines are over 40
years old in several locations when the project was first taken up. Lack of
maintenance and upgradation has meant much of the pipelines is worn out
and in several cases have broken. In several cases, broken pipes are
functional through temporary arrangement that cause loss of water on the
way. Thus, the problem is not of water availability. The infrastructure needs
refurbishment.
Draft
Panchayat Halqas facing Drinking Water Crisis
Kupwara: Gushi-A, Gushi-B, Dedikote, Pazipora, Karihama-A, B, Halmatpora-A, B,
C, Hatmulla, Mughalpora, Nagri
Damage to supply lines to flash floods: Supply pipes get damaged due to
flash floods in Batpora-A, B and C of Hyhama block and Dedikote,
Pazipora, Karihama-A, Karihama-B, Gushi-A & Gushi-B of Kupwara block.
Contamination of drinking water: The absence of waste disposal system
and the construction of open system of wooden type toilets where all the
human excreta gets disposed into the nallahs, the problem of contamination
is huge. However, certain areas are identified where the contamination of
streams by solid waste is huge and need to control by the development of
safe waste dumping sites. These areas include Dedikote, Pazipora,
Karihama-A, Karihama-B, Gushi-A and Gushi-B of Kupwara block.
4.3.7. Area 7: Kalaroos Area
About the Area: Kalaroos area is a community development block in itself
that is situated to the North-East of the district and to the South of Machil
LOC area. The area is primarily at high risk from Landslides that puts
habitations at risk, besides causes much damage to terrace bunds that
diminishes the agricultural productivity. Besides this, there are a few places
where the risk of avalanche exists, even though with the reduction in
snowfall over the last few years, the risk has much reduced. The risk of
channel erosion along Nallah Moori, Nallah Sarkuli and the Nallah
Kalaroose is also high that causes loss of agricultural land and puts
buildings, many of which are school’s at risk. Flash floods is not a risk in
much of the area as it’s mostly except in some plain areas of Kalaroose and
Khumrial, but there is a need to check the speed of stream that causes much
damage in downstream areas and meet other nallahs including Pohru.
Droughts are also a major problem in the area, especially along Moori part,
as much of the areas practice Maize cultivation which is primarily rainfed.
Irrigation facilities are much better in lower areas and much of the areas
along Sarkuli part. The threat of animal depredation exists and much of the
losses are faced by local farmers to its Maize crop which is consumed by
Bears.
Hazard wise Assessment
Snow Avalanches
The Avalanche risk can exist some parts of the block in case of a heavy
snowfall. Until about 7-8 years ago, the snowfall in the region used to be
usually heavy that used to be around 15-16 feet also in upper areas like
Moori. However, owing to the climate change due to global warming, the
Draft
snowfall has consistently reduced over the years. The areas that can be at
risk in case of heavy snowfall are listed below. There have been many
reports of people & animals been dumped under the snow due to avalanches.
The avalanche risk in this region in case of a heavy snowfall can be played
at High, even as at the current levels of snowfall considered normal, the risk
is Low.
Panchayat Halqas at Higher Vulnerability to Snow Avalanche
Moori, Ladah, Nagsari, Narikoot, Thayan-B, Sarkuli and Nunwani
Landslides
Kalaroos area on the whole is one of the most prone regions in the district to
Mudslides and Rock Slides. In Ladah, habitations are highly vulnerable to
Rockslides. Nagsari is prone to both mudslides and rock slides. Roads to
both Moori and Sarkuli Panchayat Halqas are prone to both Rockslides and
Mudslides. As can be seen from the picture below, the soil is of clay type
and melts down during rains.
Given the fact that the soil type is quite prone to slides, often rock slides as
have been seen in several locations along road to Moori and Sarkuli, the
cutting of slopes for road construction severely destabilises the slopes (as
can be seen in the picture below).
Draft
Since no bioengineering approaches are adopted to stabilise cut slopes, the
roads in this area are at a very high risk to closure due to mud or rock slides
in case of rainfall. The threat to life also exists due to the presence of big
rocks and boulders that exist in the entire belt, as shown in the picture
below.
Panchayat Halqas at Higher Vulnerability to Mudslides and Rockslides
Moori, Ladah, Nagsari, Narikoot, Thaiyan-A, Thaiyan-B, Sarkuli, Nunwani,
Paraypora, Kanipora
The River System
Streams emerging from Kalaroos area and merging together to form Nallah
Kalaroos is also a major contributor to the River Pohru. There are two major
streams that emerge from the Panchayat Moori, which drains perennially,
and the other one from Panchayat Sarkuli which starting from around June
to about September only drains through panchayats Sarkuli, Nunwani,
Paraypora and sometimes a portion of Kanipora. The two streams are joined
Draft
by several small streams from different Panchayats (as can be seen in the
flow diagram below) and the two main streams meet at Thaiyan-A, where
from it flows further down as Nallah Moori. As it flows through Lastiyal and
Madmadow panchayats on its east bank, and the Doggerpora and Kalaroos
panchayats on its west bank, it causes bank erosion and the resultant loss of
agricultural fields. The Nallah drains to downstream areas of Khumbriyal-A,
Khumbriyal-B and Khumbriyal-C respectively. It causes flash flooding in
these panchayats, which is particularly severe along Khumbriyal-B and also
causes bank erosion as the soil is exposed. At Khumbriyal-C, the Nallah
Kalaroos which is among the more aggressive nallahs merges with Nallah
Lolab (also known till this point as Nallah Machhar) from the east and drains
down into Kupwara town as Nallah Lolab.
Source/Nallah Originating
Panchayat
Main
Nallah
Tributary
Sonapindi Between
Kalaroos &
Machil
Moori
Bundwati Charijab Moori
Dangawari Moori Moori
Athumgali Ladah Moori
Rangdori Nagsari Moori
Uraguli Nunwani Sarkuli
Kukarseena Nunwani Sarkuli
Grun Nunwani Sarkuli
Jadadnakha Nunwani Sarkuli
Dingi Nunwani Sarkuli
Wanthwadi(Shundi) Thaiyan B Moori
Trumbakh Nallah Lastiyal Kalaroos
Rangdara Nallah Madhmadow Kalaroos
Bandi Nallah Doggerpora Kalaroos
Nagdi Nallah Kalroos
Draft
Flash Floods and Channel Erosion
Flash floods risk in not so much in most parts of the block as these are
mostly high land hilly areas. However, lower areas along Khumbriyal
Panchayat do suffer from Nallah Kalaroos, as the habitations particularly in
Khumbriyal-B Panchayat Halqas suffer from flash floods. Although, flash
floods do affect the agriculture fields mostly as the flood drains are
encroached by farmers on both sides, thereby leaving little space for flood
waters to merge in Nallah waters through this slope. As can be seen in the
picture, one of the farmers has even done fencing to ensure that the
expansion of the width of the flood channel does not happen. It leaves the
cultivable land filled with small rocks and sand carried down by water, as
seen in the picture below.
Action Required: The widening of flood drains need to be taken up by the
initiative of rural development department which shall take up widening of
these channels which need to be completed with the support of revenue
authorities.
Draft
The risk of bank erosion due to flash floods along all the Nallahs is high as
the banks are exposed and as a result, the soil gets washed away.
In the picture below, it can be seen that the bank in Thaiyan-A along Nallah
Sarkuli is exposed and has suffered from erosion.
Draft
In this picture, it can also be seen that a school building in Ladah is at risk
from bank erosion. A toilet of a school in Moori has already got washed
away from a stream that is a tributary to Nallah Moori as the school is
constructed at a location unsafe for the construction of these buildings.
Panchayat Halqas at Higher Vulnerability to Flash Floods & Channel Erosion
Flash Floods: Khumbriyal-A, Khumbriyal-B and Khumbriyal-C Channel Erosion: Ladah, Narikoot, Nagsari, Khumbriyal –A,B, C, Thayan-A, Doggerpora,
Madmadow, Lastiyal, Kalaroose
Actions Required: Plantation of deep rooted grasses along the banks that
are exposed to the streams by Flood Control department and Agriculture
department.
