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Introduction to Drilling And ProductionIntroduction to Drilling And Production

ByBy

Pinyok Kovisuith, M.S. Petroleum Engineering, NMT, USAPinyok Kovisuith, M.S. Petroleum Engineering, NMT, USA

Petroleum Recovery Research Center, NM, USAPetroleum Recovery Research Center, NM, USA

Baker Hughes Thailand Pressure Pumping (Well services)Baker Hughes Thailand Pressure Pumping (Well services)

Revision 5 13/5/2010© Baker Hughes Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

, , , ,

Engineering SeminarEngineering Seminar

Kasetsart UniversityKasetsart University

13 December 201013 December 2010



OutlineOutline

• Introduction to Petroleum Industry

− What is Petroleum?

− Where to find them?

−

Exploration and production


• Introduction to Drilling

− Objective

− What is drilling rig?

− Types of drilling Rigs− Rig Selection

− Drilling Systems and Equipment

− Casing Running and Cementing

− Production tubing, Plug and abandon



Outline (Cont.)•

Introduction to Production in Oil & Gas Industry

• Primary Recovery

− Natural forces drives (pressure)− Mechanism− Water drive− Gas drive− Combination drive−


• Secondary Recovery

− Artificial lift» Sucker rod pump» Gas lift

• Tertiary Recovery

− Enhanced Oil Recovery Technique (EOR)− Water Flooding− Gas Flooding− Chemical Flooding



Introduction to Petroleum IndustryIntroduction to Petroleum Industry

• What is Petroleum?

“or crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbon of various molecular weights and

other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formationbeneath the Earth’s surface”




Introduction to Petroleum Industry (Cont.)Introduction to Petroleum Industry (Cont.)

• Where to find them?

• Earth’s crust from theremain of living things

•


in rock

• Petroleum reservoirscontain economically

crude oil



“Exploration and Production” “Exploration and Production”

• “E&P”

− Drilling

− Reservoir

−

Production




Introduction to DrillingIntroduction to Drilling

• Drilling Engineering:

− The drilling of a well involves a major investment

− Exploration well

− Production well

− Injection well


− This is aimed at maximising the profitability of the investment by employing the mostappropriate technology and business processes

− Quality well at minimum cost is required

− Safety Standard Practice will be applied in drilling processes.



What is drilling rig?

• is a machine which creates holes(usually called borehole) and/orshafts on the ground

• Can be used for drilling differentkinds of well such as water well, oil


we , or na ura gas we



Type of Drilling Rigs

• Land Rig

• Swamp Barge

• Jacket with Tender

• Jack-up


• Semi-sub

• Drillship

Specialized drilling rigs have been designed to operate in a variety of water depths and on land.



Types of Drilling Rig onshore (Cont.)




Types of drilling Rig offshore (Cont.)

“Swamp Barges”

• operate in veryshallow water (<20 ft.)


• on o om

• Popular inNigeria




“Tender Rig”

• Tender Rig

• Small platform


shallow and “calm” water

• See in South

China sea




“Jack-up Rig” •

Jack-up Rig

• Mobile Platform

• Stand at “sea floor”

• Towed to the locations with the legs


,seafloor

• 15 – 650 ft. most common type

• 95% of rigs in Gulf of Thailand




“Semi-submersible Rigs” • obtains its buoyancy from

ballasted

• Practical to operate indeep water (120 ft<)

• Good stability concept


away from waves.

• is able to transform froma deep to a shallow

draftby deballasting

• North Sea area




“Drilled Ship”

• Used in deep water andremote areas

• Drilling unit positioned inthe middle of the shi


• The ample storage spaceallows operation for longperiods of time without re-

supply.



Rig Selection

• Depends on number of parameters, in particular

− Cost and availability

− Water depth/transportability (offshore)

− Mobility/transportability (onshore)


− Depth of target zone and expected formation pressures

− Prevailing weather conditions in the area of operation

− Quality of the drilling crew (in particular the safety record)



Drilling Systems and Equipment

• Rotary Rig

− Torque

−Drilling fluid

− Clean the hole


− Cool the bit

− Lubricate drill string

−Subsurface Pressure



Drilling Systems and Equipment (Cont.)Drilling Systems and Equipment (Cont.)•

“Mud System” is very important indrill process

• Control well balance requiresproper mud properties

− Over balance

− Under balance−


• Drill Bit

− Common type has threemovable cones containing teethmade of tungsten carbide steeland sometimes industrialdiamonds



Drilling Systems and Equipment (Cont.)Drilling Systems and Equipment (Cont.)

• “Blowout preventer”

− Drilling crews lose control of the formation

− By closing the valve, the crews usually regainthe control of the reservoir

− Critically important to safety of the crews




Casing Running and Cementing

• Surface casing

• Intermediatecasing


tubing



Casing and Cementing (Cont.)

• Casing accessories

− Centralizer

− Float shoe (guide shoe) & Float Collar

− Contains valve that fluids can pass

down the string but prevent them




Casing and Cementing (Cont.)• “Cementing”

• How important of this process??

− To support borehole wall

− To isolate zones

− Prevent gas blow out

− Prevent the casing from


− Seal off lost circulation zone

− Etc.

