dry bean production guide.pdf

8/10/2019 Dry Bean Production Guide.pdf

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Dry Bean Production Guide

A-1133, July 1997. NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY.

Published in cooperation with Northarvest Bean Growers Association

Introduction

Dry edible bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is a human food high in protein, phosphorus, iron, vitamin B1,fiber, with no cholesterol. Dry bean is an imported staple in many areas of the world, especiallyCentral and South American and Africa. Different cultures have developed a multitude of endproducts made with dry edible bean.

Dry bean is a relatively new crop to the North Dakota-Minnesota region. They have been grown ona large scale since the 1970s. Two classes of dry bean (navy and pinto) encompass the majorcommercial acreage. In addition, black turtle, red kidney, cranberry, pinks, and small red bean

classes are also grown on limited acres. Dry bean are generally grown under contract with aprocessing firm. These firms are located throughout the eastern half of North Dakota and westcentral Minnesota counties.

The North Dakota Dry Edible Bean Council, the Minnesota Dry Bean Council and the NortharvestBean Growers Association are organizations which promote and assist in marketing of dry bean.The North Dakota Dry Edible Bean Seed Association is organized to grow and promote dry-beanseed for planting.

Dry bean is a crop that requires special cultural management and attention by the producer. Propermanagement is essential from field selection and planting through harvest and marketing formaximum profitability.

The primary objective of this guide is to help dry bean growers and related industry personnel to beproficient and successful.

Variety Descriptions

Class and Plant -- Blight -- -- BCMV -- Fusarium WhiteCultivar Mat3 Type2 Common Halo Type NY15 Root Rot Mold Rust1-------------------------------------------------------------------------PINTO

Agassiz E B S R R S S

Apache M V S R

Arapaho M V S R R S S

Aztec E UV S S S S S

Bill-Z M V S R R S MR

Chase L V R R S S T R

Elizabeth M V S R

Fargo E V S-MS

Fiesta E V S T R R S S S

Focus M UV S R

Hatton E V S R R S S-MR

Maverick ME V S S S R

Othello E V S T R R S S

Remington M UV R

RS-101 E USV S S


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Topaz E V T R R S S-MS

Winchester ME UV R

-------------------------------------------------------------------------NAVY

Agri-1 M B S T R R S S-MR

Aspen M USV R R R

Avanti M USV R R R-MS

Envoy M B

R R

S R

Fleetwood L B S T R R S S S-MR

Huron M USV R R T R

Mayflower ML USV T R R T T R

Navigator M USV R R T R

Newport E B R R S R

Norstar ME USV S T R R T R

Prize M B R R R

Schooner ML USV R R S R

Seafarer E B S T R R S S S

Snowbunting E B S T R S S S S

Upland ME B S T R S S S S-MR

Vista ML USV R R T R

Voyager ME V

R R

S S-MS

-------------------------------------------------------------------------CRANBERRY

Cran-09 M B R R S S R

Mich. Imp L V S R

Taylor Hort E B S S R

UI-50 M B R R

UI686 M V R R R

-------------------------------------------------------------------------SMALL RED

Cajun E UV MR

Garnet M V R R S S

NW59 ML V S T R R T S S

NW63 ML V S T R R T S S

UI-239 ME V

S S

-------------------------------------------------------------------------BLACK

Blackhawk L USV S T R R T T R

Blackjack ML USV R R R

Black Magic L USV S T R R T T R

Domino L USV S T R R T T R

Midnight L USV S S R R T T R

Panther M USV R R T R

Raven ME R R S R

Shadow ME USV R R T R

T-39 M USV S T R R T T R

UI-911 M V R R R

-------------------------------------------------------------------------PINK

Flamingo E V S S

UI537 E V R R S S

Viva M V R S S-------------------------------------------------------------------------LT. RED KIDNEY

California E B S S S S

Early

Chinook M B T R R R


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Foxfire ME B T R R R T T R

Sacramento E B S S S S S S S

-------------------------------------------------------------------------DK. RED KIDNEY

Drake M B S S R R S T R

Isles M B T R R T T R

Montcalm ML B S T R R S T R

-------------------------------------------------------------------------GREAT NORTHERN

Alpine M UV S T R R S R

Beryl M V S

Starlight ME V T T T T MR

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Some cultivar disease reactions adapted from North Central Regional

