drainage and insect control 2

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Drainage and Insect Control

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION


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INTRODUCTION

Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water

from a given area. Many agricultural soils need drainage to improve production or

to manage water supplies. The earliest archaeological record of an advanced system of

damage comes from the Indus Valley Civilization from around 3100 BC in what is now

Pakistan and North India. Wetland soils may need drainage to be used for agriculture.

The ancient Indus systems of sewerage and drainage that were developed and used in

cities throughout the civilization were far more advanced than any found in

contemporary urban sites in the Middle East and even more efficient than those in

some areas of modern Pakistan and India today. All houses in the major cities of

Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had access to water and drainage facilities. Waste water

was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets. Wetland soils may need

drainage to be used for agriculture. Drainage is especially important in tree -fruit

production. Irrigation water always contains minerals and salts, and these can be

concentrated to toxic levels by evapotranspiration. Irrigated land may need

periodic flushes with excessive irrigation water and drainage to remove these toxic

minerals. Modern drainage systems incorporate geotextile filters that retain and

prevent fine grains of soil from passing into and clogging the drain. Geotextiles are

synthetic textile fabrics specially manufactured for civil and environmental

engineering applications.


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CONSTRUCTION OF DRAINAGES

The civil engineer or site engineer is responsible for drainage in

construction projects. They set out from the plans all the roads, drainage, culverts and

sewers involved in construction operations. During the construction of the work on site

he/she will set out all the necessary levels for each of the managers, supervisors,

planners, quantity surveyors, the general workforce, as well as subcontractors.


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INSECTS CONTROL

Insects (Class Insecta) are a major group of arthropods and the most diverse

group of animals on the Earth, with over a million described species more than all

other animal groups combined . Insects may be found in nearly all environments on

the planet, although only a small number of species occur in the oceans where

crustaceans tend to predominate instead. The study of insects (from Latininsectus,

meaning "cut into sections") is called entomology. Many insects are considered pests

by humans. Insects commonly regarded as pests include those that are parasitic

(mosquitoes, lice, bedbugs), transmit diseases (mosquitos, flies), damage structures

(termites), or destroy agricultural goods (locusts, weevils). Many entomologists are

involved in various forms of pest control, often using insecticides, but more and

more relying on methods of biocontrol. Insects also produce useful substances such

as honey, wax, lacquer and silk. Honey bees have been cultured by humans for

thousands of years for honey, although contracting for crop pollination is becoming

more significant for beekeepers. The silkworm has greatly affected human history,

as silk-driven trade established relationships I between China and the rest of the

world. Although pest insects attract the most attention, many insects are beneficial to

the environment and to humans.


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DISEASES CAUSED BY INSECTS

There are many diseases caused due to insects. Mosquitoes, Fleas, bugs etc are

some of the insects that spread diseases to the human beings. But most of the diseases

caused in people are due to mosquitoes. Some of the diseases are the following :-

Disease Insect

Dengue Mosquito

Malaria Mosquito

Chikun guinea Mosquito

(Aedes)

West Nile virus Mosquito

SymptomsFever until Artrities

Headache until heavy Fever

Sudden fever, headache,

Skin rashes Fever until

meningi

MEASURES TAKEN BY MUNCIPALITY

1. Cleaning and monitoring of the markets for vegetables, fruits, fish and meat and

checking the food preparation place.

2. Building of sewages and take necessary measurements to drain floods water

and monitor Wastewater drainages

3. Proposing fees for the services provided by municipality to the public

4. Investigating the diseases and report to the ministry of health and the

oncerned authorities.


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REASON FOR INCREASING OF INSECTS

There are many reasons for increasing of insects. Folio wing are the some of the

reasons:-

1. Pollution of drainages.

2. Disposing of waste materials in the public areas.

3. Dumping of non-biodegradable wastes.

4. Industrial effluents in the drainages.

5. Eutrophication- Growth of phytoplanktons.

6. Domestic wastes.

STEPS TAKEN TO CONTROL INSECTS AND

TO KEEP DRAINAGES CLEAN.

Following are the steps taken to control insects especially, Mosquitoes and to

clean the drainages are the following: -

1. Keep drainages always clean.

2. Use insecticides to control insects.

3. Dispose wastages in digs and cover the dig properly.

4. Use the methods of biocontrol.

5. Avoid stagnation of water in drainages.

6. Drainages should be properly covered.

7. Clean the drainages at least once in a week.

8. Proper utilization of drainages can reduce the growth of insect


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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY


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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY


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Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research

problem.

It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done

scientifically. It is necessary for the researcher to know not only the research

methods/techniques but also the methodology is wider than that of research

methods.

