Draft Initial Environmental Examination

January 2012

IND: Bihar Urban Development Investment Program—Bhagalpur Water Supply Subproject

Prepared by the Urban Development and Housing Department for the Asian Development Bank.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS

(as of 9 January 2012) Currency Unit = Indian rupee/s (Re/Rs)

Rs1.00 = $0.01884 $1.00 = Rs53.085

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

lakh – 100 thousand = 100,000 crore – 100 lakhs = 10,000,000 µg/m3 – micrograms per cubic meter km – kilometer lpd – liters per day m – meter mg/l – milligrams per liter mm – millimeter ppm – parts per million

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB - Asian Development Bank BSPCB - Bihar State Pollution Control Board, BUDP - Bihar Urban Development Project BUIDCo - Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation CFE - Consent for Establishment CFO - Consent for Operation CGWB - Central Ground Water Board CITES - Convention on International Trade in Endangered

Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CMS - Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals DSC - Design and Supervision Consultants EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EMP - Environmental Management Plan EPA - Environmental Protection Agency GRC - Grievance Redress Committee IEE - Initial Environmental Examination IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature and

Natural Resources JNNURM - Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission MFF - multitranche financing facility mld - million liters per day MOEF - National Ministry of Environment and Forests NAAQS - National Ambient Air Quality Standards NGO - nongovernmental organization O&M - operation and maintenance OHT - overhead tanks PHED - Public Health Engineering Department PIU - project implementation unit

PMU - project management unit ROW - right of way SEAC - State Environment Assessment Committee SEIAA - State Environment Impact Assessment Authority SPS - Safeguard Policy Statement STP - Sewage treatment plant TDS - total dissolved solids TOR - Terms of reference UFW - unaccounted for water ULB - urban local body WTP - water treatment plant

NOTES

(i) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. (ii) ―INR‖ and ―Rs‖ refer to Indian rupees

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

CONTENTS Page

I. INTRODUCTION 1

A. Purpose of the Report 1 B. Study Objective 1 C. Approach and Methodology for the IEE Study 2 D. Project Location 2 E. Organization of the Report 4

II. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 5

A. Environmental Compliance Requirements 5 B. Environmental Assessment Requirements 7

III. DESCRIPTION OF SUBPROJECT 9

A. Need of the Project 9 B. Description of the Existing Water Supply System 9 C. Description of the Subproject 10 D. Implementation Schedule 12

IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 12

A. Physical Resources 12 B. Biological Resources 19 C. Economic Development 22 D. Social and Cultural Resources 26

V. ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 28

A. Pre Construction – Design Phase Impacts 29 B. Construction Phase Impacts 31 C. Operation and Maintenance 38 D. Analysis of Alternatives 42 E. Alternatives- Locations, Technical and Design 42 F. Cumulative Impact Assessment 49

VI. INFORMATION DISLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION 51

VII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 56

VIII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 60

A. Institutional Arrangements 60 B. Environmental Mitigation Plan 63 C. Environmental Monitoring Program 63 D. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) Costs 92 E. Environmental Training 92

IX. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 93

APPENDIXES 1. Central Pollution Control Board Applicable Environmetnal Standards 96 2. Summary of Public Consultations – Environment 101 3. Sample Grievance Registration Form 107 4. Recommended Construction Contractors Contract Clauses 108 5. Biodiversity Monitoring Cost-External Monitoring Expert/Agency 112 6. Environment Monitoring Format 113

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. Bihar Urban Development Investment Program (the investment program) will provide the urban population in Bihar with improved access to water supply and sanitation facilities focusedin four towns (Bhagalpur, Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga and Gaya) having significant development potential. The investment program will be implemented over a seven year period beginning in 2011, and funded by a Multitranche Financing Facility (MFF) from the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Under the MFF, it is proposed to undertake water supply and sewerage components in the 4 selected towns for implementation in 3 tranches. In the first tranche (Project 1), improvement of water supply in Bhagalpur town is proposed. The executing agency for the investment program is the Urban Development and Housing Department (UDHD) of the State Government of Bihar, while the Implementing Agency is the Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation (BUIDCo). ADB requires delivery of environmental safeguards throughout the project cycle and polcy principles and requirements for environmental assessment are described in ADB‘s Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009. 2. This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) has been prepared for Bhagalpur Water Supply Subproject which covers: (i) rehabilitation of existing intake; (ii) rehabilitation of existing water treatment plant; (iii) construction of new 47-kilometer (km) clear water mains; (iv) rehabilitation of clear water sump and pumping station of the existing water supply system; (v) construction of 18 overhead tanks; (vi) construction of 177-km distribution network; and (vii) installation of domestic water meters and house connections. 3. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been prepared which includes (i) mitigation measures for significant environmental impacts during implementation, (ii) environmental monitoring program, and the responsible entities for mitigation, monitoring, and reporting; (iii) public consultation and information disclosure; and grievance redress mechanism. 4. The Project is needed because the present water supply system is inadequate for the needs of the growing population. The supply rate is low at 57 liters per capita per day (lpcd) which is below the required 135 lpcd to support an effective sewerage system. The unaccounted for water (UFW) is about 40% against 15% recommended by the Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO) of Government of India. The storage, treatment and distribution network is insufficient to meet even present requirements. Improvement in the water supply system has been identified as a major priority for Bhagalpur town. 5. Detailed design will begin by end of 2011 and is expected to be completed in mid 2012. Implementation will be started from 2012 and will be completed by mid 2015. A total of 36 months construction period is being considered. 6. The project sites are located in the built-up area of Bhagalpur town. The project sites, being located in the town area, are generally flat. The project sites are not located in areas prone to water-logging, salinazation, and flash floods. The proposed project area falls under Zone-IV of the Seismic Zonation Map of India. There is one protected area Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary located at river Ganges from where water will be drawn through an intake structure to be constructed. Other aquatic animal like the otter and different fish are present at the intake location. Presence of different species of riparian vegetation, phyto- and zoo- planktons are present in the aquatic environment. There are no wetlands, mangroves, or estuarines within the project sites. Trees, vegetation (mostly shrubs and grasses), and terrestrial animals are those commonly found in urban areas. The project sites are not located in

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agricultural lands. The project sites are not located in or near any historically-, culturally-, archaeologically- or architecturally-significant or tourist area. 7. Potential negative impacts were identified in relation to design, construction, and operation of the improved infrastructure. Mitigation measures have been developed to reduce all negative impacts to acceptable levels. A number of impacts and their significance have already been reduced by amending the designs, and through selection of alternative design. 8. Special measures are also developed to protect workers and the public from exposure to carcinogenic asbestos fibers in the event that asbestos cement pipes used in the existing water supply system are uncovered accidentally during excavation work. This has been addressed in the EMP. 9. During the construction phase, impacts mainly arise from the need to dispose of large quantities of waste soil and import a similar amount of sand to support the pipes in the trenches; and from the disturbance of residents, businesses, traffic, and important buildings during construction work. These are common impacts of construction in urban areas, and there are well developed methods for their mitigation. 10. Further, it is proposed that the project will employ in the workforce people who live in the vicinity of construction sites to provide them with a short-term economic gain; and ensure that people employed in the longer term to maintain and operate the new facilities are residents of nearby communities. 11. Once the system is operating, most facilities (OHTs, WTP, and clear water mains ) will operate with routine maintenance, which should not affect the environment Leaks in the distribution network will need to be repaired from time to time, but environmental impacts will be much less than those of the construction period as the work will be infrequent, and affecting small areas only. It will also be conducted in areas that have already been excavated, so there will be no need to protect archaeological material. 12. The main impacts of the improved water supply system will be benefits for citizens of Bhagalpur. They will be provided with a constant supply of water thus improve the quality of life of people as well as benefit individual and public health through improvements in hygiene. This will reduce the incidence of disease associated with poor sanitation. This will also lead to economic gains as people will be away from work less and indirectly increasing their income. 13. Mitigation of adverse environmental impacts will be assured by a program of environmental monitoring and management conducted during construction and operation to ensure that all measures in the EMP are implemented and to determine whether the environment is protected as intended. The EMP includes biodiversity monitoring. This will include observations on- and off-site, document checks, and interviews with workers and beneficiaries, and any requirements for remedial action will be reported to the project management unit (PMU). There will also be longer-term surveys to monitor the expected improvements in the quality of domestic water and the health of the population. 14. The stakeholders were involved in developing the IEE through face-to-face discussions on site and a meeting held in the town, after which views expressed were incorporated into the IEE and the planning and development of the project. The IEE will be made available at public locations in the town and will be disclosed to a wider audience via the ADB website. The consultation process will be continued and expanded during project implementation, when a

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nationally-recognised NGO will be appointed to handle this key element to ensure that stakeholders are fully engaged in the project and have the opportunity to participate in its development and implementation Therefore, the Project is unlikely to cause major significant adverse impacts. The potential adverse impacts that are associated with design, construction, and operation can be mitigated to standard levels without difficulty through proper engineering design and the incorporation or application of recommended mitigation measures and procedures.

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Purpose of the Report

1. The Bihar Urban Development Investment Program (the investment program) will provide the urban population in Bihar with improved access to water supply and sanitation facilities. The investment program will be in four urban areas namely Bhagalpur, Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga and Gaya. The improvement in urban infrastructure will include rehabilitation, improvement, and expansion of: (i) water supplies; and (ii) sewerage and sanitation. 2. The investment program is proposed to be implemented over a seven year period beginning in 2011, and will be funded through a multitranche financing facility (MFF) from the Asian Development Bank (ADB). ADB‘s Country Operations Business Plan (COBP) for India 2011-2013 confirmed an MFF of $200 million for the Bihar Urban Development Project for 2011 processing, and allocates $80 million loan in Tranche 1 out of the MFF in 2011. The executing agency for the investment program is the Urban Development and Housing Department (UDHD) of the State Government of Bihar; and the implementing agency will be the Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation (BUIDCo). The executing agency will operate the projects through a project management unit (PMU), while the implementing agency will operate the project through a project implementation unit (PIU). 3. For project 1 under Tranche 1, Bhagalpur Water Supply is being considered for financing. Preliminary design has been developed for the Bhagalpur water supply project, and on the basis of preliminary design, an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report was prepared. 4. It is mandatory that the projects considered for implementation under the investment program complies with all relevant environmental requirements of the Government of India, the State Government of Bihar, and ADB‘s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009. The government‘s Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification of 2006 (replacing the EIA Notification of 1994), sets out the requirement for environmental assessment in India. This states that Environmental Clearance is required for specified activities/projects, and that this must be obtained before any construction work or land preparation (except land acquisition) may commence. The water supply project in Bhagalpur does not fall under the ambit of the EIA Notification, and therefore environmental clearance is not required. 5. This IEE report is prepared for the Bhagalpur Water Supply Project for project 1 funded under Tranche 1. The project components are (i) rehabilitation of existing intake; (ii) rehabilitation of existing water treatment plant; (iii) construction of new 47-km clear water mains; (iv) rehabilitation of clear water sump and pumping station of the existing water supply system; (v) construction of 18 overhead storage reservoirs; (vi) construction of 177-kilometer distribution network; and (vii) installation of domestic water meters and house connections. B. Study Objective

6. The Project objectives in undertaking an IEE study are (i) To predict environmental consequences—positive and negative impacts

associated with the proposed design for the water supply project at Bhagalpur; (ii) This study will be used as a planning tool by integrating objectives of sustainable

development with economic growth and social development to facilitate decision-making; and

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(iii) Assessment of all statutory requirements for the project such as applicable rules and regulations, clearances required etc.

7. The main aim of the IEE is the early determination of the potential magnitude of environmental impacts due to proposed works and development of mitigation measures. 8. This IEE covers the general environmental profile of Bhagalpur and includes an overview of the potential environmental impacts and their magnitude on physical, ecological, economic, and social and cultural resources within the project‘s influence area during design, construction, and operation stages. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is part of this report which includes mitigation measures for significant environmental impacts during implementation of the Project, an environmental monitoring program, and the responsible entities for mitigation and monitoring. C. Approach and Methodology for the IEE Study

9. The environmental assessment study followed a number of steps. The main steps are:

(i) Review of any previous studies; (ii) Harmonization of environmental safeguard requirements of the Government and

ADB; (iii) Screening of impacts and prioritization; (iv) Exploration of opportunities for environmental enhancement; (v) Expert consultations with the scientific and professional community; (vi) Public Consultation with affected people, local government bodies, government

representatives, nongovernment organizations and business communities to introduce project components and anticipated impacts;

(vii) Focus group discussions in the subproject area; (viii) Prediction of impacts and preparation of mitigation measures through field

investigation, and data analysis; (ix) Integration of environment in engineer‘s planning and addressing social

concerns; (x) Preparation of draft and updated IEE reports, environmental management and

monitoring plans; (xi) Presenting draft IEE report in stakeholder and public consultation meetings for

public disclosure; (xii) Review of draft and updated IEE reports, and EMP; (xiii) Submit final IEE report and environmental management and monitoring plans

incorporating comments to ADB and the executing agency for approval; and (xiv) Implement EMP during construction, and operation and maintenance stages.

10. IEE report was prepared on the basis of detailed screening and analysis of all environmental parameters, field investigations and stakeholder consultations to meet the requirements for environmental assessment process and documentation of ADB‘s SPS, 2009 and Government of India‘s Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification of 2006. D. Project Location

11. The project 1 is located in Bhagalpur town of Bhagalpur District, in the south-eastern part of Bihar in Eastern India. The proposed infrastructures will be located in and around the town. The location of the State of Bihar and Bhagalpur district, a district map of Bhagalpur and

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municipal area of Bhagalpur town are shown in Figures 1 to 2, respectively. Salient features of Bhagalpur town are:

(i) Bhagalpur town is geographically located at 25015‘0‖N, 8700‘0‖E; (ii) It is the administrative headquarters of Bhagalpur district and a class-I town; (iii) The town is situated at the southern bank of the river Ganges; (iv) It is one of the ancient and largest towns of Bihar; (v) It is situated at a distance of about 225 km from state capital city Patna. It is

connected to different cities and towns of Bihar by broad gauge railway lines and roadways; and

(vi) The project area considered in this report is the area covered under the present boundary of the Bhagalpur Municipality which is 30.18 square kilometer.

Figure 1: District Map of Bhagalpur

Figure 2: Ward Map of Bhagalpur Town and the Municipal Area

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E. Organization of the Report

12. In line with ADB‘s SPS, 2009, the IEE report has 10 chapters. The summary of contents of the chapters is as follows:

(i) Executive Summary - This section describes concisely the critical facts, significant findings, and recommended actions.

(ii) Chapter 1: Introduction - This section describes the purpose of the report, study objectives, approach and methodology and project location

(iii) Chapter 2: Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework - This section discusses the national and local legal and institutional framework within which the environmental assessment is carried out. It also identifies project-relevant international environmental agreements to which the country is a party and requirement of no objection certificate, consent/ permission from concerned departments and/or organizations, etc.

(iv) Chapter 3: Description of the Project - This section describes the proposed project; its major components; and its geographic, ecological, social, and temporal context, including any associated facility required by and for the project. This section includes drawings and maps showing the project‘s layout and components, the project site, and the project's area of influence.

(v) Chapter 4: Description of the Environment - This section describes relevant physical, biological, and socioeconomic conditions within the study area. It also looks at current and proposed development activities within the project's area of influence, including those not directly connected to the project. It indicates the reliability, and sources of the data.

(vi) Chapter 5: Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures - This section predicts and assesses the project's likely positive and negative direct and indirect impacts to physical, biological, socioeconomic (including occupational health and safety, community health and safety, vulnerable groups and gender issues, and impacts on livelihoods through environmental media) and physical cultural resources in the project's area of influence, in quantitative terms to the extent possible; identifies mitigation measures and any residual negative impacts that cannot be mitigated; explores opportunities for enhancement; identifies and estimates the extent and quality of available data, key data gaps, and uncertainties associated with predictions and specifies topics that do not require further attention; and examines global, transboundary, and cumulative impacts as appropriate.

(vii) Chapter 6: Analysis of Alternatives - This section examines alternatives to the proposed project site, technology, design, and operation—including the no project alternative—in terms of their potential environmental impacts; the feasibility of mitigating these impacts; their capital and recurrent costs; their suitability under local conditions; and their institutional, training, and monitoring requirements. It also states the basis for selecting the particular project design proposed and, justifies recommended emission levels and approaches to pollution prevention and abatement.

(viii) Chapter 7: Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation - This section describes process of identification and engaging of stakeholder, information disclosure; followed by consultation with affected person and stakeholder. This section summarize the comments and concerns of affected persons particularly sensitive receptors like vulnerable groups, women, poor and indigenous peoples and method of mitigation. This section also describes type,

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time and method of information disclosure and the strategy for carrying out consultation and disclosure process during project implementation.

(ix) Chapter 8: Grievance Redress Mechanism - This section describes the grievance redress framework and setting out the time frame and mechanisms for resolving complaints about environmental performance.

(x) Chapter 9: Environmental Management Plan – This section deals with the set of mitigation and management measures to be taken for each environmental impact during project designing, construction and operation. It includes multiple management plans and actions. The steps involved identification of anticipated impacts, description of each mitigation measure with technical details, including the type of impact to which it relates and the conditions under which it is required. Linkage with other mitigation plans like involuntary resettlement, Indigenous Peoples, or emergency response as required for the project to be drawn. This section also includes monitoring and reporting procedure. That covers parameters to be monitored, frequency of measurement, monitoring methodology and presentation of detection and threshold limit etc. This section describe implementation arrangement, which specifies the implementation schedule showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation, requirement of institutional or organizational arrangements particularly responsibility for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures, requirement of strengthening of institutional capacity through organization of training program. Capital and recurring cost for environmental management and source of the fund also describe in this section. Finally selection of performance indicators, targets, or acceptance criteria as a project outcome describe in this section.

(xi) Chapter 10: Conclusion and Recommendation- This section provides the conclusions drawn from the assessment and provides recommendations.

II. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

A. Environmental Compliance Requirements

1. ADB Policy

13. ADB requires the consideration of environmental issues in all aspects of ADB‘s operations, and the requirements for Environmental Assessment are described in ADB SPS, 2009. This states that ADB requires environmental assessment of all project loans, program loans, sector loans, sector development program loans, and loans involving financial intermediaries, and private sector loans. 14. Screening and Categorization. The nature of the environmental assessment required for a project depends on the significance of its environmental impacts, which are related to the type and location of the project, the sensitivity, scale, nature and magnitude of its potential impacts, and the availability of cost-effective mitigation measures. Projects are screened for their expected environmental impact are assigned to one of the following four categories:

(i) Category A. Projects could have significant adverse environmental impacts. An EIA is required to address significant impacts.

(ii) Category B. Projects could have some adverse environmental impacts, but of lesser degree or significance than those in category A. An IEE is required to determine whether significant environmental impacts warranting an EIA are

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likely. If an EIA is not needed, the IEE is regarded as the final environmental assessment report.

(iii) Category C. Projects are unlikely to have adverse environmental impacts. No EIA or IEE is required, although environmental implications are reviewed.

(iv) Category FI. Projects involve a credit line through a financial intermediary or an equity investment in a financial intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply an environmental management system, unless all Projects will result in insignificant impacts.

15. Environmental Management Plan. An EMP which addresses the potential impacts and risks identified by the environmental assessment shall be prepared. The level of detail and complexity of the EMP and the priority of the identified measures and actions will be commensurate with the Project‘s impact and risks. 16. Public Disclosure. The IEE will be put in an accessible place (e.g., local government offices, libraries, community centers, etc.), and a summary translated into Hindi for the project-affected people and other stakeholders. ADB will post the following safeguard documents on its website so affected people, other stakeholders, and the general public can provide meaningful inputs into the project design and implementation:

(i) Final IEE upon receipt; and (ii) Environmental Monitoring Reports submitted by PMU/PIU during project

implementation upon receipt. 2. Applicable National and State Legislations

17. The implementation of the subprojects will be governed by the national and sate government of Bihar environmental acts, rules, regulations, and standards. These regulations impose restrictions on activities to minimize/mitigate likely impacts on the environment. It is the responsibility of the project executing and implementing agencies to ensure subprojects are consistent with the legal framework, whether national, state or municipal/local. In addition, subprojects shall also be consistent with ADB SPS. The following legislations are applicable to the subproject:

(i) Environmental (Protection) Act of 1986, its rules and amendments; (ii) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification of 2006; (iii) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974, its Rules, and

amendments; (iv) Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981, its Rules and amendments; (v) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Environmental Standards; (vi) Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972, its Rules and amendments; (vii) Indian Forest Act of 1927; (viii) Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980, its Rules and amendments; (ix) Bihar Forest (Ammendment) Act of 1990; (x) Guidelines for Diversion of Forest Lands for Non-Forest Purpose under the

Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980; (xi) Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Rules of 1959; and (xii) Land Acquisition Act of 1894 and as amended in 1985.

18. Key standards include those related to drinking water quality, air quality, effluent discharge, and protected areas. Compliance is required in all stages of the project including design, construction, and operation and maintenance.

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B. Environmental Assessment Requirements

19. The government‘s Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification requires environmental clearance for certain defined activities/projects. This Notification classifies the projects/activities that require environmental clearance into ‗A‘ and ‗B‘ categories depending on the impact potential and/or scale of project. For both category projects, prior environmental clearance is mandatory before any construction work, or preparation of land except for securing the land, is started. The subproject components are not listed in the EIA Notification‘s ―Schedule of Projects Requiring Prior Environmental Clearance‖ thus environmental clearance is not required.

1. National Environmental Legal Requirements

20. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974, Rules of 1975, and amendments. Any component of the subproject having potential to generate sewage or trade effluent will come under the purview of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974, Rules of 1975, and amendments. Such projects have to obtain Consent for Establishment (CFE) under Section 25 of the Act from Bihar State Pollution Control Board (BSPCB) before starting implementation and Consent for Operation (CFO) before commissioning. The Water Act also requires the occupier of the projects to take measures for abating the possible pollution of receiving water bodies. The rehabilitation/augmentation of the water treatment plant require CFE and CFO from BSPCB. 21. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981, Rules of 1982 and amendments. Activities and projects having a potential to emit air pollutants into the atmosphere have to obtain CFE under Section 21 of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981 from BSPCB before starting implementation and CFO before commissioning the project. The occupier of the project/facility has the responsibility to adopt necessary air pollution control measures for abating air pollution. For the subproject, the following require CFE and CFO from BSPCB: (i) diesel generators; and (ii) hot mix plants, wet mix plants, stone crushers, etc. if installed for construction. 22. All relevant forms, prescribed fees and procedures to obtain the CFE and CFO can be found in the BSPCB website at http://bspcb.bih.nic.in/EnvironmentLaws.htm. 23. Emissions and discharges shall comply with standards notified by the CPCB. Appendix 1 provides applicable standards for effluents, receiving water bodies, air quality, water quality, and noise levels. 24. Forest Legislations. The government and state government of Bihar make rules under the Indian Forest Act to regulate activities like (i) cutting of trees and removal of forest produce; (ii) clearing or breaking up of land for cultivation or any other purpose; and (iii) for protection and management of any portion of forest lands.1 According to the Act, the State Government of Bihar requires a Forest Clearance from the government Ministry of Forest and Environmeny for use of a forest land for non-forest purposes (means breaking up or clearing of any forest land). 1 The term ‗forest land‘ mentioned in Section 2 of the Act refers to reserved forest, protected forest or any area

recorded as forest in the Government records. Lands which are notified under Section 4 of the India Forest Act will also come within the purview of the Act. (Supreme Court‘s Judgement in the National Thermal Power Corporation‘s case). It will also include ―Forest‖ as understood in the dictionary sense (Supreme Court order dated 12.12.1996 in WP No. 202/1995-Annexure-I). All proposals for diversions of such areas to any non-forest purpose, irrespective of its ownership, will require the prior approval of the Central Government.

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25. Compensatory afforestation is one of the most important conditions stipulated for diversion of forest land. For obtaining approval involving 5 hectares (ha) , cost of 10 times the number of trees to be removed, subject to maximum of 2,500 trees per ha shall be paid. In case of plain areas, the area of the land required for compensatory afforestation, shall be equal to that of the affected forest land. In case of hills, the area of land required for compensatory afforestation shall be twice or double the area of the affected forest land. 26. Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Rules of 1959. The Rules designate areas within a radius of 100 meters (m) and 300 m from the ―protected property‖ as ―protected area‖ and ―controlled area‖ respectively. For the subproject, there are no Archaeologically Protected Areas in Bhagalpur. However, in case of chance finds, the contractors will be required to follow a protocol as defined in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). 27. Land Acquisition Act of 1894 (amended in 1985). Private land acquisition is guided by the provisions and procedures in this Act. The District Collector or any other officer designated will function as the Land Acquisition Officer on behalf of the Government. There is a provision for consent award to reduce the time for processing if the land owners are willing to agree on the price fixed by the Land Acquisition Officer. For the subproject, temporary resettlement of households will be involved during pipe laying work. A Resettlement Plan has been prepared in accordance with the Land Acquisition Act and ADB SPS.

2. State Environmental Legal Requirements

28. The Bihar Forest (Ammended) Act requires a permit for cutting of trees in non-forest land, regardless of land ownership, from ULB and Bihar Environment and Forest Department. Afforestation to the extent of two trees per each tree felled is mandatory. For the subproject, pipe alignment will be on existing ROWs. Tree surveys were discussed with specialists responsible for the engineering aspects, in the event of unavoidable tree-cutting, a permit will be obtained from the Bihar Environment and Forest Department for trees to be felled on non-forest lands and on ROWs for the distribution network pipe alignment.

3. Applicable International Environmental Agreements

29. In addition, international conventions such as the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN),2 Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS),3 and Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance4 are applicable for 2 The IUCN provides the Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List) which is a comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species. The IUCN Red List is set upon precise criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all species and all regions of the world. The aim is to convey the urgency of conservation issues to the public and policy makers, as well as help the international community to try to reduce species extinction. 3 CMS, also known as the Bonn Convention, recognizes that states must be the protectors of migratory species that live within or pass through their national jurisdictions, and aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and avian migratory species throughout their ranges. Migratory species threatened with extinction are listed on Appendix I of the Convention. CMS Parties strive towards strictly protecting these species, conserving or restoring the places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them. 4 The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (also called as Ramsar Convention) provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. According to the Ramsar list of wetlands of international Importance, there are 25 designated wetlands in

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selection and screening of subprojects under restricted/sensitive areas. India is a party to these conventions. 30. For the subproject, (i) animals and plant species found in the subproject sites are not included in the IUCN Red List; (ii) will not alter bird migration; and (iii) sites are not within or adjacent to the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, a protected area located at river Ganges.

4. Other applicable laws and policies

31. According to the Child Labour Act children at the age of 14 to 18 years, if employed, shall not be engaged in hazardous working conditions. 32. The government laws cover the occupational health and safety of employees working only in factories and mines. However, the Constitution of India has provisions to ensure that the health and well-being of all employees are protected and the State has the duty to ensure protection. For this subproject, the mitigation measures were based on the World Bank Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines. 33. Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation (BMC) needs to be consulted for the following specific activities for the section falling under its jurisdiction:

(i) Integrating pipe laying work with town road construction works; (ii) Tree-cutting along ROWs; (iii) Locating construction camps within the municipality, if any; and (iv) Traffic management during construction.

III. DESCRIPTION OF SUBPROJECT

A. Need of the Project

34. The subproject is needed because the present water supply system is inadequate for the needs of the growing population. The key issues pertaining to the present system can be summarized as follows: (i) limited coverage of the system, and dependence on non-potable water sources; (ii) non-uniform distribution, both in terms of quality and quantity of water supplied; (iii) high levels of unaccounted-for-water (UFW), and leakages in the distribution system; and (iv) low levels of cost recovery. B. Description of the Existing Water Supply System

35. The existing water supply system in Bhagalpur town consists of river water treatment, several tube wells and conveyance schemes covering different parts of the town however there is shortage of water supply at the consumers end. The supply rate is low at 57 liters per capita per day (lpcd) which is below the required 135 lpcd. The unaccounted for water (UFW) is about 40% against 15% recommended by the Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO) of Government of India. The storage, treatment and distribution network is insufficient to meet even present requirements. Improvement in the water supply system has been identified as a major priority for Bhagalpur town.

India which are required to be protected. Activities undertaken in the proximity of Ramsar wetlands shall follow the guidelines of the convention.

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36. The current water treatment plant (WTP) in Barari, commissioned in 1885 and augmeneted over the years, currently has design capacity of 17.3 million liters per day (mld) but operating only at 12 mld5 due to deterioration of the plants and machineries. Water is being extracted from the confluence of Jamune nala and river Ganga by 2 intake wells. The turbidity of the extracted surface water exhibits a considerable variation during different periods of the year and ranges from 500 to 10,000 parts per million. Additional water is extracted through 57 tube wells which have a total water yield of 600 liter per minute and being operated only at 10 hours per day.6 37. There are 7 existing overhead tanks (OHT) however only 5 are functional. The OHTs are old, with the oldest constructed in year 1885. The available total storage capacity is 3 million liters (ML)7 against the requirement of 16 ML based on present population demand). 38. There is no defined distribution zoning in the present distribution network. The existing pipe system is very old primarily laid during 1885 to 1970.8 The pipes are made of cast iron with diameters ranging from 100 to 300 millimeters (mm). The network has significant corrosion problem leading to leakages and transmission losses. There is only 55 km9 of pipeline over the entire town area and the existing distribution network is deficient in effective hydraulics. The network was laid on the basis of decentralized water supply system being covered by a single or group of tube wells but surface water is being fed to the same network. 39. Currently, only 81%10 of the population is covered by the existing water supply system and supply is limited to 10 hours per day. Lack of adequate water supply is causing inconvenience and hardship in Bhagalpur. To alleviate the condition, hand pumps have been installed in various locations and some households have installed their own tube wells. C. Description of the Subproject

1. Rehabilitation of existing intake

40. The intake well is very near to the bank of the river. During dry season, river Ganga recedes back to about 200 meters (m) from the inlet well. Every year during this period Jamania channel is the main contributor of raw water. The well receives bulk water from this stream. The quality of water in this period is reported to be of concern. To ensure adequate water supply in the dry season, an inlet channel of 10 m length in each well followed by 200 m of non-metalled rubber armoured hose pipe is proposed to be constructed. For 2026 demand, withdrawal of raw water from existing intake will be 18 mld while for 2041 demand pumping machineries shall be augmented to 30 mld. There is no need to increase the capacity of old intake structure.

