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Drought and Water Supply Issues in

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Drought and Water Supply Issues in . Water Supply Concerns. Increasing demand. Reduced supply - drought. Water Supply – It all Starts Here. The Natural Supply and Demand of Water. Evapotranspiration. Over 50% of precipitation is lost to evapotranspiration. Precipitation. Moisture - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Page 2: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Water Supply Concerns

Reduced supply - droughtIncreasing demand

Page 3: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Water Supply – It all Starts Here

Page 4: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

Inches of Water

The Natural Supply and Demand of Water

Evapotranspiration

Precipitation

Moisture Surplus

MoistureDeficit

Groundwater Recharge

Over 50% of precipitation is lostto evapotranspiration

Page 5: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Unsaturated RockUnsaturated Rock

CapillaryCapillaryWaterWater

WaterWater TableTable

SaturatedSaturatedWaterWater

Saturated RockSaturated Rock(Aquifer)(Aquifer)

What is Groundwater?

SoilSoil

well

Page 6: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

An Example of Normal Groundwater Fluctuations During the Year

-65

-60

J F M A M J J A S O N D J

Dep

th (

feet

)

Page 7: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

= 1000 to 5000

= 5,000 to 10,000

= 10,000 to 15,000

= > 20,000

= 15,000 to 20,000

Wells, Springs, and Other Private Water Systems

1990 Census data

Page 8: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Wells drilled between 1966-1994Average of ~15,000 new wells each year!

The Added Pressure on Water Resources

Page 9: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Private Water Supplies in PA

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

Num

ber

1980 1990

Drilled Wells

Dug Well

Other

Total = 899,483 Total = 1,083,087

Page 10: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Water Use Water Use

Septic System

Consumptive Water Use

Non-Consumptive Water Use

Page 11: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Groundwater MiningConsumptive Water Use

TreatmentPlant

Can result from:-removal of water-density of homes

Page 12: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Drought

• Meteorological: based solely on precipitation

• Agricultural: based on soil moisture

• Hydrologic: based on stream flow, groundwater conditions

**Not correlated to air temperature

Page 13: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Drought Measurements

• Precipitation– NWS precipitation stations

• Streamflow– USGS monitoring stations

• Groundwater Levels– 50+ wells throughout state

• Palmer Drought Index– Computed for ten divisions

• Reservoir Storage– Delaware River Basin

Page 14: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Precipitation Data

Page 15: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Stream Flow Monitoring Network

Page 16: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Ground Water Monitoring Network

Page 17: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

observed

average

record low

Example of Groundwater Data Available on USGS Web Site

Page 18: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Palmer Drought Index

• Long term hydrologic index• Widely used (and abused)• Water balance method – compares water

input to water demands • Complex, need 30+ years of data• Values range from +6 to –6• Positive number = surplus moisture• Negative number = moisture deficit• Normalized to climate

Page 19: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Historical Palmer Drought Index in Pennsylvania(1930 – 2001)

-6-5-4-3-2-10123456

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extremeseveremoderate

Page 20: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Drought Susceptibility

• Cisterns (High)• Streams• Ponds• Springs• Shallow Wells• Deep Wells (Low)

Page 21: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Drought Stages

• Watch - warning – emergency• Each stage carries increasingly strict water use

regulations• Need three of five indices to agree on stage• Stage recommended by Emergency Management

Council• Emergency declared by Governor• Enforced by DEP, River Basin Commissions, police• Separate declarations can be made by the River

Basin Commissions to control streamflow

Page 22: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Managing Your Water Supply During Drought

• Obtain your well log if possible– Rock type, depth, yield, depth to water, etc.

• Keep records • Identify alternate sources (private and public)• Monitor your water supply

– depth to water in the well– flow from springs

• Monitor nearby wells and streams on the web?• Hire a consulting hydrogeologist? ($$)• Water conservation!!

