drugs ms. monn & mr. galati. medicines medicine: drugs that are used to treat or prevent disease...
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DrugsMs. Monn & Mr. Galati
Medicines
Medicine: Drugs that are used to treat or prevent disease or other conditions.
Drugs: Substances other than food that change the structure or function of the body or mind.
Vaccine: A preparation introduced into the body to stimulate an immune response.
Analgesics: Pain relievers.
Side effects: Reactions to medicine other than the one intended.
Medicines (Cont.)
Additive interaction: When medicines work together in a positive way.
Synergistic effect: An interaction of two or more medicines that results in a greater effect than when the medicines are taken alone.
Antagonistic interaction: The effect of one medicine is canceled or reduced when taken with another medicine.
Roles of MedicinesMedicines that prevent diseases are vaccines.
Medicines that fight pathogens are known as antibiotics (a class of chemical agents that destroy disease causing microorganisms while leaving the patient unharmed).
Medicines that relieve pain (analgesics) range from mild (aspirin) to strong opium based morphine and codeine.
Medicines that promote health: Allergy medications
Body regulating medicines
Anti-depressant and antipsychotic medicines
Cancer treatment medicines
Drugs and Use
Substance abuse: Any unnecessary or improper use of chemical substance for nonmedical purposes.
Illegal drugs: Chemical substances that people of any age may not lawfully manufacture, possess, buy, or sell. Also known as “street drugs”.
Illicit drug use: The use or sale of any substance that is illegal or otherwise not permitted.
Overdose: A strong, sometimes fatal reaction to taking a large amount of a drug.
Drugs (Cont.)
Psychological dependence: A condition in which a person believes that a drug is needed in order to feel good or to function normally.
Physiological dependence: A condition in which the user has a chemical need for the drug.
Addiction: A physiological or psychological dependence on a drug.
Marijuana
Marijuana: A plant whose leaves, buds, and flowers are usually smoked for their intoxicating effects.
Marijuana is the most widely used illegal drug and is also known as: weed, pot, Mary Jane, chronic, grass, dope, herb, and many other names.
The active chemical in marijuana is THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol)
Marijuana Short-term Effects
Brain: Problems with memory and learning, distorted perception, difficulty in thinking and problem solving, loss of coordination, and increased heart rate.
Paranoia: An irrational suspiciousness or distrust of others.
Lungs: Burning and stinging of the mouth and throat- sometimes accompanied by a heavy cough.
Other: Bloodshot eyes, dry mouth, increased appetite, distorted sense of time, females have increased testosterone levels and risk of infertility, and men have lower sperm count and testosterone levels.
Marijuana Long-term Effects
Respiratory System: Chronic bronchitis, Pneumonia, increased risk of lung/oral cancer, more frequent chest colds, phlegm production, and daily cough.
Reproductive System: Using marijuana during pregnancy may result in pre-mature babies and low birth rate.
Men and women may have lower rates of fertility.
Other: Risk of heart-attack quadruples within the first hour of using marijuana.
Decreased motivation.
Inhalants
Inhalants: Substances whose fumes are sniffed and inhaled to achieve a mind-altering effect.
Most inhalants go immediately to the brain, actually killing brain cells that will never be replaced.
Examples: Solvents, aerosols, glues, spray paints, gasoline, and varnishes. Also include nitrates and nitrous oxides.
Cause permanent nervous system and brain damage.
Steroids
Steroids: Synthetic substances that are similar to the male sex hormone testosterone.
Anabolic Steroids: Refers to muscle building.
Androgenic Steroids: Refers to increased male characteristics.
Effects From Steroid Use
Major side effects of steroid abuse: Liver tumors and cancer, jaundice (yellowish pigmentation of skin, tissues, and body fluids), fluid retention, high blood pressure, kidney tumors, severe acne, and trembling. Also, extreme mood swings may occur, including manic like symptoms leading to violence, paranoid jealousy, extreme irritability, delusions, and impaired judgment.
Steroid Effects on Men and Women
Effects for men: Shrinking of the testicles, reduced sperm count, infertility, baldness, development of breasts, and increased risk of prostate cancer.
Effects for women: Growth of facial hair, male-pattern baldness, changes in or cessation of the menstrual cycle, enlargement of the clitoris, and deepened voice.
Users often feel the effects of depression when they quit using steroids.
Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive Drugs: Chemicals that affect the central nervous system and alter activity in the brain.
Stimulants
Stimulants: Drugs that speed up the central nervous system.
Types of Stimulants include:Cocaine
Caffeine
Crack
Amphetamines
Methamphetamines
Crack/Cocaine
Cocaine: A rapid acting, addictive stimulant obtained by the leafs of a coca plant that can be snorted, dissolved in water, or injected.
Cocaine users can experience a surge of self confidence and euphoria.
Euphoria: A feeling of intense well-being or elation.
Crack: An even more dangerous form of cocaine is crack. Also known as crack cocaine, rock, or freebase rock, crack is one of the most deadly drugs available. It is a very pure form of cocaine that reaches the brain seconds after being smoked or injected.