Extension Publication 198.1Reaction based upon field observation of rust obtained in North

Dakota, 1995-1996 and field collections, 1996

S = Susceptible; MS = Moderately Susceptible;

T = Tolerant; MR = Moderately Resistant.

R = Resistant;2

V = Vine; UV = Upright Vine;B = Bush; USV = Upright Short Vine.

3RM = Relative Maturity; E = Early;

M = Medium; ME = Medium Early;

ML = Medium Late; L = Late.

Seed Certification

The purpose of seed certification is to maintain and make available to the public high quality seed ofcrop varieties that are produced, conditioned, and distributed as to insure proper identity andgenetic purity. This process of maintaining genetic purity is done through a nationally recognizedseed certification system. Each state has an authorized agency that establishes minimum standards

for genetic purity and other seed quality factors for each class of certified seed. These minimumstandards must meet or exceed the standards set by the Association of Official Seed CertifyingAgencies.

In the case of dry edible beans other seed quality factors like seed borne diseases are as importantas genetic purity. When seed is label as certified, a buyer can be assured that the seed has beenproduced and lab tested to maintain varietal purity, low levels of disease, noxious weeds, inertmatter and other crop seeds. Each seed lot is conditioned and handled as seed and must meetminimum standards for germination. Seed can not be sold as certified seed until it has passed fieldinspection and laboratory testing.

All seed sold as certified seed must bear a certified seed tag on the bag. Those tags will come inthree colors. A white tag that represents Foundation class seed, a purple tag that represents

Registered class seed and a blue tag represents Certified class seed. These are the only color oftags that are recognized by the Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies.

The Idaho Department of Agriculture provides a windrow field inspection service to monitor beanfields for blight symptoms. All seed that passes their windrow inspection is given a Green tag. Novarietal purity check are made during these inspections, nor are there any laboratory tests for seedborne blight organisms conducted on such seed lots by the Idaho Ag Department.


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Table 1. Stages of vegetative and reproductive development in determinate bush (Type I) andindeterminate (Type III) dry bean.

General Description* Days fromStage No. Vegetative stages planting**---------------------------------------------------------------------

V1 Completely unfolded leaves at the primary 10

(unifoliolate) leaf node.

V2 First node above primary leaf node. Count 19

when leaf edges no longer touch.

V3 Three nodes on the main stem including the 29

primary leaf node. Secondary branching

begins to show from branch of V1.

V(n) n nodes on the main stem, but with blossom A new node

clusters still not visibly opened. each 3 days

V5 Bush (determinate) plants may begin to 50

exhibit blossom and become stage R1.

V8 Vine (indeterminate) plants may begin to 40

exhibit blossom and become stage R1.

------------------------------------------------------------

Determinate BUSH (Type I)Reproductive Stages

R1 One blossom open at any node. 50

R2 Pods long at first blossom position. 53Usually node 2 to 3.

R3 Pods 1 inch long at first blossom position. 56

Secondary branching at all nodes, so plant

is becoming denser but not taller, bloom.R4 Pods 3 inches long seeds not discernible. 59

Bush types may be shorter.

R5 Pods 3-4 inches. Seed discernible. 64

R6 Seeds at least inch over long axis. 66

R7 Oldest pods have developed seeds. Other parts 72of plant will have full length pods with

seeds almost as large as first pods. Pods

will be developed over the whole plant.

R8 Leaves yellowing over half of plant very few 90

small pods and these in axils of secondary

branches, small pods may be drying. Point of

maximum production has been reached.

