draft strategy 01.22.18 - california...jan 22, 2018 · please send comments, edits, and questions...

CaliforniaOceanLitterPreventionStrategy:AddressingMarineDebrisfromSourcetoSea

REVISEDDRAFTJanuary22,2018

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**PLEASE NOTE** ThankyoufortakingthetimetoreviewthedraftCaliforniaOceanLitterPreventionStrategy:AddressingMarineDebrisfromSourcetoSea(Strategy).ThedraftStrategywasdevelopedbasedonawiderangeofstakeholderinputandidentifiesGoals,Objectives,andalistofActionItemsforstakeholderstocollaborativelyimplementtopreventandreduceoceanlitter;ithasbeenrevisedsignificantlybasedoninputreceivedduringthefirstpubliccommentperiod(SeptembertoOctober2017),andthesecondWorkshopthattookplaceinNovember2017.Pleasenotethatthisdocumentisnotmeanttobea“consensusdocument”(i.e.,noteveryorganizationwillagreewiththeinclusionofallActionItemsintheStrategy),butrather,ismeanttoprovideanopportunityandaframeworkformanydifferentorganizations,withdifferentmandates,tocontributetoaddressingtheproblemofoceanlitterinCaliforniaoverthenextsixyears.WeencouragereviewerstofocusonthoseActionItemsthatalignwithexistingorganizationalpriorities.Duringthispubliccommentperiod,wearesolicitingfeedbackonthefollowing:

1. ActionItemsign-ups:PleaseidentifyanyActionItemsthatyou(andyourorganization)areinterestedintakingaleadorpartnershiproleinimplementing.LeadOrganizationsarecommittedtoimplementinganActionItem,givenorganizationalandfundingconstraints;theywillserveasthepointofcontactforNOAAandOPCforprogressreportsandcheck-insthroughouttheStrategy’ssix-yeartimeframe,andwilltakealeadershiproleincommunicatingandcoordinatingwithothercollaborators/PartnerOrganizationsontheActionItem.PartnerOrganizationswillserveasupportingroleinimplementinganActionItem,incollaborationwithLeadandotherPartnerOrganizations.

a) ForthoseorganizationsthatarealreadylistednexttoActionItemsinthedraftStrategy,pleasereviewwhereyourorganizationislistedandlettheplanningteamknowifyouwouldlikeyourorganization’sstatustobechanged(i.e.,ifyouwouldliketobecomeaLeadOrganizationratherthanaPartnerOrganization,orviceversa,orifyouwouldliketoberemovedfromtheActionItementirely).

b) Note:Pleasebesuretospecifyhowyouwouldlikeyouroryourorganization’snametoappearintheStrategy.Additionally,pleasespecifywhofromyourorganizationshouldbeaddedtoourlistserv,sothatweknowwhotoreachouttowhenthetimecomestostartcontactingLeadandPartnerOrganizations.

2. OPCpriorities:PleasereviewandprovidecommentsonOPCprioritiesthatareoutlinedin

thisdraft.Inparticular,pleasepayattentiontotheproposedtimelinesassociatedwiththepriorities,andthefeasibilityofachievingtheprioritiesinthenextsixyears.

3. ActionItemlanguage:Ifyouwouldlikesignificantchangesmadetothelanguageof

specificActionItems,pleaseaccompanyyoursuggestededitswithjustifications.

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4. Strategyimplementationscheme:Doyouthinkthatconductingcheck-inseverysixmonthswillbetoofrequent,tooinfrequent?

Pleasesendcomments,edits,andquestionsregardingthedraftStrategytooceanlitterstrategy@resources.ca.govbyFriday,February23,2018.Whensendingyourcomments,pleaseincludeyourthoughtsontheabovefourquestions.WeanticipatethatafinaldraftoftheStrategywillbecirculatedearly-tomid-April.Thanksagainandwelookforwardtohearingfromyou.Sincerely,ThePlanningTeamAngelaHowe,SurfriderFoundationMihoLigare,CASeaGrantSherryLippiatt,NOAAMarineDebrisProgramEbenSchwartz,CACoastalCommissionNinaVenuti,CASeaGrantHollyWyer,OceanProtectionCouncil

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TABLEOFCONTENTS

EXECUTIVESUMMARY........................................................................................................................5

LISTOFACRONYMS............................................................................................................................7

GLOSSARYOFCOMMONLYUSEDTERMS..........................................................................................8

BACKGROUND.....................................................................................................................................9THEGLOBALPROBLEMOFOCEANLITTER.................................................................................................9OCEANLITTERANDWASTEGENERATIONINCALIFORNIA..........................................................................112008STRATEGY,ANIMPLEMENTATIONSTRATEGYFORTHECALIFORNIAOCEANPROTECTIONCOUNCILRESOLUTIONTOREDUCEANDPREVENTOCEANLITTER,UPDATE................................................................14

2018CALIFORNIAOCEANLITTERPREVENTIONSTRATEGY:ADDRESSINGMARINEDEBRISFROMSOURCETOSEA.................................................................................................................................172018STRATEGYUPDATEPROCESS.......................................................................................................17STRUCTUREOFDOCUMENT.................................................................................................................17SCOPEOFDOCUMENT........................................................................................................................19STRATEGYIMPLEMENTATION...............................................................................................................22

CALIFORNIAOCEANPROTECTIONCOUNCILPRIORITIESTOADDRESSOCEANLITTER...................23

STAKEHOLDERGOALS,OBJECTIVES,ANDACTIONITEMS...............................................................28

REFERENCES......................................................................................................................................39

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EXECUTIVESUMMARYOceanlitterisapervasiveproblematlocal,regional,andglobalscaleswithawiderangeofconsequencestohumanhealth,theenvironment,andtheeconomy.Immediate,collaborativeactiontoreduceandpreventoceanlitterwillensurethatCaliforniacommunities,environments,andeconomiesremainproductiveandvibrant.TheOceanProtectionCouncil(OPC)andtheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration’sMarineDebrisProgram(NOAAMDP)presentthisupdatetoOPC’s2008AnImplementationStrategyfortheCaliforniaOceanProtectionCouncilResolutiontoReduceandPreventOceanLitter.The2018CaliforniaOceanLitterPreventionStrategy:AddressingMarineDebrisfromSourcetoSea(Strategy)willprovidestructureandguidanceforCaliforniastakeholderstoefficientlyaddressthispressingissue.The2008Strategyservedasapowerfulandeffectivedocumenttopromoteactiononaddressingoceanlitter.Since2008,manyoftheactionsdescribedinthedocumenthaveeitherbeenaccomplishedorareinprogress.Forexample,thestatewideplasticbagbanwasratifiedbyvotersin2016,andtheStateWaterResourcesControlBoard’sTrashAmendmentswereadoptedin2015.WhilewehavemadegreatstridesinaddressingoceanlitterinCalifornia,ourunderstandingoftheissuehaschangedconsiderablyinthelastdecade.Forexample,theinvestigationofmicroplastics’presenceinaquaticecosystemsandimpactsonmarinelifehasincreaseddramaticallyoverthelasttenyears.This2018updateexpandsthepreviousStrategytoincludeprojectsofavarietyofscalesandscopessothatentitiesincludinggovernmentagencies,industry,academia,nonprofits,andtribescancollaborateonmeaningfulcontributionstoreducingoceanlitterinCalifornia.AwiderangeofstakeholderinputwasgatheredduringtwoWorkshopsandtworoundsofpubliccomment.TheresultingStrategyisorganizedintoGoals,Objectives,andspecificActionItems.ContributorstothisdocumentdevelopedActionItemsthatarepolitically,socially,andeconomicallyfeasibleforCaliforniatoaccomplishwithinthenextsixyears.TheStrategyprioritizessourcereductionGoalsandActionItems,asagenciesandexpertsagreethatsourcereductionisthemosteffectivetactictoaddressoceanlitter.MostActionItemsareaccompaniedbyalistofLeadand/orPartnerOrganizations.GiventhemanydynamicandinfluentialoceanlitterstakeholdersinCalifornia,theStrategyprovidesanopportunityfororganizationstotakealeadershiproleonActionItemsthatalignwiththeirrespectivegoalsandmandates.OPCandNOAAMDParecommittedtoprovidingoverallleadershipandcoordinationontrackingprogressonStrategyimplementation,facilitatingcommunicationbetweenpartnerorganizations,andsharingupdatesamonginterestedstakeholders.Throughouttheprocessofdevelopingthe2018Strategy,stakeholdersexpressedinterestinOPCarticulatingitsprioritiesforoceanlitter.OPC’sproposedprioritiestoaddressoceanlitterarelaidoutinthe“CaliforniaOceanProtectionCouncilPrioritiestoAddressOceanLitter”sectionoftheStrategy.ImplementationofOPCPrioritieswilloccuroverthenextsixyears,andstakeholders

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willreceiveupdatesonOPCstaff’sprogressonimplementingtheseprioritiesatleastannuallyaspartoftheCaliforniaOceanLitterStrategyimplementationprocess.OPC’sprioritiescanbedividedintothreebroadcategories,land-basedsourcesofoceanlitter,microplasticsandmicrofibers,andfishingandaquaculturegear.Insummary,thisdocumentprovidesaholistic,collaborativestrategyforaddressingoceanlitterinCalifornia,withafocusonreducingland-basedlitteratitssource.ItfocusesonhighimpactActionItemsthatentitiescancommittoworkingonoverthenextsixyears.ThedocumentprovidesbothguidanceandflexibilitysothatLeadandPartnerOrganizationscanworkcollaborativelytopursuefunding(whereneeded)andimplementtheseActionItems.PartnershipacrosssectorsisnecessarytoreduceandpreventoceanlitterandensureahealthycoastandoceanforcurrentandfuturegenerationsofCalifornians.

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LISTOFACRONYMSAB AssemblyBillACC AmericanChemistryCouncilBACWA BayAreaCleanWaterAgenciesBMP(s) BestManagementPractice(s)CalRecycle CaliforniaDepartmentofResourcesRecyclingandRecoveryCASA CaliforniaAssociationofSanitationAgenciesCDFW CaliforniaDepartmentofFishandWildlifeCSU CaliforniaStateUniversityCSUCI CaliforniaStateUniversity,ChannelIslandsCSULB CaliforniaStateUniversity,LongBeachDTSC CaliforniaDepartmentofToxicSubstancesControlEPA EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPR ExtendedProducerResponsibilityESRM EnvironmentalScienceandResourceManagementFGC CaliforniaFishandGameCommissionFTIR FourierTransformInfraredGPS GlobalPositioningSystemIGISc InstituteforGeographicInformationScienceNOAA NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationNOAAMDP NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationMarineDebrisProgramOPC CaliforniaOceanProtectionCouncilPRCC PlasticRecyclingCorporationofCaliforniaSB SenateBillSCAP SouthernCaliforniaAllianceofPubliclyOwnedTreatmentWorksSCCWRP SouthernCaliforniaCoastalWaterResearchProjectSDSU SanDiegoStateUniversitySFEI SanFranciscoEstuaryInstituteSFSU SanFranciscoStateUniversityUC UniversityofCaliforniaUNEP UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeWTO WorldTradeOrganization

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GLOSSARYOFCOMMONLYUSEDTERMSCommonOceanLitterItems:ItemsthataremostprevalentinoceanlitterfoundinoronCalifornia'swaterways,coastlines,orocean,asdefinedbyrelevantdatasets(e.g.,CoastalCleanupDaydata).Currently,basedonCoastalCleanupDaydata(CaliforniaCoastalCommission2017),commonoceanlitteritemsinCaliforniaareprimarilyplastic,single-useitems,itemswhichareconventionallydisposedofafteroneuseandpersistinaquaticenvironments.Land-BasedOceanLitter:Itemsthatbecamelitteronland(vialand-basedactivities)andsubsequentlyenteredtheaquaticenvironment.LeadOrganization:LeadorganizationsarecommittedtoimplementinganActionItem,givenorganizationalandfundingconstraints.LeadorganizationswillserveasthepointofcontactforNOAAandOPCforprogressreportsandcheck-insthroughouttheStrategy'ssix-yeartimeframe,andwilltakealeadershiproleincommunicatingandcoordinatingwithothercollaborators/partnerorganizationsontheActionItem.MarineDebris:anypersistentsolidmaterialthatismanufacturedorprocessedanddirectlyorindirectly,intentionallyorunintentionally,disposedoforabandonedintothemarineenvironmentortheGreatLakes(15C.F.R.Part909Section909.1).Ocean-BasedDebris:Litterorotherdebris(e.g.,lostfishinggear)thatenteredthemarineenvironmentviaactivitiesthatoccurredatsea.PartnerOrganization:PartnerorganizationswillserveasupportingroleinimplementinganActionItem,incollaborationwithLeadandotherPartnerOrganizations.