Page 23: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Monitoring Wells During Drought

Water Level Recorder

•Allows accurate detection of water level•Can be easily and quickly read•$250 - $1,000

Page 24: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Planning For Your Water Needs

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

gallo

ns p

er d

ay

Person Dairy

Cow

Beef

Cow

Hogs Horse Sheep Poultry

(100)

Turkey

(100)

Page 25: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Recommended Flow Rates for Homes(gallons per minute)

Bathrooms

Bedrooms 1 2 3

2 6 10

3 8 12 14

4 10 14 16

5 15 17

Page 26: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 12000

0 8 16 24 28 32 36 39 42 45 48 50

Flow Rate (gallons per minute)

Peak Use (gallons per day)

Assumes relatively uniform use throughout the day

Flow Rates for Livestock Production

Page 27: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Example

• 600 hogs @ 4 gpd 2,400 gpd• Hose for hydraulic

waste removal (1 hr) 600 gpd• Total 3,000 gpd

• Necessary flow rate 24 gpm

Page 28: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Home Water Use in Pennsylvania

Toilet29%

Shower18%Bath

3%

Washer22%

Faucets16%

Dish Washer3%

Outside7% Other

2%

Page 29: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Water Conservation

• achieved by change in habit or plumbing• voluntary 10% during watch and warning• mandated 15% during drought emergency

– ban on “non-essential” use– always controversial

• water rationing = last resort• agriculture exempt• can be difficult to enforce

Page 30: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Effect of Water Conservation

0

5

10

15

20

25

Toilet Washer Shower Faucets Leaks Other Baths Dish

Washer

gallo

ns p

er d

ay

Without Conservation

With Conservation

Normal use = 72Conservation use = 49Total savings = 32%

Low flow toilets

Front-loading Low flow

showerheadaerators

Page 31: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Pennsylvania Water Use - 1995

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

mill

ion

gallo

ns p

er d

ay

Commercial Domestic I ndustrial Mining Livestock I rrigation

Consumptive

Non-Consumptive

Page 32: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Pennsylvania Drinking Water Sources - 1995

59%16%

25%

Public – Surface Water

Private – Ground Water

Public – Ground Water

Total Population = 12,071,810

Per capita ~ 60 gpd

Page 33: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

U.S. Per Capita Water Use

0

400

800

1200

1600

1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Wat

er U

se (

gp

d)

These numbers are calculated as the total amount of water usedby everyone (residential, industrial, commercial, etc.) users dividedby the total population.

Page 34: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Pennsylvania Water Law

• Much debate over water use during drought• Centered on “reasonable use”• DRBC and SRBC permit of large users

– Registration of 10,000 gpd users– Permitting of 100,000 gpd

• Little protection for existing sources!• Agricultural uses exempt• Several bills introduced to update the “State

Water Plan”

Page 35: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Southeast PA Ground Water Protection AreaPermit for 10,000 gpd for 30 days

Due to Groundwater Mining

Page 36: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Surface Water Laws

• Riparian Rights doctrine– “landowners with property adjacent to or

crossed by a water body have the right to use the water unchanged in quality or quantity”

– i.e. nobody can use the water!

• Reasonable Use doctrine– Allows water to be used as long as other users

are not unreasonably harmed– Reasonable use defined case-by-case– Domestic > Navigation > Other uses

Page 37: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Ground Water Laws

• American Rule – May withdraw water for any “natural and

ordinary” use without regard for neighboring users

– Natural and ordinary = just about anything as long as it is on the property

– Established to promote economic development– Not meant to deal with disputes– Deepest well and biggest pump wins!– No guarantee of future availability

Page 38: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

River Basin Commissions

• SRBC and DRBC – Issue permits for surface and groundwater

withdrawal (100,000 gallons per day)– Designate Special Protection Areas– Declare drought emergencies– Develop comprehensive plan for water use – Resolve disputes??

Page 39: Drought and Water Supply Issues in

Drought Resources on the Web

• PA DEP drought home page– http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/subject/hotopics/drought/

• PA State Climatologist page– http://pasc.met.psu.edu/PA_Climatologist/

• Mid Atlantic River Forecasting Center– http://crab.met.psu.edu/

• Susquehanna River Basin Commission– http://www.srbc.net/

• Delaware River Basin Commission– http://www.nj.gov/drbc/

• National Climatic Data Center– http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/onlineprod/drought/xmgr.html#ds

• NOAA Drought Information Center– http://www.drought.noaa.gov/

• U.S. Geological Survey– http://wwwpah2o.er.usgs.gov/