R9 Mature, at least 80% of the pods showing 105

yellow and mostly ripe. Only 40% of leaves

still green color.

------------------------------------------------------------

Indeterminate VINING Plant (Type III)Reproductive stages

R1 One blossom open at any node. Tendril will 40

begin to slow.

R1 Pods inch long at first blossom position 43(node 2 to 5 most plants). Blossom would have

just sluffed.

R3 Pods 1 inch long at first blossom position. 46

Pods are showing at higher nodes when blossom

sluffs, bloom.


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R4 Pods 2 inches long at first blossom position. 50

R5 Pods 3 plus inches long, seeds discernible 56

by feel.

R6 Pods 4.5 inches long with spurs (maximum 60

length). Seeds at least inch long axis.R7 Oldest pods have fully developed green seeds. 70

Other parts of plant will have full length

pods with seeds near same size. Pods to the

top and blossom on tendril, nodes 10-13.

R8 Leaves yellowing over half of plant, very few 82

small new pods/blossom developing, small pods

may be drying. Point of maximum production

has been reached.

R9 Mature, at least 80% of the pods showing 94

yellow and mostly ripe. Only 30% of leaves are

still green.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

* Adapted from: Growth stages according to Marshall J. Lebaron

(University of Idaho, College of Agriculture, Current

Information Series No. 228, April 1974).

** Approximate number of days. This will vary from season toseason and variety to variety.


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Plant Description

Visual Aid(6KB b&w image)

1. Hypocotyl2. Radicle3. Cotyledon (simple leaf)

4. Colydeonary node5. Tap root6. Lateral (branch) root7. First true leaf (unifoliate)8. Trifoliate leaflet9. Terminal bud10. Axillary buds11. Hypocotyl arch12. Nodes (point of leaf attachment)13. Nodules14. Root hairs

Planting Rates

Planting rates vary from 35 to 65 pounds per acre, depending on row spacing, bean plant type andpercent pure live seed. Navy bean range from 2,200 to 2,500 seeds per pound. Planting ratessuggested for navy beans are 35 to 45 pounds per acre of pure live seed. Studies conducted atvarious plant populations do not indicate any significant advantage to having populations greaterthan 90,000 plants per acre for Type I navy beans. Slightly higher rates are advised under irrigation.
http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/rowcrops/a1133-1.gifhttp://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/rowcrops/a1133-1.gifhttp://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/rowcrops/a1133-1.gif


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Pinto beans range from 1,200 to 1,500 seeds per pound. Planting rates suggested for pintos are 50to 65 pounds per acre of pure live seed. Populations of 70,000 plants per acre for Type III (pinto)beans have been found to be adequate. In some instances, reduced yields were observed whenplant populations were below these recommendations. Under irrigation, some lodging has beenobserved in the Type I cultivars at extremely low plant populations.

Rates should be adjusted for low germination or cool, wet planting conditions. To obtain desiredplant populations, overseed live seed by 10 to 15 percent to compensate for losses during

emergence. The normal planting depth is about 1-2inches. Seed should not be planted deeperunless the topsoil is dry. Plant seeds in moist soil if possible. Windbreaks of corn or sunflower canbe planted in fields where winds could become a problem at harvest. Growers should test theirplanter on a hard surface and in the field at normal planting speeds to ensure proper depth andseeding rate.

Growing Requirements

Dry bean are adapted to a wide variety of soils. They are not sensitive to soil type as long as it isreasonably fertile, well drained and free of conditions that interfere with germination and plantemergence, such as saline (salt affected) soils.

Saline soils affect germination, emergence and later plant growth. Plants that emerge on salinesoils may become yellow and have stunted growth. The leaf edges of the affected plant will bebrown and dead and often accumulations of salt may be seen on the leaf surface (refer to thesection on fertility).

