CHIVAS GOCELA DULGUIME, R.C.,MSCJ

TERMS TO PONDER:1. Drug2. Drug Interaction3. Drug Abuse4. Drug Addiction5. Drug Dependence6. Pusher7. Drug syndicate8. Manufacture9. Cultivate10. Self – Medication syndrome11. Toxicology

TYPES OF DRUGS:1. Prohibited Drugs

2. Prescriptive Drugs

3. Over the counter drugs

TOXICOLOGY: Dangerous effects of drugs:1. Overdose – too much of a drug is taken

2. Allergy - some drugs cause the release of histamine

3. Idiosyncrasy – individual reaction to a drug for an unexplained reasons. (maniacal behavior)

4. Poisonous Property – being protoplasmatic poisons

5. Side effects – some drugs are not receptors for one organ but receptors of other organs as well.

THE PHYSIOLOGY OF DRUGS:How Drug Works?-Drugs act within a cell rather than on a surface

of the cell or extra – cellular fluids of the body. The amount of drug in a dose can be describe

as:1.Minimal dose 2.Maximal dose3.Toxic dose4.Abusive dose5.Lethal dose

How Drugs are administered?1. Oral

2. Injection

3. Inhalation

4. Topical

5. Iontophoresis

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:Holy Bible (the Book of Judges of the O.T.) –

Samson was put to sleep by Delilah by means of a drug – laced wine.

Romans – used narcotics in the practice of oracles and black magic during the ancient time.

Marijuana – worlds oldest cultivated plants started by the Incas of Peru.

Incas of Peru and Mexico – use coca leaves during religious ceremonies

Assyrians – considered Marijuana as “sacred tree”.

Opium Poppy – goes back about 7000 B.C. cultivated and prepared by the Sumerians.

Hippocrates (5000 B.C.) – prescribed the juice of the white poppy plant to cure many illnesses.

19th Century – widespread of opium in China- Opium trade between China and Portuguese but took over by the British and established the Opuim Trade Monopoly through the British Indies Company.

- Opium War (1840)

Morphine – discovered by Freiderich W. Seturner- to cure opium addicts, named before Morpheus “God of Dream

Heroin – to cure opium and morphine addicts, named after the word “hero” due to its impressive power.- discovered by Alder Wright and known as “miracle drug”.

Codeine – to cure opium, morphine and heroin addicts.

THE GLOBAL DRUG SCENE:Drug Trafficking – known as illegal drug trade.- It is a global market activity consisting of production,

distribution, packaging and sale of illegal psychoactive substance. It includes smuggling across boarders, and distribution within the demand country.

Mule – Is a lower echelon criminals recruited by a smuggling organization to cross a boarder carrying drugs.

Two primary means of distribution:1. Hierarchy – using own men2. Hub - and – spoke layout – using gangs and localized

criminal organization.

Drug Syndicate:- a group of organized and professional criminal with a

formal hierarchy of organization set in illicit drug trade. - Also known as “drug cartel”.- Colombian Medellin Cartel (1980) by Pablo Escobar

Gaviria, Jose Gonzalo and Ochoa Brothers- Cali Cartel (1970) by Gilberto Rogriguez Orejuela,

Miguel Rodriguez Orejuela, Jose Santacruz Londono and Helmer Pacho Herrera.

* controlled 80% of cocaine exports from Colombia to United States.

- Norte del Valle Cartel (North Valley Cartel) 1990, by Diego Leon Montoya Sanchez

- Triad (Chinese known Mafia), Cosa Nostra (United States), Octopus Napolitan Camura (Europe), Yakuza (Japan), Sicilian Mafia (Italy).

WORLD WIDE OUTLOOK:FIRST IMPORTANT DRUG TRAFFIC ROUTE:

Middle East – discovery, plantation, cultivation harvest.

Turkey – preparation for distribution.

Europe – manufacture, synthesis and refinement

United States – marketing and distribution.

SECOND MAJOR TRAFFIC ROUTE:1.Golden Triangle – Laos, Thailand and

Myanmar- Produced 60% of opium in the world and 90%

of opium in Eastern Asia.- Source of Southeast Asian heroin

2. Golden Crescent – Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, India

- Major supplier of opium poppy, MJ and heroin products in the Western Asia.

THE DANGEROUS DRUGS:- Refer to the broad categories or classes of

controlled substances, according to pharmacological classifications, effects and as to their criteria.

RA 9165 – dangerous drugs include those listed in the schedules annexed to the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs as amended by the 1972 Protocol, and the schedules annexed to the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances.