Management of micro-watersheds by the construction of check dams to limit
the speed of water and allow water to be absorbed by the soil to mitigate the
risk of flash flooding & flooding in downstream areas. Also, to undertake
plantation of grasses along such small Nallah streams flowing down the hills
that brings down with it muddy waters that only increases the sediment load
in rivers.
Floods
This area is largely hilly with some slope gradient maintained even in plain
areas. As a result, it is not much vulnerable to floods. However,
Khumbriyal-B panchayat Halqa do suffer from flooding that stays on for
extended period. A mohalla in this Halqa along the west bank of Nallah
Kalaroos after crossing the bridge sometimes gets flooded for few days as
the Nallah swells with extended spell of precipitation in northern areas.
Also, in Khmubriyal-B, a habitation situated next to the market and on the
Draft
foot of hills suffers from extensive inundation. The situation has arisen since
the construction of a road which acts as an embankment and prevents water
to drain into Nallah Kalaroos. The area gets severely inundated, sometimes
to a level of 4 to 6 feet in case of heavy downpour and causes much damage
to property & agriculture, besides forcing people to evacuate till water levels
recede.
Panchayat Halqas at Higher Vulnerability to Floods
Khumbriyal-B
Action Required: A culvert is required to be put in place by the R & B to
allow water from the hills to flow into the Nallah Kalaroos.
Drinking Water Security
Drinking Water Crisis: Kaninard, Barinard, Dal, Dangerpora, Dogerpora,
Brannard, Rehmat colony, madmadow, Wani mohala, mir mohala, hajam
mohala, Lone & malik Mohalla, Mergi, Putpora, Khan mohala, Buma
Mohala, Khaitan, Nunwari, Danmi, Khan Mohala, Gamnard, check Mohala,
kashmiri Basti, Narizabm Sarpanch Mohala, Kothari, Aziz, Khushi, Des
mohala, Bugu, Naik ALam Mohala, Khan mohala, Teda, Chalandri
Gatiwali, Narikote, Ladah, Thayan A & B Faces shortage of water due to
incomplete pipe network. Newly proposed schemes if accepted will help
overcome the water crisis.
Damage to supply lines due to flash floods: Nallah schemes along Moori
and Sarkuli suffer from the damages.
Contamination of drinking water with solid waste: Drinking water which
is lifted from the Nallah itself suffers contamination as human wastes from
Draft
toilets enter into Nallah streams. This happens due to the waste released into
the stream by household toilets and similar toilets in army camps (as can be
seen in the picture below). The Moori Nallah water source gets
contaminated at Moori army camp, Chengetti and the Sarkuli Nallah water
source gets affected at Hajibal Sarkuli army camp. Apart from this, waste is
dumped along Kalaroose, Lastiyal, Madmadaow, Doggerpora, Ladah,
Khumbriyal-A, B, & C.
Agriculture and Horticulture
Farmers are primarily indulging in Maize and Walnut as the most of
Kalaroos is hilly. Paddy is being done in some Panchayats that are plain
areas in Panchayats that include Kalaroose, Lastiyal, Madmadaow,
Doggerpora and Khumbriyal-A, B, & C.
Erosion and Landslides
The soil type is much prone to top soil erosion and suffers from sliding of
terraced bunds in Paddy grown areas. This diminishes the agriculture
productivity to a great extent as the productive top soil layer is washed away
when it rains heavy, besides layers of soil gets cut-off from bunds and gets
deposited in the following bunds beneath them. A picture taken at Thyan-A
showcases presence of a clay type soil that is much vulnerable to these risks
and a farmer’s initiative to prevent a bund from suffering breakdown by
providing wooden fence like structure created just at the edge of the terrace,
in order to provide support to the structure. But a better idea would be if
some deep rooted grass can be planted on the terrace bunds to improve the
soil binding since the grass usually covering these are not deep and soil
binding, as can be understood from the picture below.
Draft
Apart from this, horticultural plantations primarily include Walnuts which
has not been done in high density. Due to high incidence of landslides, these
trees also suffer losses.
Agriculture land is also lost to bank erosion as has been discussed in
Channel Erosion.
Sedimentation: Agricultural fields also suffer much damage due to
contracted flood drains of zero-order streams that flows down the hill, as has
been discussed under Flash Floods. This leaves fields with sand and stones
that are required to be cleared by farmers. Panchayats that suffer from
greater degree of sedimentation include Kalaroose, Doggerpora, Lastiyal,
Madmadow, Thayan-A, Khumbriyal-A, B & C.
Poor Soil Health: The Panchayat Halqas identified to be suffering from
poor soil health include Sarkuli, Nunwani, Moori, Ladah, Narikoot, Nagsari,
Thaiyan-B and Kanipora.
Irrigation Facilities: Maize crop is the mainstay of this area which doesn’t
require as much water as required by paddy. There has been some
development in irrigation infrastructure in the form of Kools for Panchayats
Draft
along plain areas. However, since maize is grown along the hill slopes, these
are entirely dependent on rains despite the presence of constantly flowing
water along Nallah Moori (which is perennial) and Nallah Sarkuli.
Panchayat Halqas at Higher Vulnerability to Droughts
Moori, Ladah, Narikoot, Nagsari, Thaiyan-B and Kanipora
Fire & Emergency Services
Lack of Community Cooperation: There are instances where the fire
service personnel have to face the ire of the common public and in which
they resort to aggression against them such as through stone pelting. This
often damages vehicles and injures the fire personnel. The panchayats where
the problem is being faced and there is a need of conducting meetings with
the people include Kalaroose, Madmadow, Lastiyal and Sarkuli.
Water Recharge Sources: Of the 17 Panchayat Halqas in the Kalaroos
area, there are 7 Panchayat.
Halqas that don’t have any water sources for recharge that include Lastiyal,
Sarkuli, Paraypora, Kanipora, Moori, Narikoot, Khumbriyal-A and
Khumbriyal-B.
Lead Department: Education Department
Action Required Department(s) to coordinate
Panchayat Name School Name
To make provision for drinking water supply
Public Health Engineering (PHED)
Kalaroos BMS Kalaroos
Kalaroos PS Dogerpora
Kalaroos PS Rangerpora
Kalaroos PS Sheikh Mohalla
Madmadove PS Dhal Payeen
Madmadove UPS Dhal Bala
Lasthiyan UPS Lasthiyan
Surkooli PS Jakadnakha
Surkooli PS Mujdaji
Surkooli PS Changdi
Noonwani PS Damni Bala
Noonwani PS Guddaji
Noonwani PS Khaitan mohalla
Noonwani PS Pullo Mohalla
Parraypora PS Hajibal Bala
Parraypora PS Parraypora
Kanipora PS Kanipora
Moori HS Moori
Moori PS Bangla
Moori PS Bimalawali Moore
Moori PS Charizab
Moori PS Bundalwali Moore
Draft
Ladah PS Tass Mohalla Ladah
Nagasari PS Naik Mohalla
Nagasari PS Chilandari
Narikoot PS Sengathie
Narikoot PS Bundalwali
Thayan-A UPS Dar Mohalla Thayan
Thayan Gujran UPS Shundi
Thayan Gujran PS Sinja
Khumeriyal-B PS Wani Mohalla
Khumeriyal-B PS Khumriyal
Khumeriyal-C UPS Kashta
Khumeriyal-C UPS Nawa Bazar
Machil UPS Wani Mohalla Nard
Chountwari Payeen PS Chountwari Payeen
Chountwari Payeen PS Zadibahak
Chountwari Payeen UPS Doban Chountwari
Chountwari Bala PS Gounch Doub
Chountwari Bala UPS Chontiwari Bala
Ring Payeen UPS Tantry Basti
Ring Bala PS Khan Basti
Ring Bala PS Khanpora
Dudi UPS Thally
Dudi PS Chan Mohalla
Dapal UPS Misri Bahak
Dapal UPS Katwara
Dapal BMS Dapal
Speed breakers and Signboards to mitigate the risk of road accidents
R & B / BEACON / PMGSY
Kalaroos MS Madmadow
Kalaroos HS Sarkali
Kalaroos PS Hajibal Payeen
Kalaroos UPS Nari Zab
Kalaroos BMS Thayan
Thayan-A BMS Thayan
Khumriyal-A PS Isgund
Khumriyal-C UPS Nawa Bazar
Repair of damaged buildings
SSA / R & B Kalaroos PS Boinard
Kalaroos PS Wangbutoo
Surkooli PS Majdaji
Noonwari PS Damni Bala
Noonwari PS Khaitan mohalla
Kanipora PS Narizab
Moori UPS Moori
Moori PS Bimlawali Moore
Narikoote PS Narikoote
Draft
Khumriyal-C UPS Kashta
Khumriyal-C UPS Nawa Bazar
Chountwari Payeen PS Chountwari Payeen
Boundary walls around school to protect from wild animals
Forest Department
Kalaroos PS Dilbar Abad
Madmadow UPS Dhal Payeen
Surkooli PS Jakadnakha
Surkooli PS Mujdaji
Noonwani UPS Noonwani
Noonwani PS Guddaji
Noonwari PS Khaitan Mohalla
Kanipora UPS Narizab
Moori PS Bangla
Moori PS Jabda
Ladah UPS Ladah
Ladah PS Tass Mohalla
Nagsari PS Chilandari
Narikoote PS Narikoote
Narikoote PS Bundwali Narikoote
Thayan Gujran UPS Shundi
Thayan Gujran PS Sinja
Khumriyal-B PS Wani Mohalla
Khumriyal-C UPS Kashta
Chounwari Bala PS Gounch Doub
Ring Bala UPS Ring Bala
Ring Bala PS Khan Basti
Ring Bala PS Khanpora
Protection wall to protect against flood & flash floods
Flood Control / Soil Conservation
Surkooli PS Majdaji
Parraypora PS Hajibal Bala
Moori PS Bimlawali Moori
Ladah UPS Ladah
Narikoote PS Narikoote
Khumriyal-B PS Wani Mohalla
Pushwari UPS Pushwari
Ring Payeen HS Ring Payeen
Dudi UPS Dudi
Moori HS Moori
Thayan-A PS Methbag
Construction Of Crate Bunds/ Protection Wall to protect School from being washed away & Landslides.