Dry bean are a warm season crop and usually are not affected by high temperatures if adequatesoil moisture is present. Cool, humid or rainy weather is unfavorable to dry bean, but they areadapted to a fairly wide range of temperature. The optimum average growing temperature for field

beans is 65 to 75F. Dry bean production is more successful in areas where rainfall is light duringthe latter part of the growing season. It is essential that the crop be grown on a well-drained soilsince beans are extremely sensitive to standing water or waterlogged conditions.

Dry bean are not tolerant to frost or to prolonged exposure to near-freezing temperatures at anystage of plant growth.

Hail Damage

The amount of crop damage caused by hail will depend on the intensity, size of hail stones andduration, as well as plant type and stage of development. Determinate (Type I) cultivars are likely tosuffer greater losses than the indeterminate (Types II and III) cultivars, because Types II and III canrecover and compensate to a greater degree than can the Type I.

Severe hail damage can delay plant maturity. The earlier the stage of development at which theinjury occurs, the greater the time available for recovery, resulting in less yield reduction. Hail will

not directly affect seed quality unless a strike occurs on the pod.


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Planting Guide

-------------------------------------------------------------NAVY BEANS-------------------------------------------------------------

Approximatelbs. Live Seed Plants --------- Row Width -----------

per Acre per Acre Seed spacings within crop row-------------------------------------------------------------

6" 12" 22" 30"

30 75,000 3.8 2.8

40 100,000 5.2 2.9 2.1

50 125,000 8.4 4.2 2.3 1.7

60 150,000 7.0 3.5 1.9 1.4

70 175,000 6.1 3.0 1.7

80 200,000 5.2 2.6 1.5

-------------------------------------------------------------PINTO BEANS 12" 22" 30"-------------------------------------------------------------

50 62,500 8.4 4.6 3.4

60 75,000 7.0 3.8 2.870 87,500 6.3 3.3 2.5

80 100,000 5.2 2.9 2.1

-------------------------------------------------------------

Estimation of Dry Bean Yields

You can estimate dry bean yields by knowing the number of seeds per pod, pods per plant andplants per 1/1000th of an acre. At the time of counting seeds and pods, the maturity status of eachshould be determined.

If a seed or pod will not mature, it shouldn't be counted. Then count the total plants per 1/1000th

acre to complete the data collection.

Length of row equal to 1/1000th acre.An accurate estimate of plant population per acre can beobtained by counting the number of plants in a length of row equal to 1/1000 of an acre. Make atleast three counts in separate sections of the field, calculate the average of these samples, thenmultiply this number by one thousand (1,000).

Length of Single RowRow Width to Equal 1/1000 of an acre-----------------------------------------(inches) (feet) (inches)

6 87 1

10 52 3

15 34 1022 23 9

30 17 5

36 14 6

-----------------------------------------

Within a representative and uniform plant stand, randomly select five plants each from at least fiverandomly selected locations in the field.


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Keeping all plant data separate, pull and count the pods from each plant and then count the seedsto determine average seeds per pod for all five replications. These data are combined with theaverage number of plants per 1/1000th acre.

Average Number ofSeeds per Pound

--------------------------------------

Kidneys 900-1000Pintos 1400

Great Northerns 1600-1800

Pinks/Small Reds 1600-2000

Navies/Blacks 3000

--------------------------------------

Seeds per pound can vary 10-20% for different varieties within a bean class. If available, usereported estimates for seed number per pound for your variety.

The accuracy of yield estimate can be improved by counting seeds and pods from at least 10 plantsper replication.

Calculations

1. (Average seeds per pod) x (average pods per plant) equals average seeds per plant.2. (Average seeds per plant) x (plants per 1/1000th of an acre) x (1000) divided by seeds per

pound of the variety equals yield in pounds per acre.

Estimates Program

Dry Edible Beans

Consists of acreage and production reports giving total United States and 17 individual state

estimates. The 17 states are California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana,Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wisconsinand Wyoming.