Effects of Crack/Cocaine Use
Physical Effects: Constricted blood vessels, dilated pupils, and increased temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure.
Euphoric Effects: Hyper stimulation, reduced fatigue, and mental alertness.
The faster the absorption, the more intense the high but shorter duration. (Effects usually last 20-30 minutes).
Increased use reduces the duration of the effect.
A tolerance will develop and most users will never reach the same high that they did the first time using the drug.
Ritalin
Ritalin: central nervous system stimulant used to treat ADD and ADHD
Helps with focus
Makes user more awake but then followed by a crash of fatigue
Used for studying
Ritalin
Short-Term Effects: loss of appetite, increased heart rate & blood pressure, disturbed sleep patterns, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, panic, convulsions, & seizures
Long-Term Effects: dpression, disorientation, malnutrition & weight loss, liver, kidney, and lung damage, heart attacks, stroke, death
Amphetamines
Amphetamines: Stimulants used in prescription medicines to reduce fatigue and drowsiness and to suppress appetite
Illegally used to stay awake/alert, improve athletic performance, and to lose weight
Amphetamines
Short-Term Effects:
• Decreased appetite
• Increased energy
• Involuntary bodily movements
• Nausea
• Irregular heart rate
• Sweating
• Anxiety
• Dilated pupils
Amphetamines
Long-Term Effects:
Chronic sleep problems
Mood swings
High blood pressure
Weight loss
Constipation or diarrhea
Nutritional problems
Paranoia
Hallucinations
Methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: (meth) a stimulant used in treating certain diseases- Parkinson’s disease and obesity
White odorless powder easily dissolved in alcohol or water
Methamphetamine (Meth)
Short-Term Effects
Euphoria
Memory loss
Long-Term Effects
Increased tolerance
Addiction
Depression
Paranoia
Death
Bath Salts
One or more manmade chemicals related to cathinone- an amphetamine-like substance found in the khat plant
EffectsSevere intoxication (out of it)
Losing touch with reality
Violent
Euphoria
Increased sociability
Paranoia
Agitation
Depressants
Depressants: or sedatives, are drugs that tend to slow down the central nervous system
Effects: Relax muscles
Relieve feelings of worry
Cause drowsiness
Slow heart rate
Lower blood pressure
Interrupt normal breathing
Barbituates
Barbituates: belong to a family of sedative-hypnotic drugs, or drugs that induce sleepiness
Effects: Mood changes
Fatigue
Confusion
Impaired memory
Reduced respiratory function
Coma
Tranquilizers
Tranquilizers: depressants that reduce muscular activity, coordination, and attention span
Medical use: relieve anxiety, muscle spasms, sleeplessness, nervousness
Effects:Depression
Unusual excetiement
Fever
Irritability
Dizziness
Dependence
Depressants
Rohypnol: ten times stronger than tranquilizers & known as a date rape drug (roofies)
Small white tablet with no taste or odor
Effects: Inability to remember what happened
Confusion
Drowsiness
Decreased blood pressure
Loss of muscle control
Loss of consciousness
Depressants
GHB: gammahydroxy butyric acid
Date rape drug
Clear liquid, white powder, tablets, & capsules
Effects:Drowsiness
Nausea
Vomiting
Loss of consciousness
Impaired breathing
coma
death
NarcoticsNarcotics: specific drugs that are obtainable only by prescription & are used to relieve pain
Examples: Morphine, OxyContin, codein
Block pain messengers to the brain
EffectsEuphoria
Drowsiness
Constipation
Slow & shallow breathing
Convulsions
Addiction
Coma
Death
HeroinHeroin: highly addictive narcotic, processed form of morphine
Injected, snorted, or smoked
Effects:Confusion
Increased tolerance
Sedation
Slow breathing
Infection of the heart lining and valves
Liver disease
Collapsed veins
Coma
Death
Fentanyl
Fentanyl: used as part of anesthesia to help prevent pain after surgery
Known as China White
Used as IV, tablets, lozenges, nasal spray, and “lollipop” form
EffectsBlurred vision
Chest pain
Confusion
Difficult breathing
Dizziness
Fainting
Mood changes
Opium
Opium: highly addictive narcotic drug from the opium poppy
EffectsAnxiety
Chest pain or discomfort
Confusion
Depression
Hallucination
Difficulty breathing
Dizziness
Mood changes
Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens: drugs that alter moods, thoughts, and sense perceptions, including vision, hearing, smell, and touch
No medical use
Overload the sensory controls in the brain
Brain confuses and intensifies sensations- hallucinates
Can last for several hours or several days
LSD
LSD: most potent hallucinogenic substance known to man
Affects the brain’s emotional center and distorts reality
User may experience anywhere from euphoria to depression
LSDLSD Effects: user feels effects 30-90 minutes after using
EffectsDilated pupils
Higher body temperature
Increased heart rate & blood pressure
Sweating
Loss of appetite
Sleeplessness
Dry mouth
Tremors
Delusions
Visual hallucinations
Fear of insanity and death
Injuries (sometimes fatal)
PCP
PCP: considered one of the most dangerous drugs
Many same effects of LSD but much more dangerous
Seen as white crystalline powder, tablet, or liquid
PCP deaths- usually from destructive behavior the drug produces, not from the drug itself