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BACKGROUNDTheGlobalProblemofOceanLitterOceanlitter,ormarinedebris,isapersistent,well-documentedproblemofglobalscale.Anthropogeniclitterhasbeenobservedonseafloorsandinsubmarinecanyons(Phametal.2014,Leeetal.2006),insediments(Claessensetal.2011,Mistrietal.2017),surfacewaters(Isobeetal.2017,Suariaetal.2016,Lawetal.2010),andthewatercolumn(Lattinetal.2004),andonbeachesandshorelinesworldwide(OceanConservancy2017,Browneetal.2011).Whiletherearemanywaystoclassifyoceanlitter,itiscommontocharacterizeitaseitherland-basedorocean-based,dependingonhowitentersthemarineenvironment(Galganietal.2015).Land-basedlittercanentertheoceanthroughpoororinefficientwastemanagementsystems,orintentionalorunintentionallitteringbyindividualsandindustries(UNEPandGRID-Arendal2016,Galganietal.2015).Furthermore,land-basedlittermaybedischargeddirectlyontocoastlines(throughcoastaltourismorrecreation,forinstance),oritmaymakeitswaytothemarineenvironmentthroughwatertreatmentsystems(especiallyinthecaseofmicroplastics),stormdrains,rivers,orbywind(UNEPandGRID-Arendal2016,Galganietal.2015,Rechetal.2014).Ocean-basedlitter,ontheotherhand,isgeneratedbytheintentionalorunintentionaldischargeofdebrisdirectlyintotheocean.Marineactivitiesthatgenerateocean-basedlitterincludecommercialshipping,recreationalandcommercialfishing,aquaculture,researchandmilitaryendeavors,andoffshoredrilling(UNEPandGRID-Arendal2016,Galganietal.2015).Themajorityofmarinedebriscomesfromland-basedsources,thoughocean-baseddebriscanbesignificantinsomeareas(e.g.,Jangetal.2014).Debrissourcesaredependentonnearbyhumanactivity(recreationalbeachuse,shipping,fishing),proximitytopopulationcenters,andtheefficiencyofwastemanagementsystems(Jambecketal.2015,UNEPandGRID-Arendal2016,Galganietal.2015).Whetherland-basedorocean-based,mostofthelitterfoundintheworld’soceansisplastic(Galganietal.2015,Derraik2002).Between1950and2015,6300millionmetrictonsofprimaryandsecondary(orrecycled)plasticwastewasproducedworldwide(Geyeretal.2017).Approximately12%ofthisplasticwastewasincinerated,and9%wasrecycled,while79%wasdiscardedandiscurrentlysittinginlandfillsortheenvironment(seeFig.1forhistoricalandprojectedlevelsofplasticwasteproductionanddisposal)(Geyeretal.2017).Currently,most(42%)oftheprimarynon-fiberplasticproducedcomesintheformofpackaging,mostofwhichisusedanddisposedofwithinthesameyearitisproduced(Geyeretal.2017).Globally,itisestimatedthatbetween4.8and12.7millionmetrictonsofplasticentertheoceanfromlandeveryyear(Jambecketal.2015).

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Fig.1.Historicalandprojectedglobalcumulativeplasticwastegenerationanddisposal(here,disposalreferstohowplasticwasteismanaged–eitherthroughincineration,recycling,ordiscardintolandfillsortheenvironment).Solidlinesshowhistoricaldatafrom1950to2015,dottedlinesshowprojectionsofhistoricaltrendsto2050.Itisestimatedthatby2050,26,000millionmetrictonsofprimaryplasticwastewillhavebeengenerated,9,000millionmetrictonsofplasticwastewillhavebeenrecycled,12,000millionmetrictonswillhavebeenincinerated,andanother12,000millionmetrictonswillhavebeendiscardedinlandfillsortheenvironment.FigurefromGeyeretal.2017.Oceanlitterhasdetrimentalecological,economic,andsocialimpacts.Marinespecies,includingseals,seabirds,seaturtles,whales,anddolphins,areentangledindebris,resultinginhinderedmovement,decreasedfeedingability,injury,anddeath(NOAAMDP2014,Kühnetal.2015).Marinedebrissmothersandshadescoralreefsandsaltmarshes,disruptinggrowthandsurfacecover(RichardsandBeger2011,UhrinandSchellinger2011).Fish(Boergeretal.2010),crustaceans(MurrayandCowie2011),shellfish(Browneetal.2008),andzooplankton(Coleetal.2013)ingestmicroplastics,andsomeoftheseorganismsconsumelessfoodandhavedecreasedenergyforgrowthasaresult(Wattsetal.2015,Coleetal.2013).Furthermore,microplasticsadsorborganiccontaminants(e.g.,polycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandpolychlorinatedbiphenyls)(Rochmanetal.2013a)andtracemetals(Holmesetal.2012)fromtheirsurroundingenvironments,and,dependingonconcentrationgradients,maytransfercontaminantstomarineorganisms,inducingharmfulhealtheffects(Browneetal.2013,Rochmanetal.2013b).Plasticshaverecentlybeenfoundinthedigestivetractsoffishandshellfishandthesofttissuesofshellfishsoldatmarketsforhumanconsumption(Rochmanetal.2015,Lietal.2015,VanCauwenbergheandJanssen2014).AservingofsixoystersgrownoffthecoastofFrancecouldcontainasmanyas50plasticparticles(VanCauwenbergheandJanssen2014),indicatingthatplasticlitterthatweproduceandallowtoleakintotheenvironmentmayendupbackonourplates.

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TheeconomicimpactsofoceanIitterincludecostsassociatedwithbeachandharborcleanup,lossofcoastaltourismandrecreation,impactstothefishingandaquacultureindustries–includingcostsassociatedwithrepairingdamagedvessels,repairingorreplacingfishinggearlostordamagedasaresultofencounteringmarinedebris,lossofcatchduetoghostfishing1orgearencounterswithmarinedebris,andlossofearningsduetotimespentdealingwithlitter–andotherimpactstohumanwelfareandecosystemservices(Newmanetal.2015).TheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP)estimatesthattheimpactsofplasticpollution,specifically,ontheworld’soceansamounttoabout$13billionayear,accountingfortimespentoncleanup,aswellasrevenuelostbythefisheriesandtourismsectors(UNEP2014).Ghostfishing,oneconsequenceoflostfishinggear,canbeextremelycostly–bothecologicallyandforthefishingindustry.Forexample,itisestimatedthateachyear,theapproximately145,000derelictbluecrabpotsinChesapeakeBaycatchmorethan6millionbluecrabs,killingover3.3millionofthem(4.5%ofthe73millionbluecrabsharvestedcommerciallyin2014)(Bilkovicetal.2016).Thesederelictpotsalsocatchapproximately3.5millionwhiteperchand3.6millionAtlanticcroakereveryyear(Bilkovicetal.2016).Theremovalof~44,000derelictpotsfromChesapeakeBayfrom2008to2014isestimatedtohaveincreasedbluecrabharvestsby38.17millionpounds,valuedat$33.5million,duetoimprovedefficiencyofactivecrabpots(Bilkovicetal.2016).Onaverage,removingonederelictpotincreasesbluecrabharvestby868pounds(Bilkovicetal.2016).Thesocialimpactsofoceanlitterincludelossofearningsforfishermenandaquaculturistsfromtimespentdealingwithgearorvesselentanglement,andboaterinjuryordeathfollowingvesselinteractionwithlargedebrisitems(Mouatetal.2010,Cho2005,Newmanetal.2015).Socialimpactsalsoincludereductionsinecosystemservicesprovidedbymarineandcoastalenvironments,suchaspsychologicalbenefitsgainedfromcoastalrecreation(Wylesetal.2016)andseafoodproduction(e.g.,lossofcatch(e.g.,Bilkovicetal.2016)).Potentialhumanhealtheffectsfromingestionofmicroplasticsthroughseafoodarelargelyunknown,thoughresearchfromotherfields,suchaspharmaceuticaldelivery,suggeststhatmicro-andnano-plasticshavethepotentialtoenter,circulate,andbioaccumulatewithinthebodyafterbeingingested(Galloway2015).Theextentandimpactofhumanexposuretocontaminantsandadditivesthroughingestionofmicroplasticsinseafoodisalsolargelyunknown,thoughitisthoughttobelowincomparisontootherpathwaysofdietaryintake(Lusheretal.2017).OceanLitterandWasteGenerationinCaliforniaOceanlitterisprevalentinCaliforniawatershedsandoceanwaters.Forexample,78%ofSouthernCaliforniarivermiles2andaboutonethirdofseafloorsandseafloorsedimentsintheSouthernCaliforniaBightcontaintrash(Mooreetal.2016).PlasticisthemostprevalenttypeofdebrisfoundacrossallhabitatsintheSouthernCaliforniaBight,withwrappers,bags,plastic

1Ghostfishingisthecontinuedcatchofmarinespeciesbylostordiscardedgear.2Arivermileisameasureofdistanceinmilesfromthemouthofacreekorriver.

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pieces,andStyrofoambeingthemostcommonlyfoundplasticitems(Mooreetal.2016).Seventy-threewaterbodiesthroughouttheStateofCaliforniaarelistedashavingimpairedwaterqualityduetothepresenceoflargeamountsoftrash(StateWaterBoard2015).TheCaliforniacoastandoceanarealsoimpactedbylostfishinggear.BetweenMay2006andNovember2012,theCaliforniaLostFishingGearRecoveryProjectretrievedmorethan60tonsofgearfromCalifornia’scoastalocean,andcollectedmorethan1,400poundsofrecreationalgearfrompublicfishingpiersfromSantaCruztoImperialBeach(SeaDocSociety2017).From2001to2006,31.1%ofthereportedcasesofinjuredCaliforniabrownpelicansatfiveCaliforniawildliferehabilitationcenterswerefishinggear-related,while11.1%ofinjuredgullcasesand2.9%ofinjuredCaliforniasealioncaseswerefishinggear-related(KaplanDauetal.2009).In2016,Californiageneratedapproximately76.5milliontonsofwaste,35.2milliontons(~46%)ofwhichweredisposedinlandfills,andanother7.5milliontons(~10%)ofwhichwenttodisposal-relatedactivitiessuchasbeneficialreuseatsolidwastelandfillsandwastetoenergyconversion(CalRecycle2017b).ThismeansthatCaliforniahadadisposalrateof6.0poundsoftrashperresidentperdayin2016(CalRecycle2017b).Roughly24.5milliontons(~32%)ofthetotaltrashproducedin2016weredivertedthroughsourcereductionandrecycling,andanother9.2milliontons(~12%)weredivertedthroughcompostingandmulching(CalRecycle2017b).Overall,about56%ofCalifornia’swastewenttodisposalordisposal-relatedactivitiesandabout44%wasdivertedthroughsourcereduction,recycling,andcompostingin2016(CalRecycle2017b).Thoughdiversionhascomealongwayin20years,overthelastthreeyears,California’ssourcereduction,composting,andrecyclingratehasdeclined,from50%in2014,to47%in2015,andnowto44%in2016(CalRecycle2017b)(seeFig.2forstatewidedisposalandrecyclingfrom2010to2016).ThroughAB341,Californiahasdeclaredagoalthatby2020,75%ofthesolidwastegeneratedinthestateshouldbesourcereduced,recycled,orcomposted(ascomparedto1990-2010wastegenerationlevels3).Thistranslatestoareductioninpercapitadisposalfromthecurrent6.0poundsperpersonperdayto2.7poundsperpersonperdayin2020(CalRecycle2017b).