Flood Control / Soil Conservation
Nagsari PS Naik Mohalla
Thayan-A UPS Dar Mohalla
Kalaroos PS Wangbutoo
Surkooli PS Jakadnakha
Noonwani PS Damni Bala
Parraypora UPS Parraypora
Narikoot UPS Sengathie
Khumeriyal-B PS Khumeriyal
Chountwari Payeen UPS Doban
Draft
Chountwari
Chountwari Bala PS Gounch Doub
Chountwari Bala UPS Chountwari Bala
Ring Payeen UPS Tantry Basti
Dudi UPS Thally
Dapal UPS Katwara
Cutting of long grasses in order to mitigate the threat of snake bites
Education Department
Surkooli PS Jakadnakha
Dapal UPS Misribahak
4.3.8. Area 8: Kralpora Area
About the Area: Kralpora area comprises of Kralpora, Meelyal, Keran and
Reddi Chowkibal community development blocks (C.D. Blocks) that lies in
the North-West of the district with Keran block at the Line of Control
alongside Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (P.O.K.). In the entire area, Keran
C.D. is at a very high risk from landslides. Besides, the road after Farkin
Top till Keran is at a very high risk from rock slides as well as landslides.
Meelyal block on the whole lies in low to medium risk zone with patches of
soil between Meelyal to Farkian top along the road in need of urgent soil
stabilisation measures. In Reddi Chowkibal block, the risk of landslides is
overall Medium to High.
Flash floods are not a problem in hilly areas as the habitations are well
scattered and the streams don’t affect them. However, the Aloosa and
Shaloora Panchayt Halqas suffer from flash floods as surrounding
habitations and agricultural land is hit by flash floods causing inundation in
houses and washing away of top soil from fields. The erosion along the
banks is also a major problem along Nallah Kehmil in panchayat Halqas that
include Budnambal, Gund Zunreshi, Panzgam, Aloosa and Shaloora.
Droughts are not a problem along Meelyaal as channels along Nallahs are
carved out to irrigate fields.
Drinking water security is maintained in panchayat halqas of Meelyaal even
as water quality is put into question in Dard Harie, Lone Harie-A and Lone
Harie-B.
The River System
The Nallah Kehmil is the catchment channel of all the streams flowing
through various Micro-watersheds and Watersheds in the area. All the zero-
order and first-order streams that originate from different hilly pockets
falling under different Panchayats merge together to merge with this Nallah.
Among all the tributaries of Nallah Pohru, it is the Nallah Kehmil that has
the highest drainage and flows through its channels at a very high speed. The
Nallah is formed at Drangyari village of Chowkibal Panchayat by the
Draft
coming together of three Watersheds – Nallah Doodi and Nallah Rangwad
from Panchayat Halqa Chowkibal, and Nallah Budnambal from Budnambal
Balla Halqa. It then drains through Reddi, Panzgam, Pachkoot (Tarathpora
block) and Kalmoona (Tarathpora block) on the east bank and Tumbina,
Manzgam (Tarathpora block), Aloosa and Shaloora Panchayat halqas on its
west bank. It is known for causing maximum bank erosion, damaging
agriculture in its close proximity till about 300 metres and causing flash
floods in nearby habitations, thereby making it necessary for the
administration to ensure temporary relocation of people to safer areas.
Several other small streams originating from different panchayat halqas that
include Farkin, Rationpora and Dardpora’s merge together to meet at
Kralpora-C. Another set of streams originating from Warsun and Guzriyan
merge together at Reshigund to separately merge into Nallah at Kralpora-C
again. All these then later meet Nallah Kehmil separately.
Draft
Hazard wise Assessment
Snow Avalanche
The risk of avalanche is the most profound in Keran block. However, the
risk is the most at Army posts and there is a history of loss of lives of troops
as well in recent years. The households in all the three panchayats – Keran,
Mundiyan and Pathroo - are also under risk from snow avalanches.
However, the vulnerability is higher if people move from one station to
another soon after fresh snow fall when it is still soft and unsettled, and
Draft
thereby more prone to slides. If all movement is stopped for at least 2 to 3
days until after heavy and fresh snowfall, the risk to life can be almost
completely mitigated.
Panchayat Halqas at Risk to Snow Avalanche
Keran, Mundiyan, Pathro, Warsun-A, Manzpather and Manchater
Landslides
The risk of landslides in this area is the highest in Keran block, which is
followed by the Reddi Chowkibal block. The risk of landslides in Meelyaal
block on the whole can be considered to be Medium with only some
locations along the road in need of treatment on greater priority. However,
the way to Keran block starts from Farkin Top which lies at the edge of the
Meelyaal block. The road route from Farkin top to Patra is relatively at
lesser risk. But thereafter, the road from Patra till Keran is very risk as there
is constant threat of mudslides and rock falls during the rainy season. The
BEACON road in several places is so thin due to rapid sliding from the
edges of the road. The below mentioned road route and the pictures of
landslides provides a greater insight on the associated risk.
Road route at very high risk to mudslides and rock falls
Pathra -> Pathroo -> Kundian -> Dat Bridge -> Mundiyan -> Keran
A portion of the road between Pathro to Kundian is much reduced in width
due to rapid sliding from the edges.
Further ahead, it can be seen from the pictures below that the landslide
triggered has left no visible alignment of the road between Dat Bridge and
Mundiyan. Here, both mudslides and rock falls is a major problem. This
road being an important route to the L.O.C. is in need of treatment or else it
can be a cause of heightened security threat.
Draft
The picture below depicts the condition of the road between Mandian and
Keran after a mudslide was triggered. The risk of rock falls is equally grave
in this area.
Besides these roads from Farkian Top enroute to Keran, all the Panchayat
Halqas also suffer from maximum risk of landslides and in need of treatment
on greater priority.
Panchayat Halqas at Very High Risk to Mudslides and Rockfalls
Mudslides: Keran, Mundiyan, Pathroo
Rock falls: Dat Bridge to Mundiyan, Mundiyan, Keran
Panchayat Halqas at High Risk to Mudslides
Draft
Mudslides: Warsun-A, Guzriyan – B, Manzpather and Manchater
Panchayat Halqas at Medium Risk to Mudslides
Mudslides: Meelyal to Farkian Top road, Rawathpora, Hachmarg, Reddi, Chowkibal,
Tumbina, Budnambal Balla and Budnambal Payeen
Flash Floods and River Bank Erosion
The area that is divided into 4 community development blocks is on the
whole at low risk from flash floods. It is only along plain areas of Kralpora
and Reddi Chowkibal block where the aggressive Nallah Kehmil flows
through which causes flash floods and river bank erosion.