Effects:Distorted sense of time and space
Increased muscle strength
Inability to feel pain
Ketamine
Ketamine: anesthetic used for medical purposes- mostly animals
White powder- snorted or injected
Causes hallucinations & dream-like states
Effects:Nausea
High blood pressure
Memory loss
Numbness
Respiratory failure
Ecstacy
Ecstacy (MDMA): illegally manufactured variation of mescaline and amphetamine
Designer drug: synthetic substances meant to imitate the effects of hallucinogens and other dangerous drugs
“Feel good drug”- produces positive feelings, extreme relaxation, empathy for others, & eliminates anxiety
Ecstacy
Short-Term EffectsIncreased heart rate, blood pressure, & body temperature
Jaw & teeth clenching/ muscle tension
Dehydration
Chills and/or sweating
Nausea
Blurred vision
Faintness
Dizziness
Confusion
Insomnia
Paranoia
Ecstacy
Long-Term EffectsDepression
Sleep disorders
Paranoia
Drug craving
Elevated anxiety
Liver damage
Brain damage
Paralysis
Muscle breakdown
Hyperthermia
Kidney failure
Cardiovascular system failure
Shrooms
Shrooms: dangerous because of the many different varieties
Some are poisonous
EffectsEuphoria
Hallucinations
Dilated pupils
Empathy
Visual/auditory distortions
“Feelings of love”
Emotional distress
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Mescaline (Peyote)
Mescaline: hallucinogen obtained from a small cactus- Peyote
Disc shaped buttons cut and dried from the root then chewed or soaked in water
Causes visual hallucinations, euphoria, dream-like state, laughter, and a psychadelic experience
Effects: anxiety, racing heart beat, dizziness, diarrhea, vomiting, headache
DXM
DXM: common ingredient in cough medicine
Huge amounts of cough syrup to get high (5-10 times normal dose)
Common in the teenage age group
EffectsImpaired vision
Sweating & fever
Rapid breathing
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Slurred speech
Impaired judgment
Memory loss
Hallucinations
LEAN
Lean: soda, candy, and prescription cough syrup
“Sizzurp”
Very dangerous & potentially deadly
EffectsEuphoria
Raspy voice
Slurred speech
Drowsiness
Lack of coordination
Seizures
Slowed and/or stopped breathing
Hookah
Hookah: water pipes that are used to smoke specially made tobacco that comes in different flavors
Many of the same health risks as smoking
K2
K2: Synthetic marijuana, incense or other leafy materials are sprayed with chemicals to mimic the effect of THC
People think it’s safe compared to marijuana
EffectsHigh blood pressure
Nausea
Vomiting
Agitation
Seizures
Vocabulary Review
Medicines: drugs that are used to treat or prevent disease or other conditions
Drugs: substances other than food that change the structure or function of the body or mind
Vaccine: a preparation introduced into the body to stimulate an immune response
Analgesics: pain relievers
Side effects: reactions to medicine other than the one intended
Vocabulary Review (cont.)
Additive interaction: medicines work together in a positive way
Synergistic effect: interaction of two or more medicines that results in a greater effect than when the medicines are taken alone
Antagonistic interaction: the effect of one medicine is canceled or reduced when taken with another medicine
Vocabulary Review (cont.)
Substance abuse: any unnecessary or improper use of chemical substances for nonmedical purposes
Illegal drugs: chemical substances that people of any age may not lawfully manufacture, possess, buy, or sell
Illicit drug use: the use or sale of any substance that is illegal or otherwise not permitted
Vocabulary Review (cont.)
Overdose: a strong, sometimes fatal reaction to taking a large amount of a drug
Psychological dependence: a condition in which a person believes that a drug is needed in order to feel good or to function
Physiological dependence: a condition in which the user has a chemical need for the drug
Addiction: a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug
Vocabulary Review (cont.)
Marijuana: a plant whose leaves, buds, and flowers are usually smoked for their intoxicating effects
Paranoia: an irrational suspiciousness or distrust of others
Inhalants: substances whose fumes are sniffed and inhaled to achieve a mind-altering effect
Anabolic-androgenic steroids: synthetic substances that are similar to the male sex hormone testosterone
Vocabulary Review (cont.)
Psychoactive drugs: chemicals that affect the central nervous system and alter activity in the brain
Stimulants: drugs that speed up the central nervous system
Euphoria: a feeling of intense well-being or elation
Depressants: drugs that tend to slow down the central nervous system
Vocabulary Review (cont.)
Narcotics: specific drugs that are obtainable only by prescription and are used to relieve pain
Hallucinogens: drugs that alter moods, thoughts, and sense perceptions including vision, hearing, smell, and touch
Designer drugs: synthetic substances meant to imitate the effects of hallucinogens and other dangerous drugs
Vocabulary Review (cont.)
Drug-free school zones: areas within 1,000 feet of schools and designated by signs, within which people caught selling drugs receive especially severe penalties
Drug watches: organized community efforts by neighborhood residents to patrol, monitor, report, and otherwise try to stop drug deals and drug abuse