3AB341requiresthat1990-2010wastegenerationlevels(10.7poundsperpersonperday)beusedasbaselinedata.TheamountoftotalwastegeneratedinCaliforniainayearisestimatedbymultiplyingtheState’spopulationinthatyearbythe1990-2010perpersonbaseline.Sourcereductionisalsocalculatedusingthesebaselinedata.

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Fig.2.AmountofwastedisposedandrecycledinCalifornia,from2010to2016.Includedinthisfigureareestimatesoftheamountofwastedisposedinlandfills,theamountofwastemanagedthroughdisposal-relatedactivities,andtheamountofwasterecycled(whichincludessourcereduction,recycling,andcomposting)everyyearinmillionsoftons(leftaxis).Alsoshownistheperresidentdisposalrate(poundsperresidentperday)foreachyear(rightaxis).FigureadaptedfromCalRecycle’swebpage“California’sStatewideRecyclingRate”(CalRecycle2017a).Californiacurrentlyestimatestheamountofwastethatissourcereducedandrecycledbysubtractingthequantitiesofwastedisposedinlandfillsandthroughotherdisposal-relatedactivities,andthequantitiesofwastethatismanagedthroughcompostingandmulching,fromtheestimatedtotalamountofwastegeneratedintheState(CalRecycle2017b).Thismethodofcalculationassumesthatallwastethatisnotdisposedissource-reducedorrecycled(CalRecycle2017b).ThereiscurrentlynowaytoknowhowmuchofCalifornia’swasteendsupintheenvironmentandbecomesmarinedebriseveryyear.However,Jambecketal.(2015)estimatedthatin2010,theUnitedStateshad0.25-1millionmetrictonsofmismanagedplasticwasteavailabletoentertheoceans,basedonwastegeneratedbypopulationswithin50kmofthecoast.OceanlittercostsCaliforniansmoney.Californiacommunitiesspendmorethan$428millionannuallytocleanupandcontroloceanlitterthroughwaterwayandbeachcleanup,streetsweeping,installationofstormwatercapturedevices,stormdraincleaningandmaintenance,manuallittercleanup,andpubliceducation(Stickeletal.2013).FromJuly2012toJune2016,Adopt-A-Highwayparticipantsremovedover77,000cubicyardsoflitterthatmayhaveotherwiseendedupintheocean,aservicevaluedat$18millionannually(Caltrans2017).OrangeCounty,Californiaresidentsgooutoftheirwaytoavoidtrash-litteredbeaches,spendingextratimeandmoneyinordertovisitacleanerbeachorengageinotherrecreationalactivities;itisestimatedthatremoving100%ofthemarinedebrisonOrangeCountybeachescouldsaveCaliforniaresidents$148millionduringthethreemonthsofsummer(Leggettetal.2014).There

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arenoknownestimatesofthecostsofoceanlittertoCalifornia’stourism,fishing,oraquacultureindustries.2008Strategy,AnImplementationStrategyfortheCaliforniaOceanProtectionCouncilResolutiontoReduceandPreventOceanLitter,UpdateRecognizingtheseriousthreatsofoceanlittertocommunities,theeconomy,andtheenvironment,andtheimmediateneedfordecisiveactioninCalifornia,theCaliforniaOceanProtectionCouncil(OPC)adoptedaresolutionon“ReducingandPreventingMarineDebris”in2007.In2008,theOPCinitiatedasteeringcommitteetopublishanImplementationStrategy,whichoutlinedthreePriorityActionsand13otherActionsforaddressingmarinedebrisintheState.ThisStrategywasdesignedtoprovideapathwaytoimplementtherecommendationsintheOPCResolution.ThethreePriorityActionswereasfollows:

1. Implementaproducertake-back(EPR)programforconveniencefoodpackaging.2. Prohibitsingle-useproductsthatposesignificantoceanlitterimpactswhereafeasible

lessdamagingalternativeisavailable.Productsspecificallycalledoutincludedpolystyrenefoodpackingandplasticbags.

3. Assessfeesoncommonlylittereditems.

SincetheoriginalStrategywasdeveloped,manyoftheactionsdescribedinthedocumenthaveeitherbeenaccomplishedorareinprogress(seetheboxbelowtitled“StatusofActionsinthe2008OPCStrategytoReduceandPreventOceanLitter”).Insomecases,theState’sregulatoryoragencylandscapehaschanged.Forexample,someitemsthatwerelistedoutseparatelyintheStrategyarenowbeingaddressedunderasingleprogram,buttheremaybeelementsofthoseitemsthatstillneedtobeaddressed.Forinstance,separateactionsfocusedonminimizingtoxicsinpackaginganddevelopingsustainablealternativesarenowjointlyaddressedbytheCaliforniaDepartmentofToxicSubstancesControl’s(DTSC’s)SaferConsumerProductsProgram,whichistaskedwithexaminingproduct-chemicalcombinationsthatmayhavenegativeimpactsonhumanhealthandtheenvironment,andrequiringthatmanufacturersofpriorityproductsperformanalternativesanalysistodeterminewhethersuchproductscanbemadewithoutthechemicalofconcern(DTSC2013).Inothercases,ourunderstandingoftheoceanlitterproblemhaschangedconsiderablysince2008.Forexample,theexaminationofmicroplastics’impactsonmarinelifeandtheirinteractionwithpersistentorganicpollutantshasincreaseddramaticallyoverthelastdecade(Ryan2015).Thus,someoftheactionsthatwereoutlinedinthe2008Strategymaynotcoverissuesofemergingconcern(suchasmicroplasticsandmicrofibers)ormaynolongerbethebestwaytogoaboutaddressingoceanlitter.The2018StrategyaimstoreexaminetheissueofoceanlitterinCalifornia,andoutlineactionitemsforpreventingandreducingmarinedebrisoverthenextsixyears,inlightoftheneedsthathavebeenidentified,theknowledgethathasbeengained,andtheadvancesthathavebeenmadeoverthelastdecade.

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StatusofActionsinthe2008OPCStrategytoReduceandPreventOceanLitterBelowisabriefsummaryoftheprogressthathasbeenmadeontheActionItemsincludedinthe2008Strategy.SomeoftheseActionItemswerewritteninanopen-endedorongoingway.Thismakesitsomewhatdifficulttodeterminewhetheranactionis“complete.”SeetheCommentscolumnformoredetailonthestatusofeachAction.

StrategyAction Update CommentsPriorityAction1:Implementaproducertake-back(EPR)programforconveniencefoodpackaging.

InProgress CalRecycleisdevelopingacomprehensive,statewideframeworkformanagingallpackagingthatprovidesflexibilitytoapplydifferentpolicytools.Extendedproducerresponsibilityisoneofthosepolicytools.

PriorityAction2:ProhibitSingle-UseProductsthatposesignificantoceanlitterimpactswhereafeasiblelessdamagingalternativeisavailable.

Seebelowundereachaction

Seebelowundereachaction

• Polystyrenefoodpackagingprohibition

InProgress Localpolystyrenebanshavepassed,butastatewidebanhasnot.

• PlasticBagFee Complete ThevotersratifiedthestatewidebagbaninNovember2016.

PriorityAction3:Assessfeesoncommonlylittereditems

InProgress Localjurisdictionshavepassedlitterfees,butthishasnotbeenimplementedonastatewidelevel.

MinimizeToxicsinPackaging:Determinewhichplasticadditivesthreatenhumanhealthandthemarineenvironment,educatethepublic,andprepareaplanforapossibleprohibition.

InProgress;butcontinuingopportunitiesforfurtheractionorprojects

InitialOPC-fundedprojectiscomplete.DTSCnowhasaSaferConsumerProductsprogramthatexaminesproduct-chemicalcombinationsthatmayimpacthumanhealthortheenvironment.

DevelopAlternativeProductsandPromoteSustainableAlternatives

InProgress ThisactioniscurrentlypartoftheSaferConsumerProductsProgram.Theregulationsrequirethatmanufacturersperformanalternativesanalysistodeterminewhethertheycouldmaketheirproductwithoutthechemicalofconcern.

IncreaseEnforcementofPre-ProductionPlasticLaws

Complete TheWaterBoardhastrainedtheirenforcementstaffandindustrialpermitstaffonhowtocorrectlyimplementthelawbanningreleaseofpre-productionplasticpellets.

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StrategyAction Update CommentsIncreaseEnforcementofAnti-LitterLaws

InProgress Thisisanongoingactivity.Somelocaljurisdictionshaveincreasedlitterfinesinproblemareas(likemainbeachinSantaCruz).

PublicEducation:Coordinateaneducationandoutreachcampaign

Complete TheOPChaspartneredwithNOAAontheThankYouOceancampaign,whichincludesalotofpublicoutreachonmarinedebris.

PublicEducation:DirectstatefundsforlittereducationtotheEnvironmentalEducationInitiative

Incomplete Thisremainsincomplete,theEnvironmentEducationInitiativeprovidesmodelcurriculumtoteachersonenvironmentalissues.

EngagingthePublic:DevelopanoceanlitterdatacardtobeusedbyAdopt-A-BeachVolunteersthroughtheyear,andanonlinedatabasetohousedata.

Complete TheWestCoastMarineDebrisPartnershiphasdevelopedastandardizeddatacardanddatabaseforbeachcleanupefforts.

EngagingthePublic:DevelopanAdopt-A-BeachAdvisoryCommitteeandworkwithlocalbeachmanagerstoprovidenecessarysupportforAdopt-A-Beachefforts.

Complete TheAdopt-A-Beachprogramissupportedandorganizedonacounty-by-countybasis.(YoucanfindmoreinformationontheCoastalCommissionwebsite).

Ensuremunicipalitiespreventlitterfromenteringthestormdrainsystem

Complete,butcontinuingopportunitiesforactionswithimplementation.

Thisactionwascompletedthroughadoptionofthestatewidetrashpolicy;wearenowintheprocessofimplementingthepolicy.

Increaselostfishinggearcleanupbycreatingadepositprogramonfishinggear,andconductoutreachtothefishingcommunityandpublicizeSeaDocSociety’shotline

Complete,butcontinuingopportunitiesforfurtheractionorprojects

Legislativeactionhascreatedaprogramthatrequiresownerstopayforlostgearforsomefisheries.TheOPChasfundedtheSeaDocSocietytoperformcleanupsoffishinggearoffthecoast,andtheirhotlineisavailabletoreportlostgear.

WorkwiththeWestCoastGovernor’sAgreementparticipantsandinvitetheparticipationofAlaska,Hawaii,BritishColumbia,BajaCalifornia,andBajaCaliforniaSur

Complete ThisactionevolvedintoanActionTeamundertheWestCoastGovernor’sagreement,andnowintotheWestCoastMarineDebrisPartnership,whichincludesBritishColumbia.

