drugepi 5-4 policy question: d.a.r.e. module 5 overview context content area: policy decisions about...

DrugEpi 5-4 Policy Question: D.A.R.E.

Module 5 OverviewContextContent Area: Policy Decisions about Drug Use/Abuse IssuesEssential Question (Generic): What should be done when preventable causes of disease are found?

Essential Question (Drug Abuse Specific): What should be done when preventable causes of drug abuse are found?

Enduring Epidemiological Understanding: Policy decisions are based on more than the scientific evidence. Because of competing values - social, economic, ethical, environmental, cultural, and political factors may also be considered.

Synopsis:

In Module 5, students explore specific drug policy questions and become aware of the factors that influence their own and others' positions on those questions.

Lessons:

Lesson 5-1: Individual and Societal Decision MakingLesson 5-2: Drug Policy Question - Should needle exchange programs be implemented?Lesson 5-3: Drug Policy Question - Should high school students be drug tested? Lesson 5-4: Drug Policy Question - Should D.A.R.E. be taught in all schools?Lesson 5-5: Drug Policy Question - Should marijuana be legal for medical purposes?


Module 5 - Policy Decisions about Drug Use/Abuse

Lesson 5-4 Should Dare be Taught in All Schools?

Content• How scientific literacy is connected to

individual and societal decision-making• Definitions and discussion about policy, risk perception and the acceptability

or unacceptability of risk• Application of Drug Policy question Assignment to question, Should D.A.R.E.

be taught at all schools?

Big Ideas• In a democratic society, a scientifically literate population is better able to

make informed decisions about issues of public health• Societal decisions about acceptability versus unacceptability of risk often

consider other factors besides the actual magnitude of that risk• The issue of whether or not D.A.R.E. should be taught in all schools is

controversial with powerful arguments on both sides This project is supported by a Science Education Drug Abuse Partnership Award, Grant Number 1R24DA016357-01,

from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health.


Essential Questions Enduring Understandings

1. How is this disease distributed?

Health-related conditions and behaviors are not distributed uniformly in a population. They have unique distributions that can be described by how they are distributed in terms of person, place, and time.

2. What hypotheses might explain the distribution of disease?

Clues for formulating hypotheses can be found by observing the way a health-related condition or behavior is distributed in a population.

3. Is there an association between the hypothesized cause and the disease?

Causal hypotheses can be tested by observing exposures and diseases of people as they go about their daily lives. Information from these observational studies can be used to make and compare rates and identify associations.

4. Is the association causal?

Causation is only one explanation for an association between an exposure and a disease. Because observational studies are complicated by factors not controlled by the observer, other explanations also must be considered.

5. What should be done when preventable causes of disease are found?

Policy decisions are based on more than the scientific evidence. Because of competing values - social, economic, ethical, environmental, cultural, and political factors may also be considered.

Where are we?


Drug Policy Question

Should D.A.R.E. be taught in all schools?

Individual and Societal Decision Making

A. Orientation to the Enduring Understanding SlidesB. Drug Policy Question “Hip Pocket” Slides

C. Drug Policy Question Summary Slides


Enduring Understanding

Policy decisions are based on more than the scientific evidence.

Because of competing values; social, economic, ethical, environmental, cultural,

and political factors may also be considered.



Scientific LiteracyA scientifically literate person is someone who:

National Research Council. (1996) National Science Education Standards, Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

… can ask, find, or determine answers to questions derived from curiosity about everyday experiences … has the ability to describe, explain, and predict natural phenomenon … is able to read with understanding articles about science in the popular press and to engage in social conversation about the validity of their conclusions … can identify scientific issues underlying national and local decisions and express positions that are scientifically and technologically informed … (is) able to evaluate the quality of scientific information on the basis of its source and the methods used to generate it … (has) the capacity to pose and evaluate arguments based on evidence and to apply conclusions from such arguments appropriately



Policy

A course or principle of action adopted or proposed by

a government, party, business, or individual

John M. Last, A Dictionary of Public Health



Drug Policy

A course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual

that affects drug use



Pre-Drug Policy Question Assignment Survey Summary


Should D.A.R.E. be taught at all schools?