Reports on acreage and production are released throughout the year. The following gives asummary by individual reports. Estimates are total of all classes, unless otherwise indicated.

Planting Intention sreleased end of Marcheach year.

Jun e Planted Acresreleased end of Juneand contains estimates on acres planted andintended for harvest.

Planted Acres by Commercial Classare included in the August production forecast,released around August 12.

Product ion Forecastsare made as of August 1 and October 1. Production forecasts

consist of adjusted acres for harvest, yield per acre and total production. Release dates arearound August 12 and October 12.

Product ion Est imate by Comm ercial Classin early December is an estimate of thecurrent year's planted and harvested acres, yield per acre and production, by commercialclass. The commercial class acreage, yield and production estimate are released aroundDecember 9.

North Dakota County Est imatescontain acres planted, acres harvested, yield per acreand total production by county. County estimates will be available the middle of Marcheach year for the previous year's estimates. County data by commercial class is notavailable.


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Minnesota

Ag Statistics Service

8 East Fourth St., Suite 500

St. Paul, MN 55101

Phone: 612-296-2230

North Dakota

Ag Statistics Service

PO Box 3166

Fargo, ND 58108

Phone: 701-239-5306

Crop Rotation and Disease Management

Several disease-producing bean pathogens are either soil borne or borne on bean crop residue. Athree year crop rotation helps reduce carryover of most disease pathogens, including rust, bacterialblights, most root rots and anthracnose. A four year rotation may be needed if white mold is severein a field. Crop rotation, although it helps to reduce disease carryover, is not a "cure-all" since manypathogens can be air borne and may blow in from nearby fields. This is particularly notable in thecase of white mold and rust.

Some bean pathogens attack only beans; these include the bacterial blights, rust and anthracnose.Crop rotation reduces populations of these pathogens. Field selection is also important: if possible,avoid planting next to a field that was severely infected with rust last year.

Other pathogens, such as the Rhizoctonia root rot pathogen and white mold (Sclerotinia), attackseveral crops (hosts), and crop rotation must take into account all crops that are host of thepathogen. Specific considerations follow.

White moldattacks many broad leaved crops. Dry beans, sunflower and canola are among themost susceptible. Other crops that are slightly less susceptible include soybeans, safflower,mustard, lentils, and chickpeas (garbanzo beans). Crops which are moderately susceptible includealfalfa, field peas, and potatoes. Flax and buckwheat are only slightly susceptible, and produce veryfew of the survival structures called sclerotia. They are less liable to be severely attacked and less

liable to help maintain a white mold population than most other broad leaved crops. Sugarbeetshave not been attacked by white mold in Minnesota or North Dakota. Members of the grass family,including small grains, corn and millet are immune to white mold and are good rotational crops fordry bean disease management.

Rhizoctoniacauses a root rot of dry beans. The same strains of Rhizoctonia that attack dry beansalso cause a severe root rot of sugarbeets, and can cause a root rot of soybeans. Including two ofthese crops in a rotation is likely to lead to the buildup of Rhizoctonia. One of the Rhizoctoniastrains that attack dry beans, sugarbeets and soybeans also attack flax and lentils.

Dry Bean Fertility

Dry bean is responsive to fertilizer when soil levels are inadequate to support yield levels possiblewith existing soil moisture and growing season climatic conditions. Soil testing is recommended todetermine the probability of crop response to fertilizer amendments. If soil levels are less thanadequate, dry bean may respond to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and zinc (Zn) inmany Northern Plains soils. Soil test cores should be taken at 0-6 inch and 6-24 inch depths. N isanalyzed on both core depths, and P,K and Zn are analyzed on the 0-6 inch depth. Salt levels onboth depths may be analyzed if there is reason to suspect a salt problem. Soil pH may bedetermined on the surface depth if iron chlorosis problems are anticipated.