The research comprises of two parts namely conducting survey and other is

referring documents.

TITLE OF STUDY

A study on the drainage and insect control with special reference to

Thripunithura municipality.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

There are many problems in Thripunithura municipality. This municipality

lies under Ernakulam district. There is vast population in Thripunithura

Municipality. So one of the most important problems encountering the municipality

is of drainage and insects control. So the researcher has selected the subject

Drainage and Insect Control.

POPULATION

Thripunithura municipality constitutes the population for the present study.


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UNIVERSE

The universe of this study is the 32 wards which come under Thripunithura

municipality.

NATURE OF DATA

The success of a study depends up on the appropriateness of the tools &

techniques used for the study. Both primary and secondary data areused in present

study.

1. PRIMARY DATA

Primary data is the data collected by the investigator himself for the

purpose of a specific inquiry or study. Such data are collected afresh and for the first

time and thus happen to be original in character.

Primary data is collected directly from the field, through questionnaire and

interview techniques

Questionnaire Technique

The term questionnaire refers to a self-administered process where by the

respondent himself/herself reads the questions and records his/her answer without

assistance of an interviewer. In the present study, the questionnaire has been devised

for collecting data, which can be meaningful in explaining the present arguments of

the old aged people residing in the old age home.

Interview technique

Interviews are a popular research method because they are flexible and


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participatory. The interviewer has the freedom to change some questions or the

asking order of the questions according to the reactions of the users. So interviews

are more personal ways of gathering information from users than the questionnaires.

Here the researcher is using questionnaire method for collecting the data.

The term questionnaire' refers to a systematic combination of questions that as

submitted to a sample of population from whom information is derived. In the

present study, the questionnaire has been devised for collecting data which can be

meaningful explaining the present arguments about the effects of polluted

drainages and growth of insects.

2. SECONDARY DATA

Secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone

else and which have already been passed through the statistical process.

The secondary data can be collected from journals, reports, government

publication etc. Secondary data is mainly collected from the records of Thripunithura

municipality.

PILOT STUDY

The Researcher conducted a pilot study to examine the scope and feasibility


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of studying the problem in particular community. That is the Researcher conducts an

enquiry on the subject related to public. Researcher also fixed the universe and

selected the appropriate tool of simple random sampling technique.

PRE- TEST

A pre-test is conducted to verify the ability of interview schedule to collect

necessary & relevant data after formatting rough interview schedule used for data

collection. This is also used for testing the success of the study.


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SCOPE OF THE STUDY


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SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The area of study selected in Thripunithura Municipality consisting 32 wards and

about all wards are brought under study. Majority of sample population suggested

that they are affected by the problems of drainages and insects. There is vast population

in Thripunithura Municipality .

The people of Thripunithura Municipality are aware about the consequences

of polluted drainages and increasing insects.

The main scope of the study is to analyze the problems faced by the people due to

inefficient management of drainages and also for growth of insects.

The municipality authorities are taking necessary steps to prevent the harmful

effects of uncleaned drainages and the growth of insects. They take measures for the

proper utilization of drainages and the method of fogging to control insects.

Finding of studies will help future student in research about drainage and insect

control.

The result may help the Thripunithura Municipality in taking better and redressed

steps in future.


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LIMITATIONS


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LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The limitations those were present while conducting Researches and

retrieving data had a crucial effect on the project. Some of them are listed below.

1. The study is about a bread subject and therefore it is to impossible to cover

the areas of the subject.

2. Time given was very short.

3. Sample size is less.i.e 100.

4. Lack of inexperience from the part of interviewer.

5. Lack of co-operation from the part of respondents.

6. Lack of knowledge of the respondents on the topic discussed.

7. There can be calculation errors while tabulating.


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Chapter II

MUNICIPALITY PROFILE


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Chapter III

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION


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ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS OF THE DATA

The collected data were analyzed and tabulated in form of simple tables.

These, Tables were interpreted and conclusions were drawn. Percentages are used for

analyzing the data.

1. Table showing the drainage facilities in respondent's home.Particulars No. Of respondents % Of respondents

Yes 74 74

No 26 26

Total 100 100

The above figure shows that out of 100 samples, 74 persons (74%) said that they

had drainage facilities in their home and the rest 26 persons (26%) said that they had

no drainage facilities in their home.

72%

28%

Yes

No


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2. Table showing whether the respondents affected by the inefficiency of

drainages.

Particulars No. Of respondents % Of respondents

Yes 54 54

No 46 46

Total 100 100

The above figure shows that out of 100 samples, 54 persons (54%) said

that they had affected by the inefficiency of drainages and the rest 46 persons

(46%) are not affected by it.