2. Rehabilitation of existing water treatment plant

41. There are basically 3 small WTPs within the compound. It is proposed to combine these to a WTP with proper pre-settling tank, cascade aerator, clariflocculation and disinfection system. The exact renovation details will be worked out at the detailed design stage.

5 As reported by Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation(BMC) 6 Bhagalpur power supply is intermittent in nature, with 10 hours average in a day. There is no backup generator for

running of tube well. 7 As reported by BMC 8 Draft Master Plan of Bhagalpur (Vision 2027) 9 As reported by BMC 10 Total household connected /total household = 52071 (As reported by BMC) / 64067 = 81%

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3. Rehabilitation of existing and construction of new clear water sumps and

pumping stations

42. The clear water sump and pumping stating in the existing WTP will be rehabilitated. 47 km of pumping mains will be laid from the proposed new WTP pumping station to the new and existing overhead tanks.

4. Construction of OHTs

43. Treated water from the new and existing WTP will be pumped to zonal OHTs. The subproject will construct 18 new OHTs. The reservoirs will be tower type, sufficiently elevated to distribute the water to consumers with 12 m residual head. The minimum land area requirement for each OHT is 40 m x 40 m. Tentative locations of the OHTs will be on vacant government lands (Table 1).

Table 1: Locations of the Proposed Overhead Tanks Zones OHT No. Location and Site Description Ownership I 1-1 Corner of University Campus Bhagalpur University 1-2 Central Training School, North side land Government of Bihar 1-3 Mahshay Deodi in Champanagar BMC 1-4 Abir Mishra Lane in Nath nagar BMC II 2-1 Uppertola goaltoli jogsar Chunihari- tola BMC 2-2 Within school premises of Government Residential Company Bagh

High School Government of Bihar

2-3 Muslim High School premises Muslim High School Board

III 3-1 South side open space of municipality office building BMC 3-2 Within Rural Development Department premises in Adampur Government of Bihar 3-3 Tripurapura Barahpura in the land of defunct tube well of Municipal

Corporation BMC

IV 4-1 Inside Balak Madhya Vidyalaya (Government school) at Barari State Government 4-2 On the open land, about 150 m opposite Sunderban; Anandgarh

Colony near Public Health and Engineering Department Tank Medical department

4-3 On the open space corner of Durga Ashram BMC V 5-1 Rajakiyakrit Prathamik Vidyalay, Kalabganj Government of Bihar 5-2 Agriculture Market Complex, Baghbari Government of Bihar 5-3 Aliganj Katghat BMC 5-4 Maulana Chowk Maidan BMC 5-5 Mughol Para, Kowali Maidan, Hushanabad BMC

5. Construction of the distribution network

44. Under the proposed water supply scheme, the town will be divided in five zones based on (i) possibility of integrating of existing/on-going system; (ii) nature of water source; (iii) location of intakes; (iv) location of WTP; (v) rivers and canal crossings; and (vi) railway line, important roads, and national highway crossings. Figure 4 shows the proposed zones. 45. The distribution lines are proposed on all roads. Total length of roads as reported by BMC is about 251 km. It is assumed that there will be 15% increase in road network in the city by 2026 which will however be the smaller lanes and shall be covered with required distribution network by the municipality at the appropriate time. About 177 km of new pipelines will be laid under the subproject.

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Figure 4: Proposed Bhagalpur Water Supply Distribution Zones

6. Installation of domestic water meters and house connections.

46. Approximately 52,000 domestic water meters is proposed to be installed in existing connections. D. Implementation Schedule

47. Detailed design will be begin end of 2011 and expected to be completed in mid of 2012. Implementation will be started from 2012 and likely to be completed by mid of 2015. Total of 36 months construction period is being considered.

IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

A. Physical Resources

1. Administrative Boundaries

48. The subproject is located in Bhagalpur town of Bhagalpur District, in the south east part of Bihar in eastern India. The proposed infrastructures will be located in and around the town. It is situated at the south bank of the river Ganga about 225 km from state capital city, Patna. It is connected to different cities and towns of Bihar by broad gauge railway lines and roadways. 49. The Bhagalpur town forms a part of the Jagdishpur C.D. block (Bhagalpur Sadar subdivision), which accommodates 19.45% of the total population of the Bhagalpur district. The area of BMC is 30.17 square kilometre (sq km) and the town is divided into 51 wards.

2. Topography, Drainage, and Natural Hazards

50. Topography. The Bhagalpur district is divided into two parts by the river Ganga. The Alluvial plain is the dominated landform in both the parts. The drainage is from west to east. The southern part has a generally level surface, except on the southern border, where the land is hilly. The town of Bhagalpur is situated on a raised belt of limestone, extending along the

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southern bank of the Ganga. According to the district gazetteer this forms a natural barrier against the incursion of the river. The topography of Bhagalpur town is undulating in nature. The ground level varies from 34 to 52m msl. The general slope is towards the river at north. 51. Drainage. The district is principally drained by the river Ganga, which enters the district at Sultanganj. The northern boundary of the district is marked by the river Kosi (Ghugri) known to be heavily laden with silt and sand. The river Ganga has two major tributaries joining from south; Badua and Koa. Apart from these, a number of ephemeral streams such as Gahra, Chanan, Kadwa, Gerua and Bhena from Chotnagpur plateau join Ganga. In monsoon, Jamania channel swells due to back flow of water from main Ganga. Active braided channels, meanders, and oxbow lakes, which result from dynamic hydrological processes occurring within a low gradient alluvial plain, characterize the geomorphology of the river Ganga in this area. 52. Natural Hazards. Bhagalpur is vulnerable to different kinds of disaster such as flood, cyclone and earthquake due to its geographical and topographical location. Bhagalpur, being close to seismically active Himalaya, is prone to seismic hazard. As per the Seismic Zoning Map of India the subproject sites fall under Zone IV which is considered to be a high damages risk zone and an earthquake up to a magnitude of 8.0 on Richter scale has the potential to hit the area. The wind hazard map of Bihar shows that Bhagalpur district falls in high damage risk zone with cyclonic wind velocities around 47 meters per second. The flood hazard map of Bihar shows that most of the parts of the Bhagalpur district are susceptible to flooding. Bhagalpur is a flood prone area in the middle Ganga plain. The flood situation aggravates when the river itself is in high spate in monsoon. As both longitudinal as well as lateral slopes in Bihar plains are too mild, the inundations spread over extensive areas. The Bhagalpur Municipal Area town falls almost entirely in flood susceptible risk zone.

3. Geology, Mineral Resources, and Soils

53. Geology. The north of Bhagalpur district is purely composed of the gangetic alluvial deposits. Four principal formations occur in the district namely: (i) Alluvium, new and old; (ii) Rajmahal trappist formation; (iii) Damuda series, the coal measures of India; and (iv) Gneissic series. The alluvial formation occupies the greater part of the district, thinning out towards the southern side. Much of it is composed of deposits from the present rivers. There is also presence of old alluvial, which is stiff clay with presence of kankar. The Damuda rock formation, to which Indian coal measures belong is seen only in one place in the district, namely at Pathargatta hill. The gneissic rocks occupy a considerable area in the south of the district, in the Chandan, Kataura, and the Danra Sakhwara parganas, where they are contiguous with similar rock formations of Hazaribagh and with the whole east side of the peninsula down to Mysore. These are metamorphic rocks. 54. Mineral Resources. The principal mineral produced in the district is galena. Apart from galena, China clay, fire clay, mica, garnet, quartz, feldspar and antimony are also found in the district. 55. Soils. The soils in the district are mainly derived from the older and newer alluvium. These alluvial plain soils are light grey to dark grey in colour, rather heavy and texturally fine in nature. The pH values range from neutral to acidic and the acidity of the soil gradually increases from north to south. The hilly soils are acidic with low nitrogen, medium to high potash. 56. The soils derived from older alluvium are mainly loamy in character with moderate to heavy texture and well drained. In low lands these are poorly drained with heavy texture. These

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soils comprise an association of vertisols, entisols, alfisols, and ultisols. Black soils found in Shahkund, Sonhaulia, and Sultanganj belong to vertisols category. Sandy soils (Diara soils) derived from younger alluvium are light textured, well drained. These are moderate to highly fertile calcareous soils and found along the banks/course of the river Ganga. These comprise the soil association of inceptisols and entisols.

4. Climate

57. In general, a warm and humid climate prevails in the district. Winter starts from November and extends up to February. Temperature usually does not drop below 15°C but during the coldest months (late December to early January) temperature even comes down to 8°C. During this period, wind blows from northwest and west. The summer period begins from March with the peak temperature of 40 to 45°C in May. The month of March and April are the driest months of the year with the relative humidity of 50 to 55 % in the morning and 35 to 40 % in the afternoon. The humidity increases in May and June to 80 % or more. 58. About 80 % of the rainfall is under the influence of southwest monsoon, which normally breaks in the second week of June. The monsoon lasts till the later part of the September. Generally the eastern and north-eastern part of the district receives higher amount of rainfall. The annual normal rainfall in the district remains above 1100 mm. Table 2 shows rainfall data of Bhagalpur for the last 5 years. It is noted that in 2010 rainfall drastically reduced.

Table 2: Five-Year Rainfall Data of Bhagalpur Months Total Rainfall (in mm) at Bhagalpur town

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 January 0 - 45.3 2.0 0 February 0 15.5 0.6 2.7 4.2 March 4.9 24.8 0.3 2.5 4.0 April 28.2 3.6 9.7 0 2.2 May 63.7 117.5 87.6 202.8 65.7 June 204.1 115.6 377.8 65.0 105.8 July 249.8 543.7 216.0 326.2 234.3 August 151.3 202.8 226.3 500.9 195.6 September 528.8 383.5 110.7 220.0 127.5 October 66.8 92.5 35.8 172.1 19.9 November 6.1 0 0 2.8 5.3 December 2.0 0 0 0.8 0.7 Total 1305.7 1499.5 1110.1 1497.8 765.2

Source: India Meteorological Department

5. Air Quality

59. There are no data on ambient air quality of Bhagalpur town, which is not subject to monitoring by the BSPCB as there are no major industries. The nearest station is located at the state capital city of Patna. Traffic is the only significant pollutant in Bhagalpur, so levels of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen are likely to be well within the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Baseline data will be generated within the town before inmlementation of the project.

6. Noise Level

60. There is no ambient noise data at Bhagalpur. Measurements of ambient noise level have been carried out by the project preparatory technical assistance (PPTA) team at the WTP

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location and near existing intake pump at Barari. It is noted from the result that ambient noise level in and around the pump house is very high even more than the exposure limit of 85 dB(A). Ambient noise level near proposed intake and existing WTP are more or less within the CPCB standard.

7. Surface Water

61. The river system of the district consists of a reach of the river Ganga about sixty miles in length on the north side; on the southern side there are a few hill streams, which are sandy narrow water courses for most part of the year, but are torrential during monsoons. 62. The Chandan. The Chandan is the largest of the hill streams in the south of the district. It originates from the hills of North Parganas, and joins the Ganga. It floods the plains of south Bhagalpur during the rainy season. Chandan, the most important river of this region, gets divided in about fifteen smaller channels of which only two are able to touch the river Ganga. One of these streams, Jamania river channel, flows from Champanagar – Nathnagar onwards along the Bhagalpur town parallel to main Ganga and ultimately meets to river Ganga near Vikramshila Bridge at Barari. 63. The Ganga. The Ganges flows from west to east cutting the district in its northern side. In the middle, a great mass of granite divides the river into two great bends, one northward round of the town of Bhagalpur, the second southwards to Colgong, where it meets a range of hills and again moves northwards. At the edge of district it joins up with other tributaries. Ganga is navigable for the whole year. The average width of its bed is three miles. During summer, the watercourse is only half a mile wide, whereas during monsoons, it is 2 to 4 km wide. Water levels rise as much as 10 m. 64. The main course of river Ganga has moved from south to north by about 3 to 4 km from Nathnagar – Bhagalpur area in recent past (in about last 20 years). The river channels are not deeply incised in this area, and exposed bank sediments are those of the modern aggrading flood plain systems. Detached flood plains with sand/mud deposits, 10-15 m thick, have developed over years in between Jamania river channel and the main stem of the River Ganga. Presently these detached flood plains are being extensively used for agricultural purposes by local people. Farmers are using synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides extensively in agriculture. Toxic substances of fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides are drained from flood plain crop fields on both the banks through run-off directly into the river, and cause chemical pollution of the river. In addition, garbage, excreta and muck are being dumped into the river at numerous points at Bhagalpur. The sewage of the town and other urban wastes are also being channelized to the river (about 5 mega gallon or 22.8 million litter of sewage per day received by the river from Bhagalpur town). To this is added the burden of other human activities like bathing, washing of clothes, excessive navigation, brick making, immersion of dead bodies etc. this cause considerable contamination of the river water and upsets the ecological balance of the river. 65. There is no official data available for the discharge of river Ganges at Bhagalpur. The nearest measurement station of the Central Water Commission (CWC) for Bhagalpur is at Hatidah, about 110 km from Bagalpur. The records of discharge at this station for 10 years (1999-2000 to 2008-2009) are presented in Table 3. The record shows (i) maximum average discharge in 10 years period as 2,946,240 mld occurring in monsoon months and (ii) minimum average discharge of the same period as 116,450 mld in summer months, while (iii) the average annual discharge in the same period is 745,744 mld. In addition there are discharges from the

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streams and other runoffs into the river within the 110 km between Hatidah and Bhagalpur for which there is no available record. The water quality data of the samples taken from the Hatilda monitoring station in 2007 to 2009 is shown in Table 4. It is noted that concentration levels of all the parameters are within the CPCB standard for surface water quality. Table 3: Ten-Year Discharge Measurement of River Ganga (in cubic meters per second) Month 1999-

2000 2000-2001

2001-2002

2002- 2003

2003-2004

2004-2005

2005-2006

2006-2007

2007-2008

2008-2009

June 2,000 2150 1,800 2,800 2,066 1,653 1,460 2,150 2,150 1,294 July 7,000 9,500 10,500 5,050 5,800 4,800 2,092 3,100 3,250 16,450 August 39,500 28,700 41,700 13,400 20,000 11,500 19,000 18,700 2,850 36,700 September 38,800 25,800 30,700 16,600 34,500 31,400 29,000 34,800 31,400 48,000 October 26,300 15,700 9,300 14,550 39,900 13,300 20,000 13,200 28,800 34,400 November 7,100 3,700 5,500 4,850 9,400 6,150 8,400 4,925 6,700 5,375 December 3,000 2,450 3,350 2,950 4,000 3,550 4,650 3,150 3,400 3,275 January 1,900 1,750 1,750 1,850 2,777 2,185 2,313 1,850 2,160 1,679 February 1,550 1,700 3,350 1,481 2,712 2,155 1,558 1,700 1,967 1,525 March 1,500 1,500 2,113 1,864 1,627 1,670 1,271 1,725 1,340 1,283 April 1,400 1,500 1,561 1,575 1,383 1,296 1,155 1,700 1,090 1,002 May 1,550 1,500 1,500 1,916 1,354 1,442 1,325 1,760 1,168 1,320 Annual Average

10,967 7,996 9,427 5,741 10,460 6,758 7,685 7,397 7,190 12,692

Source: Executive Engineer, Central Water Commission, 2010

Table 4: Results of Water Quality Analysis of Samples taken at Hatilda along River Ganges

Parameters Range- Concentration 2007 to 2008 2008 to 2009

Colour Greyish Greyish to Brown Odour Odourless Odourless Temp (Degree C) 16.0 – 27.0 16.0 – 28.5 pH 8.1 – 8.65 8.13 – 8.67 Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm) 165 – 425 219 – 389 Calcium (mg/l) 17.6 – 43.3 19.2 – 46.5 Chloride(mg/l) 14.0 – 26.0 12.0 – 32.0 Carbonate(mg/l) 12.0 – 28.8 12.0 – 43.2 Bicarbonate (mg/l) 104.9 – 190.3 100.0 – 219.6 Potassium (mg/l) 15.4 – 44.3 23.1 – 31.1 Magnesium (mg/l) 9.7 – 27.2 3.89 – 40.8 Sodium (mg/l) 12.0 – 42.3 11.9 – 37.1 Dissolved Oxygen 7.8 – 8.8 8.4 -8.8 Biological Oxygen Demand (mg/l) 1.56 – 2.35 1.25 – 2.35 Calcium Hardness(mg/CaCO3/l) 44.0 – 108.0 56.0 – 124.0 Total Hardness (mg/CaCO3/l) 108.0 – 204.0 100.0 – 176.0

Source: Executive Engineer, Central Water Commission, 2010

66. The main sources of surface water pollution in Bhagalpur are urban wastewater and industrial effluents from silk and dying industries particularly in Nathnagar; leather shoes and slipper factories; battery manufacturing units; automobile workshops; agro-chemicals discharge through run-off; discharge from hospitals and pathological laboratories; cremation and immersion of dead bodies; and various other anthropogenic activities. 67. The PPTA team conducted water quality monitoring in March to April 2011. Water samples were collected from 15 sampling sites along the stretch of river Ganga in Bhagalpur. The results of the analyses (Tables 5 and 6) show that the stretch of the river Ganga in

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Bhagalpur and Jamania are under stressed condition due to impact of urban, industrial and agricultural wastes. The results are summarized as follows:

(i) Most of the values obtained were above the CPCB permissible limits. (ii) The high values of chemical oxygen demand (COD)11 at the sampling sites

suggested that the high inorganic matter is being discharged into the river. (iii) The water samples from river Ganga were more turbid than the samples from

Jamania (iv) The water samples from river Ganga ranged from slightly acidic to moderately

alkaline range which can have correlation with sediments, solubility, and accumulation of heavy metals and pesticides in the river.

(v) Total hardness12 values exceeded the World Health Organization (1991) limit of 100 milligrams per liter (mg/L) at all sampling sites indicating that waters are fairly hard.

(vi) The water samples from Jamania showed higher total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations than river Ganga, although the water volume is lower. This indicates greater degree of pollution in Jamania channel.

(vii) High chloride values registered both in river Ganga and Jamania channel are contributable to human activities, open defecation on the river bank, and transportation of soluble chloride salts from the catchment areas of the river.

(viii) Phosphates and nitrates were recorded in fair amount at all the sites. These pollutants mainly come from sewage household effluents, detergents, and fertilizers. In Jamania channel, discharges from dye industry may be also be contributing factor.

Table 5: Physico-chemical Analysis of River Ganga (March to April 2011)

Parameter Side Channel Main Channel S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 Ambient

temp. ( Co) 26 26.5 26 23.5 23 23 32 33 32 28 29 30.5

2 Water temp. (Co)

26.5

28 26.9 25.5 25 26 35 32 33.7 31 33.5 31

3 Turbidity (NTU)

85.3

39.5 20.3 46.9 18.3 21.7 33.1 15.7 10.1 9.9 15.6 16.2

4 TSS 7482.5

- - 13528.6

- - 6789.5

- - 12952.4

- -

5 TDS 717.5

814.5 670.2 251.4 280.1

280.1

250.5 249.6

248.4

247.6 248.4

240.3

6 Conductivity (µS/cm)

1.291

1.461 1.226 456.8 451.8

504.6

464.2 463.8

456.7

456.4 457.7

445.5

7 pH 8.5 8.5 8.5 7 7 7 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7 8 DO 3.6 3.2 6.8 8.4 8.8 8 6.4 7.6 7.6 7.2 7.6 7.6 9 FCO2 500 520 300 86 84 84 82 150 110 144 98 80

10 CO3 Abs.

Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.

11 HCO3 128 138 118 48 46 46 44 42 42 42 42 42

11 Higher values of COD restrict availability of dissolved oxygen to fish and other fauna and flora and thus may reduce

the productivity of the river. 12 Hardness of water is not a pollution indicator but indicates potability of water. Water with less than 75 milligrams of

CaCO3 per liter of sample (mg/l CaCO3) is considered soft and above 75 mg/l CaCO3 as hard. Water treatment for hard waters to be used for drinking is required.

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Parameter Side Channel Main Channel S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 12 TH 446 486 400 190 182 178 182 170 194 182 178 190

13 Cl 104.96

101.96

101.96

18.99 19.99

19.99

21.99 19.99

18.99

19.99 19.99

19.99

14 PO4 P 0.061

0.078 0.05 0.042 0.039

0.042

0.045 0.043

0.041

0.044 0.041

0.041

15 NO3 N 0.039

0.044 0.059 0.046 0.038

0.039

0.046 0.028

0.027

0.028 0.028

0.027

16 COD 226.56

- - 37.76 - - 54.56 - - 24.8 - -

17 As (ppb) 10 - 10 0.0 - - 0.0 - - 0.0 - - 18 F 0.3

3 0.18 0.32 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.06 0.12 0.12 0.04 0.07

S = Station; 1 – Shore; 2 – 100m from shore; 3 – 200m from shore. Except pH all other variables expressed in ppm or mg/l or otherwise mentioned. Abs. – Absent, As – Arsenic, Cl – Chloride, CO3 - Carbonate Alkalinity, COD – Chemical oxygen demand DO – Dissolved oxygen, F – Fluoride, FCO2 – Free carbon dioxide, HCO3 –Bicarbonate Alkalinity, NO3 N – Nitrate – Nitrogen, PO4 P – Phosphate – Phosphorus, TDS – Total dissolved solid , TH – Total hardness, TSS – Total suspended solid

8. Groundwater

68. Based on the strata logs and hydro-geological properties, the aquifer system in the district can be divided into two categories: (i) the shallow aquifers within 50 m depth; and (ii) the deep aquifers within 50 – 200 m depth. 69. In shallow aquifers, the ground water occurs under unconfined condition and in deeper aquifers under semi-confined to confined conditions. The shallow aquifers consisting of fine to medium sand with clay, silt and kankars are the main sources of ground water in the marginal alluvial tract in the south Bhagalpur. In general the thickness of these aquifers varies from 13 to 18 m, being more at central parts than the eastern and western parts of the marginal alluvium. The thickness of the aquifer is controlled by the geometry of the underlying basement rock. The deeper aquifers mainly consist of sand, gravel and calcareous nodules with alternating layers of clay. The exploration data reveals the presence of four to five major aquifers with cumulative thickness of 20 to 85 m. These aquifers thin out towards Sultanganj in the western part since clay dominancy increase. The composition of the aquifer is not homogeneous at many places. These are very often mixed with silt and little clay, which impedes their water yielding capacity. The yield of these zones varies between 14.30 m3/hr at Rampur to 202.70 cubic meter per hour at Madarganj with reference draw down of 6 – 27m. 70. Ground water quality data of Bhagalpur district has been collected from Central Ground Water Board. They have developed the database from the partial and complete analysis of water samples collected from the district. The study of this analytical data reveals that in general the quality of ground water in most of the areas is suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes.

Table 6: Physico-Chemical Analysis of Groundwater in Bhagalpur Parameters Concentration 1 Electrical conductance 450 to 1400 micromhos/cm at 25°C 2 pH 7.0 to 8.05 3 Total Dissolved Solids 145 to 826 ppm 4 Total Hardness as CaCO3

70 to 488 ppm

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5 Calcium 12 to 158 ppm 6 Magnesium 9.7 to 60 ppm 7 Sodium 14 to 189 ppm 8 Potassium 0.18 to 4.0 ppm 9 Chloride 10.6 to 200 ppm 10 Carbonate NIL 11 Bicarbonate 122 to 634 ppm 12 Sulphate : ppm Less than 2 to 40 13 Iron Less than 0.1 to 1.40 ppm 14 Fluoride 0.01 to 1.80 ppm 15 Nitrate Less than 1 to 50 ppm 16 Silica 12 to 40 ppm

ppm = parts per million. Source: Ground Water Information Booklet, Central Ground Water Board (2009) 71. Bhagalpur is affected by arsenic contamination in ground water. The ground water in the blocks of Sultanganj, Nathnagar and Jagdispur, has been reported to be containing arsenic more than the permissible limit of 0.05 mg/l (as per WHO norm). The State PHED has conducted a blanket testing for arsenic and hand pumps where arsenic concentration was found to be more than 0.05 mg/l during blanket testing were marked with red paint. A sudden surge in arsenic concentration in the tube wells is found between the depth range of 12 and 40 m.13 After 40 m there is a drastic decline in arsenic concentration. In dug wells arsenic concentration is reported as below detection limit. B. Biological Resources

72. There are no wetlands, mangroves, or estuaries in or within the subproject sites.

1. Terrestrial Ecosystem

73. Flora. There are no dense woodlands in the area, but there are patches of low jungles. Major species of trees found here include Sal, Bamboo, Khair, Salai, Kasambar. The main fruit trees indigenous to the district include: mango (Mangifera indica), mahua (Bassia latifolia), jackfruit (Artocarpus integrifolia), Banana (Musa Sapientum), date palm or khajur, and Tal tree, Tamarind (Tamarindus Indica), plums, the Jamun (Eugenia Jambulina), custard apple, guava and lime. The subproject sites are in the built-up area of town, trees and vegetation (mostly shrubs and grasses) are those commonly found in urban areas. 74. There is one forest area of in Sundarban (ward no. 3 of Bhagalpur) with a total area of 24 acres which is located within 100 m of the existing WTP. As per the Bihar State Forest and Environment Department‘s notification, the area is protected for conservation of tree species only. No wildlife is present in Sundarban. Trees are mainly teak, mehagani, mango, litchi, jamun, arjun, tamarind and rubber. It is expected that there is no impact (tree cutting) on Sundarban during implementation of the subproject as activities will be confined to the existing WTP and pipe-laying will be on existing ROWs. 75. Fauna. The district is known for its variety of monkeys and bats. Two species of Indian bear are also found in the district. Other species includes hyena, wolf, several species of cats, mongoose, Indian fox, the wild dog, and Jackal. Deers such as Barakhamba, the spotted deer, the four horned antelope and the barking deer are also found in the district. However, many of

13 Arsenic occurs sporadically in hand pumps and largely depends on the depth of the hand pump and from which

formation it taps water.

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these species are now found rarely in the district. The subproject sites are in the built-up area of town therefore animals are those commonly found in urban areas.

2. Aquatic Ecosystem

76. During a survey conducted by the PPTA team in April 2011, 53 freshwater algal species were recorded from 15 sampling sites in the river. The presence of these species indicated organic pollution near the project site. 77. Forty freshwater zooplankton species were recorded at the 15 sampling sites. These species belong to 18 genera. The zooplankton community belongs to Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda. There were 20 Rotifers species, 10 Cladocera species and 10 Copepoda species. Keratella sp. and Brachionus sp. are known to be indicators of mesotrophic and eutrophic water bodies and of organic pollution. 78. The Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary is located in Bhagalpur. The sanctuary is a 50 km stretch of the Ganges River from Sultanganj to Kahalgaon. Designated in 1991, it is the only protected area for the endangered Gangetic dolphins (Platanista gangetica gangetica) in Asia and has been declared as the national aquatic animal of India. Once found in abundance, only a few hundred remain, of which half are found here. The Gangetic dolphins (known as Susu by locals) are classified as endangered on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and included Schedule-I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. The Sanctuary also contains rich diversity of other threatened aquatic wildlife, including the Indian smooth-coated otter Lutrogale perspicillata, gharial Gavialis gangeticus, a variety of freshwater turtles, and 135 species of waterfowl. It is expected that there is no impact on the sanctuary during implementation of the subproject as activities will be confined to the existing WTP and pipe-laying will be on existing ROWs.

Figure 5: Map of the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary

Source: Kelker et al. (2010)

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79. Fishing by local fishermen as well as fishermen from neighbouring area/state is done in the river Ganges throughout the year at Bhagalpur. July to September (monsoon) is the lean period for fishing, when the water level is too high and the current too strong to do any kind of fishing in the river, and the maximum fishing is done in post-monsoon months of October and November when water recedes. River Ganga is the richest producer and supplier of fish protein in North India. Out of 90% riverine source of spawn in India, more than 70% spawn are collected from this river. The river Ganges supports a diverse fish fauna, with about 260 fish species reported for Indian waters. It is expected that there is no impact on the aquatic ecology during implementation of the subproject as activities will be confined to the existing WTP and pipe-laying will be on existing ROWs.

3. Avifauna

80. The Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary gained recognition as an important bird area because of the high bird diversity here. However, a checklist of the avifauna found in the sanctuary is still unavailable. The Vikramshila Biodiversity Research and Education Center (VBREC) in Bhagalpur has conducted extensive conservation and biomonitoring work in the sanctuary over the last decade and prepared a comprehensive annotated checklist of about 190 bird species recorded from the river stretch (within river habitats from Sultanganj to Bhagalpur) and the precinct areas of the floodplain stretching on the Ganga‘s banks. Table 7 shows the threatened bird species sighted in the sanctuary. Table 7: Avifauna Found in the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary Included in IUCN

Red List Sl. No.

