drama understanding a play. plot mountain in drama exposition: opening moments location (symbols and...
TRANSCRIPT
DramaDrama
Understanding a PlayUnderstanding a Play
Plot Mountain in DramaPlot Mountain in Drama
Exposition:
• Opening moments
• Location (symbols and metaphors)
• Meeting of characters
• What happened before the curtain rose
• What is happening now
Exposition:
• Opening moments
• Location (symbols and metaphors)
• Meeting of characters
• What happened before the curtain rose
• What is happening now
Rising Action:• We get involved
• Puts forces on crash course to meet each other• Protagonist/Antagonist-journey towards each
other• Dramatic situation: Usually describes the protagonist’s motivation and the forces that
oppose its realization
Rising Action:• We get involved
• Puts forces on crash course to meet each other• Protagonist/Antagonist-journey towards each
other• Dramatic situation: Usually describes the protagonist’s motivation and the forces that
oppose its realization
Climax:
• Basic meeting of protagonist/antagonist
• Tension reaches its greatest height
• Does NOT HAVE to be dramatic
• Dramatic question about to be answered
Climax:
• Basic meeting of protagonist/antagonist
• Tension reaches its greatest height
• Does NOT HAVE to be dramatic
• Dramatic question about to be answered
Falling Action:
• Events that occur as a result of the climax
• We know the action will end soon
• Recognizable in tragedies: the protagonist’s fortunes proceed downhill to an inexorable end
Falling Action:
• Events that occur as a result of the climax
• We know the action will end soon
• Recognizable in tragedies: the protagonist’s fortunes proceed downhill to an inexorable end
Resolution/Denouement:
• Final moments of the play
• All the action is tied up
• Characters may be enriched and wiser
Resolution/Denouement:
• Final moments of the play
• All the action is tied up
• Characters may be enriched and wiser
CharactersCharacters
Protagonist:• The leading character(s)
• Usually a good force and the one the audience roots for
Antagonist:• The character that comes in conflict with the main
character• Does not always have to be “bad” or a person
Protagonist:• The leading character(s)
• Usually a good force and the one the audience roots for
Antagonist:• The character that comes in conflict with the main
character• Does not always have to be “bad” or a person
ForeshadowingForeshadowing
• Always a type of foreshadowing in a play
• Can take place as early as the exposition
• Always be looking for clues while reading
• Always a type of foreshadowing in a play
• Can take place as early as the exposition
• Always be looking for clues while reading
Dramatic Question(s)Dramatic Question(s)
• The primary unresolved issue in a drama as it unfolds
• The result of artful plotting, raising suspense and expectation in a play’s action as it moves
toward its outcome
• The primary unresolved issue in a drama as it unfolds
• The result of artful plotting, raising suspense and expectation in a play’s action as it moves
toward its outcome
SubplotDouble plot
SubplotDouble plot
• A secondary arrangement of incidents
• Involves someone besides the protagonist
• Usually occur in Shakespeare’s plays
• A secondary arrangement of incidents
• Involves someone besides the protagonist
• Usually occur in Shakespeare’s plays
Stage BusinessStage Business
• Nonverbal action that engages the attention of an audience
• Can be as small as a doorknob turning, creating SUSPENSE
• Nonverbal action that engages the attention of an audience
• Can be as small as a doorknob turning, creating SUSPENSE
UnitiesUnities
• 3 formal qualities recommended by Italian Renaissance literary critics to unify a plot in
order to give it a cohesive and complete integrity
• Action: Single series of interrelated actions—must be entirely serious or funny
• Time: play takes place within 24 hours• Place: play takes place in a single location
• 3 formal qualities recommended by Italian Renaissance literary critics to unify a plot in
order to give it a cohesive and complete integrity
• Action: Single series of interrelated actions—must be entirely serious or funny
• Time: play takes place within 24 hours• Place: play takes place in a single location
Closet DramaCloset Drama
• A play designed to be read aloud rather than performed
• Do you think Trifles fits this definition?
• A play designed to be read aloud rather than performed
• Do you think Trifles fits this definition?