Panchayat Halqas at High Risk to Flash Floods and Bank Erosion
Flash Floods: Shuloora, Aloosa
Bank Erosion: Budnambal Balla, Budnambal Payeen, Gund Zunreshi, Chowkibal,
Shuloora, Aloosa
Panchayat Halqas at Medium Risk to Flash Floods and Bank Erosion
Flash Floods: Kralpora-B, Kralpora-C
Agriculture
There are two major crops – Paddy and Maize – taken up by farmers in this
area. Paddy is a staple crop for the locals and the ST population – Paharis,
Gujjars and Bakerwals – that live in highland hilly areas are unable to grow
Paddy due to the unavailability of sufficient water for irrigation purposes. In
Kralpora C.D. block, all areas except Dardpora-A, B, C, Reshigund and
Warsun-A undertake paddy crop. In Reddi Chowkibal C.D. block, only few
Panchayats crop paddy that include Panzgam-A,B, C, Reddi, Rawathpora
and Tumbina. In Meelyaal C.D. block, paddy growing panchayats include
Dard Harie, Lone Harie-A and Lone Harie-B.
Irrigation
There is no problem of irrigation in Meelyaal block as Nallah Hudh drains
through the area and the small channels developed traditionally are able to
cater to the needs of the people. The problem most remains in hilly areas of
Kralpora block where farmers largely grow Maize crop due to rainfed
farming. Similar problems are also faced in Reddi Chowkibal block’s hilly
areas. Plain areas are relatively better off in terms of water availability to the
fields. However, even its areas father away from Kehmil finds it difficult to
be irrigated.
Panchayat Halqas at Very High Risk to Droughts
Kralpora: Dardpora-A,B,C, Guzriyal-A, B, Warsun-A, Warsun-B
Panchayat Halqas at High Risk to Droughts
Kralpora: Dardpora- D, E
Reddi Chowkibal: Manchater, Gund Zunreshi, Budnambal Balla, Budnambal
Payeen, Chowkibal, Hachmarg
Panchayat Halqas at Medium Risk to Droughts
Kralpora: Batpora – A, B, Dardsun-A, B Reshigund
Draft
Meelyaal: Dard Harie, Lone Harie-A, B
Reddi Chowkibal: Reddi, Manzpather, Rawathpora, Tumbina
Erosion
Losses of agricultural land to river bank erosion have already been
discussed. The problem is more in Shuloora and Aloosa of Kralpora block,
while some
land loss also occurs at Budnambal and Gund Zunreshi. The picture below
depicts the banks of the agricultural land exposed to Nallah Kehmil. The
need for bank protection measures at the turnings where the force of the
water is the maximum need to be taken up at greater priority.
But the problem of breach of terraced bunds due to excessive drainage of
rain water from the fields causes much larger scale losses. As a result of this
phenomenon, the water retention capacity in paddy fields decreases.
Besides, the loss of the productive top layer of soil is a greater loss faced by
the farmers. In the picture below taken at Aloosa, damage to a terrace bund
can be observed. There exists an urgent need of strengthening them to make
water retention in fields a possibility, besides controlling breakdown of
terraces.
Draft
Drinking Water Security
Drinking Water Availability Crisis:
The problems of drinking water availability and quality are being faced in
the area. Meelyaal block on the whole has good access and quality with even
filtration facility being function that has been installed at Farkin. However,
several hilly Panchayat Halqas of Reddi Chowkibal do face the water
scarcity and much of the population depends on springs for which women
travel long distances to fetch water.
Panchayat Halqas at High Risk to Drinking Water Security
Reddi Chowkibal: Budnambal Balla, Budnambal Payeen, Gund Zunreshi
Kralpora: Dardsun-A, B, Reshigund, Warsun-B
Panchayat Halqas at Medium Risk to Flash Floods and Bank Erosion
Reddi Chowkibal: Chowkibal, Reddi
Kralpora: Guzriya-A, Guzriya-B, Warsun-A, Dardpora A-E, Aloosa
Meelyaalb Lone Harie-A, B, Dard Harie
ACTIONS REQUIRED TO BE TAKEN
Lead Department: Education Department
Action Required Department(s) to
coordinate
Panchayat Name School Name
To make provision for
drinking water supply
Public Health
Engineering
(PHED)
Kralpora GPS Khargud
Kralpora UPS Dardharie
Dardharie PS shakerlonepora
Warson gujran PS Nadpati
Warson gujran PS chekpat
Warson MS wadapati
Warson PS Warson
Warson MS Sheik Mohalla
Dardpora-E HS Dardpora
Draft
Dardpora-E PS Nonkari
Kachhama PS Paddaji
Kachhama PS Chapran
Kachhama PS Manznard
Kachhama PS dardnard
Kachhama PS Dardnard(B)
Kachhama PS Dobban
Kachhama PS Dobban(P)
Meelyal Brenbutto
Awalkedi PS Bhat Mohalla
Awalkedi PS Malik Mohalla
Farkin PS Farkin(B)
Farkin PS Mundian Farkin
Farkin MPS Farkin
Farkin PS Mir/Khanpati
Farkin
Tumbina UPS Tumbina
Hachmarg PS Hachmarg
Zunareshi PS lunid
Rationpora UPS Rationpora
Rationpora UPS Jubdian
Rationpora PS Checkipora
Rationpora PS Darbal
Rationpora UPS Tangwari
Zunareshi UPS Palli Mohalla
Chokibal Marsary UPS Marsary
Tumbina HS Tumbina
Speed breakers and
Signboards to mitigate
the risk of road
accidents
R & B / BEACON
/ PMGSY
Kralpora UPS Gazi mohalla
Kralpora PS Eidgah
Rawathpora BMS Rawathpora
Panzgam PS Panzgam
Shaloora BMS Shaloora
Sothipora MS Sonthipora
Wadar
Hachmarg UPS Hachmarg
Zunareshi PS Lunid
Lone Harie HS Lone Harie
Rationora UPS Rationpora
Chokibal Marsary UPS Marsary
Reddi BHS Reddi
Repair of damaged
buildings
SSA / R & B Rationpora PS Asthan Mohalla
Tringdiyan UPS Tringdiyan
Boundary walls around
school to protect from
wild animals
Forest Department
Kralpora UPS Gazi Mohalla
Dard Harie UPS Dardharie
Dard Harie PS Shakerlonepora
Reddi UPS Reddi Payeen
Dardpora-E UPS Muqan
Hachmarg UPS Hachmarg
Draft
Zunareshi PS Lunid
Lone Harie UPS Loneharie
Lone Harie PS Hooli
Rationpora UPS Jubdian
Rationpora PS Checkipora
Rationpora UPS Tangwari
Zunareshi UPS Palli Mohalla
Zunareshi UPS Lone Mohalla
Zunareshi PS Lone Mohalla
Zunareshi PS Kadaldaji
Chokibal marsary PS Murdan Atkola
Chokibal marsary UPS Marsary
Chokibal marsary PS Mir Mohalla
Tumbina HS Tumbina
Keran HSS Keran
Keran GMS Keran
Keran PS Mundow
Keran PS Chandriyan
Mundian HS Mundian
Mundian UPS Naga
Tringdiyan UPS Tringdiyan
Tringdiyan UPS Kallus
Tringdiyan PS Dairy
Mundian PS Khaitam
Mundian PS Bani
Mundian PS Nala Brahundaji
Kundiyan HS Kundiyan
Kundiyan UPS Patroo
Kundiyan PS Daddar
Kundiyan PS Jabba
Budnambal GMS Budnambal
Manchater UPS Manchater
Manzpather BHS Manzpather
Manzpather PS Manzpather
Khanabal UPS Khanabal
Khanabal PS khanabal Bala
Khanabal PS Khanabal Bada
Reddi BHS Reddi
Protection wall to
protect against flood &
flash floods
Flood Control /
Soil Conservation
Kralpora UPS Gazi Mohalla
Kralpora UPS Zadi Mohalla
Kralpora HSS Kralpora
Kralpora GMS Kralpora
Rawathpora BMS Rawathpora
Dardsun MS Dardsun
Reddi UPS Bara Mohalla
Warson MS Wadapati
Dardpora-B PS Maidan Payeen
Dardpora-C PS King Mohalla
Draft
Dardpora-C UPS Gulnard
Chokibal Marsary PS Gujar Chanki
Tumbina Ps Kataria Mohalla
Keran HSS Keran
Keran GMS Keran
Mundian HS Mundian
Budnambal PS Shart Mohalla
Budnambal GMS Budnambal
Budnambal UPS Banjardaji
Budnambal UPS Boindub
Relocation of
transformer from
school premises /
Fencing around
transformer
Power
Development
Department
(PDD)
Aloosa BMS Aloosa
Sontipora MS Sontipora
Sontipora PS Dumpora
Rationpora UPS Rationpora
Mudian PS Khaitan
Mudian PS Nala Brahundaji
Kundiyan HS Kundiyan
Kundiyan PS Daddar
Kundiyan PS Jabba
Construction Of Crate
Bunds/ Protection Wall
to protect School from
being washed away &
Landslides.