General Drug Classification:A. According to Effects:1. Depressants2. Stimulants3. HallucinogensB. According to Medical Pharmacology1. Depressants2. Narcotics3. Tranquilizers4. Stimulants5. Hallucinogens6. Solvents/InhalantsC. According to Legal Categories (In accordance with RA 6425)1. Prohibited Drugs2. Regulated Drugs3. Volatile substances (PD 1619)

UNODC Annual Report 2010: Transnational Organized Crime

UNODC – United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime

- is spearheading regional and transnational initiatives that strengthen the rule of law, stability and development.

UNODC Concerned Areas:

1. Organized crime and trafficking

2. Corruption

3. Criminal justice reform

4. Health and livelihoods

5. Terrorism prevention

UNODC regional programmes (2009):

1. The East Asia and the Pacific regional programme :

- reinforces the rule of law by focusing on trafficking, governance and criminal justice;

- it supports health and development through initiatives addressing drug demand reduction, HIV/AIDS among injecting drug users, prisoners and other vulnerable groups, and sustainable livelihoods.

2. The East Africa regional programme :

- is based on three pillars:

- countering organized crime, trafficking and

terrorism;

- fighting corruption and promoting justice and

integrity;

- and improving health and human development.

3. The Central America and the Caribbean programme:

- strengthens regional capacity to fight drugs,

crime and terrorism and all their attendant

problems, such as trafficking and gang

violence.

4. The South Eastern Europe regional programme :

- focuses on three interlinked areas:

- serious crime and trafficking;

- integrity and criminal justice systems;

- and drug prevention and treatment, including

HIV prevention, treatment and care among drug

users.

UNODC on HUMAN TRAFFICKING: GLOBAL REPORT1. 79% is sexual exploitation-the most common

purpose, 18% forced labour. Others are underreported because they are largely invisible such as; organ removal, child exploitation for begging

2. 80-84% of the victims are women

3. Most trade in humans occurs at the national or regional level. Though interregional is common

4. Africa – most number of human trade

Blue Heart Campaign (2009):

- UNODC launched in order to encourage involvement and inspire action to stop human trafficking.

- “Blue heart” represents those who are trafficked while reminding us the cool heartedness of those buy and sell humans.

- The world’s first national blue heart campaign was held in Mexico.

UNODC on Drug Trafficking:

- Most illicit drugs are sourced in conflict-

ridden regions in Asia and Latin America,

where they undermine development, damage

the environment and also fund and thus

perpetuate insurgency and, in some places,

terrorism.

West Africa: - is a recent case in point, this region has

become a key transit hub for cocaine smuggled from Latin America to serve a booming market in Europe.

- It is also a paradise for organized crime, offering ideal conditions for trafficking contraband: a strategic location, porous borders, weak governance, widespread poverty and extensive corruption.

Afghanistan:

- is the wellspring of the global opium trade, accounting for 93 per cent of all opium poppy cultivation.

- About 80 per cent of the drugs derived from Afghan opium poppies are smuggled out by transnational organized criminal groups through:

- the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan;

- the rest flow through Central Asia.

Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre (CARICC ):

Was launched by UNODC in the year 2009 in order to promote cooperation among law enforcement agencies in the region and enhance counter-narcotic activities.

Headquartered in Almaty, Kazakhstanserves as Central Asia’s main centre for intelligence

exchange and analysis, and coordination of joint operations.

Members States include Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan Uzbekistan. Afghanistan’s involvement, initially with observer status, is under consideration.

Triangular Initiative among Afghanistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan:

- developed by the UNODC to improve regional

cooperation in addressing:

- drug threat

- to foster intelligence sharing

- and carry out joint counter-narcotics

operations.

CARICC and Triangular Initiative - are part of the UNODC-coordinated “Rainbow Strategy” to counter the threat posed by opiates originating in Afghanistan.

Rainbow Strategy - This strategy engages both Afghanistan and neighbouring countries in targeting internationally agreed priority areas, including border management, precursor chemicals, financial flows and drug abuse prevention and treatment.

The CHINESE Opium Epidemic:- Considered as the largest substance abuse

problem the world has ever faced.- And said to be the root of today’s international

drug control system.1909 – first international drug conference in

Shanghai creating the International Opium Commission.

International Opium Commission - gave rise to the first international legal instrument dealing with psychoactive substances – “The Hague Opium Convention of 1912.”