Common Name Biological Name Threat categorya

1 Greater Adjutant Stork Liptoptilos dubius EN 2 Lesser Adjutant Stork Liptoptilos javanicus VU 3 Indian Skimmer Rynchops albicollis VU 4 Black Necked Stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus DD DD- Data Deficient, EN- Endangered, VU- Vulnerable Source: VBREC a Birdlife International 2001, IUCN 2004 Red List. 81. A total of 21 species were recorded during the survey by the PPTA team in March to April 2011 (Table 8). Out of the 21 species, 4 have been found breeding within the sanctuary limits during the summer months. It is expected that there is no impact on the avifaunas during implementation of the subproject as activities will be confined to the existing WTP and pipe-laying will be on existing ROWs.

Table 8: List of Birds in the 20 km segment of River Ganga near Bhagalpur (March to April 2011)

S.No. Species Scientific name Residence status

Conservation status IUCN

1. Greater adjutant stork Leptoptilos dubius R EN 2 Lesseradjutant stork Leptoptilos javanicus R VU 3 Asian openbill Anastomus oscitans R 4 Small pratincole Glareola lactea LM 5 River lapwing Vanellus gregarious R 6 Little tern Sterna albifrons LM 7 Black bellied tern Sterna melanogaster LM VU 8 Bank myna Acridotheres ginginiaus R 9 Bluetailed bee eater Merops philippinus R

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S.No. Species Scientific name Residence status

Conservation status IUCN

10 Little egret Egretta garzetta R 11 Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis R 12 Intermediat egret Egretta intermedia R 13 Black ibis Pseudibis papillosa R 14 Large crested grebe Podiceps cristatus M 15 Little grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis LM 16 Bronze winged jacana Metopidius indicus LM 17 Little cormorent Phalacrocorax niger R 18 Pied kingfisher Ceryle rudis R 19 Lesser whisling teal Dendrocygna javanica LM 20 Common red shank Tringa totanus M 21 Osprey Pandion haliaetus M

LM - Local migrant, M - Migrant, R - Resident IUCN 1994 Red List: EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable C. Economic Development

82. Bhagalpur being district headquarter, has been functioning as administrative town with sustained growth in tertiary economic activities. The major economic activities are trade and commerce, thus it offers a number of wholesale and retail markets which act as a distribution center for nearby towns and villages.

1. Land use

83. The existing landuse distribution of Bhagalpur Municipal Area based on the primary survey is tabulated in Table 9.

Table 9: Existing Land Use Distribution of Bhagalpur Municipal Area (2007) Sl. No. Landuse Category Existing Landuse Range as per Urban

Development Plan Formulation and

Implementation (UDPFI) Area in Ha Land use in % guidelines in %

1 Residential 1129 37.42 40-45 2 Commercial 127 4.22 3-4 3 Industrial 214 7.10 8-10 4 Public and Semi-public 436 14.44 10-12 5 Recreational 128 4.24 18-20 6 Transport 533 17.64 12-14 7 Open land andWater bodies 449 14.88 8 Special area 1 0.04 Total 3018 100

Note: The above table is taken from ‗Town of Bhagalpur – Draft master Plan Vision 2027‘ prepared by Department of Urban Development, Government of Bihar, May 2009. 84. The residential land use at 37.42% is slightly below the standard guideline of 40-45%. Of the total residential land use around 2% is under mixed use. Commercial is 4.22%, which is fractionally higher than the standard guideline of 3-4%. 85. The percentage of land under industrial use is 7.1%, lower than the norm of 8-10% given by UDPFI. However it is interesting to note that the industrial use within the town is confined to household industries and thus land under industrial use has a mixed character. This indicates that the town is significantly lacking in proper industrial infrastructure and major thrust is required for the development of the industrial sector. Diversification and broadening of economic

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base is imperative in order to help generation of greater employment opportunities for the local community at large. 86. The public and semi public land use at 14.44 % is more than sufficient in comparison to the standard guidelines, the main intervention that is required is in providing enough schools and quality educational, health, recreational and socio-cultural facilities to the inhabitants. 87. Recreational land use at 4.24% is grossly inadequate against the standard guideline of 18-20% showing that there is an ample scope and need for accommodating more recreational facilities. Land use under transportation at 17.64% shows a higher level of traffic and transportation infrastructure existing in the town in comparison to the standard guidelines. This is mainly because of the airport landing ground within the town, which accounts for almost 17% of the total land use under the category of transport and 2.98% of the total land use. However, there is an urgent need for improving the existing roads, creation of more transport terminals and parking areas to cater to the increasing demand for the same by the local population in the town.

2. Commerce, Industry and Agriculture

88. Commerce. The nature and volume of trade and commerce that any town supports gives a fair measure of its economic prosperity. The economy of Bhagalpur town is to a large extent dependent on agriculture and silk. Bhagalpur is famous worldwide for its silk production. The silk industry in this town is hundreds of years old. The town also has rice and sugar mills, and silk and wool weaving factories. The town also boasts of a famous Silk Institute, which is reminiscent of the glorious past of its silk industry. The town has flourishing commercial activity in areas mostly concentrated in the central region, along the National highways and major roads within the town. Most of the developments in the older town parts are highly organic and haphazard in nature. However the development and the commercial activity in the newly developed areas are mostly planned and organized. 89. The commercial activities present in the town may be broadly divided into retail and wholesale shopping, service and repairing shops, cold storage facilities, godowns and warehouse, breweries and distilleries, restaurants, hotels and dharamshalas and a sizable informal sector. The nature of commercial establishments on local streets mostly comprises of general stores, calling booths, dhabas, etc. The informal sector is mostly in the form of small shops on footpath or roadside and thelas. In the town of Bhagalpur a significant part of the population is engaged in service sector and is self employed. Thus trade and commerce is providing employment to a large section of the population in the town. The present area under commercial use is 137 ha. This includes the area under the commercial use along the major roads, the agriculture marketing board land, and other commercial uses in the town. The godowns are also calculated under the commercial use. 90. Centralised and uncontrolled commercial development has caused a lot of chaos and congestion in wards no 34, 35,36,37,38, which is the Central Business Development area, especially along the major roads. The Sujanagar Bazaar area is the most congested area that requires immediate improvement. Overall, the growth of commercial activities needs to be controlled and new developments channelized to newer areas to reduce congestion in the existing areas. 91. Industrial Development. Bhagalpur is famous for its tussar silk, dyeing, salt, indigo, and glassware industries. Apart from that small-scale industry such as basket weaving, distilleries

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making Taari from Mahua flowers were also prevalent. There are traditional handloom clusters in the town. Handloom silk industry in Nath Nagar, Hussainabad and Mirzanhat area are the existing industrial areas in the town. It may be noted that most of the households within the ward number 1 to 10 around the Nath Nagar area have looms and could be categorized under small-scale household industries. 92. The major industries and industrial zones in the town of Bhagalpur are mostly confined to areas like Barari and Bahadurpur, which are just outside the present town boundary. The industrial estate at Barari spreads over an area of approximately 51 acres while the Bahadurpur area spread around an area of 15 acres. 93. Agriculture. The economy of Bhagalpur district is dependent mainly on agriculture and silk. The Gangetic plains are very fertile and the main crops include rice, wheat, maize, barley, sugarcane and oilseeds.

3. Infrastructure

94. Water supply. The present supply of water in Bhagalpur is in the tune of 24.27 mld at the rate of 57 lpcd. There are 2 intake wells for the existing water treatment plant. Water is being extracted from the confluence of Jamunia nala and river Ganga. The installed capacity in the works is of 3.8 mgd (17.27 mld). The actual treatment capacity goes down to even 9 mld in some cases. A total of 57 tube wells exist in the town, water yield ranges from 3,000-15,000 gallons per hour with 12 hours of operation. There are 7 OHTs, ranging from 0.4-1 lakh gallon capacity, however only 5 are functional at present. The distribution system in the town has a total pipe length of about 55 km. 95. Sewerage and sanitation. There is no underground sewerage network in Bhagalpur town. About 70% of the households use septic tanks while around 20% use pit latrines. The balance 10% resorts to open defecation. There is a wastewater management system in Bhagalpur built under Ganga Action Plan for abatement of pollution to the river. The wastewater generated from around 60% of the town area flowing in different drains is trapped before discharging to the river Ganga at 7 major outfalls14 and conveyed to an aerated lagoon with 11 mld installed capacity located near the University at Sahebganj through a 12-km long trunk sewer and biologically treated before disposal to the river. Of the wastewater generated in the remaining 40% area, 50% directly makes its passage to the river Ganga and river Gorbhui by open drains. All these drains also carry the storm water during rains. 96. The total quantity of wastewater reaching the sewage treatment plant is about 8.25 mld. Installed capacity is 11 mld. There are 2 pumping stations (PS) located at Adampur and Naya Bazar OFs each. The discharge of Maharaja Ghat and Koila Ghat OFs are conveyed to the Adampur PS from where the wastewater is pumped to Naya Bazar PS. The discharges from Jogser and Sakhichand outfalls are also conveyed to the Naya Bazar PS directly. From Naya Bazar PS wastewater is conveyed to the sump at the plant location. The sump simultaneously receives the wastewater from the University outfall. The total wastewater flow thus received at the sump undergoes primary treatment in a grit chamber for removal of grit and is then conveyed to 2 aerated lagoons for secondary treatment. After the secondary treatment the

14 The seven outfalls are (i) Maharaja Ghat discharging about 0.84 mld, (ii) Koila Ghat discharging about 0.9 mld, (iii)

Adampur discharging about 1.8 mld, (iv) Sakhichand discharging about 0.74 mld, (v) Jogser discharging about 0.4 mld, (vi) Naya Bazaar discharging about 0.63 mld and (vii) University (Hathia Nala outfall) discharging about 2.95 mld of wastewater into the trunk sewer.

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wastewater from the lagoons is taken to a fish pond for maturation before discharging to the river Ganga. There is no reuse of the treated effluent. Sewage treatment for 47 mld is planned by the government to be funded through the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) to be funded by the World Bank with design supported through DFID. Under NGRBA, city sanitation plans are being developed. 97. Drainage. There are 25 major drains in Bhagalpur town that carry wastewater as well as storm water during rains. 15 drains are on north of the Railway line, which carry flows towards north into the river Ganga and on the west to Yamunia nallah. On the south of Railway line there are 10 drains that follow the slope towards south and southeast discharging into the low lying areas and into few water bodies. These drains act as sewer lines for all practical purposes during dry weather season. 98. Solid Waste. The generation of solid waste in Bhagalpur is estimated to be of the order of about 168 tonnes per day. There are a total of 108 dustbins placed in various locations within the municipal corporation area. There are 24 big containers, 100 drums in various corners, 12 five tonner trolleys, 2 loader machines, one swiping machine and 2 jet machines, 2 compacters, 45 hand trolleys which are used for transportation of the solid waste. For transporting the wastes, there are 12 trailers and 19 bullock carts. Presently, there is no organized solid waste management method being adopted. There are no organized places of solid waste disposal, and a random dumping is attempted by the municipal team. The wastes are dumped in low lying areas, along the road sides and also along the open drains too. The drainage lines are the worst affected which have turned almost solid waste dumping channels, resulting in the silting, obstruction and over flow of the sewerage and drainage at many places. There are 8 locations in which such ad-hoc dumping is undertaken at present. Segregation at source is not practiced and the (collection is made from the cement bins) placed at various locations within the town. The transporting vehicles are also open, and as such during transportation as well, the waste is scattered throughout the town roads. 99. Transportation. In Bhagalpur, the east-west axis of the town running parallel to the River Ganges is the most important and active transport corridor. Bhagalpur being an important node in the region (the district headquarters) and being a commercial town attracts a lot of traffic, of which intercity through traffic forms a sizable portion. There are seven major roads in the town, out of which three are most important. The first and foremost is the National Highway-80 (Zero mile to Champa nala via Tilkamanjhi, Bhagalpur Railway station and Kabirpur chowk), next is the PWD road stretch from Barari More to Champa nala and third being the Bhagalpur Alternative bye pass (zero mile to Kabirpur Chowk) passing through the southern side. The other major roads are Baunsi Road from Railway station towards Maheshpur and Mirjanhat Road from Bholanath pul to Krishi Bazar.

4. Development Activity in and around Project Influence area

100. Table 10 lists the projects are under implementation/proposed in and around Bhagalpur.

Table 10: List of Infrastructure Projects in Bhagalpur Agency/Project Item Description Funding

Bhagalpur Public Health and Engineering Department

Water Supply Scheme: year of sanction – 2009 year of implementation –

(i) rehabilitation of WTP; (ii) construction/rehabilitation of 28 tube wells; (iii) construction / rehabilitation of 28 OHTs; and (iv) 74-km pipe-laying for expansion of distribution network

State funds

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Agency/Project Item Description Funding 2010 to 2011

National Ganga River Basin Authority

Sewerage and Sanitation15

(i) capacity of the scheme: 47 mld; (ii) ultimate discharge point: about 75% to River Ganga (for northern side of the Railway line) and 25% to river Gorbhui (for southern side of the Railway line). The exact discharge points to be decided on the basis of location of the sewage treatment plants. From the topography of the town there shall be 3 additional sewage treatment plants (2 on northern side and 1 on southern side of the Railway line).

National Ganga River Basin Authority funds

Bhagalpur State Government

Drainage Construction of 61.35-km drains which will drain out both wastewater and storm-water.

Finance Commission

Hindustan Pre Fab Limited

Health Construction of 238 dwelling units Indian Health System Development Project

D. Social and Cultural Resources

1. Demographic and Socio-economic Profile

101. Demographic and Social Profile of Bhagalpur is shown in Table 11 below. Bhagalpur district comprises 2.93% of Bihar‘s total population. The district is largely rural in character, having only 19% urban population. Child sex ratio in Bhagalpur district (966) is favourable, though the overall sex ratio (876) is low in comparison with the state average (921), primarily indicating male migration from the district for employment. Only 19% of the district‘s population is urban; Bhagalpur town accounts for 75% of the district‘s urban population.

Table 11: Demographic and Social Profile of Bhagalpur District Parameters Details Population in million 2.4 Rural Population (%) 81 Urban Population (%) 19 Sex ratio (females per 1000 males) 876 Child sex ratio (females per 1000 males) 966 Scheduled Caste16 Population (%) 9 Scheduled Tribe Population (%) 6 Minority population (%) 42.5 Maha dalit population (%) 10.42 Source: Census of India, 2001 quoted in Economic Survey, Government of Bihar (2010 to 2011). 102. As per Census 2001, BMC housed a population of 340,767 persons. Decadal population growth rate in Bhagalpur has shown a fluctuating trend, being almost 31% in 1971 to 1981, dipping to 12.5% in 1981 to 1991 and increasing to 34.5% in 1991 to 2001. The average household size of 6.5 as per Census 2001 is fairly high; the sex ratio of 864 is lower than the average sex ratio of 868 in urban areas in Bihar. There are 856 Scheduled Caste and 638 Scheduled Tribe households. Overall literacy rate of 63% is higher than the total literacy rate in urban Bihar (60.27%), but significantly lower than the all-India average (69.49%). The gender gap in literacy in Bhagalpur is to the tune of 22%, with female literacy at 56% (higher than the

15 Proposals for preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) have already been invited under SPUR. 16 Among the total scheduled caste population, 61% comprises Maha Dalit, which includes Bantar, Bauri, Bhogta,

Bhuiya, Bhumij, Chamar, Chaupal, Dabgar, Dhobi, Dom, Ghasi, Halalkhor, Hari, Kanjar, Kurariar, Lalbegi, Mushahar, Nat, Pan, Pasi, Rajwar and Turi. The only scheduled caste, which is not a Maha Dalit is Dusadh which comprises 30.94% of total scheduled caste population.

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average for urban Bihar at 52.10% and lower than the national urban average of 63.32%), while male literacy in the town is 78% (again, higher than the average for urban Bihar of 67.36% and comparable to the national average of 75.04%). 103. A primary survey was conducted in 2010 during the PPTA. Results are summarized in Table 12 which also shows a comparison of the 2001 Census data with the results of the primary survey. Sample households in Bhagalpur have an average household size of 6.9 and less than 27% of the population comprises scheduled caste, scheduled tribes and other backward castes.

Table 12: Demographic Profile of Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation Area (2010) Indicator 2001 Census Primary Survey

Population 340,767 2,510 Population (0 to 6 years) 51,054 (15%) 262 (10%) Number of households 52,071 362 Average household size 6.5 6.9 Schecduled Caste/Tribes, OBC Population 28,100 672 (27%) Sex Ratio 864 814 Sex Ratio (0-6 Years) 944 819 Sex Ratio (scheduled caste) 856 918 Sex Ratio (scheduled tribes) 638 853 Literacy (%) 62.82 - Female Literacy (%) 56.36 - Workforce Participation Rate (%) 26% 21% Dependency Ratio 2.85 3.72 Source: 2001 Census and primary survey conducted by the PPTA team in 2010. 104. Workforce participation rate in Bhagalpur as per Census is 26%. It is quite low in comparison with statistics (>30 percent) for urban areas in other parts of the country (Census 2001). The proportion of female workers in main worker and marginal worker categories in the total workforce in BMC area is extremely low at 13 percent. Within the group of marginal workers, female workers comprise 34 percent. (Census 2001). 105. The primary survey of a sample of 362 households conducted in 2010 using the multi-stage stratified random sampling method helped understand the economic profile of the population in the town. Results show that: (i) while 35% of Chief Wage Earners (CWE) are illiterate, while none in the fifth quintile are so. Similar disparities are observed in the proportion of CWEs who have completed primary and higher education; (ii) while 57% of CWEs in the first quintile comprise casual labour/daily wage earners, none in the fifth quintile are; (iii) business/private sector/government jobs place households in the higher consumption quintile; (iv) there is a wide gap in the monthly per capita expenditure (MCPE) of households in the first quintile (Rs. 409) versus those in the fifth quintile (Rs. 2720); NSSO data17 provides the average monthly per capita expenditure for urban households in Bihar as Rs. 1080 – this is comparable with the MPCE for the overall sample at Rs. 1325; (v) the mean monthly household expenditure for sample households in Bhagalpur is Rs. 8790. Expenditure on food is as high as 66% for the first quintile, while it is about a half of that for the fifth quintile; expenses on addiction/entertainment (which are often taken as a proxy for surplus available with households that has the potential to be used for payment for services) are 2% for households in the first quintile, while they are 4% for those in the fifth quintile; and health expenses as a proportion of income are half for those in the fifth quintile. The mean monthly savings of sample households is Rs. 2640; and (vi) the disparity is marked in housing typology as well: only 18% of the

17 Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.

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households in the first quintile have pucca houses, while 89% of those in the fifth quintile have pucca houses.

2. Health and Educational Facilities

106. In terms of the number of educational institutions Bhagalpur is not deficient in any level of educational facilities from primary to college level. There are 5 major colleges (including one medical college) and 2 universities (agriculture and general) are located in Bhagalpur. 107. As per the data provided by the Bhagalpur Town Directory and 2001 Census, the district is deficient in higher order hospital facilities although it has enough number of nursing homes.

3. History, Culture, and Tourism

108. Bhagalpur district is named after its chief city, and corresponds to some portions of the ancient kingdoms of Anga and Mithila. References to Bhagalpur can be found in Indian epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata where Bhagalpur has been described as the kingdom of Anga. Mandar Hill, situated 52 km south from Bhagalpur, is believed to have been used as Churner during Samudra-Manthan by God and Danav according to Hindu mythology. 109. Ancient cave sculptures of Emperor Ashoka's regime are found in the neighbourhood and at Sultangunj, 20 km west of Bhagalpur, a temple of the Gupta period still exists. The tomb of Suja, brother of Moghul emperor Aurangzeb, in the heart of the town is reminiscent of the city's association with the Mughal period. Ruins of ancient Vikramshila University are located 44 km east of Bhagalpur. It was the medieval centre to the conservation and propagation of Buddhist education, established by King Dharampal of Bengal at the end of the 8th century. 110. Within the town one can visit Karngarh and the four hillocks, attractive Jain temples, a Christ Church near the city tower and an old symmetry in a very ruined shape, Bhagalpur museum besides Burh Nath temple on the riverside in Jogsar Mohallah. Bhagalpur is equally famous for Visharhi Asthan, the venue for the Bihula or the Mansa Puja held every July when the snakes are worshipped. A little distance from the Visharhi Asthan temple lies the colourful Durga Asthan. Next door is the Mahashay Deori-a typical Thakur Bari. Mahashay was the honorific hereditary title given by Akbar in 1664 to Sri Ram Ghosh, the collector. The Mahashay deori is worth a visit. It revives the memory of a typical Mughal Zamindar‘s residence of deori replete with open court yard, a temple with a strange deity called Batuk Bhairab (possibly a Buddhist image) which was discovered by the early Mahashays at Tilhakothi where they used to live during the Mughal days. 111. Of the total 5,152,906 tourists who visited the non-Buddhist destinations in 2005 in Bihar, about 7% was accounted by Bhagalpur/ Sultanganj, and this accounted for about 6.32% of the entire tourist traffic in both Buddhist and Non-Buddhist destinations (58,44209) in Bihar. 112. The subproject sites are not located within any sensitive historical, cultural and archaeological area.

V. ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

113. ADB‘s SPS (2009) require that impacts and risks will be analyzed during pre-construction, construction, and operational stages in the context of the subproject‘s area of influence. As defined previously, the primary impact areas are (i) the sites for intake well, WTP,

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OHTs, transmission mains, and pipe network alignments; (ii) main routes/intersections which will be traversed by construction vehicles; and (ii) quarries and borrow pits as sources of construction materials. The secondary impact areas are: (i) entire Bhagalpur town area outside of the delineated primary impact area; and (ii) entire Bhagalpur district in terms of over-all environmental improvement. 114. The ADB Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist for Water Supply was prepared during preparation of Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) to screen the subproject for environmental impacts and categorization of the project. All the proposed subproject components will interact physically with the environment. 115. In the case of this subproject (i) most of the individual elements are relatively small and involve straightforward construction and operation, so impacts will be mainly localized and insignificant; (ii) most of the predicted impacts are associated with the construction process, and are produced because that process is invasive, involving excavation, obstruction at specific construction locations, and earth movements; and (iii) being located mainly in the built-up area of Bhagalpur, will not cause direct impact on terrestrial biodiversity values. The subproject will be in properties held by the local government and access to the subproject area is thru public ROWs and existing roads hence, land acquisition and encroachment on private property will not occur. A. Pre Construction – Design Phase Impacts

116. The subproject has been designed for 30 years life. Accordingly, it is proposed that the subproject be commissioned by the year 2011 and the plan horizon year shall be 2041. The population forecast and demand calculations have also been done for the mid period, year 2026. The distribution system, rising mains and water storage reservoirs have been designed keeping in mind the plan horizon year. But pumping machinery, and the reservoirs where phasing is possible, have been proposed for the demand of the year 2026. The rate of supply has been taken as 135 lpcd for 100% of population. 117. Availability of ground water in near vicinity of town was discussed with Central Ground Water Board. The main constrain for withdrawal of ground water is presence of arsenic beyond the maximum permissible limit. 118. The town has been subdivided in 5 distribution zones. The designs considered the demands for the year 2011, 2026, and 2041 and available production for the zones. The capacity of water tank required in each zone has been worked out by the mass flow curve specified in the Indian Manual on Water Supply and Treatment. Some of the existing OHTs, though may be of very small capacity have been utilized in the system. A schematic diagram showing flow of water from intake to water treatment plant and then to water storage tanks will be finalized in Detailed Project Report. 119. Structures in Seismic Zone IV. In Zone IV like Bhagalpur the ground vibration is maximum. The structures are designed based on the requirements of the Indian Standard 1893: 2002). 120. Utilities. Telephone lines, electric poles and wires, water and sewer lines within the existing ROW may be damaged. The mitigate the adverse impacts due to relocation of the utilities, the project implementation unit (PIU) and Design and Supevision Consultants (DSC) will:

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(i) Identify and include locations and operators of these utilities in the detailed design documents to prevent unnecessary disruption of services during construction phase; and

(ii) Require construction contractors to prepare a contingency plan to include actions to be done in case of unintentional interruption of services.

121. Water Supply. A different but no less significant impact is the effect on people and communities if water supplies are closed down for extended periods when work is conducted on the network. This will be inconvenient in the short term, and there could be health risks if the water supply was unavailable for several successive days or longer. It will therefore be important to take the necessary measures to avoid such a situation. This will require PIU to:

(i) Plan the construction program to keep the cessation of water supplies to the minimum possible (in both area and duration);

(ii) In coordination with BMC, provide alternative potable water to affected households and businesses for the duration of the shut-down;

(iii) Liaise with affected persons to inform them of any cessation in advance, and to ensure that they are provided with an alternative supply; and

(iv) To minimize the impact on existing water supply system renovation of existing WTP.

122. Asbestos Cement Pipes. An additional, particularly acute health risk presented by this subproject derives from the fact that, the existing water supply system may comprises partially asbestos cement pipes, so there is a risk of contact with carcinogenic material if these pipes are uncovered in the course of the work. Precautions have already been introduced into the design of the project to avoid this, of which the most important are that:

(i) No work is proposed on those parts of the existing system that contains asbestos cement pipes (ring, carrier, and distribution mains), and these will be left in-situ undisturbed, so there will be no deliberate excavation of asbestos cement pipes; and

(ii) The locations of the new network has been planned to avoid all locations of existing asbestos cement pipes so these pipes will not be discovered accidentally.

123. However unlikely, the design consultant will develop a protocol to be applied in any instance that asbestos cement pipes are found, to ensure that appropriate action is taken. This shall be based on the approach recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA),18 and amongst other things, shall involve:

(i) Develop reporting procedures to inform management immediately if asbestos cement pipes are encountered; and

(ii) Require construction consultants to develop and apply an asbestos cement management plan, as part of the over-all health and safety plan, to protect both workers and citizens in case accidental uncovering of asbestos cement pipes. This asbestos cement management plan shall also contain national and international standards for safe removal and long-term disposal of all asbestos-containing material encountered.

18 In the USA, standards and approaches for handling asbestos are prescribed by the Occupational Health and

Safety Administration (OHSA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and can be found at http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/asbestos.

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124. Social and Cultural Resources. Few tombs and historic remnants of the Mugal period are present near Bhagalpur. Ancient cave sculptures of Emperor Ashoka's regime are found in the neighbourhood and at Sultangunj, 20 km west of Bhagalpur, a temple of the Gupta period still exists. Conservation and propagation of Buddhist education, established by King Dharampal of Bengal at the end of the 8th century is located at Vikramshila (44 km east of Bhagalpur). Moreover numbers of temples and other religious sites are located in Bhagalpur town. There is a risk that any work involving ground disturbance can uncover and damage archaeological and historical remains. For this subproject, excavation will occur in and around existing ROWs and specified government land, so it could be that there is a low risk of such impacts. Nevertheless during preparation of Detail project report and implementation of the project, contractor and PIU/DSC will:

(i) Consult Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to obtain an expert assessment of the archaeological potential of the site;

(ii) Consider alternatives if the site is found to be of medium or high risk; (iii) Include state and local archaeological, cultural and historical authorities, and

interest groups in consultation forums as project stakeholders so that their expertise can be made available; and

(iv) Develop a protocol for use by the construction contractors in conducting any excavation work, to ensure that any chance finds are recognised and measures are taken to ensure they are protected and conserved.

125. Site selection of construction work camps, stockpile areas, storage areas, and disposal areas. Priority is to locate these near the subproject area. However, if it is deemed necessary to locate elsewhere, sites to be considered will not promote instability and result in destruction of property, vegetation, irrigation, and drinking water supply systems. Residential areas will not be considered to protect the human environment (i.e., to curb accident risks, health risks due to air and water pollution and dust, and noise, and to prevent social conflicts, shortages of amenities, and crime). Extreme care will be taken to avoid disposals near the sensitive area like the sanctuary zone. All locations will be included in the design specifications and on plan drawings. For disposal of construction waste particularly in case of generated waste during renovation, permission needs to be taken from the District Collector or BMC. 126. Site selection of sources of materials. Extraction of materials can disrupt natural land contours and vegetation resulting in accelerated erosion, disturbance in natural drainage patterns, ponding and water logging, and water pollution. To mitigate the potential environmental impacts, locations of quarry site/s, borrow pit/s (for loose material other than stones) will be included in the design specifications and on plan drawings. Priority of sites will be investigated in detail project stage. If other sites are necessary, these will to be located away from population centers, drinking water intakes and streams, cultivable lands, and natural drainage systems; and in structurally stable areas even if some distance from construction activities. It will be the construction contractor‘s responsibility to verify the suitability of all material sources and to obtain the approval of BMC. If additional quarries will be required after construction is started, then the construction contractor shall use the mentioned criteria to select new quarry sites, with written approval of BMC. B. Construction Phase Impacts

1. Screening of No Significant Impacts

127. The construction work is expected not to cause major negative impacts, mainly because:

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(i) Most of the activities will be on the built-up areas of Bhagalpur town thus could be constructed without causing impacts to biodiversity;

(ii) The site is located on an government-owned land which is not occupied or used for any other purpose;

(iii) Overall construction program will be relatively short and is expected to be completed in 36 months with activities to conducted by small teams working on short lengths at a time so most impacts will be localized and short in duration; and

(iv) Most of the predicted impacts associated with the construction process are produced because the process is invasive, such as involving earth-moving and excavation. However the routine nature of the impacts means that most can be easily mitigated and the impacts are clearly a result of the construction process rather than the design or location, as impacts will not occur if excavation or other ground disturbance is not involved.

128. As a result, there are several aspects of the environment which are not expected to be affected by the construction process and these can be screened out of the assessment at this stage as required by ADB procedure. These are shown in Table 13. These environmental factors are screened out presently but will be assessed again before preparation of Detailed Project Report and starting of the construction activities.

Table 13: Fields in which Construction is not Expected to have Significant Impacts Field Rationale

Topography, Drainage, and Natural Hazards

Activities are not large enough to affect these features.