Flood Control/
Soil Conservation
Kralpora PS Hasrat Mohd
Kralpora GPS Khargud
Kralpora UPS TAnzoo Mohalla
Kralpora HSS Kralpora
Kralpora GMS Kralpora
Dard Harie UPS Dard Harie
Dard Harie PS Shakerlonepora
Rawathpora BMS Rawathpora
Aloosa BMS Aloosa
Sontipora PS Gund
Reshigund BDO Moli
Reshigund GMS Potwan
Reshigund PS Gani Mohalla
Warson PS Nadpati
Warson PS Chelepat
Dardpora-A UPS Maqdum Mohalla
Dardpora PS Gadder Mohalla
Dardpora Ps Hamdock
Dardpora-B PS Bagh Mohalla
Dardpora-C PS Sirjinad
Dardpora-E PS Nonkari
Lone Harie PS Hooli
Rationpora UPS Jubdian
Rationpora PS Chechipora
Rationpora PS Dozpora
Rationpora UPS G.Tangwari
Tumbina PS Check Tumbina
Tumbina Ps Ktaria Mohalla
Keran PS Mandow
Draft
Mundian HS Mundian
Mundian UPS Naga
Mundian UPS Tringdiyan
Mundian UPS Kallus
Mundian PS Dairy
Mundian PS Khaitan
Mundian PS Bani
Mundian PS Nala Brahundaji
Kundiyan HS Kundiyan
Kundiyan UPS Patroo
Kundiyan PS Daddar
Kundiyan PS Jabba
Budnambal BHS Budnambal
Budnambal UPS malik Mohalla
Budnambal UPS Wangdaji
Budnambal PS Shart Mohalla
Budnambal GMS Budnambal
Budnambal UPS banjardaji
Budnambal UPS Boindub
Manchater UPS Manchater
Manzpather BHS Manzpather
Khannabal UPS Khannabal
Cutting of long grasses
in order to mitigate the
threat of snake bites
Education
Department
Zunareshi PS Kadaldaji
Budnambal GMS Budnambal
Consultation with
Army to provide
awareness & training
sessions on steps to be
followed in case of
cross border
aggression.
Army Keran HSS Keran
Keran GMS Keran
Keran UPS Keran Bala
Keran PS Bore
Keran PS Raitel
Keran PS Mandow
Keran PS Chandruja
Mundian HS Mundian
Mundian UPS Naga
Mundian UPS Tringdiyan
Mundian UPS Kallus
Mundian PS Dairy
Mundian PS Khaitan
Mundian PS Bani
Mundian PS Nala Brahundaji
Kundiyan HS Kundiyan
Kundiyan UPS Patroo
Kundiyan PS Daddar
Kundiyan PS Jabba
Draft
Lead Department: Fire and Emergency Services
Problems faced in
the current
scenario
Department(s)
to Coordinate
Village Name
(Area)
Action Required
There is no water
source in Kralpora-
A B, C &
Dardpora A-E
panchayats. A
recharge point for
fire tenders is
needed for the
areas mentioned.
Public Health
Engineering
department /
Irrigation
department
Kralpora:
Kralpora-A,
Kralpora-B,
Kralpora-C &
Dardpora A,
Dardpora-B,
Dardpora-C,
Dardpora-D,
Dardpora-E
Provide water source in
Dardpora-E for recharge to
serve in emergency to
Kralpora-A, Kralpora-B,
Kralpora-C & Dardpora A,
Dardpora-B, Dardpora-C,
Dardpora-D, Dardpora-E
panchayats
There is no water
source in Dardsun
A&B, Guzriya
A&B, Warsun
A&B and
Reshigund
panchayats. A
recharge point for
fire tenders is
needed for the
areas mentioned.
Public Health
Engineering
department /
Irrigation
department
Dardsun A&B,
Guzriya A&B,
Warsun A&B,
Reshigund
Provide water source in
either Dardsun-B or
Gujriya-B for recharge to
serve in emergency to
Dardsun A & B, Guzriya
A&B, Warsun A&B,
Reshigund panchayats.
There is no water
source in Dard
Harie, Lone Harie-
A, Lone Harie-B,
Rationpora-A,
Rationpora-B,
Meelyaal,
Kachhama-A,
Kachhama-B,
Farkin area. A
recharge point for
fire tenders is
needed for the
areas mentioned.
Public Health
Engineering
department /
Irrigation
department
Meelyal: Dard
Harie, Lone
Harie-A, Lone
Harie-B,
Rationpora-A,
Rationpora-B,
Meelyaal,
Kachhama-A,
Kachhama-B,
Farkin
Provide water source in
between Lone Harie-A &
Rationpora-B for recharge to
serve in emergency to Dard
Harie, Lone Harie-A, Lone
Harie-B, Rationpora-A,
Rationpora-B, Meelyaal,
Kachhama-A, Kachhama-B
and Farkin panchayats.
There is a lack of
cooperation from
the community
when it comes to
response by Fire &
Emergency
Services. Instead,
often the fire
responders have to
face the anger of
community in the
Fire &
emergency
services, and
Police
department
Kralpora:
Dardpora-
A,B,C,D,E,
Kralpora-
A,B,C,
Dardsun A&B,
Warsun A&B,
Reshigund,
Gujriya
Meelyal: Dard
Awareness and sensitization
camps for the identified
areas need to be taken up to
build better understanding
between the department and
the community. Also,
awareness should be built to
mitigate the risk of fire
hazard.
Sharing of the list of areas
that suffer from this menace
Draft
form of stone
pelting or
otherwise that
damages the
vehicle or injures
the fire fighters.
Harie, Lone
Harie-A, Lone
Harie-B,
Meelyaal,
Kachhama-A,
Kachhama-B,
Farkin
Reddi
Chowkibal:
Reddi,
Manzpather,
Manchater,
Rawathpora,
Gund Zunreshi,
Budnambal
Balla,
Budnambal
Payeen,
Chowkibal,
Hachmarg,
Tumbina
with Police department in
order to provide better
security to the fire
responders.
Some panchayats
have poor road
accessibility which
makes it difficult
for heavy vehicle
fire tenders to
move to these
areas.
Road &
building
department
Meelyal: Dard
Harie, Lone
Harie-A, Lone
Harie-B,
Meelyaal,
Kachhama-A,
Kachhama-B,
Farkin
Reddi
Chowkibal:
Gund Zunreshi,
Budnambal
Balla,
Budnambal
Payeen,
Chowkibal
Construction of good quality
roads for easier accessibility
and better fire response in
these areas.