Geneva 1920 – League of Nations is established and became the custodian of Opium convention.

1961 - Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs was adopted- it is the unification and simplification of the legal agreements define under “The Hague Opium Convention of 1912.

2008 – Is the milestone of International Drug Control

The Single Convention of 1961

The 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances

The 1988 Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances

define the internation

al drug control

system to this day.

UNODC Year 2009:2009 - marks the 100 years since the first

International Drug Conference in the year 1909.

- UNODC launched an international drug treatment and care initiative in partnership with the World Health Organization (WHO)

- This is a landmark in the development of a comprehensive, integrated health-based approach to drug policy.

The UNODC-WHO Joint Programme on drug dependence treatment and care:

- Aims to provide humane and accessible care to greater numbers of people with drug dependence and drug-related diseases (particularly HIV/AIDS) in low- and middle-income countries, resulting in their rehabilitation and reintegration into society.

Treatnet - is a joint programme of UNODC and WHO. - This is the international network of drug dependence treatment and rehabilitation resource centres that UNODC inaugurated in 2008 and implemented in 2009.

Trend in Drug Treatment:

1. Africa and Oceania – cannabis is the main drug (Africa – 63%, Australia and New Zealand – 47%)

2. Asia and Europe – opiates is the primary drug

3. North and South America – cocaine dependent

4. Indication of the amphetamine type stimulants dependents is worsening – (Asia – 18%, North America 18%, Oceania 20%).

Current Nature and Extent of Drugs in the Philippines:2008 National Household Survey:1. the most vulnerable age groups were those

belonging to: a. 20 – 29 years oldb. 10-19 years oldc. 30 – 39 years old

2. More single males continued their drug taking behaviour.

3. In terms of age group and educational qualification, current drug users were concentrated on age brackets 10-19 and 20-29. This could be taken to mean that these age groups (elementary, high school and college students) were the most vulnerable to drug abuse.

4. In terms of classification of current drug-user respondents;

a. a large percentage was unemployed b. employee in the private sectorc. out-of-school youthd. students

5. As to type of drugs:a. methamphetamine hydrochloride

(shabu) b. cannabis (marijuana)c. contact cement

6. With regards to age group by drug type, shabu and marijuana were abused by those in the age brackets of 10-19; 20-29, 30-49 and 50-59, while contact cement by those in the 10-19, 20-29 and 30-39 age groups.

7. In terms of frequency of drug usage, a large percentage of current drug-user respondents abused shabu , marijuana and contact cement on a weekly basis.

8. The common route of administration or uses of drugs as claimed by current users were:

a. shabu by sniffing/inhalationb. marijuana, through

smoking/inhalation c. contact cement by sniffing.

9. The sources of drugs they abused mentioned by current user-respondents were:

a. pushersb. classmate/friends who is a pusher c. from the drugs I am pushing d. hardware (0.03%).

10. Reasons for first use of drugs given were; a. curiosityb. peer pressure c. personal problems (family and

marital).

11. Reasons for continued use;

a. peer influence

b. family personal and work-related problems

c. and family, personal and work-related problems aggravated by peer influence.

12. Based on the results of the survey it was estimated that there could be 1,715, 854* current drug users or 2.5% of the 2008 projected *Filipino population aged 10-64 years old.

Drug Trafficking in the Philippines:Drug Mule/Courier :

- are individuals who transport dangerous drugs in exchange for a huge amount of money, depending on the amount of drugs to be delivered and the route/distance to be travelled.- 710 Filipinos drug courier abroad were arrested and still increasing. - More female Filipino drug couriers (about 63%) are being exploited by drug trafficking syndicates.

Methods of Concealment of Arrested Couriers Abroad:

1.Hidden in luggage/suitcases (38%)2.Ingestion/Swallowing (29%)3.Placed in shoes (7%)4.Placed in bottom part of luggage (5%)5.Placed inside handbag (4%)6.Others (17%): Undergoing minor operation,

placing in shoeboxes/books/bottles/parcels, etc.

Drug Seized from Arrested Couriers in the Philippines:

1. Shabu    (81%)

2. Cocaine  (18%)

3. Heroin    (1%)

Factors contributing to the drug courier problem:

1.Filipinos are usually enticed by the offer because of the syndicates’ promise of love/marriage, as have been recorded in several arrests involving Filipina drug couriers.

2.Others are lured by the opportunity to travel and the promise of a comfortable life

3.while others want a high-paying job and easy money.