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2018CALIFORNIAOCEANLITTERPREVENTIONSTRATEGY:ADDRESSINGMARINEDEBRISFROMSOURCETOSEA2018StrategyUpdateProcessIn2016,theOceanProtectionCouncilandtheNOAAMarineDebrisPrograminitiatedapartnershipwithCaliforniaSeaGranttoupdatethe2008Strategy.The2018StrategyplanningteamwasroundedoutwiththeparticipationoftheCaliforniaCoastalCommissionandSurfriderFoundation.Representativesfromorganizationsactiveinconservation,research,wastereduction,andeducation,aswellasindustry,tribes,localgovernment,andStateandFederalagencieswereinvitedtoparticipateintwoWorkshopsin2017aimedatgeneratingactionitemsthatwouldhelpsolvetheproblemofoceanlitterinCalifornia.AlloftheideasincludedinthisStrategydocumentwereidentifiedbyWorkshopparticipants.ThefirstofthetwoWorkshops,heldinMay2017inOakland,California,allowedparticipantstobrainstormanddiscusspotentialsolutionstothepresenceof(andproblemsassociatedwith)oceanlitterinCalifornia.Onehundredandforty-eightactionitemstoreduceandpreventoceanlitterwereidentifiedduringthisWorkshop.FollowingthefirstWorkshop,duplicativeandsimilarideasgeneratedbytheparticipantswerecondensedandorganizedintoadraftStrategybytheplanningteam,whichwasthencirculatedamongtheWorkshopparticipantsandpostedonOPC’swebsiteforpublicreviewandcomment.ThesecondofthetwoWorkshops,heldinNovember2017inLaJolla,California,allowedforfurtherdiscussionandrefinementoftheStrategy’sActionItems,andgaveorganizationstheopportunitytocommittotakingaroleinimplementingproposedactions.EachWorkshopwasattendedbyapproximately50participants.SeeOPC’swebsiteforlinkstomaterialsfromthetwoWorkshops(agendas,participantlists)andacompletelistofideasforactionitemsgeneratedbyWorkshop#1participants.FollowingthesecondWorkshop,theplanningteamrevisedtheStrategy,andthenposteditonOPC’swebsiteandcirculatedittoWorkshopparticipantsforasecondroundofpubliccomment(JanuarytoFebruary2018).FinalrevisionstotheStrategyweremadebasedonthissecondroundofpubliccomment.Throughouttheprocessofdevelopingthe2018Strategy,stakeholdersexpressedinterestinOPCarticulatingitsprioritiesforoceanlitter.OPC’sproposedprioritiestoaddressoceanlitterarelaidoutinthesectionofthedocumenttitled“CaliforniaOceanProtectionCouncilPrioritiestoAddressOceanLitter.”StructureofDocumentThe2018CaliforniaOceanLitterPreventionStrategy:AddressingMarineDebrisfromSourcetoSeaincludesasectionforOPCprioritiestoaddressoceanlitterandasectionforstakeholder-

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identifiedGoals,ObjectivesandActionstoaddressoceanlitter.TheOPCprioritiessectionoutlinestheworkOPCwilltakeonoverthenextsixyears,andtheseprioritiescomplementtheGoals,ObjectivesandActionsidentifiedbythestakeholders.OPCprioritiesarestructuredintothreegoals:

1. OPCGoal1–Land-basedsourcesofoceanlitter:Protectmarineecosystemsandthecommunitiesthatrelyonthembypromotingpoliciestopreventlitterfromreachingtheocean.

2. OPCGoal2–MicroplasticsandMicrofibers:Increaseunderstandingofthescaleandimpactofmicroplasticsandmicrofibersonthemarineenvironmentanddevelopsolutionstoaddressthem.

3. OPCGoal3–FishingandAquacultureGear:Reducefishingandaquaculture-relateddebrisintheocean.

ThestakeholdersectionoftheStrategyisstructuredaroundsixGoals,fiveofwhicharededicatedtoland-basedlitter,andoneofwhichisdedicatedtoocean-baseddebris.NestedundereachoftheseGoalsareObjectives,whichoutlineapproachesforachievingtheGoals.EachObjectiveincludesspecificActionItems,concreteandmeasurabletasksthatstakeholderscanimplementtocontributetoanObjectiveandpreventorreduceoceanlitter.Broadlybrokenintoland-andocean-basedlittercategories,thesixGoalsofthisStrategyareasfollows:

Land-basedOceanLitter

1. Goal1:Reducetheuseofcommonoceanlitteritemsthroughmandatesandincentivestargetingpublicinstitutionsandbusinesses.

2. Goal2:Reducetheprevalenceofcommonoceanlitteritemsthroughchangesinproductproduction,design,andmanagement.

3. Goal3:Improvewastemanagementandinterceptionoflitteronlandbeforeitenterstheocean.

4. Goal4:Conductandcommunicateresearchonexistingandemergingissuesrelatedtoland-basedoceanlitter.

5. Goal5:Generatebehaviorchangebyeducatingandengagingcommunitiesandindividualstoreduceoceanlitter.

Ocean-basedMarineDebris

6. Goal6:Reduceocean-baseddebrisatitssource,andmaximizetheefficiencyofcontrolandcleanupofocean-baseddebris.

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ScopeofDocumentData-drivenGoals,Objectives,andActionItemsTheGoals,Objectives,andActionItemsincludedinthisdocumentreflecttheneedtobaseactionstakentoaddressoceanlitterinCaliforniaonthemostaccurateavailabledata.Theterm“commonoceanlitteritems”isusedfrequentlythroughoutthedocumenttorefertothemostprevalentoceanlitteritemsfoundinCalifornia’swaterwaysandoceanwaters,andonitscoastlines.Theuseofthisterminologydirectsstakeholderstofocusonthedebrisitemsthataremostabundantintheenvironment,whilealsoallowingforflexibilityandadaptability,asthemostcommonoceanlitteritemsmaychangeovertime.Whiletheneedforacomprehensive,statewidelitterdatasetisidentifiedintheActionItemtablesbelow(seeActionItem4.1.4),fornow,thisdocumentreliesonCoastalCleanupDaydatatodefinethemostcommonoceanlitteritemsfoundintheState(seeTable1forthelistofthetop10litteritemsremovedfromCalifornia’scoastlinesandinlandwaterwaysonCoastalCleanupDayfrom1989-2014).DependingontheActionItem,stakeholdersmayalsousemore

LitterItem Count Percentage

Cigarettes/Cigarettefilters 6,992,106 37.76%

Foodwrappers/Containers 1,940,013 10.48%Caps/Lids 1,619,071 8.74%

Bags(paperandplastic) 1,462,726 7.90%Cups/Plates/Utensils 1,014,229 5.48%

Straws/Stirrers 736,595 3.98%Glassbeveragebottles 600,871 3.24%

Plasticbeveragebottles 475,799 2.57%Beveragecans 455,433 2.46%

Constructionmaterial 330,711 1.79%

Table1.ToptenlitteritemsremovedonCaliforniaCoastalCleanupDay,1989-2014(CaliforniaCoastalCommission2017).

The2018Strategydocumentincludesthefollowing:

• 6Goals:ThefirstfiveGoalsarededicatedtoland-basedoceanlitter,whilethelast

Goalisdedicatedtoocean-baseddebris.TheseGoalsfocusonsourcereduction,research,behaviorchange,control,andcleanup.

• 17Objectives:NestedundereachGoal,theseObjectivesareapproachesthatmaybetakentoachieveaGoal.

• 60ActionItems:ListedundereachObjective,ActionItemsareconcreteandmeasurabletasksthatstakeholderscanimplementtocontributetoanObjectiveandpreventorreduceoceanlitter.

.

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detailed,localizeddatasets,whenavailable,todeterminecommonoceanlitteritemsintheirregionortohelpdefinethescopeoftheirwork.FocusonLand-basedLitterandLostFishingandAquacultureGearFiveoutofsixoftheStrategy’sstakeholderGoals(aswellasthefirstOPCGoal)focusonland-basedlitter,whilethefinalGoalintheStrategyfocusesonocean-baseddebris,specificallylostfishingandaquaculturegear.Land-basedlitterreceivesthemostattentioninthe2018Strategybecausemostofthedebrisfoundintheoceanisthoughttobeland-based,andalargeportionofthemarinedebriscommunityinCaliforniafocusesonland-basedlitter.TheGoaldedicatedtoocean-baseddebrisfocusesalmostentirelyonlostfishingandaquaculturegearduetothefactthattheparticipatingstakeholdersweremainlyfromthefishingandaquacultureindustries.Furthermore,itwasagreedthatbecauseofthelargescopeofocean-baseddebrisandthecomplexitiesinvolvedininternationalregulations4,amoresignificantimpactcouldbemadebynarrowingthescopetolostfishingandaquaculturegear.EmphasisonSourceReductionandPreventionThisdocumentprioritizessourcereductionGoalsandActionItems,asagenciesandexpertsagreethatsourcereductionisthemosteffectivetactictoaddressoceanlitter.Sourcereduction,orwasteprevention,referstopracticesthatreducetheamountofmaterialsenteringthewastestream,includingchangesinthedesign,manufacture,purchaseoruseofmaterials(EPA2016).Preventingwasteinthefirstplacethroughinitiativessuchasproductredesign,minimizingtheuseofsingleuseitems5,andreusingmaterialsisabettermethodforreducingwasteasitdecreasestheamountoflittertocontrol,capture,anddispose.ThismethodisconsideredbytheUSEPAtobethemostpreferredmethodfordealingwithwaste(EPA2017).Furthermore,sourcereductioncreatessignificantopportunitiesforindustrytotakeinitiativeandresponsibilityfortheproductstheyproduce.Byalteringtheirproduction,operation,andrawmaterialuse,industriescanpreventlitteratthesource.Institutions,businesses,andconsumerscanplayaroleinsourcereductiontoo.Forexample,theStateisthesinglelargestpurchasingentityinCalifornia,purchasingbillionsofdollarsofproductseachyear(Suhetal.2017).Asaresult,theStatecanhaveasignificantimpacton,andsetagoodexamplefor,preventingandreducingwasteatthesourcethroughprocurementpoliciesthatprioritizereusableitems.Institutionsandbusinessescanalsobenefitfromtheseprocurementchanges,astheyoftenleadtoreducedcostsassociatedwiththepurchaseofdisposableitems,andthetransportation,disposal,orrecyclingofwaste(MarylandDepartmentoftheEnvironment2017,CleanWaterAction2017).Consumerscancontributetosourcereductionbymakingchangesintheirownpurchasinghabitsandsupportingbusinessesthatexhibitsustainablepurchasingpractices. 4Oneexampleofaninternationalregulationthatdealswithocean-baseddebrisistheInternationalConventionforthePreventionofPollutionfromShips,MARPOL,adoptedin1973,themaininternationalconventioncoveringpollutionofthemarineenvironmentfromoperationaloraccidentaldischargefromships.5Theterm“singleuseitems”isusedheretomeanitemsthatareconventionallydisposedofafterasingleuseandthatpersistintheenvironment.