Geology, Geomorphology, Mineral Resources, and Soils

Activities are not large enough to affect these features. No mineral resources in the subproject sites.

Climate Activities are not large enough to affect this feature. Air Quality Short-term production of dust is the only effect on atmosphere Geo-hydrology and Groundwater Activities will not be large enough to affect these features. Ground water

will not utilize as new water source Terrestrial and Aquatic Flora No rare or endangered species in the subproject sites. Terrestrial and Aquatic Fauna No rare or endangered species in the subproject sites. Land Use No change in major land use. Socio-economic Subproject site is located entirely on government-owned land so there is

no need to acquire land from private owners. Commerce, Industry, and Agriculture Activities are not large enough to affect these features Population Activities are not large enough to affect this feature. Health and education facilities Activities are not large enough to affect this feature. Historical, Archaeological, Paleontological, or Architectural sites

No scheduled historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural sites at project influence area

2. Construction method

129. Rehabilitation works. The existing intake, WTP, clear water sump, and pumping station will involve earth-moving and excavation; mostly those involved in common and simple construction works. Materials will be brought in on trucks and offloaded and attached by hand. Excavtion, if necessary will be by backhoe and supplemented by manual digging. Any spoils generated will be loaded into trucks for disposal. 130. Construction of OHTs. The OHTs will be built on government land at various locations in the town. The cavity for the ground reservoirs and foundations will be excavated by backhoe, with soil being loaded onto trucks for disposal. Aggregate and concrete will be tipped into each void to create the foundations and floor, after which metal reinforcing rods will be added to

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create the outline of the walls of the ground reservoir and the vertical supporting pillars of the overhead reservoir. Sections of reinforcing will then be encased in wooden shuttering and concrete will be poured in, and this process will be repeated to gradually create each structure from reinforce cement concrete. Surfaces will be smoothed and finished where necessary by hand. 131. Construction of Distribution Network. Distribution mains will be buried in trenches adjacent to roads un-used ROWs. In some areas occupied by drains or edges of shops and houses, trenches may be dug into the edge of the road to avoid damage to utilities and properties. Trenches will be dug using a backhoe digger, supplemented by manual digging where necessary. Excavated soil will be placed alongside, and the pipes (brought to site on trucks and stored on unused land nearby) will be placed in the trench by hand or using a small rig for the larger ductile iron pipes. Pipes will be joined by hand, after which sand from local quarries will be shovelled into the trench beneath and around the pipe for support and protection. Soil will then be replaced manually on top of the pipe and compacted by a vibrating compressor. Where trenches are dug into an existing roadway, the bitumen or concrete surface will be broken by hand-held pneumatic drills, after which the trench will be excavated by backhoe, and the appropriate surface will be reapplied on completion. 132. Pipes are normally covered by 1.0 m of soil, and a clearance of 100 mm is left between the pipe and each side of the trench to allow backfilling. Trenches will be smaller for the distribution main (minimum of 1.5 m deep and 0.8 m wide). 133. Installion of house connections and meters. New pipes and connections to the distribution main will be provided to house connections, and these will run to individual dwellings in small hand-dug trenches, or on the surface. New consumer meters will be located outside houses, attached to a wall or set onto the ground. In slum areas water will be provided via communal taps from where people will collect their water.

3. Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures

134. Although construction of the subproject components involves quite simple techniques, the invasive nature of excavation, and in this case the relatively large size and length of the pipes, means that there will be quite a lot of physical disturbance in the built-up areas of Bhagalpur town where there are a variety of human activities. 135. Physical impacts will be reduced by the method of working, whereby the trenches will be (i) constructed by small teams working on short lengths at a time; (ii) refilled and compacted after pipes are installed; and (iii) if trenching done on roads, repaired to pre-construction conditions. 136. Sources of Materials. Significant amount of gravel, sand, and cement will be required for this subproject. Approximately 8,000 m3 of sand, 15,000 m3 of stone chips and 3,000 metric tons of cement will be brought to site during construction. The construction contractor will be required to:

(i) Use quarry sites and sources permitted by government; (ii) Verify suitability of all material sources and obtain approval of program

management unit (PMU); (iii) If additional quarries will be required after construction has started, obtain written

approval from PMU; and (iv) Submit to DSC on a monthly basis documentation of sources of materials.

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137. Air Quality. Emissions from construction vehicles, equipment, and machinery used for excavation and construction will induce impacts on the air quality in the construction sites. Anticipated impacts include dusts and increase in concentration of vehicle-related pollutants such as carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, particulate matter, nitrous oxides, and hydrocarbons) but temporary and during construction activities only. To mitigate the impacts, construction contractors will be required to:

(i) Consult with PIU/DSC on the designated areas for stockpiling of clay, soils, gravel, and other construction materials;

(ii) Damp down exposed soil and any stockpiled on site by spraying with water when necessary during dry weather;

(iii) Use tarpaulins to cover sand and other loose material when transported by trucks; and

(iv) Fit all heavy equipment and machinery with air pollution control devices which are operating correctly.

138. Surface Water Quality. Construction activities will be conducted throughout the town even near the drains flowing to nallahs and water bodies has generate significant amount of silt materials. Mobilization of settled silt materials, run-off from stockpiled materials, and chemical contamination from fuels and lubricants during construction works can contaminate surface water quality. These potential impacts are temporary and short-term duration only and to ensure these are mitigated, construction contractor will be required to:

(i) Avoid stockpiling of earth fill especially during the monsoon season unless covered by tarpaulins or plastic sheets;

(ii) Prioritize re-use of excess spoils and materials in the construction works. If spoils will be disposed, consult with PIU/DSC on designated disposal areas;

(iii) Install temporary silt traps or sedimentation basins along the drainage leading to the water bodies;

(iv) Place storage areas for fuels and lubricants away from any drainage leading to water bodies;

(v) Dispose any wastes generated by construction activities in designated sites; and (vi) Conduct surface quality inspection according to the Environmental Management

Plan (EMP).

139. Noise Levels. There are no health facilities, religious sites (temples and churches), scheduled or unscheduled historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural sites near the construction sites. However, construction works will be on settlements, along schools, and areas with small-scale businesses. The sensitive receptors are the general population in these areas. Increase in noise level may be caused by earth-moving and excavation equipment, and the transportation of equipment, materials, and people. Impact is negative, short-term, and reversible by mitigation measures. The construction contractor will be required to:

(i) Plan activities in consultation with PIU/DSC so that activities with the greatest potential to generate noise are conducted during periods of the day which will result in least disturbance;

(ii) Require horns not be used unless it is necessary to warn other road users or animals of the vehicle‘s approach;

(iii) Minimize noise from construction equipment by using vehicle silencers, fitting jackhammers with noise-reducing mufflers, and portable street barriers the sound impact to surrounding sensitive receptor; and

(iv) Maintain maximum sound levels not exceeding 80 decibels (dbA) when measured at a distance of 10 m or more from the vehicle/s.

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140. Existing Infrastructure and Facilities. Excavation works can damage existing infrastructure located alongside roads, in particular water supply pipes. It will be particularly important to avoid damaging existing water pipes as these are mainly manufactured from Asbestos Cement, which can be carcinogenic if inhaled, so there are serious health risks for both workers and the public. It is therefore important that construction contractors will be required to:

(i) Obtain from PIU and/or DSC the list of affected utilities and operators; (ii) Prepare a contingency plan to include actions to be done in case of unintentional

interruption of services; and (iii) Develop and implement an asbestos cement Pipes Management Plan.

141. Landscape and Aesthetics. The construction works will produce 160,000 m3 of excess excavated soils, excess construction materials, and solid waste such as removed concrete, wood, trees and plants, packaging materials, empty containers, spoils, oils, lubricants, and other similar items. These impacts are negative but short-term and reversible by mitigation measures. The construction contractor will be required to:

(i) Prepare and implement Waste Management Plan; (ii) Avoid stockpiling of excess excavated soils; (iii) Coordinate with BMC for beneficial uses of excess excavated soils or

immediately dispose to designated areas; (iv) Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the sites; (v) Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse,

recycling and disposal to designated areas; (vi) Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings,

shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; (vii) Not to dispouse any waste material in river body; and (viii) Request PIU/DSC to report in writing that the necessary environmental

restorations work has been adequately performed before acceptance of work.

142. Surface and Groundwater Quality. Another physical impact that is often associated with excavation is the effect on drainage and the local water table if groundwater and surface water collect in the voids. To ensure that water will not pond in pits and voids near subproject sites, the construction contractor will be required to conduct excavation works on non-monsoon season. 143. Accessibility. Hauling of construction materials and operation of equipment on-site can cause traffic problems and conflicts in ROW. Potential impact is negative but short term and reversible by mitigation measures. The construction contractor will be required to:

(i) Plan transportation routes so that heavy vehicles (like crane) do not use narrow local roads, except in the immediate vicinity of delivery sites;

(ii) Schedule transport and hauling activities during non-peak hours; (iii) Locate entry and exit points in areas where there is low potential for traffic

congestion; (iv) Keep the site free from all unnecessary obstructions; (v) Drive vehicles in a considerate manner; (vi) Coordinate with Traffic Police department for temporary road diversions and with

for provision of traffic aids if transportation activities cannot be avoided durng peak hours; and

(vii) Notify affected sensitive receptors by providing sign boards informing nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints.

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144. Socio-Economic – Income. The subproject components will be located on government lands and ROWs, so there will be no need to acquire land, and thus there will be no impacts on the asset or landowners or tenants. However construction works will impede the access of residents and customers to nearby shops. The potential impacts are negative and moderate but short-term and temporary. The construction contractor will be required to:

(i) Leave spaces for access between mounds of soil; (ii) Provide walkways and metal sheets where required to maintain access across

trenches for people and vehicles; (iii) Increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship,

business establishment, hospitals, and schools; (iv) Consult businesses and institutions regarding operating hours and factoring this

in work schedules; and (v) Provide sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction

works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints.

145. Socio-Economic – Employment. Manpower will be required during the 36 months construction stage. This can result to generation of contractual employment and increase in local revenue. Thus potential impact is positive and long-term. The construction contractor will be required to:

(i) Employ at least 50% of the labour force, or to the maximum extent, local persons within the 2-km immediate area if manpower is available; and

(ii) Secure construction materials from local market.

146. Occupational Health and Safety. Workers need to be mindful of the occupational hazards which can arise from working in trenches and excavation works. Potential impacts are negative and long-term but reversible by mitigation measures. The construction contractor will be required to:

(i) Develop and implement site-specific health and safety plan which will include measures such as: (a) excluding public from the site; (b) ensuring all workers are provided with and use Personal Protective Equipment; (c) health and safety training19 for all site personnel; (d) documented procedures to be followed for all site activities; and (e) documentation of work-related accidents;

(ii) Ensure that qualified first-aid can be provided at all times. Equipped first-aid stations shall be easily accessible throughout the site;

(iii) Provide medical insurance coverage for workers; (iv) Secure all installations from unauthorized intrusion and accident risks; (v) Provide supplies of potable drinking water; (vi) Provide clean eating areas where workers are not exposed to hazardous or

noxious substances;

19 Some of the key areas that may be covered during training as they relate to the primary causes of accidents

include (i) slips, trips and falls; (ii) personal protective equipment; (iii) ergonomics, repetitive motion, and manual handling; (iv) workplace transport; and (v) legislation and responsibilities. Training can provide the foundations of competence but it does not necessarily result in a competent worker. Therefore, it is essential to assess staff competence to ensure that the training provided is relevant and effective. Supervision and monitoring arrangements shall be in place to ensure that training has been effective and the worker is competent at their job. The level of supervision and monitoring required is a management decision that shall be based on the risks associated with the job, the level of competence required, the experience of the individual and whether the worker works as part of a team or is a lone worker.

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(vii) Provide health and safety orientation training to all new workers to ensure that they are apprised of the basic site rules of work at the site, personal protective protection, and preventing injuring to fellow workers;

(viii) Provide visitor orientation if visitors to the site can gain access to areas where hazardous conditions or substances may be present. Ensure also that visitor/s do not enter hazard areas unescorted;

(ix) Ensure the visibility of workers through their use of high visibility vests when working in or walking through heavy equipment operating areas;

(x) Ensure moving equipment is outfitted with audible back-up alarms; (xi) Mark and provide sign boards for hazardous areas such as energized electrical

devices and lines, service rooms housing high voltage equipment, and areas for storage and disposal. Signage shall be in accordance with international standards and be well known to, and easily understood by workers, visitors, and the general public as appropriate; and

(xii) Disallow worker exposure to noise level greater than 85 dBA for a duration of more than 8 hours per day without hearing protection. The use of hearing protection shall be enforced actively.

147. A particular acute health risk presented by this subproject the risk of contact with carcinogenic material if the asbestos cement pipes are uncovered in the course of work. Precautions have already been introduced into the design of the subproject to avoid uncovering of these asbestos cement pipes. However unlikely, the construction contractor will be required to:

(i) Train all personnel (including manual labourers) to enable them to understand the dangers of asbestos cement pipes and to be able to recognise them in situ;

(ii) Report to management immediately if asbestos cement pipes are encountered; (iii) Develop and apply asbestos cement Management Plan.

148. Community Health and Safety. Hazards posed to the public, specifically in high-pedestrian areas may include traffic accidents and vehicle collision with pedestrians. Potential impact is negative but short-term and reversible by mitigation measures. The construction contractor will be required to:

(i) Plan routes to avoid times of peak-pedestrian activities. (ii) Liaise with PIU/DSC in identifying high-risk areas on route cards/maps. (iii) Maintain regularly the vehicles and use of manufacturer-approved parts to

minimize potentially serious accidents caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure.

(iv) Provide road signs and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions.

149. Work Camps. Operation of work camps can cause temporary air and noise pollution from machine operation, water pollution from storage and use of fuels, oils, solvents, and lubricants. Potential impacts are negative but short-term and reversible by mitigation measures. The construction contractor will be required to:

(i) Consult with PIU/DSC before locating project offices, sheds, and construction plants;

(ii) Minimize removal of vegetation and disallow cutting of trees; (iii) Provide water and sanitation facilities for employees; (iv) Prohibit employees from poaching wildlife and cutting of trees for firewood; (v) Train employees in the storage and handling of materials which can potentially

cause soil contamination; (vi) Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the site;

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(vii) Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse, recycling and disposal to designated areas;

(viii) Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; and

(ix) Request PIU/DSC to report in writing that the camp has been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of work.

150. Social and Cultural Resources. For this subproject, excavation will occur in and around existing ROWs, so it could be that there is a low risk of such impacts. Nevertheless, the construction contractor will be required to:

(i) Strictly follow the protocol for chance finds in any excavation work; (ii) Request PIU/DSC or any authorized person with archaeological field training to

observe excavation; (iii) Stop work immediately to allow further investigation if any finds are suspected;

and (iv) Inform PIU/DSC if a find is suspected, and take any action they require ensuring

its removal or protection in site. C. Operation and Maintenance

1. Screening out areas of no significant impact

151. Because a water supply system shall operate without the need for major repair and maintenance (see below), there are several environmental sectors which shall be unaffected once the system begins to function. These are identified in Table 14 below, with an explanation of the reasoning in each case. These factors are thus screened out of the impact assessment and will not be mentioned further.

Table 14: Fields in which Operation and Maintenance of the Completed Water Supply System is not expected to have Significant Impacts

Field Rationale Climate Extraction and use of water from river will not affect climate Coastal resources Bhagalpur is not located in a coastal area. Industries The water supplied by the new system will not be for industrial use

2. Operation and Maintenance of the Improved Water Supply System

152. O&M of the Bhagalpur water supply system will be the responsibility of O&M contractor for 5 years after construction and later by BMC. A small number of people will be employed to operate and maintain the WTP, intake, OHTs, and distribution network. BMC will employ local contractors to conduct network repairs, and contractors shall be required to operate the same kinds of health and safety procedures as used in the construction phase to protect workers and the public. This shall include application of the asbestos protocol if any asbestos cement pipes are encountered, and prohibition of the use of asbestos cement pipes for any repair or maintenance work. 153. The system have a design life of 30 years, during which shall not require major repairs or refurbishments and shall operate with little maintenance beyond routine actions required to keep the pumps and other equipment in working order. The stability and integrity of the system will be monitored periodically to detect any problems and allow remedial action if required. Any repairs will be small-scale involving manual, temporary, and short-term works involving regular

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checking and recording of performance for signs of deterioration, servicing and replacement of parts. 154. The main requirement for maintenance of the transmission main and distribution system will be for the detection and repair of leaks. The generally flat topography and the usage of good quality ductile iron and high density polyethylene pipes shall mean that pipeline breaks are very rare, and that leaks are mainly limited to joints between pipes. The repair of household connections and the provision of new connections to slums and developing areas to increase the number of people supplied shall reduce the incidence of illegal connections, which are often a major source of leaks. 155. Sludge Handling. During operation of water treatment plant large volume of physical and chemical sludge will be generated from the WTP. The possible management plan is shown in Table 15.

Table 15: Generation and Management of Sludge from the WTP Sludge-Producing Units

Type of Sludge

Nature of Sludge

Type of Treatment

Sludge Generation

Final Disposal

Duration of Disposal/ Clearance From WTP Site

Remarks

Pre-settling tank

Physical Muddy water

Settlement in tanks and ponds, presently acting as pre-settling tank of existing WTP. Supernatant to be disposed to river by overflow arrangement from the tank.

35mx70mx1m depth – 2 nos.

1. Low lying area. No liner is required. 2. To brick fields

Once in 4 days – 2041 5 days – 2026 6 days – 2015

Materials will be similar to quality of impurities from the water source

Plate/ tube settler or clariflocculator followed by thickener and then centrifuge

Chemical

Sludge cake from Centrifuge. Liquid portion will be recycled to the following /next unit of Pre-settling tank

Dumping the sludge cake inside available area within existing WTP, over a layer of clay lining.

86,000 cubic meters per year up to 2041 63,744 cubic meters per year up to 2026 51,030 cubic meters per year up to 2015

1. Low lying area after proper clay lining. 2. To brick fields

Once in 11 days – 2041 15 days – 2026 19 days – 2015

Due to addition of lime, alum, polyelectrolyte (non-toxic)

Filter back wash

Physical Dirty water

pH control for disposal to river.

Channel for disposal to be designed during detailed design

River/ reuse

During backwashing

Solids in the filter back wash shall not be more than 100 ppm

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3. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

156. General. If trenches are dug to locate and repair leaks or remove and replace lengths of pipe or illegal connections, the work will follow the same procedures during the construction stage. Municipal Corporation needs to require its O&M contractor to:

(i) Refill and re-compact trenches soil and backfilled sand will be removed to expose the leaking junction or pipe;

(ii) Conduct work during non-monsoon period; and (iii) Cover or wet excavated material to prevent dusts.

157. Environmental issues associated with the WTP include: (i) solid waste; (ii)wastewater; (iii) hazardous chemicals; and (iv) air emissions. 158. Solid Waste. Solid waste residuals which may be generated by the WTP include process residuals, used filtration membranes, spent media and miscellaneous wastes. Process residuals primarily consist of settled suspended solids from source water and chemicals added in the treatment process, such as lime and coagulants/ polyelectrolite. Pre-sedimentation, coagulation (e.g. with aluminum hydroxide [alum] or ferric hydroxide), and iron will produce sludge. Composition of the sludge depends on the treatment process and the characteristics of the source water, lime, and other organic compounds, microorganisms, etc. BMC needs to require its O&M contractor to:

(i) Minimize the quantity of solids generated by the water treatment process through optimizing coagulation processes;

(ii) Dispose of lime sludge by land application if allowed, limiting application rates to about 20 dry metric tons per hectare (9 dry tons per acre) to minimize the potential for mobilization of metals into plant tissue and groundwater20;

(iii) Dispose of ferric and alum sludge by land application, if allowed and if such application can be shown through modeling and sampling to have no adverse impacts on groundwater or surface water (e.g. from nutrient runoff); and

(iv) Potential impact on soil, groundwater, and surface water, in the context of protection, conservation and long term sustainability of water and land resources, shall be assessed when land is used as part of any waste or wastewater treatment system.

159. Wastewater. Wastewater from water treatment projects include filter backwash. These waste streams may contain suspended solids and organics from the raw water, dissolved solids, high or low pH, heavy metals, etc. BMC needs to require its O&M contractor to:

(i) Land application of wastes with high dissolved solids concentrations is generally preferred over discharge to surface water subject to an evaluation of potential impact on soil, groundwater, and surface water resulting from such application;

(ii) Recycle filter backwash into the process if possible; and (iii) Treat and dispose of reject streams, consistent with CPCB requirements.

160. Hazardous Chemicals. Water treatment may involve the use of chemicals for coagulation, disinfection and water conditioning. For WTP that will use chlorine gas, BMC needs to require its O&M contractor to:

(i) Store chlorine gas cylinder in cool, dry, and dark conditions for no more than one month, and use equipment constructed of corrosion-resistant materials;

20 Management of Water Treatment Plant Residuals, Technology Transfer Handbook,‖ EPA/625/R-95/008, April

1996.

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(ii) Minimize the amount of chlorination chemicals stored on site while maintaining a sufficient inventory to cover intermittent disruptions in supply;

(iii) Develop and implement a prevention program that includes identification of potential hazards, written operating procedures, training, maintenance, and accident investigation procedures; and

(iv) Develop and implement a plan for responding to accidental releases. 161. Air Emissions. Air emissions from water treatment operations may include gaseous or volatile chemicals used for disinfection processes (e.g., chlorine). Measures related to hazardous chemicals discussed above will mitigate risks of chlorine release. 162. Economic Development. Although network repairs could result in shops losing some business if the work means that access is difficult for customers, any losses will be small and short-lived and will probably be at the level of normal business fluctuations. It shall therefore not be necessary to compensate for such losses. Nevertheless BMC needs to require its O&M contractor to:

(i) Inform all residents and businesses about the nature and duration of any work well in advance so that they can make preparations if necessary;

(ii) Conduct these works to provide wooden walkways across trenches for pedestrians and metal sheets where vehicle access is required; and

(iii) Consult the local police regarding any such work so that it can be planned to avoid traffic disruption as far as possible, and road diversions can be organised if necessary.

163. The provision of an improved and expanded water supply system is not expected to have direct economic benefits for business or industry, as connections will only be provided to domestic users. However businesses will almost certainly benefit from the expected improvement in the health and wellbeing of their workforce as this shall result in fewer days lost through illness, and overall increased productivity. 164. Social and Cultural Resources. Although there is a high risk of excavation in the town discovering material of historical or archaeological importance, there will be no need to take precautions to protect such material when areas are excavated to repair leaks in the network, as all work will be conducted in trenches that have already been disturbed when the infrastructure was installed. Repair works could cause some temporary disruption of activities at locations of social and cultural importance such as schools, hospitals, temples, tourist sites etc, so the same precautions as employed during the construction period shall be adopted. BMC needs to require its O&M contractor to:

(i) Consult the town authorities to identify any buildings at risk from vibration damage and avoiding any use of pneumatic drills or heavy vehicles in the vicinity;

(ii) Complete work in these areas quickly; (iii) Provide wooden bridges for pedestrians and metal sheets for vehicles to allow

access across open trenches where required; and (iv) Consult municipal authorities, custodians of important buildings, cultural and

tourism authorities and local communities in advance of the work to identify and address key issues, and avoid working at sensitive times, such as religious and cultural festivals.

165. The citizens of the town will be the major beneficiaries of the improved water supply, as they will be provided with a constant supply of better quality water, piped into their homes. In addition to improved environmental conditions, the subproject will improve the over-all health

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condition of the town as diseases of poor sanitation (such as diarrhoea and dysentery) will be reduced. Moreover for maintaining the quality of drinking water testing will be done by the operation agency and accordingly correction will be planned as per requirement. D. Analysis of Alternatives

166. In the preceding paragraph/section a detailed discussion was done on existing environment scenario of the proposed ―Project Influenced Areas‖ of Bhagalpur. It is assessed from the impact study that majority of the impacts will be caused during construction phase of the project and are temporary in nature. Only some positive impacts on socio-economic status is being revealed during operation phase. All these negative impacts can be mitigated through adoption of appropriate mitigation measures, and adopting sound engineering designs. E. Alternatives- Locations, Technical and Design

167. Since the scope of the subproject consist of rehabilitation of existing WTP, laying of clear water mains, construction of OHTs, laying of pipes for distribution and inter connection through rising main, the impact is moderate. Practically in all the isolated subproject locations government land and ROWs are considered, therefore displacement of any community not arises. Laying of pipeline will be done within ROW and which results no encroachment of agricultural land and eviction of squatters. Site feasibility of all working components assessed in detail. In the screening exercise, areas of concern- congested market place on the sides of the road, existence of sensitive area, extent of physical displacement if any, etc. was studied. The findings have been used as inputs for engineering design to change the alignment of pipeline within the technical requirements and cost effectiveness. 168. Alternatives of project components in respect to location, technology and design are discussed below.

1. Rehabilitation of the Existing WTP

169. For surface water treatment among the different common technology, applied in India on large scale basis, are as follows:

(i) Conventional treatment method with Clariflcculator (ii) Tube settler or Plate Settler (iii) Static sludge blanket clarifier (iv) Pulsating sludge blanket clarifier (v) Solid recirculation type clarifier

170. Among those, conventional treatment method with clariflcculator, treatment with pulsator clarifier and treatment with tube/plate settler are common. Alternative design technology for the water treatment plant is elaborated in Table 16.

Table 16: Comparison between different Water Treatment Technologies Sl. No.

Parameter Treatment with Clariflocculator

Treatment with Pulsator Clarifier

Treatment with Tube/Plate Settler

1 Area requirement More Less Least 2 Power requirement More Less Least 3 Hydraulics Radial flow, Most

effective Non-Radial flow, Less effective

Non-Radial flow, Less effective

4 Head loss Least More Less 5 Construction method Easy Most complicated Normal

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Sl. No.

Parameter Treatment with Clariflocculator

Treatment with Pulsator Clarifier

Treatment with Tube/Plate Settler

6 Mechanical arrangement for clarification

Required (for removing bridge)

Required (for creating pulse)

Not required

7 Operation method Easy Not easy Easy 8 Maintenance Least More Less 9 Vulnerability with respect to O&M No issue Breakage of

tranquilisation plate Breakage of Plats/tubes

10 Efficiency in Suspended Solid removal

Efficient Most efficient Efficient

11 Sludge extraction Least effective Most effective Effective 12 Application of instrumentation Least applicable Must be applied (for

regulation of pulsation, and controlling sludge extraction)

Less applicable (during sludge extraction)

171. Recommendation – Considering area requirement, quality fluctuation, power requirement and operation and maintenance point of view, plate/tube settler is recommended.

2. Alternative study on pipe material selection

172. Table 17 shows characteristics of DI, MI and HDPE pipes against selection factors along with preference of pipe use.

Table 17: Alternatives of pipe material Factors for selection of

pipes DI MS HDPE

Hydraulic Smoothness (C value)

140 130 150

Structural strength for external loads

Very good Very good Good in resisting external loads

Ease in handling, transportation and storage

Pipes are heavy and hence difficult to handle

Lighter than DI pipes. But still heavy to handle

Light and easy to handle in hilly area. lighter equipment are used in jointing and installation.

Resistance to internal corrosion

Internally protected by cement mortar lining

Anti corrosive painting is necessary

Does not rust, rot or corrode

Economy Very costly Costly Much cheaper than DI or MS pipes at lower dia.

Availability of specials and replacements

To be imported To be imported To be imported but cost will be less as it is light and can be brought in large consignment

Availability of skilled personnel for installation and maintenance

Skilled personnel are available in Bhutan as such pipes were laid before

Available This can be used with little training to the novice workers even.

Capacity to withstand damage in handling and maintenance

Damage to internal CML is possible during handling

Better than DI pipes Very good in withstanding damage due to handling

Reliability and effective joints

Reliable Welded joints are reliable

Fusion joints or butt joints are very reliable

Capability to absorb Capable Capable These has excellent water

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Factors for selection of pipes

DI MS HDPE

surge pressure hammer characteristics and effective in withstanding surge pressure

Ease in maintenance and repair

Handling of heavy materials is required

Lighter than DI pipes and specials

Materials are light and very easy to handle

Durability (Sustainable trouble free maintenance)

Durable if external corrosion protection is made

Durable if external corrosion protection is made.

Durable. Very resistant to breaking

Resistance to tampering by anti-social elements

Fairly good Fairly good Not good.

CML- Cement Mortar Lining, DI - Ductile Iron, HDPE - High Density Polyethylene, MS - Mild Steel.

173. Recommendation: On the basis of pipe strength, protection, HDPE pipe is recommended for diameter 300mm or less (Internal diameter). DI is recommended for more than 300mm internal diameter upto 600mm. For pipe 600mm and above, MS pipe is recommended.

3. Alternative study on OHT locations

174. Alternative locations for seven overhead tanks out of 18 have been carried out for selection of most feasible one. Table 18 indicates the different alternatives and most feasible recommendation.