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Phosphorus

Phosphorus should be applied as recommended in Table 1. Soil test levels indicating mediumlevels and lower would be expected to respond to P fertilizer. P fertilizer may be broadcast orbanded. Banded rates of P in the very low or low range may be reduced by one-third from table

recommendations since the broadcast recommendations also include extra buildup fertilizer usefulin long-term fertility programs. Reducing the rates will not result in long-term improvement of soil Pfertility but may increase short-term profitability in the current crop year.

Table 1. Phosphorus recommendations for dry bean.

Soil Test Phosphorus, ppm--------------------------------VL L M H VH

Bray Pl 0-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21+Olsen 0-3 4-7 8-11 12-15 16+

-----------------------------------------lb/A -------- lb P2O5/Acre --------

1200 20 15 10 0 0

1400 25 20 15 0 0

1600 30 25 15 0 0

1800 35 25 15 0 0

2000 45 30 20 10 0

2200 50 35 20 10 0

2400 55 40 25 10 0

-----------------------------------------

Banded P should not be placed in contact with the seed. In fact, no fertilizer should be placed incontact with the seed.The fertilizer band should be placed with at least 1 inch of completeseparation from the seed. A band 2 inches to the side and 2 inches below the seed is verycommonly used.

Potassium

Potassium is seldom required in most Northern Plains soils; however, a soil test should be analyzedto determine the probability of response. Medium K level or lower may respond to K fertilizer. LowerK levels may sometimes be found on sandy ridges within the region. The rate of K recommended atdifferent K soil test levels is shown in Table 2. K fertilizer may be broadcast or banded. Banded Kshould not be placed with the seed. At least 1 inch of seed and fertilizer separation is required.


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Table 2. Potassium recommendations for dry bean.

Soil Test Potasium, ppm-------------------------------------

Yield VL L M H VHGoal 0-40 41-80 81-120 121-160 161+----------------------------------------------lb/A ----------- lb K2O/Acre -----------

1200 35 15 0 0 0

1400 35 15 0 0 0

1600 40 15 0 0 0

1800 45 20 0 0 0

2000 50 20 0 0 0

2200 55 25 0 0 0

2400 60 25 0 0 0

----------------------------------------------

Nitrogen

Inoculation

Many legumes have the ability to fix N from the air without the use of commercial fertilizers ifinoculated with a nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The N-fixing bacteria for dry bean is called Rhizobiumphaseoli, and it is specific for dry bean. Inoculant used for soybean or pea are different and will notinfect dry bean. Unfortunately, the relationship between dry bean and Rhizobium phaseoli is notstrong. Dry, hot weather, short periods of soil water saturation, and cold weather, will all result insloughing off of nodules, so it may be difficult to achieve high dry bean yields consistently usinginoculation for an N source.

Dry bean seed is usually inoculated with a chemical used to control bacterial blight. Until recently,many dry bean producers would not use an inoculation treatment because of the fear that thechemical would also kill the Rhizobium bacteria. It was recently shown that at least some newerstrains or formulations resisted the seed treatment, and would produce greater nodule numberswhen inoculant was applied to seed immediately prior to planting. However, higher rates of soil N atplanting decreased the number of nodules on the plant. Therefore, the following guidelines aresuggested to determine whether to inoculate or apply fertilizer N instead.

Inoculate when

Yields 2,000 lb/acre represent realistic yield goals, and soil nitrate-N levels are 50 lb/acre or less.

Use fert i l izer N only wh en

Yields greater than 2,000 lb/acre are consistently desired, or when beginning soil nitrate-N levelsare greater than 50 lb/acre.

Commercial N Fertilizer


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Because of the inconsistency of inoculation in supplying season long N nutrition, N fertilizer is oftenrecommended. Table 3 shows the amount of N required for selected yield levels. The generalformula for these recommended levels is:

N recommended = Yield Goal X 0.05 less soil test nitrate-N to 2 ft., previous crop credit from other

legumes in the rotation and a sampling date adjustment if fall sampled before September 15 of lbN/day.