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Wastemanagementandoceanlitterareinextricablylinked.ThisStrategyisintendedtobeacomplementarydocumenttootherwastepreventionandmanagementstrategies,withafocusontheissueofoceanlitter.ControlandCleanupControllingandcleaninguplitterintheenvironmentisimportant,butlessefficientandeffectiveinthelongertermcomparedtosourcereductionandprevention.Examplesofcontrolandcleanupmethodsinclude:beachandwaterwaycleanups,streetsweeping,stormwatercapturedevices,stormdraincleaningandmaintenance,manuallittercleanup,andoutreachandeducationtopreventlittering.Thepubliccostburdenoftheseeffortsmakesacompellingargumentforacceleratingthesearchforeffectivestrategiestoreduceandpreventtrashstreamsthatenterourwaterwaysandcontributetooceanlitter.In2015,theStateWaterResourcesControlBoard(StateWaterBoard)adoptedastatewidewaterqualityobjectiveaimedatreducingtheamountoftrashthatfindsitswayintorivers,lakes,andtheoceanbyprohibitingthedischargeoftrashintostatesurfacewaters;thewaterqualityobjectiveiscommonlyreferredtoasthe“TrashAmendments.”TheseTrashAmendmentsprovidestatewideconsistencyineffortstoreducetrashinstatewaters,andusealanduse-basedcomplianceapproachthattargetshightrashgeneratingareassuchashighdensityresidential,industrial,commercial,mixedurbanandpublictransportationlanduses.Thisprogramallowsflexibilityforlocalgovernmentstocomeupwithcomplianceapproachesthatworkbestforthemtoeffectivelyeliminatetrashdischargefromtheirstormwatersystems.Localgovernmentsmaychoosetoincreasetrashcaptureinstormwaterrunoff,orausecombinationofsourcereductionapproachesthatareequivalenttofulltrashcapture.ThisStrategyprovidesasuiteofsourcereductionapproachesthatmaybecost-effectiveandusefultolocalgovernmentsastheydeveloptheircomplianceapproachfortheTrashAmendments.Californiaalsohasarobustandsuccessfulnetworkforimplementingcleanups.Fromlocalnonprofitstomunicipalities,beachcleanupsareheldonaregularbasisthroughoutthestate.CaliforniaCoastalCleanupDayisanotableprogramheldonceayear,whereapproximately60,000volunteerspickuphundredsofthousandsofpoundsoftrashandrecyclablesfrombeaches,lakes,andwaterways.In2016,59,154volunteersparticipatedinCaliforniaCoastalCleanupDayandcollected710,781poundsoflitter(CaliforniaCoastalCommission2016).CaliforniaCoastalCleanupDayisapartofInternationalCoastalCleanupDay,theworld’sbiggestefforttocleanupoceanlitter.Annually,nearly12millionpeoplevolunteertopickuplitterintheircommunities(OceanConservancy2017).

Control

Cleanup

Fig.3.HierarchyofEffortstoAddressOceanLitter

SourceReduction&Prevention

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Californiaorganizationsalsocoordinatelostfishinggearcleanupsonandoffthewater.Forexample,theCaliforniaLostFishingGearRecoveryProject,administeredbytheUniversityofCalifornia,Davis’SchoolofVeterinaryMedicineandtheWildlifeHealthCenter,encouragesoceanuserstoreportthepresenceoflostgear,andhiresfishermenandexperiencedcommercialSCUBAdivers(dependingonthegeartype)toremovegearfromnearshorewatersinasafeandenvironmentallysensitivemanner.Between2006and2012,thisprogramhasretrievedmorethan60tonsofgearfromCalifornia’scoastalocean,primarilyinSouthernCalifornia,includingaroundtheCaliforniaChannelIslands(SantaRosa,SantaCruz,AnacapaandSantaCatalina)(SeaDocSociety2017).StrategyImplementationAsdescribedabove,thescopeandfocusofthisdocumentwerelargelydeterminedbythestakeholdersinvolvedinthetwoWorkshopsheldin2017.AttendeesofthesecondWorkshopdevisedthefollowingStrategyimplementationscheme:Six-yeartimeframe:Theoperationalcycleofthisdocumentissixyears(2018-2024).StakeholdersbelievedsixyearswasanappropriatetimeframefortheStrategy,asitprovidesampletimeforActionItemimplementation,whilealsoallowingforevaluationofprogressandreevaluationofStrategyGoalsandObjectives,ifneeded,throughouttheprocess.In-personcheck-inseverytwoyears:Everytwoyears,OPCandtheNOAAMDPwillhelptoorganizein-personmeetingsamongststakeholderstodiscussprogressmadeonStrategyimplementation,andtoreevaluatetheStrategy’sGoalsandObjectives,ifnecessary.Conferencecalls/webinarsandnewsletterseverysixmonths:Everysixmonths,OPCandtheNOAAMDPwillorganizeandfacilitateawebinartoallowstakeholderstodiscussandsharelessonslearnedfromtheStrategyimplementationprocess.OPCandNOAAMDPwillalsocreateanewslettertoshareupdatesonActionItemprogresswithstakeholdersandthepublic;thisnewsletterwillbepopulatedbyinformationprovidedbytheorganizationsinvolvedinActionItemimplementation.OPCwillalsoprovideupdatesonitsprogresswithimplementingOPCPrioritiesviathesewebinarsandnewslettersannually.Theformthatthesesix-monthcheck-instakemaychangeoverthecourseofthedocument’ssix-yeartimeframe,dependingonwhatstakeholdersfeelismostusefultofacilitatecommunicationandcollaboration.ActionItemtimelinesandmetrics:StakeholderswillformworkinggroupsaroundeachActionItem,andwillberesponsiblefordevisingimplementationplanswithroughtimelinesandmetricsforeachActionItembythefirstsix-monthcheck-inwebinar(whichwillbeheldinlate2018).OPCandNOAAMDPwillprovidesomeguidanceandsomeideasonhowtosetmetricsandtimelinesforActionItems.

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CALIFORNIAOCEANPROTECTIONCOUNCILPRIORITIESTOADDRESSOCEANLITTERTheoceanisanimportantpartofCalifornia’seconomy,culture,andqualityoflife.California’soceaneconomyaccountsfor$41.9billioningrossdomesticproduct(NOAAENOW2014),andprovidesover500,000jobs.Sixty-eightpercentofCaliforniansliveinacoastalcounty(NOAAOCM2015),andtheState’sbeachesareiconicforbothtourismandrecreation.Despitethelargescaleoftheocean,humanimpacts,throughchangesinlanduseandpollution,mayreducethebenefitstheoceanprovides.Manyoceanpollutionproblemsoriginateonland,andinsomecases,farinlandfromthecoast.Thesepollutionproblemscanrangefromnutrients,tocontaminantsofemergingconcern,tooceanlitter.Oceanlitter,likemanyotherformsofpollution,isprimarilyland-based.Unlikeotherformsofpollution,oceanlitterisveryvisibleanditsimpactsareevidenttostakeholdersandthepublic.Oceanlitterpollutesbeachesandwaterways,entanglesmarinelife,smotherssensitivehabitat,andisingestedbymarineorganisms.Formoreinformationontheimpactsofoceanlitter,pleasesee“TheGlobalProblemofOceanLitter”and“OceanLitterandWasteGeneration”intheBackgroundsection.RecognizingthemanybenefitstheoceanprovidestoCaliforniansandtheneedtoprotectCalifornia’scoastalandoceanresources,thestatelegislaturepassedtheCaliforniaOceanProtectionAct(COPA)in2004.COPAacknowledgestheinterconnectednessofthelandandsea,andtasksOPCwithensuringthatCaliforniamaintainsahealthy,resilientandproductiveoceanandcoastalecosystemforthebenefitofcurrentandfuturegenerations.OPCworksinfourwaystoprotectoceanandcoastalecosystems,asmandatedbyCOPA.OPCrecommendsandimplementspolicy,leadsandpromotescoordinationamongstateagencies,seeksandleveragesfundingforcatalyticandinnovativeprojects,andinformsgovernmentdecisionmakingwiththebestavailablescience.OPChasmaintainedalong-standingcommitmenttoprotectingoceanhealththroughaddressingoceanlitter.In2007,OPCadoptedaresolutioncalled“ReducingandPreventingMarineDebris”whichoutlined13topprioritysolutionstoaddressmarinedebris.In2008,OPCinitiatedasteeringcommitteetopublishanImplementationStrategy,whichoutlinedthreePriorityActionsand13otherActionsforaddressingmarinedebrisintheState.The2008StrategywasdesignedtoprovideapathwaytoimplementtherecommendationsinOPCResolution.ThethreePriorityActionsfrom2008were:

1. Implementaproducertake-back(EPR)programforconveniencefoodpackaging.2. Prohibitsingle-useproductsthatposesignificantoceanlitterimpactswhereafeasible

lessdamagingalternativeisavailable.Productsspecificallycalledoutincludedpolystyrenefoodpackagingandplasticbags.

3. Assessfeesoncommonlylittereditems.

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AsmentionedintheBackgroundsection,sincetheoriginalStrategywasdeveloped,manyoftheactionsdescribedinthedocumenthaveeitherbeenaccomplishedorareinprogress.Forexample,in2016statevotersratifiedtheplasticbagban,andnumerouslocalmunicipalitieshavepassedordinancesrestrictingtheuseofexpandedpolystyreneinfoodware.Throughouttheprocessofdevelopingthe2018Strategy,stakeholdersexpressedinterestinhavingOPCarticulateitsprioritiesforoceanlitter.OPC’sproposedprioritiestoaddressoceanlitterarelaidoutinthissection.OPC’sprioritiescanbedividedintothreebroadcategories:land-basedsourcesofoceanlitter,microplasticsandmicrofibers,andfishingandaquaculturegear.

• Land-basedsourcesofoceanlitter:Land-basedoceanlittermakesup80%ofthelitterfoundintheocean.Land-basedoceanlittergoesontoentanglemarinewildlifeandpolluteCalifornia’scoastline.Californiacommunitiesspendmorethan$428millionannuallytocleanupandcontroloceanlitter(Stickeletal.2013).

• MicroplasticsandMicrofibers:Microplasticsandmicrofibersareincreasinglyfoundinthemarineenvironmentandareingestedbymarineorganisms,includingseafoodspecies.Theseplasticsareemergingasaconcernforoceanhealthbecausetheycanphysicallyblockthedigestivetractsofmarineorganisms,andchemicalsassociatedwiththeplasticmaybeabsorbedbymarineorganismsthroughingestion.

• FishingandAquacultureGear:Fishingandaquaculturegear,alongwithotherocean-basedsourcesoflitter,makeup20%ofthelitterfoundintheocean.Thesetypesofoceanlitterareparticularlyharmfultomarinelife,andpreventionandremovaloflostgearwillbenefitcoastalcommunitiesandtheoceaneconomy.