Table 18: Proposed and alternative locations for Overhead Water Tanks Sl. No. Parameter Proposed Selected Location Alternative Location 1 OHT – 4/4-2- On the

open land, about 150m opposite Sunderban; Anandgarh Colony near Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) Tank

Area availability Sufficient Sufficient Land owner Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation

(BMC) BMC

Ground level Average Average Sensitive area Not adjacent to forest Adjacent to forest Nearby commercial/ institutional area

Nil Near entrance of school

Location with respect to zone/subzone

Near middle Near edge

Public demand - - Main reason of recommendation – Non Sensitive area, non commercial/ institutional area

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Sl. No. Parameter Proposed Selected Location Alternative Location 2 OHT – 4/4-3- On the

open space corner of Durga Ashram

Area availability Sufficient Not Sufficient Land owner BMC Govt. School Ground level Average Less by 3m Sensitive area Near Durga Ashram Nil Nearby commercial/ institutional area

Market Within campus of school

Location with respect to zone/subzone

Near edge of zone Near middle

Public demand Demand No demand Main reason of recommendation – Area availability, non-institutional area, local demand

3 OHT – 5/5-1-

Rajakiyakrit Prathamik Vidyalay, Kalabganj

Area availability Not Sufficient (Shortfall of area will be adjusted with other OHTs within the zone, i.e 5/5-2, 5/5-5)

Sufficient

Land owner BMC- Govt. Ownership Railways- difficult to get procession Ground level Average Marginally less by 1m Sensitive area Nil Adjacent to railway line Nearby commercial/ institutional area

Within campus of school Nil

Location with respect to zone/subzone

Near edge of zone Near middle

Public demand No demand - Main reason of recommendation – Ownership of land

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Sl. No. Parameter Proposed Selected Location Alternative Location 4 OHT – 5/5-3- Aliganj

Katghat

Area availability Not Sufficient (Shortfall of area will be adjusted with other OHTs within the zone, i.e 5/5-2, 5/5-5)

Sufficient

Land owner Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation (BMC)

Private

Ground level Average Average Sensitive area Nil Nil Nearby commercial/ institutional area

Nil Nil

Location with respect to zone/subzone

Near edge Near middle

Public demand Demand - Main reason of recommendation – Ownership of land, more demand

5 OHT – 1/1-2-

Central Training School, North side land

Area availability Sufficient Sufficient Land owner BMC University Ground level Hilly Less by 12m Sensitive area Nil Nil Nearby commercial/ institutional area

Nearby school university

Location with respect to zone/subzone

Near edge Near middle

Public demand - - Main reason of recommendation – Ground level – high land- water pressure increase, land availability

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Sl. No. Parameter Proposed Selected Location Alternative Location 6 OHT – 2/2-1-

Uppertola goaltoli jogsar Chunihari- tola

Area availability Not Sufficient (Shortfall of area will be adjusted with other OHTs within the zone, i.e 2/2-2, 2/2-3)

Sufficient

Land owner BMC School Ground level More by 7 m Average Sensitive area Nil Nil Nearby commercial/ institutional area

Nil Within school campus

Location with respect to zone/subzone

Near middle Near edge

Public demand Strong demand No demand Main reason of recommendation – Higher ground level, demand, no school area etc.

7 OHT – 2/2-3-

Muslim High School premises

Area availability Sufficient Sufficient Land owner Muslim High school board Private Ground level Average Average Sensitive area Nil Nil Nearby commercial/ institutional area

Within school Near school

Location with respect to zone/subzone

- -

Public demand Demand - Main reason of recommendation – Ownership of land- agreed by Muslim school board, demand

175. From the table above it is clear that selection of OHT location mostly related to availability and ownership of land. Through alternative analyses for best possible site have been selected in 7 cases. In rest of the 11 locations no alternatives are available and not required too. 176. Proposed shape of the OHT is selected after screening of the seven parameters. Table 19 shows alternative study for selection of OHT shape.

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Table 19: Alternative study on OHT shape

Sl. No. Parameter Circular Non-circular 1 Size and shape Circular

Size as per Mass balance diagram

Rectangular to Trapezium Size as per Mass balance diagram

2 Strength More Less 3 Wall thickness Less More 4 Suitable for land Sufficient land Land area restriction 5 Repair and cleaning Comparatively easier - 6 Adaptability to public More adaptable Less adaptable 7 Construction Easy Tough 8 Cost Less Marginally more

177. Recommendation – Circular shape of the Overhead Tank is preferable, where land is not constrained. In other case Non-circular type is being selected where land area is restricted. In most of the location circular shape of the OHT will be constructed. 178. Under the proposed program water supply system of the Bhagalpur will be improved alike to modern Asian town. In case of non selection of subproject at Bhagalpur socio-economic development will be halted. Table 20 analysed the situation in case of ―with project‖ and ―no project‖ scenario.

Table 20: Alternative for “With Project” and “No-project” Scenario for Bhagalpur Water Supply

Sl. No. Parameter „With-Project‟ Scenario „No-Project‟ scenario Services 1 Water source Partly from surface water (river

Ganges) and partly from ground water (by tube well)

Partly from surface water (river Ganges) and partly from ground water (by tube well)

2 Water treatment Improved water quality Below prescribed IS 3 Per capita supply 135 lpcd 57 lpcd 4 Water quality Potable as per CPHEEO Turbid water ( in monsoon) 5 Duration of supply 24 hours 10 hours 6 UFW 15% 40% Environment 7 Effect on endanger

species Minor effect No effect

8 Tree cutting Minor (maximum 10 nos.) No issue 9 Effect on ground water No ground water abstraction.

Improvement of ground water status. Deterioration of ground water status with abstraction of ground water

Social 10 Disturbances of people During construction phase No issue 11 Effect of business Both positive and negative. Positive -

due to introduction of construction activities sell will increase. Negative - where the access to the shops will be disturbed due to construction activities- short period impact.

No issue

12 Status of living Improve No change. Negative with increase of population

Economic 13 Economic development Greater rate of economic

development expected Slow development

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Sl. No. Parameter „With-Project‟ Scenario „No-Project‟ scenario 14 Business Invite more business due to improved

scenario No change

CPHEEO = Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization, mld = million liters per day, lpcd = liters per capita per day, UFW = unaccounted for water; IS = Indian Standards. 179. Present level of water supply status will improve after implementation of the project. No permanent impact on environmental parameters envisage in case of ―with project‖ scenario, only short term negative impact and long term positive impact may result. Hence ―With Project‖ scenario is much more preferable than ―No-Project‖ scenario. F. Cumulative Impact Assessment

180. The cumulative impact assessment examined the interaction between the subproject‘s residual effects (i.e., those effects that remain after mitigation measures have been applied), and those associated with other past, existing and reasonably foreseeable future projects or activities. 181. Two boundaries, spatial and temporal, were used. Spatial boundary refers to the area immediately surrounding the subproject location; while the temporal area considers the potential cumulative effects associated with subproject construction, and operation and maintenance, and those associated with other past, existing and reasonably foreseeable projects in the vicinity of the subproject. For the subproject, the spatial boundary is the area along the alignment and the existing ROWs. The temporal boundary can be considered as the whole Bhagalpur city. 182. The subproject‘s potential cumulative effects were considered with respect to valued components, identified in the IEE as air quality, noise, surface water quality, geophysical (hydrogeological), traffic management, social-economic and socio-community, and human health. The cumulative impacts were assessed in four areas:

(i) Of any potential residual project effects that may occur incrementally over time; (ii) Consideration of other known relevant projects or activities within the specified

study area boundaries, even if not directly related to the subproject; (iii) Potential overlapping impacts that may occur due to other developments, even if

not directly related to the proposed project; and (iv) Future developments that is reasonably foreseeable and sufficiently certain to

proceed.

183. Air quality effects will occur during construction. Consequently, although emissions of common air contaminants (CAC) and fugitive dust may be elevated in proximity to active work sites, this impact will be short-term and localized to the immediate vicinity of the alignment. Greenhouse gas emissions may increase as a result of project activities (i.e., vehicle and equipment operation, concrete production, disposal of excavated material, landfilling of residual wastes). Given the subproject‘s relatively minor contribution to CAC and greenhouse gas emissions during construction, the overall significance rating of both these potential residual effects is considered to be negligible during construction. 184. Noise levels in the immediate proximity of most work sites are expected to increase during construction. The duration of this exposure will be relatively brief. This exposure represents temporary, localized, adverse residual effect of low to moderate significance for affected receptors. While building damage due to ground vibrations is unlikely, there may annoyance to spatially located receptors during construction. Noise levels associated with the

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subproject operations will be largely imperceptible as the WTP, pumping stations, reservoirs and OHTs are located in relatively small sites within the city proper. 185. Since the subproject will be built in existing WTP and undeveloped land earmarked for the water supply system, it will not conflict with existing or planned land use. However, traffic management concerns will occur spatially during construction. Site-specific mitigation measures will be implemented during construction to address temporary disruptions to land use, limitations on access to roads, sidewalk closures, traffic delays and detours, parking modifications, and increased volumes of construction–related traffic. There should be improved traffic movement along the alignment once construction is completed. During operations of the improved infrastructures and services, added residential developments, commercial and business facilities and increased densities are expected to develop and enhance the subproject area. This can be considered a long-term cumulative benefit of the subproject. 186. Adverse impacts such as localized disruption of vehicle traffic and pedestrian movements in areas along the alignment, and elevated CAC and fugitive dust emissions in proximity to work sites, elevated noise and vibration levels and visual impacts will occur during construction. These short-term effects will be mitigated by providing alternate travel routes or alternating traffic movements and, where possible, access to businesses, schools and residences. However, upon completion of construction the socio-community will benefit from improved water supply system. This is considered a long-term cumulative benefit. 187. Water supply is presently met from a surface water source, which is considered adequate. However due to increasing demand, source augmentation will be considered in the future. Analysis of alternatives reveals one option is to construct another intake at the Ganges River. However, a 50-km stretch of the river has been declared as the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary. Considering the cumulative impacts to the dolphin sanctuary, minimum flows and levels have been established for Ganges River at several locations. Based on the established minimum flows and levels, it appears that significant quantities of water could be additionally developed from the river system. In addition, the executing agency has undertaken an evaluation of potential cumulative effects of the additional withdrawals on the biological and water resources of the river. The evaluation used the best available science and information and recognized that subproject-specific efforts will follow as part of regulatory programs (discharge permits, consumptive use permits, biodiversity monitoring, etc.). The evaluation identified insignificant adverse effects to the river‘s resource values from the cumulative withdrawal of 149 mld (29 mld output capacity for the existing and additional 120 mld for the additional intake) because: (i) a proposed additional 120 mld will be implemented in 2 stages, initially at 93 mld output capacity for stage 1 then to be increased to 120 mld output capacity in stage 2; (ii) environmental considerations, mitigation measures, and monitoring program were considered during the selection of the location for the additional intake; (ii) in addition to international design standards, noise and vibration impacts on sensitive species were also considered in the selection of the design of the additional intake; (iii) time duration and impact on aquatic environment were considered in the selection of construction methodology; and (iv) biodiversity monitoring will be conducted to evaluate effect of hydrological and water quality changes on sensitive species and biological communities. 188. Further, while water quality impacts have the ability to compound when taking into account regional water basins into consideration, the subproject will be required to adhere to the mandatory state and local laws, ordinances, regulations, and water quality standards. Regional geologic impacts do not generally compound, and are limited to the site at which they occur.

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189. The subproject, when considered with other projects in the same watershed, may result in cumulative impacts to surface and groundwater quality from increased surface impermeability and resultant runoff. Construction projects could result in increased erosion from exposed soil areas, which could contribute sediments into local drainage courses and other waterways. However, it is reasonably assumed that new construction associated with future projects will be required to meet national, state, and local construction and operation standards at least as rigorous as those required at present. Therefore, the potential for cumulative impacts to water quality and soils is deemed to be less than significant. 190. No adverse residual effects to human health will occur as a result of subproject construction or operation. While exposure to elevated noise levels and fugitive dust and CAC emissions will occur in proximity to subproject work sites during construction, due to their short-term, localized nature, these effects are expected to be minor and insignificant with no measurable effects on human health. The subproject operations will benefit the general public by contributing to the long-term improvement of water supply system and community livability in Bhagalpur. 191. Conduct of an environmental assessment will be required for the future water intake to examine potential cumulative impacts such as (i) spatial and temporal changes in the water regime; (ii) changes in residence time; (iii) change to severity, frequency and duration of algal blooms; (iv) changes to biogeochemical cycling in floodplain soils; (v) fate of river and channel habitats; (vi) habitat effects on aquatic communities; (vii) changes in nutrient and pollutant loading; (viii) effects on temperature, DO, TSS, TDS, metals and other chemical and physical parameters; (ix) effects on submerged aquatic vegetation; (x) food web impacts of impingement and entrainment; (xi) effects on listed/protected species; and (xii) effects on commercial species.

VI. INFORMATION DISLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION

192. Consultation, participation and disclosure will ensure that information is provided and feedback on proposed subproject design is sought early, right from the project preparation phase, so that the views/preferences of stakeholders including potential beneficiaries and affected people can be adequately considered in project design, and continue at each stage of project preparation, processing, and implementation. 193. Affected persons will be consulted at various stages in the project cycle to ensure: (i) incorporation of views/concerns of affected persons on compensation/resettlement assistance and environmental mitigation measures; (ii) inclusion of vulnerable in project benefits; (iii) identification of help required by affected persons during rehabilitation, if any; and (iv) avoidance of potential conflicts/smooth project implementation. It will also provide adequate opportunities for consultation/participation to all stakeholders and inclusion of the poor/vulnerable/marginalized and project-affected persons in the project process. Relevant information about any major changes to project scope shall be shared with beneficiaries, affected persons, vulnerable groups, and other stakeholders. 194. Objectives of the Consultations. The consultation process was carried out with the following objectives: (i) to promote public awareness about the proposed project especially amongst the potentially impacted communities/ individuals; (ii) to familiarize the people with

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technical, environmental, social and economic issues of the project for better understanding; (iii) to educate the potentially impacted communities/ individuals about the proposed course of action and the project alternatives; (iv) to solicit the views of affected communities/ individuals on environmental and social problems; (v) to gather inputs from the affected communities/ individuals in crucial decisions regarding mitigation of the identified environmental and social issues; (vi) to stimulate community self evaluation and analysis; (vii) to foster co-operation among officers, communities and the stakeholders to achieve a cordial working relationship for smooth implementation of the project; (viii) to identify the environmental issues relating to project components; (ix) to secure people‘s inputs in respect of project design, selection of mitigation measures and monitoring strategies viz. incorporating the suggestions made during consultations into project design as found feasible; (x) to inform affected persons about the framework and EMP and to settle their problems with mutual consent; and (xi) to assess the views of the beneficiary community and their willingness to participate in the project planning and decision making process. 195. Identification of Stakeholders. Stakeholders contributed to subproject selection and prioritization and their contribution will be continuously solicited during detailed design, and planning, implementation, and post-implementation phases. By addressing stakeholder needs, there is a greater awareness of the benefits, and ‗ownership‘ of the Project among stakeholders, which in turn contributes to project sustainability. The consultation process so far has solicited inputs from a wide range of stakeholders; including state and municipal level government officials, experts and researchers, 21 including gender specialists, 22 NGOs, elected representatives, residents of sample towns, marginalized/vulnerable beneficiary groups, and subproject affected persons.23 Stakeholders were identified as follows:

(i) The primary stakeholders are: a. Local residents, shopkeepers and businesspeople who live and work

alongside the roads where pipeline will be lay and facilities will be provided;

b. Custodians and users of socially and culturally important buildings in affected areas;

c. State and local authorities responsible for the protection and conservation of archaeological relics, historical sites and artefacts; and

d. State and local tourism authorities.

(ii) The secondary stakeholders are: a. UDHD as the executing agency; b. Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Cooperation (BUIDCo) as

implementation agency; c. Local government and relevant government agency representatives,

including state and local authorities responsible for land acquisition, protection and conservation of forests and environment (State Forest and

21 Consultations were held with academicians and researchers in Bhagalpur University, involved in research on

environmental issues and Gengetic dolphin conservation, on potential impacts of the proposed Bhagalpur water supply subproject on the ecology, river ecosystem and endangered species found in the same.

22 A Focus Group Discussion on integration of gender issues in project design was held in Patna with four local NGOs, namely, Taru Mitra, Asian Development Research Institute, Participatory Research in Asia and Nav Manas Kalyan Samiti on April 9, 2011, and with the Women‘s Development Corporation, Bihar on April 11, 2011. The discussions helped understand gender issues in the context of Bihar better; practical suggestions received from the NGOs have been incorporated into the Gender Action Plan for the investment program.

23 Discussions with potential affected persons during transect walks in Bhagalpur helped understand their concerns related to disruption of economic activities during festival seasons, when they have their highest sales.

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Wildlife Dept., State Environment Dept., State Pollution Control Board), archaeological sites, religious sites, and other relevant government departments;

d. Nongovernment organizations (NGOs), University professor, and community-based organizations (CBOs) working in the affected communities;

e. Other community representatives (prominent citizens, religious leaders, elders, women‘s groups);

f. The beneficiary community in general; and g. ADB, the government, and Ministry of Finance.

196. Stages and Levels of Consultation. As per ADB SPS, for Environment Category B subproject, the following documents will be submitted to ADB for disclosure on ADB‘s website:

(i) Draft IEE; (ii) Final IEE; (iii) A new or updated IEE and corrective action plan prepared during project

implementation, if any; and (iv) Environmental monitoring reports.

A. Information Disclosure and Public Consultations Conducted

197. Public consultations have been held at two levels as follows: (i) Community/local level i.e. consultations with communities like residential,

commercial, school teachers / health workers at the subproject‘s influence area; (ii) Institutional level comprising key government departments / agencies, university/

educational institute and district administration.

198. Community level consultations to date. Consultations were held on December 20 to 22, 2010 and May 11 to 12, 2011 in major settlement areas along the pipeline corridor to inform people about the objectives of the subproject. The focused group discussion and interview survey methods were adopted as tools for community level consultations. In each of the consultation, participants were encouraged to share their observations, suggestions, and experiences on various environmental and safety issues and suitable mitigation and enhancement measures. Subsequently, they were asked about their opinion and suggestions on any other environmental issues listed in the questionnaire but not mentioned by the participants initially. The issues rose by the participants and responses of the issues asked were recorded. Records of public consultations are attached as Appendix 2. Issues discussed are:

(i) Awareness and extent of the subproject and development components; (ii) Benefits of the subproject for the economic and social upliftment of community; (iii) Labour availability in the subproject area or requirement of outside labour

involvement; (iv) Local disturbances due to dust, noise generation during construction activities; (v) Necessity of tree-cutting and vegetation clearing at subproject sites; (vi) Water logging and drainage problem, if any; (vii) Drinking water problem; (viii) Forest and sensitive areas nearby the subproject site

199. The following assurances have been given during consultation (i) Proposed water supply subproject will ensure enough supply of drinking water in

all wards of town;

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(ii) Executive agency will give preference to engage internationally reputed contractor, etc as people do not have faith about the local contractors in respect of quality of works as well as timely completion of work;

(iii) Efforts will be made by government to supply drinking water round the clock; (iv) Livelihood affected households (if any) will be given assistance in the mode of

cash compensation; (v) Local people will be employed by the contractor during construction work; (vi) Adequate safety measures will be taken during construction work; (vii) Mobile kiosks/vendors/hawkers have shown willingness to shift in nearby places

without taking any compensation and assistance from the executing agency (viii) Local people have appreciated the water supply proposal of the government and

have ensured that they will cooperate with the executing agency during project implementation.

200. Institutional level consultations. Table 20 shows the consultations held with key government agencies, departments, and institutes.

Table 20: Summary of Institutional Level Public Consultations Date Place/

Department Issue Participants Issues Immerged

28.05.2010 10.12.2010 04.03.2011

Patna/ UDHD Project Administration and Execution

Dr. D. K. Shukla, Special Secretary, UDHD

Project development and selection of project components on the basis of need assessment

Requirement of Institutional development for implementation of the project

Project execution UDHD will work in consultation with steering committee and necessary clearance (e.g. wildlife) will be done as per govt. procedure

23.09.2010 Patna/ BUIDCo Project Administration and Implementation

Mr. A. K. Sharma, Chief General Manager

Since there is no safeguard person in BUIDCo during implementation of the project Environment and Social Expert is required to coordinate safeguard issue. As per Mr. Sharma proper training will be required for functioning the safeguard system

02.09.2010 10.12.2010 21.12.2010 11.05.2011

Bhagalpur/ Patna/ Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation

Project Implementation, site selection, and land availability and alternative locations

Mr. Birendra Kumar, Municipal Commissioner BMC Mr. Ajay Kumar, Addl. Municipal Commissioner BMC Mr. Sashi Kumar Choudhary, Executive Engineer BMC Mr. Hariram Choudhury, Municipal Engineer Water Supply, BMC

As per the ULB, they are owner of this project but during operation of the project for implementation of mitigation Engineer/ Supervisor have to monitor the Environmental Management Plan application. Training will be required for safeguard issue

During construction of project components PIU engineer will supervise mitigation measures along with project consultant

Required permission (say for tree cutting) will be issued by Municipal Commissioner (within the municipal limit) at earliest

03.06.2010 Patna/ Bihar Applicable statutory Mr. M. K. Singh, Requirement of Consent for Water

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Date Place/ Department

Issue Participants Issues Immerged

State Pollution Control Board

and legal requirements, key environmental issues

Member Secretary, Bihar State Pollution Control Board

treatment plant Monitoring of water, air and noise

during implementation of the project

Suggested collection of No objection certificate from wildlife department

10.12.2010 Patna/ SPUR and BRJP

Views on project concept and implementation

Mr. Satish Agarwal, Environmental Engineer, IPE, SPUR Bimal Kumar Singh, Executive Engineer, BRJP

Suggested requirement of permission from Central Water Commission

Study on sustainability of water source

Integration of other projects with proposed project

04.03.2011 Patna/ State Environment and Forest Department

Applicable legal and administrative issues for effective environmental management

Mr. Ram Avtar Ram, Special Secretary, Environment and Forest Dept., Govt. of Bihar

Department of Environment will be involved only if environmental clearance and public hearing required as per EIA Notification (there is no requirement of environmental clearance)

Suggested consultation with Wildlife Department for clearance process

19.12.2010 04.03.2011

Patna/ Ministry of Environment and Forest Wildlife Dept. Govt. of Bihar

Sensitive Issue at project location and Wildlife clearance process

Mr. Mithilesh Kumar, Chief Wildlife Warden Mr. B. A. Khan, Chief Conservator of Forest

Expressed need for wildlife clearance and explained procedure

Pointed out requirement of hydrological study for establishing change in water level within the sanctuary

21.12.2010 03.03.2011

Bhagalpur/ Conservator of Forest office

Presence of forest area in and around Bhagalpur and forest clearance / wildlife clearance process

Mr. R. R. Singh, Chief Conservator of Forest Mr. A. K. Singh, Asst. Conservator of Forest, Banka Forest Division of Bhagalpur

Explained procedure for getting NOC from Wildlife department

Suggested consideration of Sanctuary issue in proposed water supply scheme

The need of separate monitoring system for VGDS

22.12.2010 03.03.2011 10.04.2011

Bhagalpur/ T. M. University Bhagalpur

Conservation of Dolphin with VGDS

Prof. Sunil Kumar Choudhary, Dept. of Botany, In-charge VBREC

Suggested requirement of complete conservation plan for Dolphin protection

Requirement of study – (i) relationship between water level depletion and impact on aquatic habitation. (ii) Impact of noise and vibration on aquatic animal

04.03.2011 Patna/ Central University of Bihar

Conservation of Dolphin with VGDS

Prof. R. K. Sinha, Professor of Environmental Science

Suggested requirement of mitigation measures for protection of biodiversity due to proposed intake structure within the sanctuary

02.09.2010 Bhagalpur/ Circle Office, Jagadishpur Block, Bhagalpur

Identification and procession of land

Mr. S. P. Verma, Circle Officer, Jagadishpur

The land selected for water treatment plant is Government land under public health (medical department)

Requested selection of transmission and distribution main

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Date Place/ Department

Issue Participants Issues Immerged

alignment within the government‘s ROW

22.12.2010 Vikramshila, Bhagalpur / Vikramshila Ancient University and Baudhha Stupha

Occurrence of Archaeological remnants in and around Bhagalpur

In-charge ASI Vikramshila Budhha Stupha

Suggested in case of any chance find, project implementation agency will informed ASI at earliest

Training will be given to the construction contractor for maintain the Archaeological chance find protocol

ASI = Archaeological Survey of India, BMC = Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation, BUIDCo = Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd., BRJP = Bihar Rajya Jal Parshad, SPUR = Support Program on Urban Renewal , UDHD = Urban Development and Housing Department, ULB = urban local body, VBREC = Vikramshila Biodiversity Research and Education Center; VGDS = Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary. B. Future Consultation and Disclosure

201. UDHD will be extended the consultation and disclosure process significantly during implementation of the investment program. They will appoint an experienced NGO to handle this key aspect of the programme. The NGO continuously (i) conducts a wide range of activities in relation to all subprojects in each town; and (ii) ensures the needs and concerns of stakeholders are registered and are addressed in subproject design. 202. For this subproject, the NGO consultant will develop, in close coordination with PIU and DSC, a public consultation and disclosure program which is likely to include the following:

(i) Consultation during detailed design. (a) Focus-group discussions with affected persons and other stakeholders (including women‘s groups, NGOs and CBOs) to hear their views and concerns, so that these can be addressed in subproject design where necessary; and (b) Structured consultation meetings with the institutional stakeholders (government bodies and NGOs) to discuss and approve key aspects of the project.

(ii) Consultation during construction. (a) Public meetings with affected communities to discuss and plan work programmes and allow issues to be raised and addressed once construction has started; and (b) Smaller-scale meetings to discuss and plan construction work with individual communities to reduce disturbance and other impacts, and provide a mechanism through which stakeholders can participate in subproject monitoring and evaluation; and

(iii) Project disclosure. (a) Public information campaigns (via newspaper, TV and radio) to explain the project to the wider town population and prepare them for disruption they may experience once the construction programme is underway; (b) Public disclosure meetings at key project stages to inform the public of progress and future plans, and to provide copies of summary documents in Hindi; and(c) Formal disclosure of completed project reports by making copies available at convenient locations in the study towns, informing the public of their availability, and providing a mechanism through which comments can be made.

VII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

203. Common Grievance Redress Mechanism. A common grievance redress mechanism (GRM) will be in place for social, environmental or any other Project/subproject related grievances; each resettlement plan, IPP, and IEE/EIA will follow the grievance redress

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mechanism described below, which is developed in consultation with stakeholders, including affected persons and NGOs.24 204. Goals for the GRM: The GRM will provide an accessible platform for receiving and facilitating resolution of affected persons‘ grievances related to the Project. 205. Grievance Redress Process: The sample Grievance Registration Form is attached as Appendix 3. Grievances/suggestions of affected persons can be dropped in suggestion boxes or conveyed through phone or mail.25 The Community Liaison Officer of the implementing NGO26 will be responsible for conducting periodic community meetings with affected communities to understand their concerns and help them through the process of grievance redressal (including translation from local dialect/language, recording and registering grievances of non-literate affected persons and explaining the process of grievance redressal). 206. Grievances will first be registered at the Complaints Cell 27 of the implementing NGO/PIU, who will resolve smaller issues and in case of larger issues, consult/seek the assistance of the Environment and Social Management Coordinator (ESMC of the PMU). Grievances not redressed through this process within one month of registration will be brought to the notice of the City Level Committees (CLC) set up to monitor project implementation in each town. As a Grievance Redressal Committee (GRC) and the CLC will meet every month (if there are pending, registered grievances), determine the merit of each grievance, and resolve grievances within a month of receiving the complaint—failing which the grievance will be addressed by the state-level Program Steering Committee (PSC).28 Further grievances will be referred by affected persons to the appropriate courts of law. The grievance redress process is shown in Figure 6. The GRCs will continue to function throughout the project duration.

24 The Draft Grievance Redress Process has been circulated and discussed with the following Bihar-based NGOs

and research institutes working on environment, social and gender issues, for comments: Asian Development Research Institute, Participatory Research in Asia, Nav Manas Kalyan Samiti and Taru Mitra. It will be discussed with town-level stakeholders at the disclosure workshop proposed in Bhagalpur.

25 The Grievance Registration/Suggestion Form will be downloadable from the state government, PMU and PIU website and available at the respective Complaints Cells.

26 The Community Liaison Officer of the implementing NGO will be trained by the project consultants. It will be important to ensure appointment of an approachable, reliable and responsible person with an understanding of perspectives of different stakeholders.

27 Affected persons will be able to register grievances - social, environmental or other, at Complaints Cells to be established at the ULB/PIU office and the panchayat office of the affected village, if any, or, in a location easily accessible to affected communities (e.g. fishing community / riverbank communities). The Community Liaison Officer in the implementing NGO should be able to correctly interpret/record verbal grievances of non-literate persons and those received over telephone. The Complaints Cells shall also serve as Public Information Centres, where, apart from grievance registration, information on the project, subprojects, social and environmental safeguards shall be provided.

28 Grievances pertaining to broader concerns related to the program/subproject, i.e., those not necessarily confined to the city/district shall be directly forwarded to the PSC if received at the city-level Complaints Cell. There will be a Grievance Registration/Complaints Cell at PMU office (state-level) as well, which will evaluate the area of jurisdiction of a particular grievance and either advise the NGO/PIU on resolution or forward it to GRC/PAC for resolution.

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Affected Persons

PSC

Grievance addressed

GRC/CLC

Grievance addressed

Court of Law

Minor Grievances

Major Grievances

Not Addressed

Grievance addressed

Not addressed

NGO/ESMC

Not Addressed

Figure 6: Grievance Redress Mechanism Process CLC = City Level Committee, ESMC = Environment and Social Management Coordinator, GRC = Grievance Redress Mechanism, NGO = nongovernment organization, PSC = Project Steering Committee. 207. Composition of GRC and PSC. The CLC, acting as a GRC, will have the District Magistrate as the Chairperson, Mayor, Municipal Commissioner, Head, PIU as the convener, and city level heads of relevant departments (such as BRJP, Road Construction Department, PHED, Electricity Board, State Pollution Control Board, Police, etc. and departments such as Forest Department, Railways etc.)29; Chairpersons of the concerned Municipal Corporation‘s Standing Committee; ULB officials including Municipal Engineer, Town Planning Officer,

29 All departmental representatives will not be required to attend every GRC meeting; only those required for specific

grievances need be present in relevant meetings. The District Magistrate shall decide which departmental heads would be invited for specific meetings.