A. Orientation to the Enduring Understanding Slides

B. Drug Policy Question “Hip Pocket” Slides C. Drug Policy Question Summary Slides




HP



Outcome

HP



D.A.R.E. is Community Policing

D.A.R.E. is universally viewed as an internationally recognized model of community policing. The United States Department of Justice has identified how D.A.R.E. benefits local communities:

D.A.R.E. "humanizes" the police: that is, young people can begin to relate to officers as people

D.A.R.E. permits students to see officers in a helping role, not just an enforcement role

D.A.R.E. opens lines of communication between law enforcement and youth

D.A.R.E. Officers can serve as conduits to provide information beyond drug-related topics

D.A.R.E. opens dialogue between the school, police, and parents to deal with other issues

The bottom line - to combine the best research and science with the world's most effective delivery system - D.A.R.E.

HP



Public Support

HP



Evidence of Effectiveness

?HP



HP



Opportunity Costs

HP



HP


Time

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Healthy People

-

Healthy People

E

Random Assignment

E

DZ

DZ

DZ

DZ

Controlled Trial

Time

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Healthy People

-

Healthy People

E

E

DZ

DZ

DZ

DZ

Cohort Study

Time

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Case-Control Study

-

DZ

DZ

E

E

E

E

Time

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Cross-Sectional Study

-

E

E

DZ

DZ

National Study of the New D.A.R.E. Program Launches: Six US Cities to Test State-of-the-Art Prevention Curriculum


HP



Time

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Healthy People

-

Healthy People

E

Random Assignment

E

DZ

DZ

DZ

DZ

Controlled Trial

Time

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Healthy People

-

Healthy People

E

E

DZ

DZ

DZ

DZ

Cohort Study

Time

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Case-Control Study

-

DZ

DZ

E

E

E

E

Time

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Cross-Sectional Study

-

E

E

DZ

DZ

db

c

a

HP


9010

9010

b

d

a

c

or

or

%

%

Total

New DARE

No New

DARE

No Drug Use

Drug Use

Risk of Drug

Use

Relative Risk

1


HP


9010

9010

b

d

a

c

or

or

%

%

Total

New DARE

No New

DARE

No Drug Use

Drug Use

Risk of Drug

Use

Relative Risk

> 1


HP


9010

9010

b

d

a

c

or

or

%

%

Total

New DARE

No New

DARE

No Drug Use

Drug Use

Risk of Drug

Use

Relative Risk

< 1


HP





A. Orientation to the Enduring Understanding Slides

B. Drug Policy Question “Hip Pocket” Slides

C. Drug Policy Question Summary Slides


In Favor of




In Favor of Against




In Favor of Against


Scientific Social

Economic Ethical

Environmental

Cultural

Political



In Favor of Against


Policy decisions are based on more than the scientific

evidence.

Because of competing values; social, economic, ethical,

environmental, cultural, and political factors may also be considered.



Write a Brief Statement

Forces that Influenced Your Position



Post-Drug Policy Question Assignment Survey




Pre-Drug Policy Question Assignment Survey




Pre- and Post Drug Policy Question Assignment Survey Summaries




Democracy

“It is both the glory and the burden of democracy that lay citizens must make the final choice.”

Citizen - Kings / Citizen - Queens



All scientific work is incomplete – whether it be observational or

experimental. All scientific work is liable to be upset or

modified by advancing knowledge. That does not confer upon us the freedom to ignore

the knowledge we already have, or to postpone the action that it

appears to demand at a given time.Sir Austin Bradford Hill, “The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation?” Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine January 14,

1965



Big Ideas in this Lesson (5-4)

• In a democratic society, a scientifically literate population is better able to make informed decisions about issues of public health

• Societal decisions about acceptability versus unacceptability of risk often consider other factors besides the actual magnitude of that risk

• The issue of whether or not D.A.R.E. should be taught in all schools is controversial with powerful arguments on both sides

Re-Cap


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