Asastateagency,OPCworkstoadvanceandprotecttheinterestsofthepublicwhenaddressingoceanlitter.Thismeansdevelopingandrecommendingpolicythatreducesthenegativecostsassociatedwithoceanlitter.Mostofthesecostsarecurrentlybornebythepublicthroughfundingcleanupandcapture.OPCprioritizessourcereductiontopreventoceanlitterbecauseitiscost-effectiveandreducescostburdensonthepublic.Manypoliciescanbeusedtoaddresscommonoceanlitteritems,rangingfromvoluntarytomandatory.OPCisopentousingallthepolicyoptionsavailable,aslongastheyareshowntoeffectivelyandsubstantiallyreduceoceanlitter.ThestatehasanumberofinitiativesandprogramsthatwillcomplementOPC’sCaliforniaOceanLitterStrategy.OPChascoordinatedwithouragencypartnersthroughoutthedevelopmentofthisStrategyandtheOPC’spriorities.Abrieflistsummarizingtheseagencies’programsandinitiativesisbelow:

• StateWaterResourcesControlBoard:TrashAmendmentsImplementation• CalRecycle:PackagingReformProcess• CaliforniaDepartmenttoToxicSubstancesControl:SaferConsumerProductsProgram• CaliforniaCoastalCommission:Energy,OceanResources,andFederalConsistency

Program,andPublicEducationProgram

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• FishandGameCommission• CaliforniaDepartmentofFishandWildlife:AquacultureProgram

ImplementationofOPCprioritieswilloccuroverthenextsixyears.StakeholderswillreceiveupdatesonOPC’sprogresstoimplementtheseprioritiesatleastannuallyaspartoftheCaliforniaOceanLitterStrategyImplementationprocess.PleaseseetheStrategyImplementationsectionformoredetailsontheimplementationprocess.Someofthepriorityactionsoutlinedbelowareparticularlytimely,andOPCstaffhasassignedtimelinestothem.Otherpriorityactionsarewritteninabroadwaytoallowforadaptationoverthenextsixyears,anddonothavespecifictimelinescalledoutatthistime.OPCGOAL1–LAND-BASEDSOURCESOFOCEANLITTER:Protectmarineecosystemsandthecommunitiesthatrelyonthembypromotingpoliciestopreventlitterfromreachingtheocean.PriorityObjective:Advancesourcereductioneffortsthroughpolicy,research,andfundingtopreventtheproductionandconsumptionofcommonoceanlitteritemsbysupportingthefollowingactions:PolicyImplementation:Developandrecommendavarietyofpolicytoolstopreventtheproductionandconsumptionofcommonoceanlitteritemsattheirsource,includingsingle-usefoodandbeveragepackagingandcigarettefilters.Examplesofactionstosupportpolicyimplementationinclude,butarenotlimitedto:

1. Promotechangesby2020instatepurchasingandservicecontracts,toreducethestate’srelianceonsingle-usefoodwarethattypicallybecomesoceanlitter.

2. Recommendstateandlocalpoliciesthatencourageconsumerstobringtheirownreusablefoodandbeveragecontainersbychargingfordisposablepackagingusefor“togo”foodserviceby2024.

3. PromotecomprehensivewastemanagementapproachestopreventtheproductionofcommonoceanlitteritemsthroughCalRecycle’spackagingreformefforts,andexploremethodstoshareresponsibilitybetweenproducersandthepublictofundthecleanupofbeachesandinlandwaterwaysthatarelitteredwiththeseproducts.

4. Supportpoliciesthatreduceexpandedpolystyrenelitter.OPCwillsupportCalRecycle’sinclusionofexpandedpolystyreneasapriorityproducttobeaddressedinthepackagingreformframeworkandrecommendtheprohibitionofexpandedpolystyrene6infoodware.

6OPCpreviouslyprioritizedapolystyrenefoodpackagingbanin2008.Expandedpolystyreneinfoodpackagingshouldbeaddressedforanumberofreasons:Expandedpolystyrenebreaksapartintotinypiecesquicklyonceitreachestheenvironment,itiseasilycarriedbywind,andmixesintobeachsandandsediment.Althoughexpandedpolystyreneistechnicallyrecyclableexpandedpolystyreneinuseasfoodservicewareisoftentoocontaminatedfortherecyclingstream.

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5. Conveneandfosterinnovativepartnerships,usefundingmechanisms,andrecommendpoliciestoredesigncommonoceanlitteritemssuchasconnectingbottlecapstobottles.

6. ConveneaworkinggrouptoevaluateabanoncigarettefiltersinCaliforniaby2020.Theworkinggroupwillinvestigateresearchandreportsoncigarettefilters,andtheextenttowhichtheyimpacthumanhealth.Iftheworkinggroupfindsthatcigarettefiltersprovidenohealthprotectionstosmokers,thenOPCmaymakerecommendationstothelegislaturetobancigarettefilters.

ResearchandFunding:Useresearchandfundingtoaddressknowledgegapsandbettertargetpolicyefforts;examplesofactionsunderthiscategoryinclude,butarenotlimitedto:

1. Fundassessmentsofpolicyeffectivenesstodeterminewhetherthepoliciesareactingasintendedandwhat,ifany,changesneedtobemadetoincreaseeffectiveness.Iflocalpoliciesorordinancesaredemonstratedtobeeffective,considerrecommendingforstatewideimplementation.

2. Fundareportsynthesizinglessonslearnedfromwastemanagementpoliciesandtoolsimplementationinothercountries,includingpolicyrecommendationsforCalifornia,withafocusonsourcereductionby2020.

3. FundresearchandpartnerwiththeDepartmentofToxicSubstancesControltoaddresschemicaladditivesthatarecommonlyassociatedwithproductsfoundinoceanlittertodeterminetheirenvironmentalimpacts.Chemicaladditivesmayinclude,butwillnotbelimitedtofluorinatedcompounds,plasticizers,andantimicrobials.

4. Fundareportcompilingandsynthesizingtheuseofplasticsinagriculturalpractices,andtheextenttowhichthisuseofplasticsmaycontributetooceanlitterby2023.

5. Fundinnovativeprojectsandprogramsthatreducetheproductionandconsumptionofcommonoceanlitteritems,suchasapilotingtheuseofareusable“togo”containerexchangeatfoodserviceproviders.

OPCGOAL2–MICROPLASTICSANDMICROFIBERS:Increaseunderstandingofthescaleandimpactofmicroplasticsandmicrofibersonthemarineenvironmentanddevelopsolutionstoaddressthem.PriorityObjective:Advanceresearchontheextentandimpactofmicroplasticsandmicrofibersinsourcewatersandtheocean,andassistinthedevelopmentoftechnologicalsolutionstoreducetheirprevalenceinaquaticenvironmentsthroughthefollowingactions:

1. FundthedevelopmentandvalidationofstandardizedmonitoringmethodsinCaliforniatoassesstheconcentrationandfluxofmicroplasticsby2021.Methodsareneededfor

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severaldifferentenvironmentswheremicroplasticsarefound,including:wastewatereffluent,ambientwaters,stormwater,marinesediments,andtissuesoffishandbivalves.

2. Oncereliablemonitoringmethodshavebeenestablished,convenescientistsandexpertstodevelopacomprehensiveresearchplanby2024tocharacterizemicroplastics’sources,pathways,ambientconcentrations,riskassessments,andimpacts.Researcheffortsmayincludethefollowing:

a. Quantifytheconcentrationatwhichmicroplasticscauseecologicalimpactstomarinelifeandoceanhealthatthepopulationandcommunitylevels,aswellasimpactstoindividualorganisms’biology;

b. Improvetheunderstandingofthesourcesandpathwaysassociatedwithmicroplasticpollution,includingpolymeridentification;

c. Determinewhetheradditivesassociatedwithmicrofibersmaycauseimpactstothemarineenvironment,researchwillbebasedonbestavailabledataandthedevelopmentofstudieswillincluderelevantstakeholders;

d. Determinewhetherthereisaneedtoaddresstextilesasasourceofmicroplastics,andifsodeterminewhetherreformulatedtextilescansignificantlyreducetheloadingofmicroplasticsintotheenvironment;researchwillbebasedonbestavailabledataandthedevelopmentofstudieswillincluderelevantstakeholders.

e. Ifwastewatertreatmentplantloadingsofmicroplasticsarefoundtohaveasignificantimpactontheenvironment,researchthefeasibilityandeffectivenessoftechnicalsolutionsformicrofibersinwastewatertreatmentplants,washingmachines,andotherpointsinthewastewatermanagementsystem,includingsourcecontrol.

OPCGOAL3–FISHINGANDAQUACULTUREGEAR:Reducefishingandaquaculture-relateddebrisintheocean7.PriorityObjective:Promoteimprovedfishingandaquaculturegearmanagementandsustainableinnovationtoreducethepotentialforlostgear;removelostgearandlegacyinfrastructurefromtheoceanbypursuingthefollowingactions:

1. Providebest-availablescienceandinformationtotheCaliforniaDepartmentofFishandWildlife(CDFW)andtheCaliforniaFishandGameCommission(FGC)astheyworktodevelopimprovedfishingandaquaculturegearmanagement,andmaintaintwo-way

7Althoughtherearemanyocean-basedsourcesofdebrisintheocean,thescopeoftheCaliforniaOceanLitterStrategyfocusesonfishingandaquaculturegear,andOPCPrioritiesreflectthisscope.

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informationexchangebetweentheCDFW,FGC,andOPCfordatasharingandinteragencystaffcoordination.

2. Promotefixed-gearbestpractices,includinghowtominimizelosingtraps.3. Promotethedevelopmentandimplementationofregulationsrequiringbest

managementpracticeplansforshellfishaquacultureinCaliforniaby2020,inpartnershipwithCDFW,FGC,andtheCaliforniaCoastalCommission.Thebestmanagementpracticeplansshouldreducethepotentialforlossofaquaculturegearandrequirethecleanupandrecoveryoflostgear.

4. Developfishery-fundedgearretrievalprogramsthroughindustryeducationandcollaborationswithnon-governmentalorganizations,portandharbordistrictsandassociations,andotherpartnerstoeffectivelyimplementexistinganddevelopinggearretrievalprograms.

5. Fundsustainableinnovationinfishingandaquaculturegeartoreducethepotentialforlostgear,includingnewtechnologies,andensurethatanynewandeffectivefishingandaquaculturegearinnovationisanallowabletechnologyinlegislationandregulations.

6. Recommendthedevelopmentandimplementationofregulatorytoolstoallowforretrievaloflostgearortrapsthatbelongtootherfishermen.

7. Fundremovaloffishinggearandabandonedaquaculturematerials,disusedcreosotepilings,andillegalartificialreefs,whereliableownersandresponsiblepartiescannotbeidentified.

STAKEHOLDERGOALS,OBJECTIVES,ANDACTIONITEMS Inthetablesbelow,ActionItemstopreventandreduceoceanlitteraregroupedunderbroaderGoalsandObjectives.Definitionsoftheinformationineachcolumnareasfollows:

• ActionItems:Outlinesthetaskthatwillbeimplementedinordertopreventorreduceoceanlitter.

• Lead&PartnerOrganizations:Identifiestheorganization(s)orindividual(s)thatwillimplementtheActionItem.

o LeadOrganizationsareboldedandlistedalphabetically,beforePartnerOrganizations,nexttoeachActionItem.LeadOrganizationsarecommittedtoimplementinganActionItem,givenorganizationalandfundingconstraints.LeadOrganizationswillserveasthepointofcontactforNOAAandOPCforprogressreportsandcheck-insthroughouttheStrategy’ssix-yeartimeframe,andwilltakealeadershiproleincommunicatingandcoordinatingwithothercollaborators/PartnerOrganizationsontheActionItem.

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o PartnerOrganizationsareunboldedandlistedalphabetically,afterLeadOrganizations,nexttoeachActionItem.PartnerOrganizationswillserveasupportingroleinimplementinganActionItem,incollaborationwithLeadandotherPartnerOrganizations.

LAND-BASEDOCEANLITTERGOAL1.Reducetheuseofcommonoceanlitteritemsthroughmandatesandincentivestargetingpublicinstitutionsandbusinesses.

Objective1.1.Prohibitordiscouragecommonoceanlitteritemsinpublicinstitutions,retail,andfoodserviceestablishmentsthroughgovernmentpoliciesormandates.

ActionItems Lead&PartnerOrganizations

1.1.1.Passandimplementpoliciesthatprohibitordiscouragecommonoceanlitteritemsatthelocallevel8andconsiderthesepoliciesforeffectivenessassessmentasdescribedunderObjective4.4.

CaliforniansAgainstWaste,CleanWaterAction/CleanWaterFund,PlasticRecyclingCorporationofCalifornia(PRCC),SurfriderFoundation,UPSTREAM

1.1.2.PassandimplementlegislationthatprohibitsordiscouragescommonoceanlitteritemsatthestatelevelandconsiderthesepoliciesforeffectivenessassessmentasdescribedunderObjective4.4.