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Medical and Health Officer; representatives from the affected village panchayat/community, if any, eminent citizens, CBOs and NGOs. The GRC/CLC must have a minimum of two women members. In case of any indigenous people impacts in future subprojects (not envisaged in case of Bhagalpur (Tranche 1) and Muzaffarpur (Tranche 2), the GRC/CLC must have representation of the affected indigenous peoples‘ community, including at least one woman indigenous people, the chief of the tribe or a member of the tribal council as traditional arbitrator (to ensure that traditional grievance redress systems are integrated) and an NGO working with indigenous people groups. 208. The PSC shall include Development Commissioner; Principal Secretary, Finance; Principal Secretary, Planning and Development; and Principal Secretary, Urban Development and Housing. 209. Areas of Jurisdiction: The areas of jurisdiction of the GRC–headed by the District Magistrate, will be (a) all locations/sites within the district where subproject facilities are proposed, or (b) their areas of influence within the District. The PSC shall have jurisdictional authority across the State (i.e., areas of influence of subproject facilities beyond district boundaries, if any). 210. Consultation Arrangements: This will include (a) group meetings and discussions with affected persons, to be announced in advance and conducted at the time of day agreed on with affected persons (based on their availability) and conducted by the Community Liaison Officer (CLO) of the implementing NGO and PIU, at least twice during resettlement plan preparation, quarterly in the first year and half-yearly in subsequent years of resettlement plan implementation to address general/common grievances; and (b) availability of CLO Implementing NGO and ESMC of PMU on a fixed day of every week/fortnight (as required, based on the number of grievances) for one-to-one consultations. The Implementing NGO will be responsible for ensuring that non-literate affected persons/ vulnerable affected persons are assisted to understand the grievance redress process, to register complaints and with follow-up actions at different stages in the process. 211. Record-keeping: Records will be kept by the PIU of all grievances received including contact details of complainant, date the complaint was received, nature of grievance, agreed corrective actions and the date these were effected, and final outcome. 212. Information Dissemination Methods of the GRM: The Implementing NGO shall be responsible for information dissemination to affected persons on grievance redressal procedure, who to contact and when, where/how to register grievance, various stages of grievance redress process, time likely to be taken for redressal of minor and major grievances etc. Grievances received and responses provided will be documented and reported back to the affected persons, at the time of grievance registration. The number of grievances recorded and resolved and the outcomes will be displayed/disclosed in the offices of the concerned local panchayat, ULB notice board and web. 213. Periodic Review and Documentation of Lessons Learned: The Implementing NGO/PIU shall periodically review the functioning of the GRM and record information on the effectiveness of the mechanism, especially on the project‘s ability to prevent and address grievances. 214. Costs: All costs involved in resolving the complaints (meetings, consultations, communication and reporting / information dissemination) will be borne by the PMU.

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VIII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

A. Institutional Arrangements

215. The main agencies involved in managing and implementing the subproject are: (i) UDHD is responsible for management, coordination, and execution of all

activities funded under the loan. UDHD will receive strategic directions from a state-level Steering Committee;

(ii) PMU within UDHD will have an ESMC. (iii) BUIDCo, a company fully owned by state government specialized in

implementation of urban development investment programs will house the project implementation unit (PIU) at state-level (Patna), and at field level (Bhagalpur).

(iv) The ULBs like Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation and BUIDCo will enter into agreements, which authorize BUIDCo to manage the subprojects on behalf of the ULBs.

(v) The PMU, with support from PIU/PIU field offices (and implementing NGOs in case of resettlement and/or indigenous people issues) will ensure mitigation of negative environmental and social impacts due to the subproject, if any.

(vi) Project managment consultant (PMC) assists PMU in managing the program and assures technical quality of design and construction;

(vii) DSCs design the infrastructure, manage tendering of Contractors and supervise the construction process;

(viii) PIUs appoint and manage Construction Contractors to build elements of the infrastructure in a particular town.

(ix) An inter-ministerial Steering Committee 30 assists UDHD in providing policy guidance and coordination across all towns and subprojects.; and

(x) City Level Committees will be set up in each project town to periodically review subproject progress, facilitate smooth implementation and finalize proposals for any legal, operational and financial changes required, in discussion with the PMU and UDHD.

216. Figure 7 shows institutional responsibility for implementation of environmental safeguard at different level.

1. Responsible for carrying out mitigation measures

217. The PMU, with support from PIU field offices (and implementing NGOs in case of resettlement and/or indigenous people issues) will ensure mitigation of negative environmental and social impacts due to the subproject, if any. The PMU will be assisted by PMC who will provide project management support, assure the technical quality of design and construction, revision of IEE reports and provide advice on policy reforms. 218. Responsibilities of ESMC of PMU: ESMC within UDHD as PMU to address environmental and social safeguards issues. The ESMC will be assisted by the PMC on environmental and social issues. The ESMC will oversee implementation the EARF/resettlement framework/IPPF by the PIU/implementing NGO. The PMU will endorse subproject IEEs/EIAs and resettlement plans/IPPs prepared by the project anagement

30 The Steering Committee will be chaired by the Development Commissioner and members include Principal

Secretaries of Finance, Planning and Development, and Urban Development and Housing Departments.

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consultants and will have financing and monitoring responsibilities. It will coordinate with national and state agencies to resolve inter-departmental issues, if any. It will also monitor physical and non-physical activities under the investment plan and will monitor implementation of safeguards plans and guide PIU as and when necessary.

219. Project Management Consultants. The PMC will have an Environment Specialist and Resettlement/Social Development Specialist who will be responsible for monitoring of mitigation measures with the help of DSC and PIU . The Environment Specialist and Resettlement/Social Development Specialist of PMC will review and finalize all reports in consultation with the ESMC of PMU. 220. During construction stage, implementation of mitigation measures is the construction contractor‘s responsibility while during operation stage, Bhagalpur Municipality will be responsible for the conduct of maintenance or repair works. 221. To ensure implementation of mitigation measures during the construction period, contract clauses (Appendix 4) for environmental provisions will be part of the civil works contracts. Contractors‘ conformity with contract procedures and specifications during construction will be carefully monitored by PIU.

2. Responsible for carrying out monitoring measures

222. During construction, PMC‘s Environment Specialist and the designated representative engineer of PIU will monitor the construction contractor‘s environmental performance. 223. For projects likely to have moderate to significant adverse environmental impacts, the executing agency will retain qualified and experienced external experts to verify its monitoring information. The executing agency will document monitoring results, identify the necessary corrective actions, and reflect them in a corrective action plan. 224. During the operation stage, monitoring will be the responsibility of BMC.

3. Responsible for reporting

225. The Environment Specialist and Resettlement/Social Development Specialist of PMC will submit periodic monitoring and implementation reports to ESMC of PMU, who will take follow-up actions, if necessary. UDHD (executing agency)/BUIDCo(PMU-implementing agency) will submit to ADB quarterly reports on implementation of the EMP and will permit ADB to field annual environmental review missions which will review in detail the environmental aspects of the Project. 226. The monitoring report will focus on the progress of implementation of the EMP of EIA and EARF, resettlement plan/resettlement framework and IPP/IPPF, issues encountered and measures adopted, follow-up actions required, if any, as well as the status of compliance with subproject selection criteria, and relevant loan covenants. The PMU will seek state government clearance for submission and disclosure of the environmental and social monitoring report to ADB. Any major accidents having serious environmental consequences will be reported immediately.

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Figure 7: Institutional Responsibility for Implementation of Environmental Safeguard under the Investment Program

Government of Bihar Urban Development and Housing

Department (UDHD) – Executing Agency (State Level)

Project Management Unit

Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation (BUIDCo)

– Impementing Agency Project Implementation Unit (PIU)

(State Level)

Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation (BUIDCo) – Impementing Agency

Project Implementation Unit (PIU) (Town Level)

Several Construction Packages for different tranche under PIU

Bhagalpur

Design and Supervision Consultant- Supervisor Engineer

(DSC)

Construction Contractors

Independent Environmental Testing and Monitoring Agency

(On need basis) IMPLEMENTATION OF EMAP

ADB

Project Management Consultant (PMC) Appointed by BUDP

Environment Specialist of PMC

Safeguard Cell Environment Officer- ESMC

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B. Environmental Mitigation Plan

227. The succeeding tables show the potential adverse environmental impacts, proposed mitigation measures, responsible parties, and estimated cost of implementation. This EMP will be included in the bid documents and will be further reviewed and updated during implementation. C. Environmental Monitoring Program

228. The environmental monitoring program includes all relevant environmental parameters, description of sampling stations, frequency of monitoring, applicable standards, responsible parties, and estimated cost. Monitoring activities during the detailed engineering design stage will from part of the baseline conditions of the subproject sites and will be used as the reference for acceptance of restoration works by the construction contractors.

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Table 21: Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures – Pre-construction Environmental Mitigation Plan Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Mitigation Monitoring of Mitigation Utilities Telephone lines, electric

poles and wires, water pipe (old) existing within ROW may be damaged.

(i) Identify and include locations and operators of these utilities in the detailed design documents to prevent unnecessary disruption of services during construction phase; and (ii) Require construction contractors to prepare a contingency plan to include actions to be done in case of unintentional interruption of services.

DSC/PMC (i) List of affected utilities and operators; (ii) bid document to include requirement for a contingency plan for service interruptions

Structure stability in seismic zone IV

Affect during earthquake Design and analysis as per the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and the seismic acceleration response curve and other factors like Response Reduction Factor (RRF) and Importance Factor (IF) as per the Indian Standard code

Design Consultant/ PIU (i) Checking of design report – consideration of design measures to minimize earth quake risk

Water Supply Health risk due to closure of water supply

(i) Plan the construction program to keep the cessation of water supplies to the minimum possible (in both area and duration); (ii) In coordination with Municipal Corporation, provide alternative potable water to affected households and businesses for the duration of the shut-down; and (iii) Liaise with affected persons to inform them of any cessation in advance, and to ensure that they are provided with an alternative supply.

PIU (i) Schedule of closure; (ii) delivery of Municipality of potable water to affected people

Asbestos Cement Pipes Risk of contact with carcinogenic materials

(i) Require DSC to develop asbestos cement protocol; (ii) Develop reporting

PIU and DSC (i) Asbestos Cement Protocol; (ii) requirement for asbestos cement management included

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Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Mitigation Monitoring of Mitigation procedures to inform management immediately if asbestos cement pipes are encountered; and (ii) Require construction consultants to develop and apply an asbestos cement management plan, as part of the over-all health and safety plan, to protect both workers and citizens in case accidental uncovering of asbestos cement pipes. This asbestos cement management plan should also contain national and international standards for safe removal and long-term disposal of all Asbestos-containing material encountered.

in bid documents

Social and Cultural Resources

Ground disturbance can uncover and damage archaeological and historical remains

(i) Consult Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to obtain an expert assessment of the archaeological potential of the site; (ii) Consider alternatives if the site is found to be of medium or high risk; (iii) Include state and local archaeological, cultural and historical authorities, and interest groups in consultation forums as project stakeholders so that their expertise can be made available; and (iv) Develop a protocol for use by the construction contractors in conducting any excavation work, to ensure that any chance finds are recognised and measures are taken to ensure they are

PIU and DSC Chance Finds Protocol

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Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Mitigation Monitoring of Mitigation protected and conserved.

Construction work camps, hot mix plants, stockpile areas, storage areas, and disposal areas.

Disruption to traffic flow and sensitive receptors

(i) Prioritize areas within or nearest possible vacant space in the subproject sites; (ii) If it is deemed necessary to locate elsewhere, consider sites that will not promote instability and result in destruction of property, vegetation, and drinking water supply systems; (iii) Do not consider residential areas; (iv) Take extreme care in selecting sites to avoid direct disposal to water bodies or in areas which will inconvenience the community. (v)Avoid setting up of labour camp near river (restricted sanctuary area)

PIU and DSC to determine locations prior to award of construction contracts.

List of selected sites for construction work camps, hot mix plants, stockpile areas, storage areas, and disposal areas.

Sources of Materials Extraction of materials can disrupt natural land contours and vegetation resulting in accelerated erosion, disturbance in natural drainage patterns, ponding and water logging, and water pollution.

(i) Prioritize sites already permitted by the Mining or concerned Department; (ii) If other sites are necessary, inform construction contractor that it is their responsibility to verify the suitability of all material sources and to obtain the approval of PIU; and (iii) If additional quarries will be required after construction is started, inform construction contractor to obtain a written approval from PMU.

PIU and DSC to prepare list of approved quarry sites and sources of materials

(i) List of approved quarry sites and sources of materials; (ii) bid document to include requirement for verification of suitability of sources and permit for additional quarry sites if necessary.

ASI = Archaeological Survey of India, BMC = Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation, DSC = Design and Supervision Consultant, O&M = operation and maintenance, PIU= project implementation unit, PMU = program management unit.

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Table 22: Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures – Construction Environmental Mitigation Plan Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Mitigation Monitoring of Mitigation Sources of Materials Extraction of rocks and

material may cause ground instability

(i) Use quarry sites and sources permitted by government; (ii) Verify suitability of all material sources and obtain approval of PIU; (iii) If additional quarries will be required after construction has started, obtain written approval from PMU; and; (iv) Submit to DSC on a monthly basis documentation of sources of materials.

Construction Contractor Construction Contractor documentation

Air Quality Emissions from construction vehicles, equipment, and machinery used for excavation and construction resulting to dusts and increase in concentration of vehicle-related pollutants such as carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, particulate matter, nitrous oxides, and hydrocarbons

(i) Consult with PIU/DSC on the designated areas for stockpiling of clay, soils, gravel, and other construction materials; (ii) Damp down exposed soil and any stockpiled on site by spraying with water when necessary during dry weather; (iii) Use tarpaulins to cover sand and other loose material when transported by trucks; and (iv) Fit all heavy equipment and machinery with air pollution control devices which are operating correctly.

Construction Contractor (i) Location of stockpiles; (ii) complaints from sensitive receptors; (iii) heavy equipment and machinery with air pollution control devices (iv) ambient air for respirable particulate matter (RPM) and suspended particulate matter (SPM); (v) vehicular emissions such as sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrous oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbons

Surface water quality Mobilization of settled silt materials, run-off from stockpiled materials, and chemical contamination from fuels and lubricants during construction works can contaminate downstream surface water quality.

(i) Avoid stockpiling of earth fill especially during the monsoon season unless covered by tarpaulins or plastic sheets; (ii) Prioritize re-use of excess spoils and materials in the construction works. If spoils will be disposed, consult with PIU/DSC on designated disposal areas; (iii) Install temporary silt traps

Construction Contractor (i) Areas for stockpiles, storage of fuels and lubricants and waste materials; (ii) records of surface water quality inspection; (iii) effectiveness of water management measures; (iv) for inland water: suspended solids, oil and grease, biological oxygen demand (BOD), and coliforms

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Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Mitigation Monitoring of Mitigation or sedimentation basins along the drainage leading to the water bodies; (iv) Place storage areas for fuels and lubricants away from any drainage leading to water bodies; (v) Dispose any wastes generated by construction activities in designated sites; and (vi) Conduct surface quality inspection according to the Environmental Management Plan (EMP).

Noise Levels Increase in noise level due to earth-moving and excavation equipment, and the transportation of equipment, materials, and people

(i) Plan activities in consultation with PIU/DSC so that activities with the greatest potential to generate noise are conducted during periods of the day which will result in least disturbance; (ii) Require horns not be used unless it is necessary to warn other road users or animals of the vehicle‘s approach; (iii) Minimize noise from construction equipment by using vehicle silencers, fitting jackhammers with noise-reducing mufflers, and portable street barriers the sound impact to surrounding sensitive receptor; and (iv) Maintain maximum sound levels not exceeding 80 decibels (dbA) when measured at a distance of 10 m or more from the vehicle/s.

Construction Contractor (i) Complaints from sensitive receptors; (ii) use of silencers in noise-producing equipment and sound barriers; (iii) Equivalent day and night time noise levels

Ecological resources –Terrestrial

Felling of the trees – affect terrestrial ecological balance

(i) Minimize removal of vegetation and disallow cutting of trees; (ii) If tree-removal will be required,

Construction Contractor (i)Complaints from sensitive receptors; (ii) checking of conservation management plan for tree species and

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Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Mitigation Monitoring of Mitigation obtain tree-cutting permit from Municipal Corporation, (iii) Require to plant three (3) native trees for every one (1) that is removed; and (iv) Prohibit employees from poaching wildlife, bird hunting, and cutting of trees for firewood.

aquatic fauna/ animal

Existing Infrastructure and Facilities

Disruption of service and damage to existing infrastructure located alongside roads, in particular water supply pipes

(i) Obtain from PIU and/or DSC the list of affected utilities and operators; (ii) Prepare a contingency plan to include actions to be done in case of unintentional interruption of services; and (iii) Develop and implement an asbestos cement pipes management plan

Construction Contractor (i) Existing Utilities Contingency Plan; (ii) Asbestos Cement Pipes Management Plan

Landscape and Aesthetics Solid wastes as well as excess construction materials

(i) Prepare and implement Waste Management Plan; (ii) Avoid stockpiling of excess excavated soils; (ii) Coordinate with Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation for beneficial uses of excess excavated soils or immediately dispose to designated areas; (iv) Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the sites; (v) Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse, recycling and disposal to designated areas; (vi) Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; and

Construction Contractor (i) Waste Management Plan; (ii) complaints from sensitive receptors; (iii) PIU/DSC to report in writing that the necessary environmental restoration work has been adequately performed before acceptance of work.

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Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Mitigation Monitoring of Mitigation (vii) Request PIU/DSC to report in writing that the necessary environmental restorations work has been adequately performed before acceptance of work.

Accessibility (i)Traffic problems and conflicts in right-of-way (ROW) (ii) Impact on aquatic habitation – animal

(i) Plan transportation routes so that heavy vehicles do not use narrow local roads, except in the immediate vicinity of delivery sites; (ii) Schedule transport and hauling activities during non-peak hours; (iii) Locate entry and exit points in areas where there is low potential for traffic congestion; (iv) Keep the site free from all unnecessary obstructions; (v) Drive vehicles in a considerate manner; (vi) Coordinate with Traffic Police Dept. for temporary road diversions and with for provision of traffic aids if transportation activities cannot be avoided during peak hours; and (vii) Notify affected sensitive receptors by providing sign boards informing nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints. (viii)Movement of less number of equipment/ machinery within sanctuary (ix)Close observation on river fauna/ animal during movement of boats or vessels

Construction Contractor/ Ecological Expert/ DSC/ PMC

(i) Traffic Management Plan; (ii) complaints from sensitive receptors; (iii) number of signages placed at subproject sites and (iv) maintenance of safety protocol and aquatic conservation plan

Socio-Economic – Income. Impede the access of residents and customers to

(i) Leave spaces for access between mounds of soil;

Construction Contractor (i) Complaints from sensitive receptors; (ii) number of

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Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Mitigation Monitoring of Mitigation nearby shops (ii) Provide walkways and

metal sheets where required to maintain access across trenches for people and vehicles; (iii) Increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools; (iv) Consult businesses and institutions regarding operating hours and factoring this in work schedules; and (v) Provide sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints.

walkways, signages, and metal sheets placed at subproject sites.

Socio-Economic - Employment

Generation of contractual employment and increase in local revenue

(i) Employ at least 50% of the labour force, or to the maximum extent, local persons within the 2-km immediate area if manpower is available; and (ii) Secure construction materials from local market.

Construction Contractor (i) Employment records; (ii) records of sources of materials

Social and economic resources

(i) Temporary impacts on ~3966 hawkers and vendors (including ~198 women, ~198 children and ~396 BPL affected persons) during construction of pipelines; (ii) temporary relocation of ~4 non-titled households during laying of transmission mains; (iii) Impacts on 2 common structures (one room sheds) at OHT sites (5-1 and 2-2) on government school land;

(i) Assistance to hawkers and vendors to shift to nearby locations; (ii) Opportunity to vulnerable affected persons to attend literacy and numeracy classes based on demand survey; (iii) Compensation for non-land assets lost to non-titled households; (iv) Rebuilding affected common structures (v) Construction of toilets and provision of water connections without levy of

Construction contractor PIU/Implementing NGO PIU/Implementing NGO Construction contractor Construction contractor

Monthly, quarterly, annual resettlement plan monitoring reports based on: Baseline affected person database (Census, asset and socio-economic survey data) Complaints received/redressed by GRC

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Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Mitigation Monitoring of Mitigation (iv) Loss of land in schools for OHT construction (v) Impacts on fishermen‘s livelihoods

connection charge to affected schools (vi) Fishermen to be given preference (along with other vulnerable affected persons) in project related employment

PIU/implementing NGO

Occupational Health and Safety

occupational hazards which can arise from working in infrastructures like roads and bridges

(i) Develop and implement site-specific health and safety plan which will include measures such as: (a) excluding public from the site; (b) ensuring all workers are provided with and use Personal Protective Equipment; (c) health and safety training for all site personnel; (d) documented procedures to be followed for all site activities; and (e) documentation of work-related accidents; (ii) Ensure that qualified first-aid can be provided at all times. Equipped first-aid stations shall be easily accessible throughout the site; (iii) Provide medical insurance coverage for workers; (iv) Secure all installations from unauthorized intrusion and accident risks; (v) Provide supplies of potable drinking water; (vi) Provide clean eating areas where workers are not exposed to hazardous or noxious substances; (vii) Provide health and safety orientation training to all new workers to ensure that they are apprised of the basic site rules of work at the site,

Construction Contractor (i) Site-specific health and safety plan; (ii) Equipped first-aid stations; (iii) Medical insurance coverage for workers; (iv) Number of accidents; (v) Supplies of potable drinking water; (vi) Clean eating areas where workers are not exposed to hazardous or noxious substances; (vii) record of health and safety orientation trainings (viii) use of personal protective equipments; (ix) % of moving equipment outfitted with audible back-up alarms; (xi) sign boards for hazardous areas such as energized electrical devices and lines, service rooms housing high voltage equipment, and areas for storage and disposal.

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Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Mitigation Monitoring of Mitigation personal protective protection, and preventing injuring to fellow workers; (viii) Provide visitor orientation if visitors to the site can gain access to areas where hazardous conditions or substances may be present. Ensure also that visitor/s do not enter hazard areas unescorted; (ix) Ensure the visibility of workers through their use of high visibility vests when working in or walking through heavy equipment operating areas; (x) Ensure moving equipment is outfitted with audible back-up alarms; (xi) Mark and provide sign boards for hazardous areas such as energized electrical devices and lines, service rooms housing high voltage equipment, and areas for storage and disposal. Signage shall be in accordance with international standards and be well known to, and easily understood by workers, visitors, and the general public as appropriate; and (xii) Disallow worker exposure to noise level greater than 85 dBA for a duration of more than 8 hours per day without hearing protection. The use of hearing protection shall be enforced actively. (xiii) During work within the river special precaution particularly using safety

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Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Mitigation Monitoring of Mitigation equipment/ belt and training on swimming and mitigation under emergency situation is necessary.

Asbestos Cement Pipes Health risk (i) Train all personnel (including manual labourers) to enable them to understand the dangers of asbestos cement pipes and to be able to recognise them in situ; (ii) Report to management immediately if asbestos cement pipes are encountered; (iii) Develop and apply asbestos cement management plan.

Construction Contractor (i) Records of trainings; (ii) asbestos cement Management Plan approved by PIU/DSC

Community Health and Safety.

Traffic accidents and vehicle collision with pedestrians

(i) Plan routes to avoid times of peak-pedestrian activities. (ii) Liaise with PIU/DSC in identifying high-risk areas on route cards/maps. (iii) Maintain regularly the vehicles and use of manufacturer-approved parts to minimize potentially serious accidents caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure. (iv) Provide road signs and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions.

Construction Contractor (i) Traffic Management Plan; (ii) complaints from sensitive receptors

Work Camps Temporary air and noise pollution from machine operation, water pollution from storage and use of fuels, oils, solvents, and lubricants

(i) Consult with PIU/DSC before locating project offices, sheds, and construction plants; (ii) Minimize removal of vegetation and disallow cutting of trees; (iii) Provide water and sanitation facilities for employees; (iv) Prohibit employees from

Construction Contractor (i) Complaints from sensitive receptors; (ii) water and sanitation facilities for employees; and (iii) PIU/DSC report in writing that the camp has been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions

75

Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Mitigation Monitoring of Mitigation poaching wildlife and cutting of trees for firewood; (v) Train employees in the storage and handling of materials which can potentially cause soil contamination; (vi) Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the site; (vii) Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse, recycling and disposal to designated areas; (viii) Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; and (ix) Request PIU/DSC to report in writing that the camp has been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of work.

Social and Cultural Resources

Risk of archaeological chance finds

(i) Strictly follow the protocol for chance finds in any excavation work; (ii) Request PIU/DSC or any authorized person with archaeological field training to observe excavation; (iii) Stop work immediately to allow further investigation if any finds are suspected; and (iv) Inform PIU/DSC if a find is suspected, and take any action they require ensuring its removal or protection in situ.

Construction Contractor (i)Records of chance finds

ASI = Archaeological Survey of India, BMC = Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation, DSC = Design and Supervision Consultant, O&M = operation and maintenance, PIU= project implementation unit, PMU = program management unit.

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Table 23: Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures – Operation and Maintenance Environmental Mitigation Plan Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Mitigation Monitoring of Mitigation Occupational Health and Safety

Adverse impacts on the appearance of surrounding environment and exposure of workers to hazardous debris

(i) Ensure persons employed will be provided with suitable equipment (such as shovels and wheelbarrows); and (ii) Ensure all removed material will be deposited in the municipal waste storage bins. (iii) Train all personnel (including manual labourers) to enable them to understand the dangers of asbestos cement pipes and to be able to recognise them in situ; (iv) Report to management immediately if asbestos cement pipes are encountered; and (v) Develop and apply asbestos cement management plan. (vi) Safety of workforce particularly during working within river

Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation/ O&M Contractors

(i) Records of training; (ii) health and safety plan and asbestos cement management plan approved by BMC

General General impact (i) Refill and re-compact trenches soil and backfilled sand will be removed to expose the leaking junction or pipe; (ii) Conduct work during non-monsoon period; and (iii)Cover or wet excavated material to prevent dusts.

Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation/ O&M Contractors

Complaints from sensitive receptors

Solid Wastes Environmental pollution - Potential impact on soil, groundwater, and surface water nearby the disposal site

(i)Minimize the quantity of solids generated by the water treatment process, (ii)Dispose of lime sludge by land application, (iii)limiting application rates of sludge to minimize the potential for mobilization of metals into plant tissue and groundwater, (iv)Dispose of ferric and alum sludge by controlled land application not near water body, (v)Assessment of soil, ground water and surface water nearby solid waste disposal

Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation/ O&M Contractors

(i)Complaints from sensitive receptors (ii) Field checking (iii) Testing of soil, surface and ground water nearby

77

Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Mitigation Monitoring of Mitigation Wastewater Discharge into water

causing water pollution (i) Land application of wastes with high dissolved solids concentrations (ii) Recycle filter backwash into the process (iii) Treat and dispose of reject streams as per CPHEEO norm

BMC and O&M Contractors (i)Complaints from sensitive receptors (ii) Field checking (iii) Testing of soil, surface and ground water

Hazardous Chemicals Release to nature causing air, water and soil pollution

(i)Store of chlorine gas in cool, dry, and dark conditions for no more than one month, (ii)Use equipment constructed of corrosion-resistant materials, (iii)Minimize the amount of chlorination chemicals stored on site, (iv)Develop and implement a prevention program that includes identification of potential hazards, written operating procedures, training, maintenance, and accident investigation procedures; (v)Develop emergency plan for responding to accidental releases

BMC and O&M Contractors (i)Complaints from sensitive receptors (ii) Site checking (iii) Checking of awareness and emergency training document

Air Emissions Air pollution from gaseous or volatile chemicals used for disinfection processes

Proper storage and scientific utilization of chemicals utilized in treatment process

BMC and O&M Contractors Complaints from sensitive receptors

Economic Development Impediments to residents and businesses

(i)Inform all residents and businesses about the nature and duration of any work well in advance so that they can make preparations if necessary; (ii) Conduct these works to provide wooden walkways across trenches for pedestrians and metal sheets where vehicle access is required; and (iii) Consult the local police regarding any such work so that it can be planned to avoid traffic disruption as far as possible, and road diversions can be organised if necessary.

BMC and O&M Contractors Complaints from sensitive receptors

Social and Cultural Resources

Temporary disruption of activities

(i) Consult the town authorities to identify any buildings at risk from vibration damage and avoiding any use of pneumatic drills or heavy vehicles in the vicinity; (ii) Complete work in these areas

BMC and O&M Contractors Complaints from sensitive receptors

78

Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Mitigation Monitoring of Mitigation quickly; (iii) Provide wooden bridges for pedestrians and metal sheets for vehicles to allow access across open trenches where required; and (iv) Consult municipal authorities, custodians of important buildings, cultural and tourism authorities and local communities in advance of the work to identify and address key issues, and avoid working at sensitive times, such as religious and cultural festivals.

ASI = Archaeological Survey of India, BMC = Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation, DSC = Design and Supervision Consultant, O&M = operation and maintenance, PIU= project implementation unit, PMU = program management unit.

