dragicevic sesic
TRANSCRIPT
Urban cultural policies and development of creative
industries Belgrade creative city perspective
Milena Dragicevic Sesic
Cultural policy professionalization
• Rutinization of cultural policies
• Sectorialization
• Focusing on institutions
• traditional approach
If succesful:
• Orientation on quality achievements
Cultural policy as part of strategic program
• Orientation to market demands
• Seeing a global pictures
• Following trends
• Initiating new concepts
Evidence based cultural policy – possibility?
• No tradition for evidence based cultural policy in the region
• Relying on thoughts, big ideas
• Despising the facts and “banal data”
• Respect for the central guidance (in spite of self-governing system in ex-Yu)
• Authoritarian and egalitarian values
Stimulans for city policy making
• Andre Malraux – top-down approach
• Jack Lang – contracts with municipalities
• British stimulans for strategic planning (New inspection regimes: Best Value, Comprehensive Performance Assessment)
tasks of the city public policies
(re)defining city identity, based on:
- collective memories of people, - cultural heritage (built and intangible) and- vision of future
gathering consensus among:- main political agents,- public opinion makers (intellectuals, educators, media practitioners…).
Cities in decline – cities in motion
• Politics of oblivion• Politics of status quo• Politics of waiting• Active policies…
• Secret cities of USSR – motor of military and nuclear development – non-existent in present day debate
• Future of Akademgorodok?
Palanka - cities
• Substitute for industrialization – small commerc (kioskization)
• Next step: Small and medium enterprises
• Next step: Foreign investments
Forgotten issues:
• How to integrate lost memory in future development?
• How to start endogenous development
Policies of new “urbazone”
• Hundreds of use of the word “urban” /in contemporary media, meaning:fashionable consumeristic oriented individual
cosmopolite
hedonistic orientation
fun, entertainment
branding as key issue…
Shortcut to Creative Belgrade?
Key agents: ad agenciesCulture as Design – consumption pattern• Shopping• Eating• Socializing (coffee houses)• Beaches… (river and lake…)• Movies• Festivals…
A shortcut to creative Amsterdam
• Change as a constant (letter of the maire)
Five stories:
1. Westergasfabriek – cultural park
2. Jenifer Tee
3. Viktor & Rolf
4. Zuidas
5. Breeding grounds
Key words
• I amsterdam – (un)expected
• Inspiring storeys
• Fashion, art, nightlife, design
• Imagination rules
• Creative crossroads
• Creative diplomacy (lloyd hotel)• playground
Creative industries of socialism period (1985 – 2000)
• Enterpreneurial initiatives of Ljubisa Ristic:- Avala fest (re-use of Film city)- Sugar factory renewal
(LED art intervention against Project X, 1996.)
Barutana – renewed Kalemegdan powder storage + lagums of Belgrade as coffee bars
Belgrade – Europolis …Sava amphitheater
Belgrade five stories
From resistance to creative industries:• B92 (Radio-TV-video), REX, Samizdat• Center for Cultural Decontamination,
Skart…• Publikum – FIA• Independent publishing houses: CLIO,
Geopoetika, Rende…• Music production – from rock to Serbia
sounds global
Non-political initiatives
• Non commercial- New moment review and art gallery- Grifon prize for graphic design
• Commercial:- Pink television (City records…)- BK Television + BK sound- Komuna- Fashion week
Fashion - Design
Creative industries of Belgrade
http://www.kliknalink.co.yu
http://www.infostud.com
www.izlazak.com/
www.krstarica.com
www.virtualnigrad.com
www.yellowcab.co.yu/dogadjaj.
Cultural policy – new initiatives
1. Business & Art award: O3one gallery – design & everyday life
2. Beton hala – Superspace gallery
3. Kunsthalle & Museums in old military barracks (City museum)
4. Old Fair – memory park or disco club
Old fair – view from 30`
Fair – high prestige int. events -30` Concentration camp 40` Art ateliers – since 50` first Waiting for Godot in the Eastern World (59)
What to do now? Memorial park? Cultural-art center? Club Poseydon? Club New Laguna?
Urban policy initiatives
• 60` Skadarlija (+ Kosancicev venac)
• 70` Payton City - Cubura
• 80` Knez Mihajlova
90` - without policy initiatives
• 6. - 13. May 2006 – Week of Architecture.
