drs chapter idea2 for students jan 2011

1. Sound and alphabet do not go together in English a lot of the time. For example, there are at least 4 ways to pronounce the letter “a” in English. Father ah; Ate long “a(y)”; Alone uh; Bat at/hat We also have 100’s of sets of homonyms (they’re/their/there) and homographs [wind (n)/wind(v)].

2. There are at least 8 ways to pronounce “ough” in English. Thought ah; Though/Dough oh; Rough/tough uff; Cough off; Through oo; Bough ou(ch); Borough “a”; Hiccough up

3. There are 3 ways each to pronounce the final “ed” and final “s” in English. Rule 1 of Ending –ed and -s : If the verb base ends in a voiceless sound, then the –ed ending sounds like “t”. Voiceless consonant sounds: p, f, k, s, sh, ch, th (liked). Final ‘s’: The voiceless /s/ follows voiceless sounds (cats).Rule 2 of Ending –ed and -s : If the verb base ends in a voiced sound, then the –ed ending sounds like “d”. Voiced consonant sounds: b, v, g, z, j, th, l, m, n, r All vowel sounds are voiced. (played, lived). Final ‘s’: the voiced /z/ follows voiced sounds (kids). Rule 3 of Ending –ed and -s : If the verb base ends in a “t” or “d” sound already, then the –ed ending sounds like “id” or “ud” (wanted). Final ‘s’: If a word ends in one of the following 6 sounds: /s/, /z/, “sh,” “tch,” “j” (like garage) or “dg” (like bridge), then the final s is pronounced like ‘ez.’

4. We need a vowel sound to say a syllable; where there is no vowel symbol/letter, we often insert one, for example: There are many words with a consonant+le ending, pronounced with a “dark/liquid/vocalic l,” for example: bubble, cuticle, fiddle, waffle, giggle, chuckle, stipple, isle, turtle, fizzle.

5. English has many silent letters. For example, 5 silent, beginning “h’s”: heir, honest, honor, hour, herb. These use the article “an.”

6. There are many ways that we contract words, eliminating sounds and even syllables:

Note: several of these contractions are part of homonym sets: we’d/weed, we’ll/wheel, why’s/wise, who’s/whose, how’ll/ howl, I’ll/isle, he’ll/heel/heal, it’s/its. 2Aren’t is used as a contraction in questions and the tag question: “Aren’t I?” (We do not say “Amn’t I?”) One may not use it in the affirmative: “I am not.” We often have choices: He is not tall. He’s not tall. He isn’t tall. Do not, however,

contract 3 words: he’sn’t doesn’t exist!

7. We reduce our words: Woulda (would have), coulda (could have), shoulda (should have), usta (used to), hafta (have to), gonna (going to), wanna (want to), sorta (sort of), kinda (kind of), gotta (informal for have to/got to), hadta (had to), gimme (give me), didja (did you), mighta (might have), musta (must have), betcha (bet you), gotcha (got you). (Gotcha is in the dictionary! Yes, the British also reduce and contract, but perhaps different word sets. No, it’s not slang.)

8. We also make abbreviations into words, called acronyms: NATO, OPEC, scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus)

BE WILL WOULD/ HAD HAVE

I I’m I’ll I’d I’ve

you you’re you’ll you’d you’ve

he he’s1 he’ll he’d he’s

she she’s1 she’ll she’d she’s

it it’s1 (or ‘tis) it’ll it’d it’s

we we’re we’ll we’d we’ve

they they’re they’ll they’d they’ve

that that’s1 that’ll that’d that’s1Notice that a contraction with ‘s never stands for was—only is.

Words below in are usually only spoken.

who who’s who’ll who’d who’s

what what’s/what’re what’ll what’d what’s

where where’s where’ll where’d where’s

when when’s when’ll when’d when’s

why why’s why’ll why’d why’s

how how’s how’ll how’d how’s

WORDS CONTRACTION WORDS CONTRACTION

is not isn't do not don't

are not/am not2 aren't does not doesn't

was not wasn't did not didn't

were not weren't cannot can't

have not haven't could not couldn't

has not hasn't should not shouldn't

had not hadn't might not mightn't

will not won't must not mustn't

would not wouldn't let us let’s

HANDOUTL2: HANDOUT #1

There are approximately 16 vowel sounds in American English. There are 6 vowels/letters (a, e, I, o , u, and sometimes y) which combine to spell the following sounds:

Additional Vowel Sounds

/ə/ anthem, awesome

/ɔ/ fall, author, jaw, bought, caught,

Dipthongs

/ɔɪ/ foil, toy, lawyer

/aʊ/ out, now, bough

R-Controlled vowel: the American “growl”

/ər/ fern, turn, first, earth, grammar, colonel, girl

/ɑr/ bazaar, car, are, heart, sergeant, guard

/ɛər/ hair, prayer, bear, heir, where

/ɪər/ ear, beer, here,

/ɔr/ Cord,

Teacher Note: Tell students that the /ər/ sound is not found elsewhere—even in British English and should be practiced. “Stick your chin out forward and growl to make the sound.”

Teachers should emphasize to students that this lesson is not to imply that they can’t make certain sounds, but rather that their first languages don’t have those sounds, so they must take care to hear and produce them.