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Table 24: Pre-construction Environmental Monitoring Program Mitigation Measures

Location Responsible for Mitigation

Monitoring of Mitigation

Method of Monitoring

Indicators/ Standards

Frequency Responsible for Monitoring

Baseline Environmental Condition – Ambient Air Quality

Subproject sites DSC/ PMC Establish baseline values of (i) Respirable particulate matter (RPM) and (ii) Suspended particulate matter (SPM), (iii) Sulphur dioxide, (iv) Nitrogen oxides and (v) Carbon monoxide

Air sample collection and analyses by in-house laboratory or accredited 3rd party laboratory

Government of India‘s Ambient Air Quality Standards

Once prior to start of construction

PMU

Baseline Environmental Condition - Water Quality

Subproject sites DSC/ PMC Establish baseline values of suspended solids (TSS), pH, chemical oxygen (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen, oil and grease, feacal coliform

Water sample collection and analyses by in-house laboratory or accredited 3rd party laboratory

The government‘s Water Quality Standards

Once prior to start of construction

PMU

Utilities shifting Affected sites DSC/ PMC (i)List of affected utilities and operators; (ii) BID document to include requirement for a contingency plan for service interruptions

Checking of records

(i) List of affected utilities and operators prepared; (ii) requirement for a contingency plan for service interruptions included in BID documents

Once PMU

Water Supply Cessation

Area concerned PIU (i) Schedule of closure; (ii) Delivery of potable water by BMC to affected people

Checking of records

(i) tentative schedule of closure made known to affective people 2 weeks prior to cessation of water supply;

Once PMU/PMC

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Mitigation Measures

Location Responsible for Mitigation

Monitoring of Mitigation

Method of Monitoring

Indicators/ Standards

Frequency Responsible for Monitoring

(ii) coordination with BMC for supply of potable water to 100% affected people

Asbestos Cement Pipes protocol

Specified area PIU /DSC (i) Asbestos Cement Protocol; (ii) requirement for asbestos cement management included in bid documents

Checking of records

(i) asbestos cement Protocol prepared; (ii) BID documents include requirements for asbestos cement management plan

Once PMU

Social and Cultural Heritage

Affected area PIU/ DSC Chance Finds Protocol

Checking of records

Chance Finds Protocol provided to construction contractors prior to commencement of activities

Once PMU/PMC

Construction work camps, hot mix plants, stockpile areas, storage areas, and disposal areas.

Concerned place PIU and DSC to determine locations prior to award of construction contracts.

List of selected sites for construction work camps, hot mix plants, stockpile areas, storage areas, and disposal areas.

Checking of records

List of selected sites for construction work camps, hot mix plants, stockpile areas, storage areas, and disposal areas provided to construction contractors prior to commencement of works.

Once PMU

Sources of Materials

Concerned sites PIU and DSC to prepare list of approved quarry sites and sources of materials

(i)List of approved quarry sites and sources of materials; (ii) BID document to include

Checking of records

(i) List of approved quarry sites and sources of materials provided to construction

once PMU

81

Mitigation Measures

Location Responsible for Mitigation

Monitoring of Mitigation

Method of Monitoring

Indicators/ Standards

Frequency Responsible for Monitoring

requirement for verification of suitability of sources and permit for additional quarry sites if necessary.

contractors (ii) BID document included requirement for verification of suitability of sources and permit for additional quarry sites if necessary.

ASI = Archaeological Survey of India, BMC = Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation, DSC = Design and Supervision Consultant, O&M = operation and maintenance, PIU= project implementation unit, PMU = program management unit.

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Table 25: Construction Environmental Monitoring Program Mitigation Measures

Location Responsible for Mitigation

Monitoring of Mitigation

Method of Monitoring

Indicators/ Standards

Frequency Responsible for Monitoring

Sources of Materials

Quarries and sources of materials

Construction Contractor

Construction Contractor documentation

(i) Checking of records; (ii) visual inspection of sites

(i) sites are permitted; (ii) report submitted by construction contractor monthly (until such time there is excavation work)

Monthly submission for construction contractor As needed for DSC

DSC/ PMC

Air Quality Construction sites and areas designated for stockpiling of materials and water treatment plant

Construction Contractor

(i) Location of stockpiles; (ii) complaints from sensitive receptors; (iii) heavy equipment and machinery with air pollution control devices (iii) ambient air for respirable particulate matter (RPM) and suspended particulate matter (SPM); (iv) vehicular emissions such as sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrous oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbons (HC)

(i) Checking of records; (ii) visual inspection of sites

(i) stockpiles on designated areas only; (ii) complaints from sensitive receptors satisfactorily addressed; (iii) air pollution control devices working properly; (iv) The government‘s Ambient Quality Standards for ambient air quality; (iv) The government‘s Vehicular Emission Standards for SO2, NOx, CO and HC.

Monthly for checking records

DSC/ PMC in coordination with pollution control board

Surface Water Quality (including biological parameters)

(i) construction sites including ganges water; (ii) areas for stockpiles, storage of fuels and lubricants

Construction Contractor

(i) Areas for stockpiles, storage of fuels and lubricants and waste materials; (ii) number of silt traps installed

Visual inspection and testing results

(i) designated areas only; (ii) silt traps installed and functioning; (iii) no noticeable increase in

Monthly DSC/ PMC in coordination with pollution control board and biological monitoring expert

83

Mitigation Measures

Location Responsible for Mitigation

Monitoring of Mitigation

Method of Monitoring

Indicators/ Standards

Frequency Responsible for Monitoring

and waste materials;

along drainages leading to water bodies; (iii) records of surface water quality inspection; (iv) effectiveness of water management measures; (v) for inland water: suspended solids, oil and grease, biological oxygen demand (BOD), COD, DO and coliforms.(vi) bio-indicator test

suspended solids and silt from construction activities (iv) the government‘s Standards for Water Discharges to Inland Waters and Land for Irrigation

Noise Levels (i) construction sites, (ii)areas for stockpiles, storage of fuels and lubricants and waste materials; (iii) work camps (iv) Near river ganges

Construction Contractor

(i) Complaints from sensitive receptors; (ii) use of silencers in noise-producing equipment and sound barriers; (iii) Equivalent day and night time noise levels

(i) Checking of records; (ii) visual inspection of sites

(i) complaints from sensitive receptors satisfactorily addressed; and (ii) silencers in noise-producing equipment functioning as design; and (iii) sound barriers installed where necessary

Monthly DSC/PMC in coordination with pollution control board

Existing Utilities and Infrastructure

(i) construction sites; (ii) alignment of affected utilities

Construction Contractor

(i) Existing Utilities Contingency Plan; (ii) Asbestos Cement Pipes Management Plan

(i) Checking of records; (ii) Visual inspection

implementation according to Utilities Contingency Plan and Asbestos Cement Plan

As needed DSC/ PMC

Landscape and Aesthetics

(i) construction sites; (ii) areas for stockpiles, storage of fuels

Construction Contractor

(i) Waste Management Plan; (ii) complaints from sensitive

(i) Checking of records; (ii) Visual inspection

(i) no accumulation of solid wastes on-site; (ii)

Monthly DSC/PMC

84

Mitigation Measures

Location Responsible for Mitigation

Monitoring of Mitigation

Method of Monitoring

Indicators/ Standards

Frequency Responsible for Monitoring

and lubricants and waste materials; (iii) work camps

receptors; (iii) PIU/DSC to report in writing that the necessary environmental restoration work has been adequately performed before acceptance of work.

Implementation of Waste Management Plan; (iii) complaints from sensitive receptors satisfactorily addressed.

Ecological balance - Aquatic Floral and faunal habitation mitigation

(i) construction sites

Construction Contractor

(i) Implementation of conservation plan

(i) Checking of records; (ii) Visual inspection

(i) Conservation Action Plan for aquatic animal and terrestrial flora, (ii) complaints from sensitive receptors/ authority

Monthly DSC/ PMC

Accessibility (i) construction sites; (ii) traffic routes

Construction Contractor

(i) Traffic Management Plan; (ii) complaints from sensitive receptors; (iii) number of signages placed at subproject sites.

Visual inspection (i) implementation of Traffic Management Plan; (ii) complaints from sensitive receptors satisfactorily addressed; (iii) signages visible and located in designated areas

Monthly DSC/PMC

Socio-Economic - Income

construction sites Construction Contractor

(i) Complaints from sensitive receptors; (ii) number of walkways, signages, and metal sheets placed at

Visual inspection (i) Complaints from sensitive receptors satisfactorily addressed; (ii) Walkways, ramps, and metal sheets provided

Quarterly DSC/PMC

85

Mitigation Measures

Location Responsible for Mitigation

Monitoring of Mitigation

Method of Monitoring

Indicators/ Standards

Frequency Responsible for Monitoring

subproject sites. (iii) signages visible and located in designated areas

Asbestos Cement Pipes

construction sites Construction Contractors

(i) Records of trainings; (ii) asbestos cement management plan approved by PIU/DSC

Checking of records

no exposure to asbestos cement pipes

As needed PIU and DSC

Socio-Economic - Income

construction sites Construction Contractor

(i) Employment records; (ii) records of sources of materials

Checking of records

number of employees from Bhagalpur equal or greater than 50% of total workforce

Quarterly DSC/PMC

Occupational Health and Safety

construction sites Construction Contractor

(i) Site-specific health and safety plan; (ii) Equipped first-aid stations; (iii) Medical insurance coverage for workers; (iv) Number of accidents; (v) Supplies of potable drinking water; (vi) Clean eating areas where workers are not exposed to hazardous or noxious substances; (vii) record of health and safety orientation trainings (viii) personal

(i) Checking of records; (ii) visual inspection

(i) implementation of health and safety plan; (ii) number of work-related accidents; (iii) % usage of personal protective equipment; (iv) number of first-aid stations, frequency of potable water delivery, provision of clean eating area, and number of sign boards are according to approved plan; (v) % of moving equipment outfitted with audible back-up alarms

Quarterly DSC/PMC

86

Mitigation Measures

Location Responsible for Mitigation

Monitoring of Mitigation

Method of Monitoring

Indicators/ Standards

Frequency Responsible for Monitoring

protective equipments (particularly for worker during working within the river); (ix) % of moving equipment outfitted with audible back-up alarms; (xi) sign boards for hazardous areas such as energized electrical devices and lines, service rooms housing high voltage equipment, and areas for storage and disposal.

Community Health and Safety

construction sites Construction Contractor

(i) Traffic Management Plan; (ii) complaints from sensitive receptors

Visual inspection (i) implementation of Traffic Management Plan; (ii) complaints from sensitive receptors satisfactorily addressed

Quarterly DSC/PMC

Social and economic resources

Construction sites Construction contractor PIU/implementing NGO

Internal monitoring reports of PIU

Visual inspection Consultation Monitoring surveys Grievance redressal records

(i) affected persons compensated/assisted; (ii) No. of affected persons trained; (iii) No. of vulnerable affected persons provided access to

Monthly, quarterly and annual

PMU

87

Mitigation Measures

Location Responsible for Mitigation

Monitoring of Mitigation

Method of Monitoring

Indicators/ Standards

Frequency Responsible for Monitoring

literacy/numeracy classes, if undertaken; (iv) compensation for non-land assets paid to non-titled persons etc.

Work Camps work camps Construction Contractor

(i) Complaints from sensitive receptors; (ii) water and sanitation facilities for employees; and (iii) PIU/DSC report in writing that the camp has been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions

Visual inspection (i) designated areas only; (ii) complaints from sensitive receptors satisfactorily addressed

Quarterly DSC/PMC

Chance Finds construction sites Construction Contractor

records of chance finds

checking of records

Implementation of Chance Finds Protocol

as needed DSC/PMC

ASI = Archaeological Survey of India, BMC = Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation, DSC = Design and Supervision Consultant, O&M = operation and maintenance, PIU= project implementation unit, PMU = program management unit.

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Table 26: Operation and Maintenance Environmental Monitoring Program Mitigation Measures

Location Responsible for Mitigation

Monitoring of Mitigation

Method of Monitoring

Indicators/ Standards

Frequency Responsible for Monitoring

Occupational Health and Safety

subproject sites Municipal Corporation/ O&M Contractors

complaints from sensitive receptors

(i) records of training; (ii) health and safety plan and asbestos cement management plan

(i) complaints from sensitive receptors satisfactorily addressed; (ii) no exposure to asbestos cement pipes

as needed PMU

General Maintenance work (pipe cleaning, declogging, pipe replacement, final sludge disposal)

subproject sites Municipal Corporation/ O&M Contractors

complaints from sensitive receptors

checking of records

complaints from sensitive receptors satisfactorily addressed

as needed PMU

Community Health and Safety

subproject sites Municipal Corporation/ O&M Contractors

complaints from sensitive receptors

checking of records

complaints from sensitive receptors satisfactorily addressed

as needed PMU

Accessibility subproject sites Municipal Corporation/ O&M Contractors

complaints from sensitive receptors

checking of records

complaints from sensitive receptors satisfactorily addressed

as needed PMU

Water Quality At WTP, intake location and few supply points

Municipal Corporation/ O&M Contractors

Drinking water quality parameter: pH, total metals, chloride, fluoride, coliform, BOD

Sample collection and laboratory analyses

The government‘s Drinking Water Standards

As needed PMU

Solid Wastes Near treatment plant Disposal location

Municipal Corporation/ O&M Contractors

Complaints from sensitive receptors

Sample collection and laboratory analyses

Complaints from sensitive receptors satisfactorily addressed

Quarterly PMU

Effluent quality Treatment plant Municipal Corporation/ O&M Contractors

Complaints from sensitive receptors

Sample collection and laboratory analyses

Complaints from sensitive receptors satisfactorily addressed

Quarterly PMU

89

Mitigation Measures

Location Responsible for Mitigation

Monitoring of Mitigation

Method of Monitoring

Indicators/ Standards

Frequency Responsible for Monitoring

Hazardous Wastes

Treatment plant Municipal Corporation/ O&M Contractors

Complaints from sensitive receptors

(ii) Site checking

(iii) Checking of document

Complaints from sensitive receptors satisfactorily addressedAwareness and emergency training document

Quarterly PMU

Air Emissions Treatment plant location

Municipal Corporation/ O&M Contractors

Complaints from sensitive receptors

Air sample collection and laboratory testing

The government‘s air quality standard

Quarterly PMU

Biodiversity protection

At Intake location in River Ganges

Municipal Corporation/ O&M Contractors

complaints from sensitive receptors

checking of records, checking through visual observation

complaints from sensitive receptors satisfactorily addressed

as needed PMU

ASI = Archaeological Survey of India, BMC = Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation, DSC = Design and Supervision Consultant, O&M = Operation and Maintenance, PIU= project implementation unit, PMU = program management unit.

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Table 27: Biodiversity Monitoring

Impact/Project Activities Monitoring Plan Environmental Impact Parameter to be monitored Indicators Location Responsibility Frequency Design Phase 1. River Integrity River biodiversity Dolphin population

and behavior, fish and fisheries, plankton, Riparian vegetation, Other aquatic wildlife

Project site River Biologist Expert, preferably based in the city of project site

once

River Water Quality Physico-chemical variables i.e. Temperature, pH, conductivity, turbidity, TH, dissolved oxygen, PO4-P, NO3-N, BOD, COD and coliform

Project site and wastewater discharge points

Expert (Water analysis), preferably based in the city of project site

once

Disturbance in the river floodplain

Riparian vegetation Floodplain 10 km upstream and downstream of the project site

River Biologist Expert once

2. Noise Level and vibration

Baseline noise level Below 70dBA Project site Project design engineer To be incorporated in project design

3. Vocalizations of dolphins

Frequency range of river dolphin clicks

Not studied and documented

Project site Cetacean expert trained in bio-acoustics of dolphins

Literature review

Construction and Operation Phase 1. River Biodiversity Dolphin population Numbers of dolphins Project site Cetacean expert Quarterly

Prey base of Dolphin Composition and yield Project site Landing site nearest to the project site

River Biologist Monthly

Other aquatic wildlife Winter migratory birds

Presence/Absence Presence/Absence

Project site Water and floodplains, around the project site

Wildlife Expert Quarterly

2. Dolphin behavior Migration and Dispersal Vocalizations Breathing

Count of Dolphins at characteristic habitats in the channel i.e. meandering, mid-channel island etc. Dolphin clicks Surfacing interval

Project site High dolphin density site High dolphin density

Cetacean Expert well trained well trained in dolphin census count Cetacean Expert well trained in recording and analyzing dolphin vocalizations Cetacean Expert

Quarterly Quarterly Quarterly

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Impact/Project Activities Monitoring Plan Environmental Impact Parameter to be monitored Indicators Location Responsibility Frequency

site 3. Water Quality Water quality at the

project site Measurement of water quality and comparison with baseline water quality measured before commencement of construction activity

Project site and wastewater discharge points

Laboratory Analysis Monthly

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D. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) Costs

229. Most of the mitigation measures require the Construction Contractors to adopt good site practice, which should be part of their normal procedures already, so there are unlikely to be major costs associated with compliance. Regardless of this, any costs of mitigation by the construction contractors or DSC/PMC are included in the budgets for the civil works and do not need to be estimated separately here. Mitigation that is the responsibility of BUIDCo will be provided as part of their management of the project, so this also does not need to be duplicated here. 230. The remaining actions in the EMP are the various environmental monitoring activities to be conducted by the Environmental Specialist. These have not been budgeted elsewhere, and their costs are shown in Table 28. The figures show that the total cost of environmental management and monitoring for the subproject as a whole (covering design, construction and the two years of operation) is INR 6.367 million, ie US$141,490.

Table 28: Environmental Management and Monitoring Costs (INR) Item Quantity Unit Cost Total Cost Subtotal Source of

Funds 1. Implementation of EMP Environmental Specialist 1 x 6

month 200,00031 1,200,000 Consultant

Survey and Monitoring Expenses- Air, Water and Noise at WTP, pump house site, pipelaying area

Lump sum

200,000 200,000 1,400,000 Contractor/ Construction

and O&M 2. Environmental mitigation measures including buffer zone development at existing WTP

Lump sum

100,000 100,000 100,000 Contractor

3. Biodiversity Study cost Ref. Appendix

5

4,867,000 4,867,000 Project cost

TOTAL 6,367,000 EMP = Environmental Management Plan, O&M = operation and maintenance, WTP = water treatment plan. E. Environmental Training

231. The Environment Officer (designated) attached to the PIU and ESMC attached with PMU should be very qualified, experienced and competent officer and he should be able to developed and impart training to contractors and supervision consultants staff. The Environment Officer will coordinate the safety components of the proposed institutional development plan and issues related to the effect on project environment. 232. A comprehensive training programme must be planned for the project intended to address all components of the project. Training of staff will be undertaken at a number of levels. The programme should be intended for all contractors, consultants and the engineers. Immediate short term training will be essential for Project Consultant (PC‘s) and other staff of PIU and the Contractor‘s staff to raise their level of environmental awareness. A list of appropriate training module and tentative time frame is given in Table 29.

31 Unit costs of domestic consultants include fee, travel, accommodation and subsistence

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Table 29: Proposed Training Module for Environmental Capacity Building Training Type Target Group Time Items

Orientation Training Engineers/Contractors Pre Construction Stage

Environmental Issues in EMP

Environmental Management implementation Training

Consultants /Contractors/PIU Engineers

Pre Construction Stage

All measures included in EMP (including conservation of critical habitation) and site selection for Plants, Camps and Stores

Safety and mitigation measures application Training

Construction Staff/Supervisor of BMC, Police

Construction Stage

Road and construction site safety, traffic management, accident management, biodiversity management

Maintenance Training PIU staff, PMU, Local Bodies After Construction

Road and construction site safety, traffic management, accident management, maintenance of infrasturce related to safeguard application

EMP = Envornmental Management Plan, PIU = project implementation unit, PMU = program management unit, ULB = urban local body.

IX. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

233. The process described in this document has assessed the environmental impacts of all elements of the infrastructure proposed under the Bhagalpur Water Supply Subproject. Potential negative impacts were identified in relation to both construction and operation of the improved infrastructure. Mitigation measures have been developed to reduce all negative impacts to acceptable levels. These were discussed with specialists responsible for engineering, and as a result measures have already been included in the outline designs for the infrastructure. This means that the number of impacts and their significance has already been reduced by amending the design. 234. Regardless of these and various other actions taken during the IEE process and in developing the subproject, there will still be impacts on the environment when the infrastructure is built and when it is operating. This is mainly because of the invasive nature of trenching and other excavation; because the distribution network is located in a town where there are moderately populated areas. 235. During the construction phase, impacts mainly arise from the need to dispose of large quantities of waste soil, dried sludge and import a similar amount of sand to support the pipes in the trenches; and from the disturbance of residents, businesses, traffic and important buildings by the construction work. These are common impacts of construction in urban areas, and there are well developed methods for their mitigation. 236. One field in which impacts are much less routine is archaeology, and while risks are low, a series of specific measures have been developed to avoid damaging important remains if any are encountered. 237. The use of asbestos cement pipes in the existing water distribution network can present a particular problem, as workers and the public will need to be protected from inhalation of asbestos dust, which can be carcinogenic. This has been addressed in the EMP. 238. In addition, it is proposed that the project will employ in the workforce people who live in the vicinity of construction sites to provide them with a short-term economic gain; and ensure

94

that people employed in the longer term to maintain and operate the new facilities are residents of nearby communities. 239. Once the system is operating, the facilities will operate with routine maintenance, which should not affect the environment. Leaks in the distribution network will need to be repaired from time to time, but environmental impacts will be much less than those of the construction period as the work will be infrequent, affecting small areas only. It will also be conducted in areas that have already been excavated, so there will be no need to protect archaeological material. 240. The main impacts of the operating water supply system will be beneficial as the citizens of Bhagalpur will be provided with a constant supply of water, which will serve a greater proportion of the population, including slum-dwellers. This will improve the quality of life of people as well as benefiting both individual and public health as the improvements in hygiene should reduce the incidence of disease associated with poor sanitation. This should lead to economic gains as people will be away from work less and will spend less on healthcare, so their incomes should increase. 241. Mitigation will be assured by a program of environmental monitoring and management conducted during construction and operation to ensure that all measures are implemented, and to determine whether the environment is protected as intended. This will include observations on- and off-site, document checks, and interviews with workers and beneficiaries, and any requirements for remedial action will be reported to the PMU. Biodiversity monitoring has also been incorporated. There will also be longer-term surveys to monitor the expected improvements in the quality of domestic water and the health of the population. 242. Finally, stakeholders were involved in developing the IEE through intensive discussions on site and a large public meeting/ workshop held in the town, after which views expressed were incorporated into the IEE and the planning and development of the project. This included consultations with the sanctuary management and specialists in biodiversity and the gangetic dolphin. The IEE will be made available at public locations in the town and will be disclosed to a wider audience via the ADB website. The consultation process will be continued and expanded during project implementation, when a nationally-recognised NGO will be appointed to handle this key element to ensure that stakeholders are fully engaged in the project and have the opportunity to participate in its development and implementation. 243. This IEE has assessed all potential environmental impacts associated with the subproject. There are no impacts that are significant or complex in nature, or that need an in-depth study to assess the impact. Thus, the subproject is unlikely to cause significant adverse impacts. The potential adverse impacts that are associated with design, construction, and operation can be mitigated to standard levels without difficulty through proper engineering design and the incorporation or application of recommended mitigation measures and procedures. 244. Based on the findings of the IEE, the classification of the subproject as Category ―B‖ is confirmed, and no further special study or detailed EIA needs to be undertaken to comply with ADB SPS (2009). Required permits include: (i) permit from Bihar State Environment and Forest Department irrespective of land ownership, if tree-cutting is necessary; (ii) CFE from BSPCB prior to start of construction works; and (iii) CFO prior to start of operations.

95 Appendix 1

APPENDIX 1

CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (CPCB) APPLICABLE ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

General Standards for Discharge of Environmental Pollutants: Effluents

SL.no Parameter Standards Inland surface water

Public sewers

Land of irrigation

Marine/coastal areas

(a) (b) (c) (d) 1. Color and odor remove as far as practicable 2. Suspended solids

mg/l. max. 100 600 200 (a) For process waste

water 100 (b) For cooling water effluent 10% above total suspended matter of influent.

3. Particle size of suspended solids

shall pass 850 micron IS Sieve

(a) Floatable solids, max. 3mm. (b) Settable solids (max 850 micron)

4. pH value 5.5. to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 5. Temperature shall not exceed

50C above the receiving water temperature

shall not exceed 50C above the receiving water temperature

6. Oil and grease, mg./l, max.

10 20 10 20

7. Total residual chlorine, mg/l. max.

1.0 1.0

8. Ammonical nitrogen (as N.) mg/l max

50 50 50

9. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (as NH3) mg/l. max

100 100

10. Free ammonia (as NH3), mg/l.max

5.0 5.0

11. Biochemical oxygen demand (3 days at 270C), mg/l. max.

30 350 100 100

12. Chemical oxygen demand, mg/l, max.

250 250

13. Arsenic (as As) mg/l, max.

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

14. Mercury (As Hg), mg/l, max.

0.01 0.01 0.01

15. Lead (as Pb) mg/l, max

0.1 1.0 2.0

16. Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l. max

2.0 1.0 2.0

17. Hexavalent chro- mium (as Cr. +6). mg/l, max

0.1 2.0 1.0

18. Total Chromium (as Cr) mg/l, max

2.0 2.0 2.0

19. Copper (as Cu) mg/l, max

3.0 3.0 3.0

20. Zinc (as Zn) mg/l, max

5.0 15 15

21. Selenium (as Se) 0.05 0.05 0.05

96 Appendix 1

SL.no Parameter Standards Inland surface water

Public sewers

Land of irrigation

Marine/coastal areas

mg/l, max 22. Nickel (as Ni) mg/l,

max 3.0 3.0 5.0

23. Cyanide (as CN) mg/l, max

0.2 2.0 0.2 0.2

24. Fluoride (as F) mg/l, max

2.0 15 15

25. Dissolved phosphates (as P) mg/l, max

5.0

26. Sulfide (as S) mg/l, max

2.0 5.0

27. Phenolic compounds (as C6H5OH) mg/l, max

1.0 5.0 5.0

28. Radioactive materials: (a)Alfa emitters microcurie/ml, max. (b)Beta emitters micro curie/ml,max.

10-7 10-6

10-7 10-6

10-8 10-7

10-7 10-6

29. Bio-assay test 90% Survival of fish after 96 hours in 100% effluent

90% survival of fish after 96 hours in 100% effluent

90% survival of fish after 96 hours in 100% effluent

90% survival of fish after 96 hours in 100% effluent

30. Manganese (as Mn) 2 mg/l 2 mg/l 2 mg/l 31. Iron (as Fe) 3 mg/l 3 mg/l 3 mg/l 32. Vanadium (as V) 0.2 mg/l 0.2 mg/l 0.2 mg/l 33. Nitrate Nitrogen 10 mg/l 20 mg/l These standards shall be applicable for industries, operations or process other than those industries operations or process for which standards have been specified in schedule of the Environment Protection Rules, 1989

Indian Standards for Drinking Water - Specification (BIS 10500: 1991)

Sl.No Substance or Characteristic Requirement (Desirable Limit)

Permissible Limit in the absence of Alternate source

Essential characteristics 1. Colour, ( Hazen units, Max ) 5 25 2. Odour Unobjectonable Unobjectionable 3. Taste Agreeable Agreeable 4. Turbidity ( NTU, Max) 5 10 5. pH Value 6.5 to 8.5 No Relaxation 6. Total Hardness (as CaCo3)

mg/lit.,Max 300 600

7. Iron (as Fe) mg/lit,Max 0.3 1.0 8. Chlorides (as Cl) mg/lit,Max. 250 1000 9. Residual, free chlorine, mg/lit, Min 0.2 -- Desirable Characteristics 10. Dissolved solids mg/lit, Max 500 2000 11. Calcium (as Ca) mg/lit, Max 75 200 12. Magnesium (as Mg)mg/lit, Max. 30 100 13. Copper (as Cu) mg/lit, Max 0.05 1.5 14. Manganese (as Mn)mg/lit ,Max 0.10 0.3 15. Sulfate (as SO4) mg/lit, Max 200 400 16. Nitrate (as NO3) mg/lit, Max 45 100 17. Fluoride (as F) mg/lit, Max 1.0 1.5 18. Phenolic Compounds (as C 6 0.001 0.002

Appendix 1 97

Sl.No Substance or Characteristic Requirement (Desirable Limit)

Permissible Limit in the absence of Alternate source

H5OH) mg/lit, Max.