− Portland Cement is required

− Dry cement with water orsea water and chemicals

− Slurry will be pumped to thewellbore by powerful cementpump



Casing and Cementing (Cont.)

• Bottom plug will be dropped fromwellhead for cementing job

− Wipes off mud

− Prevent slurry from the contamination


• op p ug

• Displacement fluid will be pumped

−

Keeps displacement fluid from cementslurry

− Waiting on cement (WOC)



Casing and Cementing (Cont.)• Cementing Laboratory

• The Chemistry of cementslurries is complex

• Additives will be used to

ensure the slurry remainsum able lon enou h at the


prevailing downhole pressureand temperature

• But set quickly enough to

avoid unnecessary delays inthe drilling of the next holesection



Production tubingProduction tubing

Plug and AbandonPlug and Abandon• After finish last section, wireline logging will be required to run

downhole tools to evaluate the well

− Production well will have enough oil and gas to pay for completing


Or

− Permanently plug the well by pumping several cement plugs to sealthe well and abandon it.



Introduction to Production in Oil&GasIntroduction to Production in Oil&Gas

• Primary Recovery

• Secondary Recovery

• Third Recovery




Introduction to Production in Oil&GasIntroduction to Production in Oil&Gas

IndustryIndustry• Primary Recovery

Open-hole Completion

− also call barefoot completion

− no production casing

− Reservoir fluids flow


wellbore

Perforated Completion

− Perforating Gun− Make several holes in casing

in “pay zone” for theperforation.



Primary Oil RecoveryPrimary Oil Recovery

• Tubing and Packer

− Sometimes, production tubing is run intothe hole since the smaller diameter tubewill make fluids flow faster.

−

Packer is places in the casing to isolate itfrom eroding


− Tubing can be pulled to repair



Primary Oil Recovery (Cont.)Primary Oil Recovery (Cont.)

• Water drive

− Enough energy from free water in thereservoir

− Oil will be driven to wellbore by rising OWC

− Most efficient natural drive. Sometimes 50%


of the oil in the reservoir will flow out dueonly to water drive



Primary Oil Recovery (Cont.)Primary Oil Recovery (Cont.)

• Gas drive

− Dissolved-gas

− Some hydrocarbon that dissolved in oilis light enough that they becomegases when the well release pressurefrom the reservoir

− Oil flow up to the surface− Like you open soda can.


− Gas cap

− Gas on top of oil

− The pressure of compressed naturalgas in gas cap will push the oil out tothe surface, when wellbore open

− When the gas has gone, it becomedepletion well, then artificial lift isrequired



Secondary Oil Recovery (Cont.)Secondary Oil Recovery (Cont.)

• Mostly call “Artificial lift”

− Most common pump is

− “Beam pumping unit and alsocall sucker rod pump”

− Commonly use for onshore well− Up stroke


− Down stroke



Secondary Oil Recovery (Cont.)Secondary Oil Recovery (Cont.)

• Gas Lift

− Gas is injected to the well to reduce thedensity of oil through gas lift valve

− The reservoir pressure will drive the oil

production into the production tubing− Suitable for offshore when a supply gas is


economical and available



Tertiary Oil RecoveryTertiary Oil Recovery

“Water Flooding” “Water Flooding”




Tertiary Oil Recovery (Cont.)Tertiary Oil Recovery (Cont.)

“Gas Flooding” “Gas Flooding” • Deeper than 2000 ft,

CO2 will be very criticalstate

• Simply be reservoircharacteristics


• More easily sweep to theproduction well



Tertiary Oil Recovery (Cont.)Tertiary Oil Recovery (Cont.)

“Chemicals Flooding” “Chemicals Flooding” • Surfactant solution is applied to reduce inter-facial tension between 2

immisible fluid

• Improve sweep efficiency

• Improve mobility ratio

• Change the wettability


• Too expensive



ConclusionConclusion

• Exploration

• Drilling

• Reservoir


• Production

• Refinery



Conclusion (Cont.)Conclusion (Cont.)

• Upstream Downstream




References:1. http://www.bjservices.com2. www.spe.org

3. http://www.amaens.com/products/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=8

4. http://www.rapad-oil.com/equipment2/rig31.html

5. http://www.kinleyexploration.com/?p=133

6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oil_platform_in_the_North_Sea.jpg

7. http://www.oilpubs.com/oso/article.asp?v1=4306


8. http://www.tidalpetroleum.com/drilling-rigs

9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud_systems

10. http://www.bondcoatinc.com/centralizers/

11. http://www.btinternet.com/~chemistry.diagrams/oil_reservoir.htm

12. http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/11/is_world_oil_pr.php

13. http://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/smit6d2/

14. http://www.daukhivietnam.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=29&t=319&start=0

15. http://www.darenergy.com/eor.html

16. http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/




ny ues on



Thank you

• Mr. John Chesson, Thailand Country Manager BJ Services company

• Mr. Edgar Paul Acorda, Technical Manager BJ Services company

• Dr. Ried Grigg, Senior Petroleum Engineer CO2 Leader Group


Southwest partnership, UT, USA

• Dr. Her-Yuan Chen, Department Chairman Petroleum EngineeringDepartment, NMT, USA



Thank youvery much for

yourattention!!

See you nexttime


drilling and production ku

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