4.3.9. Area 9: Karnah Area
About the area: Karnah area is a sub-division in itself that is situated to the
West of the district and is the western most part of the district and shares its
LOC with POK. The area is primarily at high risk from Landslides that puts
habitations at risk, besides causes much damage to terrace bunds that
reduces the agricultural productivity. Besides this, there are a few places in
the hilly areas where the risk of avalanche exists, even though with the
reduction in snowfall over the last few years, the risk has much reduced. The
Draft
risk of channel erosion along Nallah Qazinag is also high that causes loss of
agricultural land. Flash floods is not a risk in much of the area as it’s mostly
highlands except in some plain areas of Chanipora A&B & Tad but there is a
need to check the speed of stream that causes much damage in downstream
areas and meet other small nallahs including Batamaji & Qazinag . Droughts
are also a major problem in the area, especially along Saidpora, as much of
the areas practice Maize cultivation which is primarily rain fed. Irrigation
facilities are Inadequate & steps should be taken for utilisation of nallah
water for agriculture by construction of Zamindari kools. The threat of
animal depredation exists and much of the losses are faced by local farmers
to its Maize crop which is consumed by Bears.
Hazard wise Assessment
Snow Avalanches
The Avalanche risk can exist in some parts of the area in case of heavy
snowfall. Until about 7-8 years ago, the snowfall in the region used to be
usually heavy that used to be around 15-16 feet also in upper areas like
Nechiyan. However, owing to the climate change due to global warming, the
snowfall has consistently reduced over the years. The areas that can be at
risk in case of heavy snowfall are listed below. There have been many
reports of people & animals been dumped under the snow due to avalanches.
The avalanche risk in this region in case of a heavy snowfall can be played
at Low, even as at the current levels of snowfall considered low, the risk is
Low.
Panchayat Halqas at Higher Vulnerability to Snow Avalanche
Tangdhar: Nechiyan, Bagbela, Kona Gabra, Nowagabra-A, B,C
Panchayat Halqas at Medium Vulnerability to Snow Avalanche
Teetwal: Hajitra, Jabdi
Landslides
Karnah area on the whole is one of the most prone regions in the district to
Mudslides and Rock Slides. In Teetwal, Teetwal-Seemari road & Chanipora-
B habitations & agricultural lands are highly vulnerable to Rockslides.
Khoverpoara-B & Gundigujran is prone to both mudslides and rock slides.
Roads to both Khoverpoara-B & Gundigujran Halqas are prone to both
Rockslides and Mudslides. Areas like Jadda & Jabdi remains cutout from
Draft
other parts for months due to land slides. As can be seen from the picture
below, the soil is of clay type and melts down during rains.
Given the fact that the soil type is quite prone to slides, often rock slides as
have been seen in several locations along road to Teetwal and Seemari, the
cutting of slopes for road construction severely destabilises the slopes (as
can be seen in the picture below).
Since no bioengineering approaches are adopted to stabilise cut slopes, the
roads in this area are at a very high risk to closure due to mud or rock slides
in case of rainfall. The threat to life also exists due to the presence of big
rocks and boulders that exist in the entire belt.
Panchayat Halqas at Very High Vulnerability to Mudslides
Tangdhar: Nechiyan, Bagbela, Hajinard, Khoverpora-A,B, Nowagabra-A,B,C, Kona Gabra
Teetwal: Teetwal (Biayahadi), Chamkote-B, Gundigujran, Ibkote (Murchand), Seemari,
Draft
Jabdi
Panchayat Halqas at High Vulnerability to Mudslides
Teetwal: Amroohi, Parada (Padna, Chatkadi)
Panchayat Halqas at Very High Vulnerability to Rockfalls
Tangdhar: Khoverpora-B, Nowagabra-A,B,C, Kona Gabra
Teetwal: Teetwal (Dringla, Teetwal-Seemari road), Ibkote, Seemari, Jabdi, Saidpora
(Anwadi)
Panchayat Halqas at High Vulnerability to Rockfalls
Teetwal: Amroohi, Hajitra, (Yadiban, Chambar, Danne), Chanipora-A, Badherkote, (Dabar,
Haridal, Badherkote), Parada (Padna)
The River System
Several streams emerge from Tangdhar area and merge together to form
Nallah Batamaji that flows downstream to merge with Nallah Qazinag.
There are three major streams of Batamaji. One emerges from the Panchayat
Dildar-B, the second from Nechiyan & the third one from Chanipora A&B
which drains perennially. The two streams i.e. from Dildar-B & Nechiyan
meet at Tad from where it flow further down as Nallah Batamaji. As it flows
through Tad and Chanipora A & B panchayats on its bank to meet Qazinag
at Chanipora-B, from where it further flows down as Nallah Qazinag. As it
flows from Badherkote to Teetwal with Ibkote on its left bank &
Gundigujran on its right, where it causes bank erosion and the resultant loss
of agricultural fields to finally meet Nallah Kadhama, and henceforth it
proclaims its name as Nallah Kishan Ganga. It causes flash severe flooding
along Nechiyan, Gundigujran, Ibkote, Chanipora-B and also causes bank
erosion as the soil is exposed.
Source Nallah Originating
Panchayat
Main Tributary
N.Samashpora Samasbari Batamaji
N.Tahinad Kandi Balla Batamaji
N.Baig Kandi Balla Batamaji
N.Dogri Dildar-B Batamaji
N.Drohi Konagabra Qazinag
N.Changdi Konagabra Qazinag
N.Kalash Konagabra Qazinag
N.Changli Konagabra Qazinag
N.Kundla Konagabra Qazinag
N.Kasuri Hajinard Batamaji
N.Tad Nechiyan Batamaji
N.Plent Nechiyan Batamaji
N.Machinel Nechiyan Batamaji
N.Bagru Nechiyan Batamaji
Draft
N.Samasbari Nechiyan Batamaji
N.Shahmadi Gumal Batamaji
N.Jabdi Jabdi Batamaji
N.Chamber Hajitra Batamaji
N.Yadibund Hajitra Batamaji
N.Kazinag Lipawadi (POK) Batamaji
N.Botangi Chanipora-A Batamaji
N.Krama Chanipora-A Batamaji
N.Kranuchem Chanipora-B Batamaji
N.Mugalmohalla Teetwal Kishan Ganga
N.Kathwan Teetwal Kishan Ganga
N.chiryan Teetwal Kishan Ganga
N.Khakar Teetwal Kishan Ganga
N.Dringla Teetwal Kishan Ganga
N.Kadhama Seemari Kishan Ganga
Draft
Nallahs of Teetwal
Flash Floods and Channel Erosion
The risk from flash floods is mostly not so much as much of the habitations
are at highlands, far from the reach of the streams. Some areas are though
affected by small streams that drain along the slopes before merging with
main streams along the plain areas. There is a major need for developing
Draft
drainage channels along the streams and time-to-time channel clearance of
Sediments, Stones, Soil, etc. The picture shown below was taken at
Khoverpora-B where the drainage channel of a small stream has got filled.
As a result, water quickly disperses to the adjoining agricultural land and
leaves behind sand and stones.
Another picture taken at Chanipora-B reflects how the drainage channel is
filled and compressed for water to flow down. The lack of maintenance is
the major factor behind induced flash flooding.
The need is for developing drainage channels with sufficient width, even if
that comes at the cost of some of farmer’s agricultural land. The channel as
can be seen in the picture below under MGNREGS needs to be developed in
uncovered areas like Gumal and Khoverpora-A, B.
Draft
Bank erosion prevails across major rivers in the Karnah area due to high
speed running water from the hilly terrains. In the picture below, it can be
seen that the bank erosion has resulted in the cutting of edges of Ibkote
panchayat along the banks of River Qazinag, on the opposite side of the
Charray village of Chamkote-B.
Panchayat Halqas at Medium Vulnerability to Flash Floods
Tangdhar: Nechiyan, Bagbela, Hajinard
Teetwal: Chanipora A & B, Tad, Saidpora, Chamkote B (Charray)
Panchayat Halqas at Higher Vulnerability to Channel Erosion
Teetwal: Rear Saidpora, Parada, Tad
Panchayat Halqas at Medium Vulnerability to Channel Erosion
Teetwal: Chanipora A & B, Ibkote (Opposite Charray village of Chamkote-B)
Actions Required: Plantation of deep rooted grasses along the banks that
are exposed to the streams by Flood Control department and Agriculture
department.
Draft
Management of micro-watersheds by the construction of check dams to limit
the speed of water and allow water to be absorbed by the soil to mitigate the
risk of flash flooding & flooding in downstream areas. Also, to undertake
plantation of grasses along such small Nallah streams flowing down the hills
that brings down with it muddy waters that only increases the sediment load
in rivers.
