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Drag Reduction Characteristics of Micro-Fibrillated Cellulose
Paul Krochak, Richard Holm, Daniel SöderbergInnventia AB
PaperCon 2011 Page 677
Summary
• Drag reduction characteristics of micro-fibrillated cellulose (MFC) are evaluated in a fully developed turbulent pipe floware evaluated in a fully developed turbulent pipe flow.
• The effect of MFC concentration on percent drag reduction is ffevaluated in two different pipes with inside diameters 45mm and
57mm.
• A maximum drag reduction of 9% was observed at a concentration of 0.15% in both pipes.
• Drag reduction was found to generally be greater in the 45mm pipe.
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Nanocellulose gel
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Elementary fibril aggregates in woodElementary fibril aggregates in wood--fibresfibres
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Why is it interesting?
Cellulose crystallite
E140 GPa
Source: Hongu, T and Phillips, G.O. (1997). New Fibres, Woodhead(1997). New Fibres, Woodhead publishing
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Different types of nanocellulose
Nanocellulose Nanocellulose Nanocellulose NanocelluloseNanocellulose gen. 1
2 w-%
Nanocellulose gen. 2
0.5 w-%
Nanocellulose gen. 2
2 w-%
Nanocellulose gen. 2
7 w-%
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CryoCryo--TEM Image of MFC generation 2TEM Image of MFC generation 2
2010-07-05
7Mikael Ankerfors, Innventia AB
Source: Wågberg, L., Decher, G., Norgren, M., Lindström, T., Ankerfors, M. Axnäs, K.. The Build-Up of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers of Microfibrillated Cellulose and Cationic Polyelectrolytes. Langmuir 2008, 24, 784-795.
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Nanocellulose applications
Paper and board • Dry strength agent for paper and
Other applications• Food applicationsDry strength agent for paper and
board• Surface strength agent to prevent
linting
Food applications• Cosmetics• Medical/pharmaceutical applications• Hygiene/absorbent products• Coating formulations
• Nanobarriers
• Hygiene/absorbent products• Emulsion/dispersion applications
New materials• Nanofilms• Nanocomposites• Nanostructured foams for packaging
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Transparent film of nanocellulose
Aulin et al Cellulose 2010 17 559-574 Fukuzumi et al Biomacromolecules 2009 10Aulin et al., Cellulose, 2010, 17, 559 574. Fukuzumi et al., Biomacromolecules, 2009, 10, 162–165. Syverud et al., Cellulose, 2010 16, 75-78.
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Nanocellulose aerogels
Aulin et al., Cellulose, 2010, 17, 559-574.
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Nanocellulose coatings on board
Oxygen permeability:
Reference 1 g/m2 MFC 1.8 g/m2 MFC
Oxygen permeability:0.0006 cm3m/m2,day,kPa
g g
Aulin et al., Cellulose, 2010, 17, 559-574.
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Potential uses in packaging
• Bio nanocomposites in screw• Bio-nanocomposites in screw cap
• Nanobarrier inside the bottle
• Dry strength agent in board
• Rheology modifier in the foodRheology modifier in the food product
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Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) generation 0generation 0
Energy consumption = 30000 kWh/tonne
MFC
Homogenisation
PulpPulp Source: Turbak, A.F., Snyder, F.W. and Sandberg, K.R. (1983). J. Appl. Pol. Sci.: Appl. Pol. Symp. 37: 815-827.Source: Lindström, T. and Winter, L. (1988). Mikrofibrillär
cellulosa som komponent vid papperstillverkning. STFI-cellulosa som komponent vid papperstillverkning. STFImeddelande C159 (internal STFI-report)
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Solution – Pre-treatments
MFC
Energy consumption = 500 kWh/tonne
MFC
Homogenisation
Mechanical & Enzyme
treatment
Pulp
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Laboratory nanofacilityHomogenisation in Z-shaped chamber
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Nanocellulose pilot plant
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Need
• In light of these developments with MFC is available, there is a strong interest in characterization:strong interest in characterization:- Rheological- Large scale flow characteristics (at lower concentrations)- Drag reduction potential.- Morphological
• A lack of knowledge regarding the optimal design of processing systems.
