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Presentation

In West Arica, the sahelo-saharian context ischaracterized by its huge area and high spatio temporal rainall variability. An important part o thepopulation lives rom extensive breeding systems thatare largely based on inter seasonal movements linkedto the availability o two natural resources: water andpasture. In these areas and because o the size o thepastoral spaces, the di cult access to the resourcesand a very low demographic density, ood securityand population vulnerability monitoring cannot bedone in the same way than in sedentary areas. Inthis environment, the use o Geographic InormationSystem (GIS) tools and Remote Sensing (RS) appearto be very appropriate in order to address those largeareas and allow an e cient monitoring o the pastoralresources.

Action Contre la Faim (ACF) International and itspartners have progressively developed an innovativepastoral surveillance and early warning system atnational and regional levels. The aim o this systemis to prevent humanitarian, ood and nutrition crises

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

Pastoral Surveillance and Early Warning SytemTo support resilience to climate change in the Sahel

ACF www.accioncontraelhambre.org

The pastoral surveillance and

early warning system allows

a timely analysis of pastoral

resource availability and inform

about the plausible growing

vulnerability of communities in

pastoral and agro pastoral areas

in Sahel:

It gives a picture o relative availabilityo pastoral resources or a given year incomparison to the average value.

It gives quantitative values o vegetationproduction to be integrated into a eedinventory.

It gives insights o breeders spatial adaptationstrategies toward incoming chocks and stresses

Picture: A. Saley

in Sahelian pastoral areas through the provision otimely and reliable drought risk inormation to local,national and international stakeholders.


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Disaster Risk Reduction

The 3 components of the system

Pasture monitoring : Biogenerator.

In the north sahelian context, pasture growing period nishes ew weeks ater the end o the rainy season.Since then, its possible to set up the pasture balance

o the area or the current year. A computer basedtool integrating satellite images has been developedby ACF: its called Biogenerator . This tool allowsthe calculation o the available vegetation materthroughout the whole studied territory at the end othe rainy season. The obtained result is the total drymatter production o the considered year, expressedin Kg o dry matter per hectare.

The biomass anomaly map presents the relative de cit or excess o vegetation biomass production or onegiven year compared to the average value calculated or the period between 1998 and today. In red areshown the de cits and in green are shown the excesses. Map produced by F. Ham.

Objectives of the Pastoral

Surveillance and Early Warning

System

To monitor drought risks and

enhance preparedness in sahelian

pastoral areas

1. Monitor drought risks through the assessment oavailable and accessible pastoral resources

2. Target most vulnerable communities and avourpositive coping strategies to mitigate droughtimpacts.

3. Advocate and alert at local, national and regionallevel to ensure proper level o preparednesstoward incoming crises.



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Surface water monitoring:

Hydrogenerator.

In the north sahelian context, water is one undamentalresource or breeders and their livestock. Depending on

the area, wells, boreholes, water ponds or rivers canprovide the needed water to the animals and people.

Water is not systematically available next to thegrazing places. In that case cattle have to moveto realize short cycle movements to get the needed

water. The Hydrogenerator, developed between2009 and 2010 by ACF, considers surace waterbodies and their evolution throughout the year. Thetool realizes a decadal sum o detected cells andrepresents a cumulative surace water detection mapor the period between 2000 and today. For onegiven year, the tool also produces a surace wateraccessibility map which helps to characterize thezones in relation to the water residence time andtheir infuence on a 30 km buer ring around thedetected cells.

The surace water anomaly map shows the relative spatial and temporal decit or excess o surace waterpresence or one given year compared to the average value calculated or the period between 2000 andtoday. Blue areas present longer and/or larger surace water presence while reddish areas present shorterand/or smaller surace water presence. Map produced by F. Ham

Field data collection in Gao region, Mali 2008.Picture : F. Ham


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Spatial adaptation strategy

monitoring: Mapping of movements

and concentration areas.Pastoral movements and areas o concentratedgrazing livestock may largely vary considering theavailable resources. However, usual movementscan be determined and compared to actualmovements each year in order to understand the

possible adaptive strategies o breeders and alsoto be able to anticipate the diculties people couldace some time later.

Mapping activities have been realized empirically inMali and Niger thanks to the expertise o pastoralists,scientists and experts in sahelian pastoral systems.However, in the uture the use o new technologiessuch as GPS is suggested in order to get near realtime data allowing a sharper, more powerul and upto date analysis.

The usual movements patterns o breeders and their livestock in Mali are shown on this map. Map produced

by J.M. Cesaro using ACF data and published in the Atlas des volutions des systmes pastoraux au Sahel1970-2012 , CIRAD and FAO.

Concentration area in Hombori, Mali 2010.Picture: H. Mapa.


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Pasture Water

Livestock

A vulnerability model integrating the 3 undamentalconstitutive pastoral components in Sahel region iscurrently under development.

This model would support the analysis o thepastoral situation and should optimize the targetingo the vulnerable population and areas throughearly warning processes.

This model could also be completed by datagathered at a ner resolution (householdeconomy analysis, market trade) and could beused to support the implementation o Disaster

Risk Reduction measures in pastoral areas whilesupporting population resilience toward climatechange eects.


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Collaborative efforts toward early

warning and resilience building

The surveillance system has progressively beendeveloped and implemented in partnership withmultiple partners including local, national, regionaland international governmental institutions andresearch centres.

Today ACF intends pursuing its developmentsthrough consistent research partnerships such as theones built with the Joint Research Centre (JRC) o theEuropean Commission in Ispra, Italy, the Vlaamse

Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek (VITO)company in Belgium which produces digital dataand makes them available to users on the internet,

and the Centre de coopration Internationale enRecherche Agronomique pour le Dveloppement(CIRAD) based in France.

These eorts should lead to the progressive designo a pastoral vulnerability model to support pastoralcommunities resilience to drought and climatechange. In parallel to these technical improvements,ACF also aims at up scaling the system to othercountries in West Arica and into the Horn o Arica.

Accin contra el HambreC/ Duqe de Sevilla, 3

28002 Madrid900 100 822

www.accioncontraelhambre.org

West Africa Regional OfceYoff Toundoup

RYA lot No. 11, DakarSenegal

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