ConventionsConventions
• Customary methods of presenting an action, usual and recognizable devices that an audience
is willing to accept
• Ex.: classical Greek theater or the Elizabethan theater
• Customary methods of presenting an action, usual and recognizable devices that an audience
is willing to accept
• Ex.: classical Greek theater or the Elizabethan theater
SoliloquySoliloquy
• A dramatic monologue in which we seem to overhear the character’s innermost thoughts
uttered aloud
• A dramatic monologue in which we seem to overhear the character’s innermost thoughts
uttered aloud
ThemeTheme
• The general point or truth about human beings that may be drawn from the play
• The general point or truth about human beings that may be drawn from the play
COMEDYCOMEDY
An important difference between comedy and tragedy lies in the attitude toward human failing
that is expected of us.
Comedies present situations differently so there is a clear line between humor and tragedy.
An important difference between comedy and tragedy lies in the attitude toward human failing
that is expected of us.
Comedies present situations differently so there is a clear line between humor and tragedy.
ComedyComedy
• Originated in festivities to celebrate spring
• Ritual performances in praise of Dionysus
• Whatever makes us laugh (broad definition)
• Can be an entire play or only a part in the play (comic character or a comic situation)
• Originated in festivities to celebrate spring
• Ritual performances in praise of Dionysus
• Whatever makes us laugh (broad definition)
• Can be an entire play or only a part in the play (comic character or a comic situation)
Satiric ComedySatiric Comedy
• Human weakness or folly is ridiculed from a vantage point of supposedly enlightening
superiority
• Tends to be critical of people, their manners, and their morals
• Human weakness or folly is ridiculed from a vantage point of supposedly enlightening
superiority
• Tends to be critical of people, their manners, and their morals
High ComedyHigh Comedy
• Relies more on wit and wordplay than on physical action for its humor
• Points out the pretension and hypocrisy of human behavior
• Avoids jokes about physical appearance
• Relies more on wit and wordplay than on physical action for its humor
• Points out the pretension and hypocrisy of human behavior
• Avoids jokes about physical appearance
EpigramEpigram
• Brief and witty statement that memorably expresses some truth, large or small
“There is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about, and that is not being talked
about.”
• Brief and witty statement that memorably expresses some truth, large or small
“There is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about, and that is not being talked
about.”
Comedy of MannersComedy of Manners
• A type of High Comedy
• A witty satire set in elite or fashionable society
• Popular in the Restoration Period (period after 1660 when Charles II reopened the London
playhouses after being closed by the Puritans for being “immoral”)
• A type of High Comedy
• A witty satire set in elite or fashionable society
• Popular in the Restoration Period (period after 1660 when Charles II reopened the London
playhouses after being closed by the Puritans for being “immoral”)
Low ComedyLow Comedy
• Opposite extreme of humor• Places great emphasis on physical action and visual
gags• Verbal jokes do not require much intellect to appreciate• Revels in making fun of whatever will get a good laugh
• Satirizes human failings• Drunkenness, stupidity, lust, senility, trickery, insult,
clumsiness
• Opposite extreme of humor• Places great emphasis on physical action and visual
gags• Verbal jokes do not require much intellect to appreciate• Revels in making fun of whatever will get a good laugh
• Satirizes human failings• Drunkenness, stupidity, lust, senility, trickery, insult,
clumsiness
BurlesqueBurlesque
• A type of Low Comedy
• A humorous parody or travesty of another play or kind of play
• Usually makes fun of serious situations
“Scary Movie(s)” Anyone?
• A type of Low Comedy
• A humorous parody or travesty of another play or kind of play
• Usually makes fun of serious situations
“Scary Movie(s)” Anyone?
FarceFarce
• Another type of Low Comedy
• Features exaggerated character types in ludicrous and improbable situations, provoking
laughter about sexual mix-ups, crude verbal jokes, horseplay, etc.
• Descendant of commedia dell’arte
• Another type of Low Comedy
• Features exaggerated character types in ludicrous and improbable situations, provoking
laughter about sexual mix-ups, crude verbal jokes, horseplay, etc.