Drinking Water Crisis
The Karnah area on the whole does not suffer from drinking water crisis.
However, sometimes the supply pipes or intentake chamber do get damaged
from flash floods in nallahs. The people who face the problem of drinking
water are the STs who move to upper areas during the summer season. A
large number of such people who move to highland areas are from Gumal
and Nowagabra-B. There are some areas for which there is a need of setting
up filtation plants that include Tangdar-A, KonaGabra, Badherkote, Ibkote,
Amroohi, Jabdi, Parada and Saidpora.
Agriculture and Horticulture
Farmers are primarily indulging in Maize and Walnut as the area is mostly
hilly. Paddy is being done in some Panchayats that include Chamkote-A, B,
Chanipora-B, Parada and Tad of Teetwal block and Dildar-A, B, Gumal,
Kandi Payeen of Tangdar block.
Erosion and Landslides
The problem of landslides is much more prominent that any other areas of
the district, while land in some areas along Nallah Qazinag does suffer from
bank erosion too.
Sedimentation: Agricultural fields also suffer much damage due to
contracted flood drains of zero-order streams that flows down the hill. This
leaves fields with sand and stones that are required to be cleared by farmers.
Panchayats that suffer from greater degree of sedimentation include
Khoverpora- Hajithra, Jabdi, Chanipora-A,B, Seemari, Gumal, Kandi Balla,
Dildar-B, Konagabra, Nowagabra-A, Hajinard, and Nechiyan.
Panchayat Halqas at Higher Vulnerability to Droughts
Teetwal: Badherkote, Gundigujran, Ibkote (Gundishath), Seemari, Teetwal, Hajitra, Parada,
Saidpora, Tad
Tangdhar: Baghbela, Kandi Balla, Tangdhar-B, NowaGabra-A,B&C, KonaGabra
Draft
Fire & Emergency Services
Lack of Community Cooperation
There are instances where the fire service personnel have to face the ire of
the common public and in which they resort to aggression against them such
as through stone pelting. This often damages vehicles and injures the fire
personnel. The panchayats where the problem is being faced and there is a
need of conducting meetings with the people include Dildar-A&B, Kandi
Payeen, Khoverpora-B, Nechiyan, NowaGabra-A,B & C, KonaGabra,
Baderkote, Gundigujran, Ibkote, Seemari, Teetwal, Hajitra, Jabdi, Parada.
Water Recharge Sources
Of the 31 Panchayat Halqas in the Karnah area, there are 11 Panchayat
Halqas that don’t have any water sources for recharge that include Dildar-A,
Dildar-B, Kandi Balla, Kandi Payeen, Khoverpora-B, Nechiyan, Tangdar-B,
Nowagabra-A, Nowagabra-B, Nowagabra-C, Kona Gabra.
ACTIONS REQUIRED TO BE TAKEN
Action Required Department(s)
to coordinate
Panchayat Name School Name
To make provision
for drinking water
supply
Public Health
Engineering
(PHED)
Hajinard UPS Hajinard
Speed breakers and
Signboards to
mitigate the risk of
road accidents
R & B /
BEACON /
PMGSY
Bhatpora BMS Dildar Payeen
Champora Bala PS Molvi Mohalla
Chamkote BMS Chamkote
Tangdar-B PS Check Mohalla
Luntha
Khowarpora-B PS Nardpora
Khowarpora
Repair of damaged
buildings
SSA / R & B Tangdhar-1 UPS Shatpalla
Protection wall to
protect against flood
& flash floods
Flood Control /
Soil
Conservation
Neechiyan BMS Upper
Neechiyan
Neechiyan BHS Neechiyan
Hajinard BMS Hajinard
Hajinard UPS Hajinard
Tangdhar UPS Sgatpalla
Tangdhar HSS TAngdar
Relocation of
transformer from
school premises /
Fencing around
transformer
Power
Development
Department
(PDD)
Chitterkote MS Chitterkote
Neechiyan BHS Neechiyan
Ibkote GMS Ibkote
Construction Of
Crate Bunds/
Flood Control/
Soil
Bhatpora BMS Bhatpora
Bhatpora BMS Khoja
Draft
Protection Wall to
protect School from
being washed away
& Landslides.
Conservation Mohalla
Chamkote HS Chamkote
Taad MS Taad Dham
Ranjlaran PS Kalas
Saidpora PS Dhasi Mohalla
Gundigujran PS Tara Payeen
Gundigujran PS Tara Bala
Gundigujran PS Kalas
Gundigujran MS Batlan
Gundigujran PS Chambra
Chitterkote MS Cheeyari
Baghbala PS Baghbala
Mohalla
Hajinard UPS Hajinard
Tangdhar-A UPS Gagrad
Tangdhar-B BMS Suliman
Seemari PS Bani
Seemari BMS Kadhama
Seemari PS Trutihaji
Seemari BMS Seemari Bala
Seemari BMS Seemari
Payeen
Teethwal PS Awan Mohalla
Teethwal PS Sultanpora
Teethwal BMS Beyari
Cutting of Long
grasses in order to
mitigate the threat of
snake bites
Education
department
Tersoni PS Telipati
Tangdhar-B BMS Suliman
Protection Against
Avalanches
Road &
Building
department
Baghballa PS baghballa
Mohalla
Tangdhar-A UPS Gagrad
Inadequate water for
both Irrigation &
drinking purposes
IWMP Gabra Construction of
Mini water shed in
these areas Nechiyan
Gundigujran
Hajitra
Tad
Tandhar
Repeated Landslides
& Nallah/ Bank
erosion
Social Forestry
Department/
Rural
Development
Department
Baghbela, Shamspora Construction of
check dams in order
to reduce the speed
of the flowing
water, which in turn
will reduce the soil
erosion &
Landslides
Plantation of deep
rooted grasses for
Khoverpora
Tangdhar
Konagabra
Gundigujran, Dragad
Ibkote, Gundisath
Seemari, Kadhama
Teetwal, Dringlabeyadi
Jabdi
Tad, Panitaran
Draft
protection against
landslides & Bank
Erosion.
Inadequate fodder
availability for
Sheep
Forest
Department/
Agriculrure
Throughout Tangdhar Block Plantation highly
nutritious fodder
plants for sheep in
specific areas of
panchayats.
Throughout Teetwal Block
Lifting of
Bolders/Sand/Bajri
has affected the fish
breeding in these
areas & also
damaged the fish
production
Irrigation &
flood Control
&
Geology &
Mining
Department
Bagbela Ban on lifting of
Bolder/Sand/Bajri
OR
Amendment of laws
on people involved
in lifting of
Bolder/Sand/Bajri
OR
Strict actions
against the people
involved in lifting
of
Bolder/Sand/Bajri
Hajinard
Nechiyan
Gumal
Tangdar-A
Tangdar-B
Ibkote
Tad
Teetwal
Dringla village
Pingla Hari Dal
Degradation of
open/Closed forests
Forest
department
CompartmentS 1, 2, 3, 24,
25, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36
Prevent further
degradation of
forest by closing the
area with fencing
and by plantation
within these closed
areas
Forest fires Forest
Department
Compartment 26, 28, 30, 31,
36
Construction of fire
lines to prevent
from forest fires
Non-availability of
advanced
equipments for
which patients are
sent to Kupwara or
Srinagar
Health
Department
In both Tangdhar & Teetwal
blocks
Provide with
advanced
equipments for
proper diagnosis &
medication
Failure of family
interventions
Health
Department
In both Tangdhar & Teetwal
blocks
Promote the usage
of
condoms/OCP/other
measures
Promotion of
Vasectomy &
Tubectomy
Poor institutional
deliveries
Health
department/
R&B
In both Tangdhar & Teetwal
blocks
Provide good
network for easy
transportation of
Draft
department/
Power
development
department
patients with
serious health
disorders
Provide with
advanced
equipments
Provision for 24
hour electricity to
hospitals
Problems due to
narrow roads
PWD R&B Tangdhar-Nechiyan Road Widening of roads,
zigs & curves to
avoid traffic
problems
Tangdhar-NitiTop, Gabra
Road
Kandi-Jadda Road
Konagabra-Chor, Kungi
Road
Toli-Jabdi Road
Kaltah-Tado-Pararah Road
Gabra-Hajitra Road
Dhani-Tad Road
Khawarpara-Triboni Road
Konagabra-Pathangali Road
Inadequate drainage
system of nallahs on
roads
PWD R&B Kaltah-Tado-Pararah Road Construction of
proper drainage
system
Inaccessibility to
drinking water for
sheep
Public Health
Engineering
(PHED)
Karhama, Seemari To make provision
for drinking water
supply Dringla village
Bagadi village
Morhama village
Riyala village
Amrohi
Gundigujran
Dildar
Karwi village
Chamkote
Gabra
Karnow village
Problems Faced due
to land slides
Flood control/
Soil
conservation/
Forest
department
Dildar Plantation of deep
rooted grasses for
protection against
landslides
Karwi village
Gundigujran
Karhama, Seemari
Inadequate fodder
availability for
Sheep
Forest
Department/
Agriculture
Nechiyan Plantation highly
nutritious fodder
plants for sheep in
specific areas of
panchayats.