• Fontana? Memory of cosmopolitan Belgrade of 60`City Center… Kunsthalle
Privatization in culture
Type of activity Legal subjects in privatization process
Realized privatizations
Cultural institutions 2 1
cinemas 9 2
Radio and Television 1 1
Book publishing 12 3
newspapers 1 0
Review & magazins pub. 1 0
Music publishing 2 2
Other publishing 2 1
Total 30 10
Serbian creative industries
• Film production – 179 comp. (157 active)• Music production companies – 46• Publishing companies – 517 active• Radio & Television
– 139 Radio&TV stations (105 still in public ownership)- 543 radio stations- 73 Tv stations
• Daily newspapers - 21
Type of activity 2001 2002 2003 2004
Total 1752226 1676835 1611632 1580140
Industry 619113 566635 525374 483654
Publishing, printing 21037 20013 19780 19817
Communal services 49366 49119 48267 49412
Cultural and similar activities
20749 21 646 21 168 -
Number of employed
Research: survey of Belgrade CI
SAIT team: Slobodan Cvejic, M.Dragicevic Sesic…CI group No. of
respondents% in whole
CI
Poetry, literary/creative writing 56 13
Dance (traditional, modern), balley 44 2
Acting (theatre, movie) 54 8
Other professions related to theatre 52 8
Other profess. related to movie/video 54 4
Classical music (vocal, instrumental) 36 4
Modern music (vocal, instrumental) 51 11
Painting, sculpture 40 17
Crafts and grafic arts 45 9
Architecture 54 13
Design 40 4
Photography, computers, new media, mixed media, performance
41 7
TOTAL 576 100
Basic characteristics
• 43% women and 57% men. • 34 years old in average, ranging from 15 to 77, but with
majority concentrated between 20 and 35 (2/3). • 62% were born in Belgrade, 6% in other big cities of
former Yugoslavia, 30% in middle size cities of nowdays or former Yugoslavia, and 2% were born abroad.
• 41% completed university education, 29% completed third degree or is at graduate studies now, and 21% has spetialization degree. Only 9% has only secondary education,.
• 60% of respondents does only CI job for living, 13% is basicaly relied upon CI job, but does something else as well (teaching or expert work outside CI), and 27% does something else for living and has CI as second choice of activity.
Economic strength of CI in Belgrade
• 84% make money out of their creative work. • Their market is highly localized:
- 82% Belgrade, - 38% in big cities in Serbia, - 27% reach former Yugoslavia states, - 16% has market in Southern-Eastern Europe,- 25% in Europe - 13% globaly.
• Average annual personal income made in the crafts was 276,000 CSD (4,600 USD). - 10% has no income, - 16% between 40,000 and 100,000 CSD (660 and 1,700 USD), - 19% between 120,000 and 200,000 CSD (2,000 and 3,300 USD), - 19% between 240,000 and 300,000 (4,000 and 5,000 USD), - 17% from 350,000 to 600,000.
the household annual income, it is 690,000 CSD (11,500 USD) in average (household economic strategy of artists).
CI group Annual average in
CSD
In USD Variation inside the group
Poetry, literary/creative writing
252,000 4,200 High
Dance (traditional, modern), balley
248,000 4,100 Very low
Acting (theatre, movie) 422,000 7,000 Standard
Other professions related to theatre
400,000 6,700 Standard
Other profess. related to movie/video
487,000 8,100 Standard
Classical music (vocal, instrumental)
196,000 3,300 Standard
Modern music (vocal, instrumental)
293,000 5,000 Very high
Painting, sculpture 138,000 2,300 High
Crafts and grafic arts 182,000 3,000 Low
Architecture 313,000 5,200 Very low
Design 310,000 5,200 High
Photography, computers, new media, mixed media, performance
264,000 4,400 Very high
Living conditions39% of them live at their parents’, relatives’ or friends’. 38% posses an appartment 20% rent for the place they live in.
17% live alone, 26% live in 2 person household, 28% in 3 person household, 22% in 4 person household, 7% in 5 or more person household.
6% of the sample lives in studio space, 12% in no bedroom appartment, 36% in one bedroom apprtment, 29% in 2 bedroom appartment.