54%

46%

Yes

No


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3. Table showing whether the municipality is irresponsible incase ofblockage of drainages.

Particulars No. Of respondents Of respondents

Yes 49 49

No 51 51

Total 100 100

The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 51 persons (51%) said that the

Municipality are not irresponsible incase of blockage of drainages and the rest 49

persons (49%) say that they are irresponsible.

49%51% Yes

No


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4. Table showing the respondent's responds how the drainages get polluted.


Dumping garbage 60 60

Industrial effluent 2 2

Stagnant of water 38 38

None - -

Total 100 100

The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 60% persons said that the

drainages get polluted due to dumping garbage, 38% persons due to industrial

effluent, 2%persons due to stagnant of water.

60%

2%

38%

0%

Dumping Garbage

Industrial effluent

Stagnent of water

None


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5. Table showing whether the respondents affected in their locality with harmful

disease like malaria due to uncleaned drainages.


Yes 20 20

No 80 80

Total 100 100

The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 80% persons says that they are not

affected with harmful disease like malaria due to uncleaned drainages and 20% persons

are affected by it.

20%

80%

Yes

No


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6. Table showing the respondents who believe that the most of the diseases

caused in their locality due to uncleaned drainages.


Yes 58 58

No 42 42

Total 100 100

The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 58% persons believes that most of

the disease caused in their locality due to uncleaned drainages and 42% persons are on

believes in it.

58

42

Yes

No


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7. Table showing the respondents prevent the blockage of drainages.


Daily cleaning of drainages 47 47

Proper utilization of drainages 50 50

Don't deposit garbage in drainages 3 3

None - -

Total 100 100

The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 50% persons said that they

prevent blockage of drainages due to proper utilization of drainages, 47% persons due

to daily cleaning of drainages, 3% persons due to don't deposit garbage in drainages.

47%

50%

3% 0%

Daily cleaning of drainages

Proper utilization of drainages

Dont deposit garbage in

drainages

None


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8. Table showing the respondents responds whether the person come to their

house to clean the drainages.


Yes 44 44

No 56 56

Total 100 100

The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 56% persons says that the

persons are not coming in their house to clean the drainages and the rest 44%

persons says the persons come in their house for cleaning the drainages.

44%

56% Yes

No


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9. Table showing the respondents responses how often the persons come their

locality for cleaning the drainages.


Once in a month 24 24

All alternate days in a month - -

Once in a year 19 19

None 57 57

Total 100 100

The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 57% persons said that the persons

are not coming in their house, 24% persons says that they come once in aMonth, 19%

persons says that once in a year for cleaning the drainages.

24

%

0%

19%57%Once in a month

All alternate days

ina monthOnce in a year

None


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10. Table showing whether the drainages in respondent's areas are properly

covered.


Yes 70 70

No 30 30

Total 100 100

The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 70% persons said that the

drainages are properly covered and 30% persons demanded that the drainages are not

properly covered.

70%

30%Yes

No


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11. Table showing whether there is any increase of insects due to uncleaned

drainages.


Yes 80 80

No 20 20

Total 100 100

The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 80% persons demanded that

there is increase of insects due to uncleaned drainages and 20% persons says that

there is no increase of insects due to it.

80%

20%

Yes

No


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12. Table showing whether the insects cause communicable diseases.


Yes 25 25

No 75 75

Total 100 100

The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 75%persons said that the insect does

not cause any communicable diseases and the rest 25% persons says that the insects

cause communicable diseases.

25%

75

%

Yes

No


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14. Table showing whether the respondents take any precautions against the

growth of insects.


Yes 73 73

No 27 27

Total 100 100

The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 73%persons takes precautions

against the growth of insects and the rest 27% persons are not taking precautions.

73%

27%

Yes

No


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16. Table showing till now whether the municipality has taken any measures to

control insects.

Particulars No. Of respondents %Of respondents

Yes 58 58

No 42 42

Total 100 100

The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 58% persons said that till now also

the municipality taken measures to control insects and the rest 42% persons says that

till now they are not taking measures against it.

58%

42%

Yes

No


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17. Table showing the respondents having any objection against the measures

taken by municipality to control insects and keep drainages cleans.


Yes 45 45

No 55 55

Total 100 100

The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 55% persons had no objection

against the measures taken by municipality to control insects and keep drainages clean

and the rest 45% had objection against it.

45%

55%

Yes

No


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18. Table showing whether the municipality is helpful.


Yes 90 90

No 10 10

Total 100 100

The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 90% persons demanded that the

municipality is very helpful and the rest 10% persons are against it.