The drug courier problem can also be attributed to the following factors:

1.The prevalence of poverty2.Poor educational background3.Easy money4.Unemployment5.The idea of travelling

Modus Operandi:Couriers are usually recruited by casual acquaintances

connected to drug syndicates like the African Drug Syndicate (ADS), offering plane tickets, hotel accommodation and huge amounts of money.

members of syndicates befriend/marry potential recruit then later turn him/her into a courier or cohort.

unwitting victims were duped by acquaintances into carrying packages in exchange for money, not knowing that drugs were placed inside.

Couriers may also be recruited through the internet and social networking sites like Facebook, MySpace, Tagged, etc.

Syndicates also engage in travel & tours businesses/agencies to arrange airline and hotel bookings of the couriers and use fraudulent documents/fake credit cards.

African Drug Syndicate (ADS):- is believed to be behind the alarming increase of Filipino

drug couriers arrested abroad. - They deliver drugs to their connections in different points

around the world by employing drug couriers to prevent the risk of getting caught themselves. They also use Filipinos as cohorts to recruit fellow OFWs.

- The ADS is an international syndicate involved in drug trafficking and cyber crimes.

- They use stolen and/or falsified documents to go about with their transaction (i.e. purchase of plane tickets, hotel bookings) and usually communicate with their cohorts thru phone or the internet. Members are proficient in English and well-versed, very persistent and are generally friendly which makes them recruit potential victims easily.

The Task Force Drug Couriers (TFDC):

- was created on February 08, 2010 by virtue of Administrative Order No. 279.

- It is an inter-agency team tasked in the deterrence, prevention and protection of Filipinos from being victimized as drug couriers by international drug trafficking syndicates.

TFDC 3-year Action Plan:

1. Prevention

2. Law Enforcement

3. Prosecution

4. Coordination.

Strategies to address the Drug Problem:

The government’s anti-drug strategies involve

five pillars of action patterned after the

ASEAN and China Cooperative

Operations in Response to Dangerous

Drugs (ACCORD).

FIVE PILLARS OF ACTION:

1. Drug Supply Reduction- Taking away the drugs from the public, for

the purpose of abuse, through market denial operations and prevention of diversion from the licit to the illicit markets.

- Actions such as law enforcement, regulatory compliance, and judicial and legislative measures are designed to stop the production, processing, trafficking, financing, and retailing of dangerous drugs, precursors and other essential chemicals.

2. Drug Demand Reduction- The aim is to take away the people away from

abusing dangerous drugs and controlled substances and reduce his or her desire to abuse drugs.

- This is being done through: formulation of policies in accordance with the new

dangerous drugs law; development and implementation of preventive

education programs for different target groups; adoption and utilization of effective treatment and

rehabilitation programs; and the continuous conduct of research on vital

aspects of the drug abuse problem.

3. Alternative Development- The aim is to reduce the production of

marijuana and eventually eliminate its cultivation through sustainable rural development and alternative livelihood programs. Example: Sericulture or Silk Production

4. Civic Awareness and Response

- The concept is to promote public awareness on the evils of dangerous drugs, and to elicit social response by advocating the non-use of dangerous drugs through community outreach, observance of special events, and production, publication and distribution of campaign materials.

5. Regional and International Cooperation

- The intent is to forge and foster cooperation with regional & international agencies and counterparts from the ASEAN member countries, USA, Japan, Canada, Australia, European Union, Sri Lanka, Israel, and Taiwan among others.

The five pillars of action project a holistic and balanced strategy which covers:

1.strengthening the rule of law 2.enhancing control measures3.establishing proactive advocacy4.consensus-building of solutions to the drug

menace5.establishing sustainable alternative development 6.and ensuring adequate exchange of drug data.

UNODC on Worldwide Corruption:

FACTS:Estimate cost of corruption is about 5% of the

global gross domestic productCorruption accounts for 10% of doing

business globally and as much as 25% of the cost of procurement contracts globally.

Some countries lost 25% of their internal revenue due to corruption

The United Nations Convention against Corruption

- is the first legally binding global anti-corruption instrument.

- met in Doha in November 2009 to take stock of global progress in implementation and consider ways to step up international efforts to prevent and fight corruption.

UNODC on Money Laundering:Money Laundering – is a method used by

corrupt public officials, traffickers and other criminals in order to sanitize their money. Thus, it enables them to disguise the illegal origins of their wealth, throw off suspicions of law enforcement and erase any incriminating traces of illegal activity.

- Terrorist networks use similar methods to move money around to finance terrorist actions.