• Interactions with other solids phases, e.g. papermaking materials such as fibres, retention aids, filler.
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Discussion of rheology for suspensions
• Use information about MFC in the laminar region gives estimation for transition behaviour to turbulent flow region
• Reference to water gives the form of drag reduction • Of greatest interest: a positive drag reduction, observed in fiber
flowsflows
0.3
0.35
0.4
[m/m
]
Turbulent FlowD = 100mm
0 1
0.15
0.2
0.25
raul
ic G
radi
ent [
Water
Laminar Flow
0.00 0.5 1 1.5 32.520
0.05
0.1
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Flow Rate Q [m^3/s]
Hyd
r
Velocity [m/s]
Flow Rate Q [m^3/s]
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General : shear rheology
• A shear deformation and determination of the fluid respons
F (N)
time=1 time=2
Shear stress
time=0
F (N)
t
(stress < yield)
t shear rate (1/s)
viscosity=shear stress
shear rate
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Approach: Experimental trials in a flow loop
Standard transducers:pressue and flow rate
Advanced methods :Ult S i V l i tUltraSonicVelocimeter, Conductiviety probe
Temperature control
Base pipe diameter 75mm, Test setion 20-90mm pipe size
Centrifugal pump (4.2kW) Variable Speed Drive
p pTank volume 1000 liter
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Characterization, shear flow condition
• Pressure drop, ΔP, measured across pipe length with differential pressure transducerpressure transducer.
• Shear Stress: w L
Pd4
• Strain rate:
pw L4
dV8
• Fanning friction factor:2
21 V
f W
• Drag Reduction:%100%
0
0
2
2
H
suspensionH
PPP
DR
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Trials Parameters
• Pipe length, L = 2.55m
• MFC, generation 1, 0.02% - 0.2% volume (and mass) fraction.
• Flow rate: 300 l/min – 1000 l/min.
• Pipe diameters: 45mm, 57mm
• Reynolds number (water based): O(105)Reynolds number (water based): O(10 )
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Stress-Strain – Turbulent Rheology
57 mm Pipe Diamter45 mm Pipe Diamter
10-1
H2O
0.15%0.1%0.02%10-1
H2O
0.20%0.15%0.1%
w w
0.1%0.02%
10-210-2
103
[1/s]103
[1/s]
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Friction factor – Reynolds number dependence
57 mm Pipe Diameter45 mm Pipe Diameter
10-5.3
H2O
0.15%0.1%0.02%
10-5.3 H2O
0.20%0.15%0.1%( )
5 5
10-5.4
f
5 5
10-5.4
f
0.02%( )( )
( )( )
10-5.6
10-5.5
10-5.6
10-5.5
10510
Re105
10
Re
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Drag Reduction
1557 mm Pipe Diameter
0 15%15
45 mm Pipe Diameter
0 20%
5
10
uctio
n
0.15%0.1%0.02%10
ctio
n
0.20%0.15%0.1%0.02%
( )
0
5
% D
rag
Red
u
0
5
% D
rag
Red
uc ( )( )
( )
( )
( )
200 400 600 800 1000-10
-5
% -10
-5
%
( )
200 400 600 800 1000Flow Rate [l/min]
200 400 600 800 100010
Flow Rate [l/min]
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Summary
• Drag reduction characteristics of micro-fibrillated cellulose (MFC) were evaluated in a fully developed turbulent pipe flowwere evaluated in a fully developed turbulent pipe flow.
• The MFC suspensions exhibit the same turbulent rheology as water.
• A maximum drag reduction of 9% was observed at aA maximum drag reduction of 9% was observed at a concentration of 0.15% in both pipes.
• D d ti i f d t i t t ti f 15%• Drag reduction is found to increase up to concentration of .15%, after which is found to decrease.
• Drag reduction was generally greater in the 45mm pipe.
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Thank you
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