CaliforniansAgainstWaste,CleanWaterAction/CleanWaterFund,PlasticRecyclingCorporationofCalifornia(PRCC),SurfriderFoundation,UPSTREAM

1.1.3.Expandthestatewidebagbantoapplytoretailstores,restaurants,andfooddelivery,andamendtheState’scriteriaforreusablebagstoexcludebagsmadefromplasticfilm9.

CaliforniansAgainstWaste,PlasticRecyclingCorporationofCalifornia(PRCC),SurfriderFoundation

1.1.4.Promotereusableandrefillablefoodandbeveragepackaginginthestatebottlebill,andstateandlocalpackagingpolicies.

1.1.5.ChangeprocurementofcommonoceanlitteritemsonUCandCSUcampuses,andsharelessonslearnedwithotherlearninginstitutions(e.g.,communitycolleges,K-12).

CleanWaterAction/CleanWaterFund,SurfriderFoundation

8ExamplesoflocalpoliciesincludeexcesslitterfeeprogramssuchasthatimplementedinOakland,California(CityofOakland2018),andlocalpolystyrenefoodwarebanssuchasthatimplementedinSanFrancisco,California(SanFranciscoDepartmentoftheEnvironment2016).9 Currently,theStateallowsreusablegrocerybags,asdefinedinSB270Chapter5.3Article2,tobemadefromplasticfilm,aslongasthebagsmeetanumberofrequirements,includingbeing“capableofcarrying22poundsoveradistanceof175feetforaminimumof125usesandbe[ing]atleast2.25milsthick,measuredaccordingtotheAmericanSocietyofTestingandMaterials(ASTM)StandardD6988-13.”ThisActionItemfollowstheexamplesetbytheCityandCountyofHonolulu,Hawai’i,which,in2017,amendedOahu’splasticbagbansothatbyJanuary1,2020,plasticfilmbagswillnolongerbeconsideredreusablebags(Mattison2017).

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1.1.6.Changeprocurementtominimizetheuseofcommonoceanlitteritemsinlocalandstategovernmentbuildingsandevents,andsharelessonslearnedwithotherpublicinstitutions(e.g.,federalfacilities,jails,hospitals).

OceanProtectionCouncil(OPC),CaliforniansAgainstWaste,CleanWaterAction/CleanWaterFund,SurfriderFoundation,UPSTREAM

1.1.7.Requirepermitsfornewconstructionofdine-inrestaurantstoincludedishwashingfacilitieson-sitetoaccommodatereusablefoodware.

CaliforniansAgainstWaste,CleanWaterAction/CleanWaterFund,UPSTREAM

1.1.8.Developatoolkitwithmaterialsandstrategiestosharewithlocalandout-of-stateadvocatestoa)aidintheprocessofbanningcommonoceanlitteritems,andb)toaidintheprocessofswitchinglocalgovernmentsandcommunitiestoreusableitems.

PlasticPollutionCoalition,UPSTREAM,InstituteforGeographicInformationScience(IGISc)atSFSU

Objective1.2.Incentivizeinstitutions,businesses,andeventstotransitionawayfromcommonoceanlitteritems.


1.2.1.Performauditsbeforeandafterinstitutionsimplementeffortstominimizetheuseofcommonoceanlitteritems.

CleanWaterAction/CleanWaterFund

1.2.2.Incentivizebusinessesandcorporationstotransitiontoreusables(e.g.,filmindustrycraftservices,corporatedining,waterrefillstations)throughsharingcasestudiesanddemonstratingcost-savings.

AmcorLimited,CleanWaterAction/CleanWaterFund,SurfriderFoundation,UPSTREAM

1.2.3.Promotecertificationforevents(e.g.,musicfestivals,concerts,sportscompetitions,filmproduction)thatachievezerowasteprinciples.

CleanWaterAction/CleanWaterFund

1.2.4.Engagewithcompaniesthatarealreadyusingalternativeproductsandmaterialstohelpadvocatefortransitionawayfromcommonoceanlitteritems.

PlasticRecyclingCorporationofCalifornia(PRCC),SurfriderFoundation

GOAL2.Reducetheprevalenceofcommonoceanlitteritemsthroughchangesinproductproduction,design,andmanagement.

Objective2.1.Supportandpromoteextendedproducerresponsibility(EPR)andotherwastemanagementstrategiestoreducethegenerationofcommonoceanlitteritems,andcreateamechanismforproducerstofundcommonoceanlitteritemcapture,cleanup,andrecyclinginfrastructure.

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2.1.1.TheOceanProtectionCouncilandotherstakeholderswillpromoteEPRasapolicytoconsideraspartofCalRecycle’sPackagingReformEffort,andsupportgivingCalRecyclelegislativeauthoritytocreatemandatorypackagingreformpolicies.

OceanProtectionCouncil(OPC),CaliforniansAgainstWaste,PlasticRecyclingCorporationofCalifornia(PRCC),SaveOurShores,UPSTREAM

2.1.2.Createareportsynthesizinglessonslearnedfromwastemanagementpolicyandtoolimplementationinothercountries,includingrecommendationsforCaliforniawithafocusonsourcereduction.

UPSTREAM

2.1.3.IncludeperformancemeasuresinEPRprogramsforbothpreventionandrecyclingofcommonoceanlitteritems,withpreventionbeingahigherpriority.

CaliforniansAgainstWaste,PlasticRecyclingCorporationofCalifornia(PRCC),SaveOurShores,UPSTREAM

2.1.4.Ensurethatallfilmandwrapplasticseligibleforrecycling(plasticfilmrecycling.org)areacceptedatalldrop-offlocations(e.g.,grocerystores),andenforcetherecyclingrequirementsthatarepartofthestatewidebagban10.

Objective2.2.Supportproductredesignwiththeaimofpreventingoceanlitterthroughdesignchangesandavoidingharmfulsubstitutions11.


2.2.1.Engagecorporationsincommonoceanlitteritemredesignbyimplementingdesignchallenges,andcreatingavenueforsharinginnovativedesignswithbrandsandcorporations.

ThinkBeyondPlastic,AmcorLimited,AmericanChemistryCouncil(ACC),PlasticRecyclingCorporationofCalifornia(PRCC),UPSTREAM

2.2.2.Redesignandproducebottleswithcapsattached(“connectthecap”),andensurethatallcomponentsoftheseproductsarerecyclableatallfacilitiesinCalifornia.

AmericanChemistryCouncil(ACC),CaliforniansAgainstWaste,PlasticRecyclingCorporationofCalifornia(PRCC),SurfriderFoundation,ThinkBeyondPlastic,UPSTREAM

10 Thestatewidebagban,SB270(Sections42250-42257),requiresstoresthatmakeplasticcarryoutbagsavailabletotheircustomerstoestablishat-storerecyclingprogramsthatallowcustomerstoreturncleanplasticcarryoutbagstostorestoberecycled.ThisActionItemcallsfortheenforcementoftherecyclingrequirementsoutlinedinSB270,aswellasanexpansionoftherecyclingprogramsestablishedatstorestoacceptallfilmandwrapplasticseligibleforrecycling,asdefinedbyplasticfilmrecycling.org(includingbagsusedforproduce,bulkgoods,andotherproducts,which,whilenotcoveredunderSB270,areoftensingle-useplasticandendupintheenvironment). 11 Theterm“harmfulsubstitutions”isusedheretomean:1)productsthatmaytaketheplaceofcommonoceanlitteritemsandcontinuetocontributetotheproblemofoceanlitter,ratherthanreduceoceanlitter,and2)productsthatmaytaketheplaceofcommonoceanlitteritems,andcontaincomponents,additives,orcontaminantsthataredetrimentaltohumanhealthand/ortheenvironment.

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2.2.3.RedesignplasticproductstobecircularandentirelyrecyclableinCalifornia,throughvoluntaryorlegislativeaction12.

GOAL3.Improvewastemanagementandinterceptionoflitteronlandbeforeitenterstheocean.

Objective3.1.SupporttheStateWaterResourcesControlBoard’sTrashAmendments.


3.1.1.Createamechanismforlocalgovernmentstofundstormwatertrashprogramsthroughpublicorprivatesources.

AmericanChemistryCouncil(ACC),CleanWaterAction/CleanWaterFund,OceanProtectionCouncil(OPC),PlasticRecyclingCorporationofCalifornia(PRCC),SaveOurShores,UPSTREAM

3.1.2.ImplementastatewideAdopt-A-StormDrainprogram.

PlasticRecyclingCorporationofCalifornia(PRCC),SaveOurShores

3.1.3.EducatethepublicabouttheTrashAmendments.

Objective3.2.Improvewastemanagementinpublicplaces.


3.2.1.Establishandimprovemanagementoftrash,recycling,andcompostreceptaclesinhighuseareas.

AmcorLimited,AmericanChemistryCouncil(ACC),CaliforniaCoastalCommission,OceanProtectionCouncil(OPC),PlasticRecyclingCorporationofCalifornia(PRCC),SaveOurShores

3.2.2.Increaseindustryinvestmentininfrastructureimprovementstoaddresswastemanagementatschoolsandotherpublicareas.

AmericanChemistryCouncil(ACC)

3.2.3.SupportpackagingpoliciesthatdevelopandexpandinfrastructureforrecyclinginCalifornia.

3.2.4.Engagewithmunicipalitiesandsocialprogramstoassesshowtoreduceoceanlitterfrom

12InJuly2017,ChinainformedtheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)thatbytheendof2017,itwouldbantheimportof24typesofwaste,including“plasticswastefromlivingsources”(Reuters2017).China’snewpolicyhasputpressureonCalifornia’srecyclinginfrastructure(whichcurrentlyreliesontheexportofaboutone-thirdoftherecyclablematerialsgeneratedinthestatetoothercountries),asin2016,62%ofthe15milliontonsofrecyclablematerialsexportedbyCaliforniawenttoChina(CalRecycle2018).China’spolicychangehasemphasizedtheneedtopromotewastepreventioninCalifornia,aswellasexpandCalifornia’sownrecyclinginfrastructure,toreducetheamountofrecyclablewastethatisexportedeachyear(CalRecycle2018).

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encampments,asonestrategytoimprovethehealth,wellbeing,andsafetyofhomelesscommunities.

GOAL4.Conductandcommunicateresearchonexistingandemergingissuesrelatedtoland-basedoceanlitter.

Objective4.1.Conductacomprehensivecharacterizationofmicroplasticsandmacro-debris.


4.1.1.Conveneanexpertworkgrouptodevelopamatrixofstandardsamplecollection,processing,andcharacterizationmethodsformeasuringtemporalchangesinmicroplasticsandmacro-debrisindifferentenvironments.

SanFranciscoEstuaryInstitute(SFEI),SouthernCaliforniaCoastalWaterResearchProject(SCCWRP),5GyresInstitute,AmericanChemistryCouncil(ACC),CaliforniaAssociationofSanitationAgencies(CASA),CleanWaterAction/CleanWaterFund,Dr.AndrewGrayatUCRiverside,Dr.ErikaHollandatCSULB,EnvironmentalScienceandResourceManagement(ESRM)ProgramatCSUCI(includingDr.ClareSteele),NOAAMarineDebrisProgram(NOAAMDP),PlasticRecyclingCorporationofCalifornia(PRCC),SurfriderFoundation

4.1.2.Developandtestlaboratorymethodstoidentifythemostcommonmacro-andmicro-plasticdebrispolymertypesthroughmoleculartechniques(e.g.,FTIR,Raman,forensics).