• Descendant of commedia dell’arte
commedia dell’artecommedia dell’arte
• Developed by guilds of professional Italian actors in the mid-sixteenth century
• Playing stock characters, masked commedia players improvised dialogue around a given scenario (brief outline marking entrances of
characters and the main course of action)
• Developed by guilds of professional Italian actors in the mid-sixteenth century
• Playing stock characters, masked commedia players improvised dialogue around a given scenario (brief outline marking entrances of
characters and the main course of action)
Slapstick ComedySlapstick Comedy
• Type of farce
• Features pratfalls, pie throwing, fisticuffs, and other violent action
• “The Three Stooges”
• Type of farce
• Features pratfalls, pie throwing, fisticuffs, and other violent action
• “The Three Stooges”
Romantic ComedyRomantic Comedy
• Plot focuses on one or more pairs of young lovers who overcome difficulties to achieve a
happy ending (usually marriage)
• A Midsummer Night’s Dream
• Plot focuses on one or more pairs of young lovers who overcome difficulties to achieve a
happy ending (usually marriage)
• A Midsummer Night’s Dream
TRAGEDYTRAGEDY
• A play that portrays a serious conflict between human beings and some superior, overwhelming
force
• Ends sorrowfully and disastrously—outcome seems inevitable
• A play that portrays a serious conflict between human beings and some superior, overwhelming
force
• Ends sorrowfully and disastrously—outcome seems inevitable
TragedyTragedy
• Protagonist undergoes a reversal of fortune, from good to bad, ending in catastrophe
• Protagonist undergoes a reversal of fortune, from good to bad, ending in catastrophe
Tragic FlawTragic Flaw
• A fatal weakness or moral flaw in the protagonist that brings him or her to a bad end.
• A fatal weakness or moral flaw in the protagonist that brings him or her to a bad end.
Tragedy Conventional Structure
Tragedy Conventional Structure
Prologue:
Preparatory Scene
Ex. Oedipus asking the suppliants why they have come and the priest telling about the plague
ravaging Thebes
Prologue:
Preparatory Scene
Ex. Oedipus asking the suppliants why they have come and the priest telling about the plague
ravaging Thebes
Parados:
The song for the entrance of the chorus
Episodes:
Action of play (like a scene or act)
Separated by danced choral songs or odes
Parados:
The song for the entrance of the chorus
Episodes:
Action of play (like a scene or act)
Separated by danced choral songs or odes
Exodos:
The last scene in which the characters and chorus concluded the action and departed
The chorus usually has the final lines.
Exodos:
The last scene in which the characters and chorus concluded the action and departed
The chorus usually has the final lines.
Aristotle’s Concept of Tragedy
Aristotle’s Concept of Tragedy
1. Protagonist—the hero or chief character is a person of “high estate” (royalty)
2. Tragic hero is fallible3. Downfall is a result of hamartiathe hero’s
error or transgression or his flaw or weakness of character
4. Hubris extreme pride, leading to overconfidence
1. Protagonist—the hero or chief character is a person of “high estate” (royalty)
2. Tragic hero is fallible3. Downfall is a result of hamartiathe hero’s
error or transgression or his flaw or weakness of character
4. Hubris extreme pride, leading to overconfidence
Aristotle Cont…Aristotle Cont…
5. Purgation (or katharsis) final effect of the playwright’s skillful use of plotting, character, and
poetry to elicit pity and fear from the audience
refers to the feeling of emotional release or calm the spectator feels as the end of tragedy
Taught the audience compassion for the vulnerabilities of others and schooled in justice and
other civic virtues
5. Purgation (or katharsis) final effect of the playwright’s skillful use of plotting, character, and
poetry to elicit pity and fear from the audience
refers to the feeling of emotional release or calm the spectator feels as the end of tragedy
Taught the audience compassion for the vulnerabilities of others and schooled in justice and
other civic virtues
Aristotle Cont…Aristotle Cont…
6. Recognition the discovery of some fact not known before or some person’s true identity
7. Reversal reversal in fortune
Usually occurs when a certain result is expected and instead its opposite effect is
produced
6. Recognition the discovery of some fact not known before or some person’s true identity
7. Reversal reversal in fortune
Usually occurs when a certain result is expected and instead its opposite effect is
produced