19. Mercury (as Hg)mg/lit, Max 0.001 No relaxation 20. Cadmiun (as Cd)mg/lit, Max 0.01 No relaxation 21. Selenium (as Se)mg/lit,Max 0.01 No relaxation 22. Arsenic (as As) mg/lit, Max 0.05 No relaxation 23. Cyanide (as CN) mg/lit, Max 0.05 No relaxation 24. Lead (as Pb) mg/lit, Max 0.05 No relaxation 25. Zinc (as Zn) mg/lit, Max 5 15 26. Anionic detergents (as MBAS)

mg/lit, Max 0.2 1.0

27. Chromium (as Cr6+) mg/lit, Max 0.05 No relaxation 28. Polynuclear aromatic hydro

carbons (as PAH) g/lit, Max

-- --

29. Mineral Oil mg/lit, Max 0.01 0.03 30. Pesticides mg/l, Max Absent 0.001 31 Radioactive Materials i. Alpha emitters Bq/l, Max -- 0.1 ii. Beta emitters pci/l,Max -- 1.0 32 Alkalinity mg/lit. Max 200 600 33 Aluminium (as Al) mg/l,Max 0.03 0.2 34 Boron mg/lit, Max 1 5

Ambient Air Quality Standards

Pollutant Time Weighted Average

Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other Areas

Sensitive Area

Method of Measurement

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

Annual Average * 24 hours Average**

50 µg / m3 80 µg/m3

20 µg / m3 80 µg/m3

Improved West and Gaeke method Ultraviolet Fluorescence

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX)

Annual Average * 24 hours Average**

40 µg / m3 80 µg/m3

30 µg / m3 80 µg/m3

Jacobs and Hochheiser modified (NaoH – NaAsO2) method Gas Chemiluminiscence

Particulate Matter (PM10) (Size <10 µm)

Annual Average * 24 hours Average**

60 µg / m3 100 µg/m3

60 µg / m3 100 µg/m3

Gravimetric TOEM Beta Attenuation

Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) (Size <2.5 µm)

Annual Average * 24 hours Average**

40 µg / m3 60 µg/m3

40 µg / m3 60 µg/m3

Gravimetric TOEM Beta Attenuation

Ozone (O3) 8 hours average ** 1 hour **

100 µg/m3 180 µg/m3

100 µg/m3 180 µg/m3

UV photometric Chemiluminiscence Chemical method

Lead (Pb) Annual Average * 24 hours Average**

0.5 µg / m3 1.0 µg / m3

0.5 µg/m3 1.0 µg/m3

AAS method after sampling using EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

8 hours Average** 1 hour **

2.0 mg/ m3 4.0 mg/ m3

2.0 mg/ m3 4.0 mg/ m3

Non Dispersive Infrared Spectroscopy

98 Appendix 1

Pollutant Time Weighted Average

Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other Areas

Sensitive Area

Method of Measurement

Ammonia (NH3) Annual Average * 24 hours Average**

100 µg / m3 400 µg / m3

100 µg / m3 400 µg / m3

Chemiluminiscence Indophenol blue method

Benzene (C6H6) Annual Average *

5 ng/ m3 5 ng/ m3 Gas Chromatography continuous analyzer Adsorption and desorption followed by GC analysis

Benzo(o)pyrene particulate phase only

Annual Average *

1 ng/ m3 1 ng/ m3 Solvent extraction followed by GC/HPLC analysis

Arsenic (As)

Annual Average *

6 ng/ m3 6 ng/ m3 AAS/ICP method after sampling using EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper

Nickel (Ni) Annual Average *

20 ng/ m3 20 ng/ m3 AAS/ICP method after sampling using EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper

(Source: Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi, Notification dated 18th November 2009) Notes: * Indicate Annual Arithmetic Mean of Minimum 104 measurement in a year measured twice a week, 24 hourly at uniform intervals ** 24 hourly / 8 hourly/1 hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time, it may exceed by not on two consecutive days

Standards for Diesel Generator Sets: Stack Height The minimum height of stack to be provided with each generator set can be worked out using the following formula: H = h+0.2x ÖKVA H = Total height of stack in metre h = Height of the building in metres where the generator set is installed KVA = Total generator capacity of the set in KVA Based on the above formula the minimum stack height to be provided with different range of generator sets may be categorised as follows: For Generator Sets Total Height of stack in metre 50 KVA Ht. of the building + 1.5 metre 50-100 KVA Ht. of the building + 2.0 metre 100-150 KVA Ht. of the building + 2.5 metre 150-200 KVA Ht. of the building + 3.0 metre 200-250 KVA Ht. of the building + 3.5 metre 250-300 KVA Ht. of the building + 3.5 metre Similarly for higher KVA ratings a stack height can be worked out using the above formula.

Noise Standards Noise limits for domestic appliances and construction equipments at the manufacturing stage in dB(A). Window air conditioners of 1 -1.5 tonne 68 Air coolers 60 Refrigerators 46 Diesel generator for domestic purposes 85 Compactors (rollers), front loaders, concentrate mixers, cranes (movable), vibrators and saws

75

Appendix 1 99

National Ambient Noise Standards The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000

Area Code

Category of Area Limit in dB(A) Leq* Day Time Night Time

A. Industrial area 75 70 B. Commercial area 65 55 C. Residential area 55 45 D. Silence zone 50 40

Note-1 Day time is reckoned in between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. Note-2 Night time is reckoned in between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. Note-3 Silence zone is an area comprising not less than 100 m around hospitals, educational institutions, courts, religious places or any other area which is declared as such by the competent authority Note-4 Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above mentioned categories by the competent authority. * dB(A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A which is relatable to human hearing. A ―decibel‖ is a unit in which noise is measured. ―A‖, in dB(A) Leq, denotes the frequency weighting in the measurement of noise and corresponds to frequency response characteristics of the human ear. Leq: It is an energy mean of the noise level over a specified period.

Appendix 2 100

APPENDIX 2 SUMMARY OF PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS – ENVIRONMENT

Issues discussed

Awareness and extent of the project and development components Benefits of Project for the economic and social Upliftment of Community Labour availability in the Project area or requirement of outside labour involvement Local disturbances due to Project Construction Work Necessity of tree felling etc. at project sites Water logging and drainage problem if any Drinking water problem Forest and sensitive area nearby the project site Movement of wild animal if any Other problems, encountered, if any

Area: WTP site and different water reservoir sites Date: 21st and 22nd December, 2010

Table: Issues of the Public Consultation Sr. No.

Key Issues/Demands Perception of community Action to be Taken

1 Awareness of the subproject including coverage area

No people of nearby area are not aware of the new project as water intake point and treatment plant is already working at Barari

2 In what way they may associate with the subproject

At the construction phase some people can work as labourers

3 Presence of any forest, wildlife or any sensitive / unique environmental components nearby the subproject area

It was reported by local people that there is existence of Dolphin area in River Ganges particularly near proposed intake site beside Vikramshila Setu. They requested for protection of Dolphin during construction

Issue on presence of Dolphin will be addressed in Environment Report

4 Presence of historical/cultural/ religious sites nearby

No any, only some temples are located in nearby village

5 Unfavourable climatic condition Summer is very hot - difficult to work during summer

6 Occurrence of flood No such case is reported

7 Drainage and sewerage problem facing

There is drainage problem during heavy rainfall.

8 Present drinking water problem – quantity and quality

Sufficient quantity of water is available in few of the areas. At rest of the area water supply systems not exist. Presence of Arsenic is reported in Bhagalpur

9 Present solid waste collection and disposal problem

Frequency for collection of solid waste is not sufficient

10 Availability of labour during construction time

Yes, labours are easily available in the nearby villages

11 Access road to subproject site Yes. Bitumen road ex isting near project site

12 Perception of locals on tree felling and afforestation

Not required for the project. If required in WTP site proper compensation is needed

Plantation of 3 trees against each cut will be considered as per EMP

Appendix 2 101

13 Dust and noise pollution and disturbances during construction work

Request for arresting of dust and protection of habitation from noise pollution

Protection will be considered as per project EMP

14 Setting up worker camp site within the village/project locality

Project area is having sufficient space for workers camp. Local residents will help to find out suitable location

15 Safety of residents during construction phase and plying of vehicle for construction activities

No habitation near the project area particularly intake site and water treatment plant. But near overhead storage reservoir sites habitation exist

Health and safety issues will be take into consideration during construction

16 Conflict among beneficiaries down stream users – water supply project using of river water

River water is sufficient for intake no conflict arise

17 Requirement of enhancement of other facilities

Requirement of improvement of drainage and sewerage project at Bhagalpur town

NAME AND POSITION OF PERSONS CONSULTED: Councillors and eminent citizens, Municipal Engineer and municipal staff were consulted for identification of suitable sites for WTP and OHSRs. Discussions were held with the following residents of Bhagalpur regarding suitability of selected sites for OHSRs and getting their views on environmental issues related to the project. Mr. Deepak Chowdhary, Ms. Savitri Devi, Mr. Shyam Prasad, Mohammad Iqram Ansari, Mohammad Iqbal Khaleel, Mohammad Soin Ansari, Ms. Krishna Devi, Mr. Lal Bahadur Singh, Ms. Beena Devi, Ms. Neelam Maithrani, Mr. Bulu Singh, Mr. Tilak, Ms. Anita Devi, Mr. Ajit Prasad Gupta, Mr. Shekhar Kumar Gupta. Summary of outcome: There are 2 intake points exist at Barari ghat. Dolphins are reported in the River Ganges. In overall people are facing problem in terms of quality and quantity of water. People expect much more from this subproject for future supply of good quality water from this project. No environmental issue may arise here for the subproject. People wish to work in the subproject and cooperate in all aspects. MINUTES OF STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP HELD AT BHAGALPUR UNIVERSITY ON MAY

12, 2011 The workshop began with a welcome address by the Municipal Commissioner, Bhagalpur, who welcomed all participants and explained the purpose of the workshop. The Vice-Chancellor, Bhagalpur University, Dr. K N Dubey welcomed everybody and Government of Bihar, Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation and ADB‘s initiative. The Mayor of Bhagalpur, Mrs. Bina Yadav addressed the house and highlighted the need for the project. This was followed by a presentation on the Bhagalpur Water Supply Project by the PPTA Team. Mr. S. Bhattacharya, Team Leader introduced the investment program and the proposed Bhagalpur Water Supply project. Mr. Parthajit Patra, Water Supply Specialist, PPTA Team explained the features of the proposed Bhagalpur Water Supply Project. Ms. Saswati Belliappa, Social Development Specialist, PPTA Team presented the findings of the social survey and the

102 Appendix 2

investment program social safeguards framework, impacts and social protection and mitigation measures. Dr. Ardhendu Mitra, Environmental Specialist, PPTA Team explained the investment program environmental safeguards framework, envisaged impacts and mitigation measures. Mr. Debashis Banerjee, citizen of Bhagalpur highlighted the need for dedicated power supply to achieve project objectives. He suggested that a study on sustainability of water source (river Ganges) needs to be conducted prior to investments being made. He also recommended a two-pipe system, one for drinking water and another for other domestic purposes, to ensure less use of treated water. Rainwater harvesting and recharge into river Ganges was also recommended. Mr. Lalan, who represented a local NGO raised the issue of water as a public good and whether it would be correct to tax it. He suggested that the environmental impacts need to be carefully estimated and mitigated, citing the example of Farakka Barrage. Water harvesting system was recommended along with recycling and reuse of toilet flush water. Mr. Hariram Chowdhury, Water Supply Engineer, Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation suggested that wind or solar energy should be utilized for power generation required for the scheme. Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Sinha, researcher at Bhagalpur University said that interception of sewage and not allowing untreated sewage into river Ganges would be important to ensure that there will be no pollution at the water intake point. He also said that the distribution system would need to be properly designed, considering undulating topography of the town. Mr. RK Mishra, citizen of Bhagalpur suggested that individual buildings would be given the responsibility for water harvesting, recycling and reuse. The meeting ended with a vote of thanks by Mr. S. Bhattacharya, Team Leader, PPTA Team.

List of Participants Name Designation/Organisation/Profession Category Dr. K N Dubey Vice Chancellor, TM Bhagalpur University Academician Ms. Bina Yadav Mayor, Bhagalpur Community leader/representative Mr. Virendra Kumar Commissioner, Bhagalpur Municipal Municipal official Corporation Mr. S. Bhattacharya Team Leader, PPTA Team Consultant Mr. J C Chowdhary Dean, Student Welfare, TM Bhagalpur Academician University R .K.Mishra Researcher General public M. Shuhal Councillor Elected representative Depak Rao Prabhat Khabar (Hindi daily) Media Rahul Ranjan Navbharat (Hindi daily) Media Maruti Kumari Researcher General public Amit Kumar Rashtriya Sahara Media Mary Subhasini Hansda Researcher General public Santosh Jha Saubhagya Mithila TV Channel, Bhopal Media Babu Lal Mahaldar Councillor Elected representative M. Shakil Councillor Elected representative Gita Devi Councillor Elected representative Jeevan Das Councillor Elected representative Sanjay Kumar Trader General public Ashok Dainik Jagran Media Dilip Jha Unian Andolan Samiti Bihar-Jharkhand NGO Tarun Kumar Hindustan Media

Appendix 2 103

Name Designation/Organisation/Profession Category Anil Biswas Hindustan Times Media F. Yasmeen Councillor Elected representative Md. Soeen Ansari Councillor Elected representative Gazala Parveen Councilor Elected representative Sadanand Chorasiya Councillor Elected representative Ramashish Manda Councillor Elected representative Devashis Banerji Ex. Ward Councillor General Public Krishna Chandra Mishra Professor, TMB College, Bhagalpur Academician Hari Ram Choudhury Water Supply Engineer, Bhagalpur Mun. Corp Municipal official Uday Paridhi, Bhagalpur NGO Rafat Banoo Councillor Elected representative Md. Nayazi NA General public Nand Sharma Councillor Elected representative Md. Maraaj Councillor Elected representative Md. Ibrar Councillor Elected representative Usha Sinha Gram didi, Sikandarpur NGO Nushrat Jahan Hast Samagik Karyali NGO Rakesh Kumar Sinha Engineer, Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation Municipal Official Dr. A. K. Roy Professor, TM Bhagalpur University Academician Preety Shekhar NA General public Anju Devi Councillor Elected representative Mukesh Prashad Singh Councillor Elected representative Md. Fakhar Alam Councillor Elected representative Md. Iftakhar Ansari NA General public Santosh Kumar Thakur Lecturer, TM Bhagalpur University Academician Rakesh Kumar TM Bhagalpur University Researcher Sanjay Kumar Councillor Elected representative Haridham NA General public Manohar Rajvansi NA General public Shabnam Councillor Elected representative Zafar Councillor Elected representative Sanjay Kumar Hindustan Media Rupa Devi Student General public Gopal Sharma Councillor Elected representative A Ghosh NA General public Tapan Kumar Pal Councillor Elected representative Dr. Md. Shahab Ali Professor, TM Bhagalpur University Academician Dr. B. K. Singh Professor, TM Bhagalpur University Academician Dr. Arun K. Singh Professor, TM Bhagalpur University Academician Dr. Leela Chand Saha Professor, TM Bhagalpur University Academician Dr. K. K. Sinha Professor, TM Bhagalpur University Academician Dr. V. B.Lal Professor, TM Bhagalpur University Academician Lalan Councillor Elected representative Parthajit Patra Water Supply Specialist, PPTA Team Consultant Dr. Ardhendu Mitra Environmental Specialist, PPTA Team Consultant Saswati Ghosh Belliappa Social Development Specialist, PPTA Team Consultant PN Bhattacharjee Municipal Engineer, PPTA Team Consultant

104 Appendix 2

SAFEGUARDS DISCLOSURE WORKSHOP HELD AT BHAGALPUR MUNICIPAL CORPORATION ON MAY 12, 2011

The workshop began with a speech in Hindi by Dr. Ardhendu Mitra, Environmental Specialist and Ms. Saswati Belliappa, Social Development Specialist. An overview of the investment program, the proposed Bhagalpur Water Supply Subproject, Government and ADB policies, environmental and social safeguards frameworks of the investment program, potential environmental and social impacts, process of environmental impact assessment and resettlement plan preparation was given. Further, participants were briefed on how the investment program is designed to minimize adverse environmental and social impacts and the measures taken so far in screening of alternative sites and selection of those with least/no environmental and social issues. Hindi versions of summary EARF and resettlement framework were handed out to participants. Participants included municipal officials, affected persons, general public and NGOs. Ms. Naseem Banu, a vegetable vendor (who uses a basket) and Mr. Nirmal Kumar, hawker of ceramic ware (who uses a push-cart) who operate on DN Singh Road, Bhagalpur expressed the need to lay pipelines only during non-peak seasons (i.e. avoiding the festival seasons for construction as maximum sales are during such periods). This was taken note of by the PPTA Team for incorporation in the resettlement plan. Municipal officials present expressed their willingness to adopt the investment program environmental and social frameworks for the project. However, they expressed the need for support from the Consultants‘ team in obtaining formal consent from affected persons in the format required by ADB. It was advised by the PPTA Team that while for the time being, they could take a NOC from affected persons, ultimately, they would need to enter into formal agreements with each affected entity. Municipal officials also expressed the need for training on safeguards issues. It was explained that the projects consultants at implementation stage would undertake such training and that it was a defined part of their work. The affected schools wanted to further discuss impacts, implications and mitigation measures. The process of project planning and resettlement planning with reference to specific impacts on the schools were explained. It was also explained that the school/its parent Department would need to formally transfer the required land to Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation to construct the OHSR. Ms. Nilima Kumari who represented the affected Government Primary School, Kalabganj explained that while the school had no objection to construction of an OHSR in its compound, the management was concerned about its exact location. She expressed that the school had a view/preference regarding its exact location. The PPTA Team took note of this suggestion; adequacy (in terms of size) of the proposed/preferred location would need to be confirmed during survey of the site (at DPR stage). The PPTA Team also explained that a one-room kutcha structure in the school compound may need to be taken down and rebuilt post OHSR construction. Ms. Sarita Kumari who represented the Rajakiya Balak Madhya Vidyalaya, Barari expressed her apprehension about loss of playground space for the students. The footprint of the OHSR was discussed and Ms. Sarita expressed the management‘s view that the school had no objection to construction of the OHSR within its compound. The schools welcomed the mitigation measures proposed:

Appendix 2 105

(i) The representative of the Primary School, Kalabganj explained that there are two existing toilets in not very good state of repair and that funds for construction of two additional toilets have been received from Government of Bihar. There is a need to provide water connections to the toilets and repair the old toilets.

(ii) Ms. Sarita Kumari of the boys‘ school in Barari explained that the school needs toilet facilities urgently. Though there are two toilets, these are used by the teachers, while the children use the open fields around the school. There is an urgent need for toilet facilities for the children.

Stakeholders arrived at a broad consensus on the proposed Bhagalpur water supply project; welcomed the project and expressed willingness to participate in the same. The meeting ended with a vote of thanks to all participants.

List of Participants

S. K. Pandey General Public Sanjeev Kumar Sinha General Public Virendra Kumar Municipal Commissioner, Bhagalpur Hari Ram Chowdhary Water Supply Engineer, Bhagalpur Municipal Corportation Ravi Shankar Nav Manas Kalyan Samiti (NGO) Praveer Paridhi – NGO Ms. Sarita Kumari Identified affected person (Rajakiya Balak Madhya Vidyalaya, Barari) Ms. Nilma Kumari Identified affected person (Primary School, Kalabganj) Mr. Naseem Banu Hawker Mr. Nirmal Kumar Hawker B. N. Kumar General Public Ms. Alona Kumari General Public Mr. Suniel K. Choudhary General Public Ms. Shahida General Public Mr. Shakil Ahmed General Public

Appendix 3 106

APPENDIX 3 SAMPLE GRIEVANCE REGISTRATION FORM

(To be available in Hindi, and Other Local Language, if any) The _____________________________________Project welcomes complaints, suggestions, queries and comments regarding project implementation. We encourage persons with grievance to provide their name and contact information to enable us to get in touch with you for clarification and feedback. Should you choose to include your personal details but want that information to remain confidential, please inform us by writing/typing *(CONFIDENTIAL)* above your name. Thank you. Date Place of registration

Contact Information/Personal Details Name: Gender: __Male ___ Female Age: Home Address Village / Town District Phone no. E-mail Complaint/Suggestion/Comment/Question Please provide the details (who, what, where and how) of your grievance below: If included as attachment/note/letter, please tick here: ___ How do you want us to reach you for feedback or update on your comment/grievance?

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Registered by: (Name of Official registering grievance) Verified thru:

___ Note/Letter

___ E-mail

___ Verbal/Telephonic

Reviewed by: (Names/Positions of Official(s) reviewing grievance) Action Taken: Whether Action Taken Disclosed:

____ Yes

___ No

Means of Disclosure:

107 Appendix 4

APPENDIX 4 RECOMMENDED CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTORS CONTRACT CLAUSES

A. Sources of Materials

(i) Use quarry sites and sources permitted by government; (ii) Verify suitability of all material sources and obtain approval of SIPMIU and DSC; (iii) If additional quarries will be required after construction has started, obtain written

approval from SIPMIU; and; (iv) Submit to DSC on a monthly basis documentation of sources of materials.

B. Air Quality

(i) Consult with DSC on the designated areas for stockpiling of clay, soils, gravel, and other construction materials;

(ii) Damp down exposed soil and any stockpiled on site by spraying with water when necessary during dry weather;

(iii) Use tarpaulins to cover sand and other loose material when transported by trucks;

(iv) Carry out air quality monitoring as per EMP; and (v) Fit all heavy equipment and machinery with air pollution control devices which

are operating correctly. C. Surface Water Quality

(i) Avoid stockpiling of earth fill especially during the monsoon season unless covered by tarpaulins or plastic sheets;

(ii) Prioritize re-use of excess spoils and materials in the construction works. If spoils will be disposed, consult with PMU/PIU/DSC on designated disposal areas;

(iii) Install temporary silt traps or sedimentation basins along the drainage leading to the water bodies;

(iv) Place storage areas for fuels and lubricants away from any drainage leading to water bodies;

(v) Dispose any wastes generated by construction activities in designated sites; and (vi) Conduct surface quality inspection according to the Environmental Management

Plan (EMP). D. Noise Levels

(i) Plan activities in consultation with PMU/PIU/DSC so that activities with the greatest potential to generate noise are conducted during periods of the day which will result in least disturbance;

(ii) Require horns not be used unless it is necessary to warn other road users or animals of the vehicle‘s approach;

(iii) Minimize noise from construction equipment by using vehicle silencers, fitting jackhammers with noise-reducing mufflers, and portable street barriers the sound impact to surrounding sensitive receptor;

(iv) Measurement of noise level at construction site as per EMP, and (v) Maintain maximum sound levels not exceeding 80 decibels (dbA) when

measured at a distance of 10 m or more from the vehicle/s.

108 Appendix 4

E. Existing Infrastructure and Facilities

(i) Obtain from PMU/PIU/DSC the list of affected utilities and operators; (ii) Prepare a contingency plan to include actions to be done in case of unintentional

interruption of services F. Accessibility

(i) Plan transportation routes so that heavy vehicles do not use narrow local roads, except in the immediate vicinity of delivery sites;

(ii) Schedule transport and hauling activities during non-peak hours; (iii) Locate entry and exit points in areas where there is low potential for traffic

congestion; (iv) Keep the site free from all unnecessary obstructions; (v) Drive vehicles in a considerate manner; (vi) Coordinate with Traffic Police/ concerned department for temporary road

diversions and with for provision of traffic aids if transportation activities cannot be avoided during peak hours; and

(vii) Notify affected sensitive receptors by providing sign boards informing nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints.

(viii) Avoid full closure of roads G. Landscape and Aesthetics

(i) Prepare and implement Waste Management List; (ii) Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the sites; (iii) Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse,

recycling and disposal to designated areas; (iv) Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings,

shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; and (v) Request PMU/PIU/DSC to report in writing that the necessary environmental

restoration work has been adequately performed before acceptance of work.

H. Socio-Economic – Income

(i) Leave spaces for access between mounds of soil; (ii) Provide walkways and metal sheets where required to maintain access for

people and vehicles; (iii) Increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship,

business establishment, hospitals, and schools; (iv) Consult businesses and institutions regarding operating hours and factoring this

in work schedules; and (v) Provide sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction

works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints. I. Socio-Economic – Employment

(i) Employ at least 50% of the labour force, or to the maximum extent, local persons within the 2-km immediate area if manpower is available; and

(ii) Secure construction materials from local market.

Appendix 4 109

J. Occupational Health and Safety

(i) Develop and implement site-specific health and safety plan which will include measures such as: (a) excluding public from the site; (b) ensuring all workers are provided with and use Personal Protective Equipment; (c) health and safety Training for all site personnel; (d) documented procedures to be followed for all site activities; and (e) documentation of work-related accidents;

(ii) Ensure that qualified first-aid can be provided at all times. Equipped first-aid stations shall be easily accessible throughout the site;

(iii) Provide medical insurance coverage for workers; (iv) Secure all installations from unauthorized intrusion and accident risks; (v) Provide supplies of potable drinking water; (vi) (vi)Provide clean eating areas where workers are not exposed to hazardous or

noxious substances; (vii) Provide health and safety orientation training to all new workers to ensure that

they are apprised of the basic site rules of work at the site, personal protective protection, and preventing injuring to fellow workers;

(viii) Provide visitor orientation if visitors to the site can gain access to areas where hazardous conditions or substances may be present. Ensure also that visitor/s do not enter hazard areas unescorted;

(ix) Ensure the visibility of workers through their use of high visibility vests when working in or walking through heavy equipment operating areas;

(x) Ensure moving equipment is outfitted with audible back-up alarms; (xi) Mark and provide sign boards for hazardous areas such as energized electrical

devices and lines, service rooms housing high voltage equipment, and areas for storage and disposal. Signage shall be in accordance with international standards and be well known to, and easily understood by workers, visitors, and the general public as appropriate; and

(xii) Disallow worker exposure to noise level greater than 85 dBA for a duration of more than 8 hours per day without hearing protection. The use of hearing protection shall be enforced actively.

K. Community Health and Safety

(i) Plan routes to avoid times of peak-pedestrian activities. (ii) Liaise with PMU/PIU/DSC in identifying high-risk areas on route cards/maps. (iii) Maintain regularly the vehicles and use of manufacturer-approved parts to

minimize potentially serious accidents caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure.

(iv) Provide road signs and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions. (v) Provide protective fencing around open trenches, and cover any open trench with

metal planks during non-construction hours. L. Work Camps

(i) Consult with PMU/PIU/DSC before locating project offices, sheds, and construction plants;

(ii) Minimize removal of vegetation and disallow cutting of trees; (iii) Provide water and sanitation facilities for employees; (iv) Prohibit employees from poaching wildlife and cutting of trees for firewood;

110 Appendix 4

(v) Train employees in the storage and handling of materials which can potentially cause soil contamination;

(vi) Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the site; (vii) Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse,

recycling and disposal to designated areas; (viii) Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings,

shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; and (ix) Request PMU/PIU/DSC to report in writing that the camp has been vacated and

restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of work. M. Social and Cultural Resources

(i) Strictly follow the protocol for chance finds of any historical remnants in any excavation work;

(ii) Request PMU/PIU/DSC or any authorized person with field training to observe excavation;

(iii) Stop work immediately to allow further investigation if any finds are suspected; and

(iv) (iv)Inform PMU/PIU/DSC if a find is suspected, and take any action they require ensuring its removal or protection in site.

111 Appendix 5

APPENDIX 5 BIODIVERSITY MONITORING COST- EXTERNAL MONITORING EXPERT/ AGENCY

Design and Construction Phase

Activity Frequency Rate Cost (INR) 1. Dolphin count survey Monthly @Rs.15000/ monthly

survey X 12 months = Rs.1, 80,000 X 2.5 yrs

4, 50,000

2. Survey for Fishery and prey base of dolphin

Monthly @Rs.7500/each month X 12 months = Rs.90,000 X 2.5 yrs.

2, 25,000

3. Other aquatic wildlife survey Quarterly @Rs.7000/each quarter X 4-quarter a year = Rs.28, 000 X 2.5 yrs.

70,000

4. Riparian vegetation survey Quarterly @Rs.7000/each quarter X 4-quarters a year = Rs.28, 000 X 2.5 yrs

70,000

5. Measurement of noise level/vibration near intake site

Weekly Lump sum throughout construction

1,00,000

6. Water quality analysis at river Ganges

Monthly @Rs.15000/ monthly survey X 12 months = Rs.1, 80,000 X 2.5 yrs

4, 50,000

7. Manpower- supervisor/ observer cost

Monthly @ Rs. 25,000/ per month X 12 months= Rs 3,00,000 X 2.5 yrs

7,50,000

Total 21,15,000 Operation Phase 1. Dolphin count survey Quarterly @Rs.15000/ quarterly

survey X 4 quarters = Rs.60, 000 X 2 yrs.

1,20,000

2. Dolphin behavior study including recording of vocalizations, migration and dispersal and breathing behavior

Quarterly Lump sum for each quarter – @ Rs 60,000/ X 8 quarters (2 yrs)*

4,80,000

2. Survey for Fishery and prey base of dolphin

Monthly @Rs.7500/each month X 12 months = Rs.90,000 X 2 yrs.

1,80,000

3. Other aquatic wildlife survey Quarterly @Rs.7000/each quarter X 4 quarters a year = Rs.28, 000 X 2 yrs.

56,000

4. Riparian vegetation survey Quarterly Rs.7000/each quarter X 4-quarters a year = Rs.28, 000 X 2 yrs.

56,000

5. Water quality analysis Monthly @Rs @Rs.15000/ monthly survey X 12 months = Rs.1, 80,000 X 2-yrs

3,60,000

Total 12,52,000 Cetacean Expert Cost Monthly for

report generation

@ Rs 50,000/ per month for 2.5 yrs. i.e. 30 months out of 54 months

15,00,000

Grand Total – Rupees forty eight lakh sixty seven thousand only 48,67,000 *It will need collaboration between local consultant team and cetacean expert

Appendix 6 112

APPENDIX 6 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING FORMAT

A. Work Details

Table A6.1: Work Details and Risks Locations Subprojects

Components (Package No.)

Name of the contractor

Listing of works under the package

Starting Date (land clearance) and schedule date of completion

What type of works continued at present

Progress Percentage

Expected changes from approved scope

Fulfilment of objectives- Type of remedial measures needed

Key assumptions and risks that affect attainment of the objectives

B. Implementation of Environmental Management Plan

Table A6.2: Status of Environment, Forest and Other Clearances City/ Town Work (Package

No.)

Applicable Legislation/ Type of clearance

Clearance given by and date Subject/ Issue Remarks/ Action needed

Table A6.3: Compliance with Environmental Management Plan

Description of Impact

Mitigation measures Proposed

Implementation status

Detail/ Remarks on implementation

Monitoring methods and frequency

Monitoring conducted by

Monitoring Remarks (Excellent/Satisfactory/Partially Satisfactory/Below Satisfaction/Poor/Very Poor)

Remarks and actions taken to improve implementation

Pre- Construction

Construction Operation (Defect Liability Period)

Table A6.4: Measurement of Pollutants

Components Package/ Location

Period of monitoring

Parameters/Pollutants Standard Base line status

Monitoring result during project Implementation

Remarks

Noise Air Quality Water Quality Soil Quality Process Generated Sludge