Dildar
Karwi village
Draft
4.3.10. Trehgam Area
Trehgam Area Report
Trehgam area is a community development block in itself that is situated to
the East of the district and to the South of Machil LOC area. The area is
primarily at high risk from Landslides and Flash floods that puts habitations
at risk, besides causes much damage to terrace bunds that diminishes the
agricultural productivity. Besides this, there are a few places where the risk
of Erosion of agricultural as well as residence. The risk of channel erosion in
Nallah Kehmil is also high that causes loss of agricultural land and puts
buildings at risk. Flash floods is not a risk in much in the Trehgam area, but
there is a need to check the speed of stream that causes much damage in
downstream areas and meet other nallahs including Kehmil. Droughts are
also a major problem in the area, especially along Jumgund, Zurhama A,
Zurhama-B, Marhama, Trehgam-C parts, as much of the areas practice Maize
cultivation which is primarily rainfed. Irrigation facilities are much better in
lower areas The threat of animal depredation exists and much of the losses
are faced by local farmers to its Maize crop which is consumed by Bears.
Hazard wise Assessment
Snow Avalanches
The Avalanche risk is largely non-existent in the area except in Jumgund
Panchayat Halqa which is the northernmost panchayat closest to LOC of this
area. Until about 3-4 years ago, the snowfall in the region used to be usually
heavy around 15-16 feet. However, owing to the climate change due to
global warming, the snowfall has consistently reduced over the years. The
areas that can be at risk in case of heavy snowfall are listed below. There
have been many reports of people & animals been dumped under the snow
due to avalanches. The avalanche risk in this region in case of a heavy
snowfall can be played at High, even as at the current levels of snowfall
considered normal, the risk is Low.
Panchayat Halqas at Higher Vulnerability to Snow Avalanche
Jumgund
Draft
Landslides
Trehgam area on the whole is one of the most prone regions in the district to
Landslides and Rock Slides. In Zurhama, habitations are highly vulnerable
to Rockslides. Awoora D is prone to both mudslides and rock slides. Roads
to both Zurhama and Marhama Panchayat Halqas are prone to both
Rockslides and Mudslides. As can be seen from the picture below, the soil is
of clay type and melts down during rains.
Given the fact that the soil type is quite prone to slides, often rock slides as
have been seen in several locations along road to Awoora and Zurhama, the
cutting of slopes for road construction severely destabilises the slopes (as
can be seen in the picture below).
Since no bioengineering approaches are adopted to stabilise cut slopes, the
roads in this area are at a very high risk to closure due to mud or rock slides
in case of rainfall. The threat to life also exists due to the presence of big
rocks and boulders that exist in the entire belt, as shown in the picture
below.
Draft
Panchayat Halqas at Higher Vulnerability to Mudslides Mudslides: Awoora D, Jumgund, Zurhama A, Zurhama-B, Marhama
The River System
Several streams emerge from Trehgam area and merge together with Nallah
Kehmil that is a major contributor to the River Pohru. Nallah Kehmil passes
through Panchayat Shumnag, which is fed by various Nallahs like Hudh,
Awoora, Yeej and Anyamnoru. The river streams flowing from highland
areas before reaching the lower areas don’t create much damage from bank
erosion and flash floods. The maximum damage is inflicted by Nallah
Kehmil in Poshpora A, Poshpora B and Kunan. The last panchayat of
Trehgam area where Nallah Kehmil drains through before entering Kupwara
town is Hanjipora. After this, it merges with Lolab Nallah to form River
Pohru.
Source/Nallah Originating Panchayat
Main Nallah Tributary
Hudh Nallah Shumnag Kehmil
Awoora Nallah Awoora Kehmil
Yeej Nallah Hanji pora Kehmil
Anyamnoru Nallah Zurhama-A Kehmil
Draft
Nallahs of Trehgam
Flash Floods and Channel Erosion
Flash floods risk in not so much in most parts of the block as these are
mostly high land hilly areas. However little, flash floods are caused due to
encroachment of flood channels for expanding agricultural fields which
leads to overflow and sometimes even damage standing crops. The lower
areas along Poshpora A, B and Kunan Panchayats suffer severely from flash
floods and bank erosion along Nallah Kehmil. The loss of agricultural land
and horticultural trees like Walnut happens due to erosion by Nallah along
its banks.
Action Required: The widening of flood drains need to be taken up by the
initiative of rural development department which shall take up widening of
these channels which need to be completed with the support of revenue
authorities.
Draft
There are certain areas where from small streams flows through the surface
of the road. No drainage path through the construction of culvert has been
developed at the time of construction of these roads.
The picture below reflects one such case in Alchizab Panchayat where from
streams flows through the surface.
Panchayat Halqas at Higher Vulnerability to Flash Floods & Channel Erosion
Flash Floods: Kunan, Poshpora-A, Poshpora-B Channel Erosion: Kunan, Poshpora-A, Poshpora-B, Awoora D, Jumgund, Zurhama A,
Zurhama-B, Marhama
Panchayat Halqas at Medium Vulnerability to Flash Floods & Channel Erosion
Flash Floods: Hanjipora
Actions Required: Plantation of deep rooted grasses along the banks that
are exposed to the streams by Flood Control department and Agriculture
department.
Management of micro-watersheds by the construction of check dams to limit
the speed of water and allow water to be absorbed by the soil to mitigate the
risk of flash flooding & flooding in downstream areas. Also, to undertake
plantation of grasses along such small Nallah streams flowing down the hills
Draft
that brings down with it muddy waters that only increases the sediment load
in rivers.
Floods
This area is largely hilly with some slope gradient maintained even in plain
areas. As a result, no portion of land under this area is vulnerable to floods.
Drinking Water Security
Drinking Water Crisis: Faces shortage of water due to incomplete pipe
network. Newly proposed schemes, if accepted, shall help overcome the
water crisis.
Panchayat Halqas at Higher Vulnerability to Drinking Water Crisis
Herri Qadirabad: Hundi, Kawari, Gulgam-A, Laderwan
Awoora: Jumgund, Zurhama A, Zurhama-B, Marhama
Damage to supply lines due to flash floods: Nallah schemes along
Poshpora A and B suffer from the damages.
Draft
Lead Department: Fire and Emergency Services
Actions Required Departments to
Coordinate
Panchayat Halqas
Construction of water
source for recharge
PHE/Irrigation and Flood
Control
Hayan A, Trehgam A,
Trehgam C, Marhama.
Gulgam A and Hundi
Awareness generation and
capacity building
programmes
Education, Rural
Development and Youth
and Sports Services
Kunan, Hayan AB,
Poshpora AB, Awoora
BCD, Gulgam - A, B, C,
D, Laderwan and
Hanjipora
Construction and widening
of roads
R&B, PMGSY, Revenue
and Becon
Trehgam B, Zurhama AB,
Marhama, Hundi, Kawari
General Actions:
Actions Required Departments to Coordinate Area / Panchayat
Fisheries Unit Fisheries Awoora D (Rishwari Balla)
Construction of protection
wall surrounding pathanwala
pond and establishing the
pond for fisheries
RD and Fisheries Kawari
Completion of Filtration
chamber
PHE Poshpora (Babagund)