33% up to 50 sqm, 34% in 51-70 sqm, 25% in 71-100 sqm 8% in more than 100 sqm.
NEEDS: SPECIAL FACILITY
Selected in 3 Selected as the most important
Natural light 66 46
High-load bearing floors 8 1
Special electrical wiring 28 7
Special plumbing 4 *
Special ventilation 26 6
Soundproofing 38 16
Wheelchair access 1 *
Oversized doors 7 *
High ceilings 27 5
Sprung floors 3 1
Additional storage 24 3
High speed data lines 40 9
COMMON FACILITY Selected in 3 The most Important
Theatre/performance space 30 18
Classroms 5 1
Ootdoor work area 19 8
Conference hall 8 2
Copying machine and other office equipment 19 7
Rehearsal space 29 12
Dark room 3 1
Foundry area 9 3
Recording room 37 13
Movie and video projection room 20 2
Gallery space 26 7
Retail space 15 4
Paint room 17 10
Sprung dance floor 4 *
Satelite link 15 2
Printmaking facilities 26 11
NEED FOR Very urgent
Urgent Not urgent
Not applicable
Housing 30 19 51 1
Attelier or working space 33 23 44 2
Tools, material, equipment, instrum. 24 35 41 4
Space for exhibition/performance 23 34 43 11
Representatives and agents 37 25 38 9
Insurance of space and equipment 21 24 54 19
Insurance of art pieces 39 23 38 14
Training, planning and business developm.
31 35 34 9
Accounting and legal support 19 32 49 15
Marketing and sales 48 31 21 7
Business loans 40 22 38 16
Grants, help in application writing 39 25 36 14
Technical or artistic training 20 33 47 8
Transport/delivery 27 23 50 32
Institutional and social support to free lancers
73 17 10 5
CI organizations survey analysis
Field of activity No. of units %
Design companies 6 11
Alternative theatres 7 13
Private film companies 3 6
Artists associations 7 13
Galleries 7 13
Publishing houses 6 11
Book stores 5 9
Music productions 6 11
Advertising 6 11
Total 53 100%
Legal status of CI organizations
• 64% of organizations/companies privately owned,
• 31% were NGOs
• 6% were state-owned companies.
number of employees:
• 54% has 0-3 permanently employed people
• average for the sample is 11
NEED FOR Very urgent
Urgent Not urgent
Not applicabl
Business space 44 28 28 19
Working space (rehearsal, painting, etc 56 19 25 40
Tools, material, equipment 26 40 34 28
Space for exhibition/performance 29 31 42 32
Representatives and agents 34 9 56 40
Insurance of space and equipment 22 30 49 30
Insurance of art pieces 30 30 40 43
Training, planning and business developm.
18 46 36 38
Accounting and legal support 10 39 51 26
Marketing and sales 43 26 32 11
Business loans 26 29 45 28
Grants and help in application writing 13 26 61 42
Technical or artistic training in the field of interest
7 40 53 43
Transport/delivery 16 22 63 40
Institutional and social support 56 26 19 19
Working space• 8% don’t have separate working space• 57% rent their space • 13% of cases a member of the organization/company owns the space,• 15% of cases organization uses public space with minimal rent,• 8% of cases they have another solution.
The costs related to the space vary from 0 to 4,800,000 dinars (0 to 80,000 USD) per month. Average is cca 165,000 CSD (cca 2,700 USD)
The largest number of respondents is concentrated between 40,000 and 60,000 CSD (650-1,000 USD).
Average size of the space used is 160 sqm, (two modal intervals): a) between 30 and 50 sqm (20%) b) between 70 and 110 sqm (25%).
In average, satisfaction with the working space, measured on the scale 1-10, is at the middle (6).
72% believe that their organization/company needs more space than they have now (of them).
Conclusions
Small private firms (bookstores, galleries, etc.) and NGOs are oriented towards cultural/artistic market,
they want governmental assistance in approaching customers, resources and other organizations.
They need more information, training in skills needed in transition from protectionist to open market system
As for work space, their perception of their own position is not realistic: they want more space at lower rates by subsidized loans or rents.
This means that in reconstructing an old industrial site or constructing a new building for CI, huge assistance would be needed from local institutions and banks. To make the whole project sustainable, CI people should be incited to widen their market and trained to operate under more competitive conditions.