Unvoiced Consonant Sounds Voiced Consonant Sounds

p past, stop, put, paper b bed, baby, barber, labt take, sent, ten, gentle d date, student, do, hardk car, chemical, recorder, book ɡ gas, eggs, dog, cigartʃ chair, teacher, picture, march dʒ judge, bridge, page, Julyf farmer, affirm, phone, laugh v very, give, live, seven w we, walk, wish, awayθ thank, Thursday, bath, north ð the, this, these, weathers see, this, lesson, tapes z zero, rose, blows, tapesʃ ship, nation, should, push ʒ pleasure, measure, usual

h have, he, how, hot l well, lab, always, letm arm, my n no, line ŋ singɹ read, course, for, write j yes, you, yesterday, young

Letter

"Short""Long" or

Vowel NameExample

A a /æ/ /eɪ/ "mat" / "mate"

E e /ɛ/ /i/ "pet" / "Pete"

I i /ɪ/ /aɪ/ "twin" / "twine"

O o /ɒ/ /oʊ/ "not" / "note"

U u /ʌ/ /ju/ "cub" / "cube"

Uu /ʊ/ /u/ “took” / “tube”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_approximant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_approximant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_nasal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_nasal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_nasal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labio-velar_approximant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive

HANDOUTL2: HANDOUT #2 for Speakers of Arabic

Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, North Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South Yemen, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE. The highlighted sounds do not occur in Arabic.



/ɔ/ fall, author, jaw, caught,

Dipthongs



R-Controlled vowel:The American “growl”

/ər/ fern, turn, first

/ɑr/ car, are, heart, sergeant

/ɛər/ hair, bear, where


/ɔr/ Cord,

It is common for students to confuse /I/ and /e/, saying bit instead of bet. Diphthongs tend to be shortened.

p past, stop, put, paper b bed, baby, barber, lab (p and b are often confused)

f farmer, affirm, phone, laugh v very, give, live, seven (F and v are often confused)

ŋ sing (ng is often pronounced like n or nk)

Letter "Short""Long"/VowelName

Example




O o /a:/ /oʊ/ "not" / "note"

U u /ʌ/ /juː/ "cub" / "cube"







ʒ pleasure, measure, usual

ɹ read, course, for, write

Although θ (thank) occurs in Arabic, it is often mispronounced as t.Although ð (the) occurs in Arabic, it is often mispronounced as d.

The information on this page is from Michael Swan’s book called “Learner English: A Teacher’s Guide to Interference and Other Problems.”

HANDOUTL2: HANDOUT #3 for Speakers of Dari

Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Southern Russia, India.

The highlighted sounds do not appear in Dari.




Dipthongs





/ɑr/ bazaar, car, are, heart, sergeant




Example











/ɔr/ cord,

It is common for students to confuse: /I/ and /i:/, saying sheep instead of ship. /ʌ/ and /a:/, saying cart instead of cut. /æ/and /ɛ/, saying bed instead of bad. /ʊ/and /u/, saying fool instead of full. /aʊ/ and /a:/, saying ot instead of out./oʊ/ and /a:/, saying saw instead of so.

It is common to say /ər/ as /e/ and /r/, separately.

θ thank, Thursday, bath, north ð the, this, these, weather (often /t/ is used here)

w we, walk, wish, away (W and v tend to be confused)

ŋ sing (ng is often pronounced separately)

ɹ read, course, for, write (r is difficult to learn)

The “dark/liquid” /l/ sound is difficult.

The information on this page is from Michael Swan’s book called “Learner English: A Teacher’s Guide to Interference and Other Problems.”

HANDOUTL2: HANDOUT #4 for Speakers of Georgian

Georgia, but also found in Russia, Ukraine, Turkey and Azerbaijan.

The highlighted sounds do not appear in Georgian.



Example














Dipthongs





/ɑr/ bazaar, car, are, heart, sergeant



/ɔr/ cord,

Put in some comments about the trouble they have with vowels.

θ thank, Thursday, bath, north (becomes /s/)

ð the, this, these, weather (becomes /z/)

f farmer, affirm, phone, laugh v very, give, live, seven w we, walk, wish, away

ŋ sing (ng is often harder &/or pronounced separately)

j yes, you, yesterday, young (becomes /i/)

HANDOUT—this page in progressL2: HANDOUT #5 for speakers of Moldovan, Romanian

The highlighted sounds do not appear in Moldovan or Romanian.


Letter

"Short""Long" or

Vowel NameExample
















Dipthongs








/ɔr/ Cord,

Unvoiced Consonant Sounds Voiced Consonant Soundsw we, walk, wish, away

θ thank, Thursday, bath, north ð the, this, these, weather

ŋ sing

j yes, you, yesterday, young

The optimum exercise would be to lead the students through a listening and repeating exercise to determine which sounds they have for themselves. This might be challenging to do with a large group, one that is proficient in English or students with different first languages. But that is what I prefer to do and am still trying to figure out how to present it.

HANDOUTL2: HANDOUT #6 for speakers of Turkic Languages

The highlighted sounds do not appear in Kyrgyz spoken in Kyrgyzstan, China, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Pakistan and Russia.

Additional

Letter

"Short""Long" or

Vowel NameExample







http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan






Vowel Sounds



Dipthongs








/ɔr/ Cord,




f farmer, affirm, phone, laugh v very, give, live, seven w we, walk, wish, awayθ thank, Thursday, bath, north ð the, this, these, weatherʃ ship, nation, should, push ʒ pleasure, measure, usual

h have, he, how, hot

HANDOUTL2: HANDOUT #7 for speakers of Moore (Burkina Faso)The highlighted sounds do not appear in Moore spoken in Burkina Faso and some parts of Ghana


Letter

"Short""Long" or

Vowel NameExample







http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan











Dipthongs








/ɔr/ Cord,




























HANDOUTL2: HANDOUT for Speakers of Serbo-Croatian





Dipthongs








/ɔr/ Cord,






Letter

"Short""Long" or

Vowel NameExample































HANDOUTL2: HANDOUT for ARMENIANS





Dipthongs








/ɔr/ Cord,






Letter

"Short""Long" or

Vowel NameExample































drs chapter idea2 for students jan 2011

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