EnvironmentalScienceandResourceManagement(ESRM)ProgramatCSUCI(includingDr.ClareSteele),AmericanChemistryCouncil(ACC),BayAreaCleanWaterAgencies(BACWA),Dr.AndrewGrayatUCRiverside,Dr.ErikaHollandatCSULB,SouthernCaliforniaAllianceofPubliclyOwnedTreatmentWorks(SCAP)

4.1.3.Developawatershed-scaleprogramtomodelandmonitormicroplasticsandmacro-debrisflux,transport,degradation,andfateaccordingtoavarietyofendpoints(e.g.,streetlitter,stormwater,wastewater,anddirectdischarges).

SanFranciscoEstuaryInstitute(SFEI),5GyresInstitute,AmericanChemistryCouncil(ACC),CaliforniaAssociationofSanitationAgencies(CASA),CaliforniaCoastkeeperAlliance,Dr.AndrewGrayatUCRiverside,Dr.NatalieMladenovatSDSU

4.1.4.Createacomprehensivelitterdatasettoidentifythemostcommonitemtypesaccordingtomaterial,product,brand,andsource.

Dr.AndrewGrayatUCRiverside,SurfriderFoundation

Objective4.2.Quantifymicroplasticspathwayswithinwatershedsanddeveloptechnologicalsolutions.


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4.2.1.Identifyandquantifymicrofibersandmicroplasticsfromwastewater,stormwater,airborne,andagriculturalsources.

SanFranciscoEstuaryInstitute(SFEI),SouthernCaliforniaCoastalWaterResearchProject(SCCWRP),5GyresInstitute,BayAreaCleanWaterAgencies(BACWA),Dr.AndrewGrayatUCRiverside,Dr.NatalieMladenovatSDSU,EnvironmentalScienceandResourceManagement(ESRM)ProgramatCSUCI,SouthernCaliforniaAllianceofPubliclyOwnedTreatmentWorks(SCAP)

4.2.2.Researchinnovativesolutionstoaddressmicrofibersintextilesandapparel.

Dr.AndrewGrayatUCRiverside,SouthernCaliforniaAllianceofPubliclyOwnedTreatmentWorks(SCAP)

4.2.3.Researchtechnologicalsolutionstoaddressmicrofibersatwastewatertreatmentplantsorinwashingmachines.

Dr.AndrewGrayatUCRiverside,SouthernCaliforniaAllianceofPubliclyOwnedTreatmentWorks(SCAP)

Objective4.3.Researchecologicalandtoxicologicalimpactsofcommonlyfoundoceanlitteronmarineresourcesandhumanhealth.


4.3.1.Advanceresearchonthechemicalcomponentsofcommonoceanlitteritems(byresintype)andthepotentialforpollutantstomigrateintotheenvironmentandaquaticorganismsviaoceanlitter.

OceanProtectionCouncil(OPC),AmericanChemistryCouncil(ACC),CaliforniaDepartmentofToxicSubstancesControl(DTSC),CaliforniaLostFishingGearRecoveryProjectatUCDavis,Dr.ErikaHollandatCSULB,EnvironmentalScienceandResourceManagement(ESRM)ProgramatCSUCI(includingDr.ClareSteele),GraduateSchoolofPublicHealthatSDSU,UPSTREAM

4.3.2.Assesspopulationandcommunity-levelimpactstoeconomicallyimportantand/orespeciallyvulnerablespeciesfromexposuretoplasticsandadsorbedpollutants.

4.3.3.Researchimpactstohumanhealthviadirectconsumptionofmicroplasticsandseafoodexposedtoplasticdebris.

AmericanChemistryCouncil(ACC),CaliforniaLostFishingGearRecoveryProjectatUCDavis,UPSTREAM

Objective4.4.Assesstheeffectivenessofexistingbans,policies,andprograms.


4.4.1.Conductcost-benefitanalysesforimplementationofdifferentcommonoceanlitteritemreductionpolicies/strategiesandprovidethemtocitiesandbusinesses(i.e.,localordinancestobanexpandedpolystyrene,depositschemes,packagingredesign).

Dr.AndrewGrayatUCRiverside

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4.4.2.Analyzetheimpactofthestatewideplasticbagbanonreducingdisposablebaguse,preventingoceanlitter,andreducinggovernmentcosts.

AmericanChemistryCouncil(ACC),CaliforniaCoastalCommission,Dr.AndrewGrayatUCRiverside

4.4.3.Conductresearchintoconsumerbehaviortoassessattitudestowardreusableanddisposableitems,convenience,willingnesstopay,andincentivestoavoidcommonlylittereditems(e.g.,cigarettefilters).

CleanWaterAction/CleanWaterFund,Dr.SeanAndersonatCSUCI,PlasticRecyclingCorporationofCalifornia(PRCC),SaveOurShores

Objective4.5.ImprovecoordinationamongCaliforniaorganizationsconductingoceanlitterresearch.


4.5.1.ImprovecommunicationamongoceanlitterresearchentitiesinCaliforniathroughparticipationintheOceanLitterStrategyimplementationprocess.

NOAAMarineDebrisProgram(NOAAMDP),OceanProtectionCouncil(OPC)

4.5.2.Increasedisseminationofresearchresultstothepublicandmanagementagencies(e.g.,CaliforniaDepartmentofFishandWildlife).

OceanProtectionCouncil(OPC)

GOAL5.Generatebehaviorchangebyeducatingandengagingcommunitiesandindividualstoreduceoceanlitter.

Objective5.1.Increaseformalandinformalscience-basededucationtoraiseawarenessofoceanlitter.


5.1.1.Compileandshareadatabaseofexistingresourcesandcurriculumforformaleducationonoceanlitter.

NOAAMarineDebrisProgram(NOAAMDP)

5.1.2.Integratestandards-basedoceanlittercurriculumintoschoolprograms.

5GyresInstitute,CaliforniaCoastalCommission,InstituteforGeographicInformationScience(IGISc)atSFSU,MontereyBayAquarium,NOAAMarineDebrisProgram(NOAAMDP),PlasticRecyclingCorporationofCalifornia(PRCC),SaveOurShores

5.1.3.Developanddistributetoolkitstoempowerhighschoolandcollegestudentstoeducatepeopleontheircampusesandintheircommunities.

MontereyBayAquarium,NOAAMarineDebrisProgram,PlasticRecyclingCorporationofCalifornia(PRCC)

Objective5.2.Educateconsumersaboutthesourcesofoceanlitter,todrivebehaviorchangeinpurchasing.

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5.2.1.Implementcoastalandinlandpubliceducationcampaignsaboutcommonoceanlitteritems,todrivechangesinpurchasing.

CaliforniaCoastalCommission,CaliforniansAgainstWaste,EnvironmentalScienceandResourceManagement(ESRM)ProgramatCSUCI,PlasticRecyclingCorporationofCalifornia(PRCC),SaveOurShores,SurfriderFoundation

5.2.2.Developmessagingforconsumersandproducersonmicrofibersgivenourcurrentstateofknowledgeonthisemergingissue.

BayAreaCleanWaterAgencies(BACWA),CaliforniaAssociationofSanitationAgencies(CASA),CaliforniansAgainstWaste,EnvironmentalScienceandResourceManagement(ESRM)ProgramatCSUCI

5.2.3.Implementapubliceducationcampaignaboutcigarettefilters.

CaliforniaCoastalCommission,CaliforniansAgainstWaste,SaveOurShores,UPSTREAM

OCEAN-BASEDMARINEDEBRISGOAL6.Reduceocean-baseddebrisatitssource,andmaximizetheefficiencyofcontrolandcleanupofocean-baseddebris.

Objective6.1.Leverageindustryknowledgetopreventlostfishinggear.


6.1.1.Leverageveteranfishermen’sknowledgeaboutgearlosspreventionandsharestrategieswiththecommercialandrecreationalfishingindustries.

CaliforniaLostFishingGearRecoveryProjectatUCDavis,ChannelIslandsNationalMarineSanctuary,NOAAMarineDebrisProgram(NOAAMDP)

6.1.2.Sharelessonslearnedfromthefishingindustrywithmanagementagenciesandotherstakeholderstofocuspolicyandfundingonpreventionandrecoveryoflostgear.

CaliforniaLostFishingGearRecoveryProjectatUCDavis,ChannelIslandsNationalMarineSanctuary

6.1.3.Workwiththefishingcommunitytodesigngeartobemoredurable,lesslikelytobelost,andlessharmfultotheenvironmentoncelost.

Objective6.2.ImplementBestManagementPractice(BMP)Plansforreducinglostgearwithintheaquacultureindustry.


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6.2.1.CompilekeyoutcomesdesiredforeffectiveBMPPlansfortheaquacultureindustrythroughacollaborativeprocesswith,andbetween,growers.

CaliforniaDepartmentofFishandWildlife(CDFW)

6.2.2.UpdateFishandGameCommissionpoliciestoincludeBMPsinpermittingconsiderationssuchastheissuanceofaquacultureleases,andeducategrowersandstakeholdersaboutBMPstohelpintheimplementationprocess.

CaliforniaDepartmentofFishandWildlife(CDFW),ChannelIslandsNationalMarineSanctuary

6.2.3.IncludeaquacultureBMPPlanimplementationrequirementsincoastaldevelopmentpermits,whereappropriate.

Objective6.3.Improvetrackingoflostfishingandaquaculturegearinordertobetterunderstandlostgearpatternsandimpacts,andtofacilitateremoval.


6.3.1.Improvethereportingsystemforlostfishinggearbydevelopingandidentifyingmanager(s)ofacentralizeddatabaseforreportingGPSlocationsoflostcommercialandrecreationalgearwithoutpenaltytofishermen.

CaliforniaLostFishingGearRecoveryProjectatUCDavis,ChannelIslandsNationalMarineSanctuary,Dr.AndrewGrayatUCRiverside

6.3.2.Implementapilotprojecttoassesstheeffectivenessofdifferenttaggingandmarkingmethodsforaquaculturegear.

NOAAMarineDebrisProgram(NOAAMDP)

6.3.3.Includeaquaculturegearmarkinganddebriscollectionreportingrequirementsincoastaldevelopmentpermits,whereappropriate.

Objective6.4.Increasetheremovalofocean-baseddebris.


6.4.1.Researchandproviderecommendationstoovercomepolicybarrierstolostgearremovalandocean-basedmarinedebriscleanup.

CaliforniaLostFishingGearRecoveryProjectatUCDavis,ChannelIslandsNationalMarineSanctuary

6.4.2.Supportandexpandexistingprogramsforthepreventionandremovalofabandonedorderelictvessels(e.g.,fundingforremovalofcommercialvessels).

6.4.3.Implementabuyback,return,and/orrecyclingprogramforoldand/orunusedfishinggear.

CaliforniaLostFishingGearRecoveryProjectatUCDavis

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6.4.4.Identifyandremove,whendeemedappropriatebasedonpotentialimpactsofremoval,legacyaquaculturedebrisfromhistoricaquacultureleaseoperations(e.g.,TomalesBay).

CaliforniaLostFishingGearRecoveryProjectatUCDavis

6.4.5.Engageandpartnerwithboaters,fishermen,divers,growers,localcommunities,andotheroceanstakeholderstoimplementregionalcleanupprograms(e.g.,inbays,ports,orharbors).

ChannelIslandsNationalMarineSanctuary(CoastalCleanupDayandGetIntoYourSanctuaryDay),CaliforniaStateParksDivisionofBoating&WaterwaysandCaliforniaCoastalCommission,EnvironmentalScienceandResourceManagement(ESRM)ProgramatCSUCI

6.4.6.Placelargereceptaclesatportsandharborsforfishermentodisposeoftrashthathasbeencollectedwhilefishing.

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