90%

10%

Yes

No


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20. Table showing whether the respondents report any complaint to the

municipality that the drainages are not clean in their locality


Yes 40 40

No 60 60

Total 100 100

The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 60%persons are not report any

complaint to the municipality that the drainages are not clean in their locality and the

rest 40% persons had reported complaints to the municipality.

40%

60% Yes

No


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Chapter IV

FINDINGS


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FINDINGS

1. About 26% of respondents have no drainage facilities in home.

2. About 54% of respondents are affected by the in efficiency of drainages.

3. Municipality is responsible for 51% of blockage of drainage.

4. Majority (i.e 60%) of drainage pollution is due to dumping garbage.

5. 20% of people are affected with harmful diseases like malaria due to uncleaned

drainages.

6. 58% of people believe that most of the diseases caused in their locality due to

uncleaned drainages.

7. 50% of respondents properly utilized the drainages. 47% of respondents are

clean the drainages daily.

8. 30% of people says that drainages in their areas are not properly covered.

9. There is an 80% increase of insects due to uncleaned drainages.

10. 38% of respondents are not satisfied by the measure taken by municipality to

control growth of insects.

11. 73% respondents take precaution against the growth of insects.

12. 58% of respondents say that municipality is taking measure to control insects.

13. 45% of respondents have objection against measure taken by municipality.

14. 60% of respondents report complained to the municipality that the drainages

are not clean in their locality.


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Chapter VII

SUGGESTIONS


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SUGGESTIONS

1. To make drainage channels in the lacking areas in the municipality.

2. Make permanent concrete drainage channels in the municipality.

3. Cover the drainage channels by cement slabs properly mainly in town areas,

otherwise accidents may cause.

4. Place drums /containers to collect garbage in selected place and appoint agents

to remove them.

5. To avoid insects, use insecticides and pesticides properly.

6. The municipality should conduct awareness programmes related to various

diseases and insect control.

7. The municipality should instruct the people to drink only hot water.

8. Make awareness to people about use of drainage.

9. If there are facilities to pass out the drainage water to the sea, the insects

should be killed and can be controlled.

10. To avoiding the blockage of drainages, the municipality should check drainage

channels twice in a month and it also help to reduce the growth of insects.

11. Municipality should take necessary measures in proper utilization of

drainages and to control Insects.

12. People should have good co-operation with municipality members and should

activelyparticipate in cleaning drainages.


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Chapter VIII

CONCLUSION


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CONCLUSION


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APPENDIX


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DRAINAGES AND INSECT CONTROL

QUESTIONNAIRE

1. Name :

2. Address :

.

3. Age :

4. Gender

Male Female

5. Educational qualification

Metric Undergraduate

Graduate Postgraduate

6. Occupation

Agriculture Employed

Business Other

7. Number of members in your home

Below 3-3 4-6 Above 6


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8. Do you have any drainage facilities in your home?

Yes No

9. Have you been affected by the inefficiency of drainages?

Yes No

10. Is the municipality irresponsible incase of blockage of drainage?

Yes No

11. How the drainages get polluted?

a. Dumping garbage

b. Industrial effluent

c. Stagnant of water

d. None

12. Did anyone affected in your locality with harmful disease like malaria due

to uncleaned drainages?

Yes No

13. Do you believe that most of the diseases caused in your locality due to

uncleaned drainages?

Yes No


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14. How can you prevent the blockage of drainages?

a. Daily cleaning of drainages

b. Proper utilization of drainages

c. Don't deposit garbage in drainages

d. None

15. Does any persons come to your house to clean the drainages?

Yes No

16. If yes, how oftenly they come to your locality?

a. Once in a weak

b. Once in a month

c. All alternate days in a month

d. Once in a year

e. None

17. Does the drainages in your area are properly covered?

Yes No

17. Does there is any increase of insects due to uncleaned drainages?

Yes No


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18. Does the insects cause any communicable diseases?

Yes No

19. Are you satisfied by the measures taken by municipality to control the growth

of insects?

Yes No

21. Will you take any precautions against the growth of insects?

Yes No

22. Have you taken any measures by yourself to control insects rather than taken

by municipality?

Yes No

23. Till now, does the municipality have taken any measures to control insects?

Yes No

24. Do you any objection against the measures taken by municipality to control

insects and keep drainages clean?

Yes No

25. Does your municipality is helpful?

Yes No


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26. Do you have good co-operation with your municipality?

Yes No

27. Do you report any complaint to the municipality that the drainages are not

clean in your locality?

Yes No

28. Suggestions about drainages and control insects.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY


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drainage and insect control 2

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