Table 3. N recommendations for dry bean.

Soil N plusYield Goal Fertilizer N Required---------------------------------------

lb/A lb/Acre 2'

1200 60

1400 70

1600 80

1800 90

2000 1002200 110

2400 120

---------------------------------------

Some producers are reluctant to apply fertilizer N because of fear of white mold caused byenhancing robust early growth. However, studies have indicated that higher susceptibility to whitemold is dependent on increased crop growth from either inoculation or N fertilizer. If the crop ishealthy enough to achieve a high yield level, it is susceptible to white mold damage if environmentalconditions are favorable for the disease, regardless of source of N. Recently developed uprightgrowth varieties, wider rows and crop rotation away from white mold susceptible crops may help toreduce white mold infection and damage. Certainly, being prepared to apply fungicides at theproper time is important in a higher yield environment.

Zinc

Dry bean is one of only a few crops in the region to regularly respond to zinc fertilizer in low zincsoils. Soil test levels below 0.8 ppm may respond to fertilizer zinc application. Zinc deficiency maybe seen as bronzing, browning and death of leaf tissue, stunting, and poor vining. Zinc deficiencymay be treated by foliar sprays of zinc sulfate, zinc chelate or ammoniated zinc solutions. Zincdeficiency may be prevented with preplant or planter treatments of zinc sulfate, zinc chelates orammoniated zinc solutions. A treatment of 3-5 lb/acre actual zinc preplant incorporated as zincsulfate may improve soil availability for several years.

Iron Chlorosis

Dry bean is generally more resistant to iron chlorosis than soybean, but it can still be observed insome fields under certain conditions. Iron chlorosis is the yellowing of upper leaves of dry bean inresponse to low soil iron levels, or more commonly, the unavailability of soil iron due to soilconditions related to high soil pH, high levels of carbonate minerals and possibly high salts. Soil pHlevels higher than 7.0 may be accompanied by high levels of calcium/magnesium carbonates in thesoil. Carbonates dissociate in moist soils to form bicarbonate, which lowers the dry bean plant'sability to take up soil iron. Wetter soils contain higher levels of soluble bicarbonate than dry soils.Wetter soils may also contain higher levels of salts due to an increase in soil water table. Thecombination of high levels of soil carbonates and salts has been shown to increase the level of iron


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chlorosis symptoms in soybean. A similar relationship is also probable for dry bean. Iron chlorosismay be minimized by planting varieties showing tolerance and having a higher tolerance to saltdamage. Iron sprays have performed inconsistently in the past but if used should be applied early inthe season for best effect. Late season spraying after about the third true leaf would reduceeffectiveness. Iron sprays of ferrous sulfate or iron chelates have been used with limited success.

Salts

Dry bean is very sensitive to salt damage. Levels of salt higher than 2 mmho/cm as a 1-1 soil waterextract begin to reduce yield expectations of dry bean. Salt levels are reduced by lowering watertable levels. This is difficult to do in exceptionally wet years. However, in more normal years, lowersalt levels are achieved by continuous cropping and introducing deep rooting crops into the rotation.SeeNDSU Extension circular SF-1087for more information.

Weed Control

The weed control suggestions in this production guide are based on the assumption that allherbicides mentioned will have a registered label with the Environmental Protection Agency.Herbicides should be used which are no longer registered or have not yet received registration for

dry edible bean. Dry beans treated with with a non-registered herbicide may have an illegal residuewhich, if detected, could cause condemnation of the crop. Nonregistered herbicide use is illegal anda user could be subject to a heavy fine even without detectable residue.

Chemical Weed Control Guide for Dry Edible Beans

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Roundup Ultra, Roundup Ultra RT, Glyphos (glyphosate)

$/A: 3.00-12.00

Rate: 0.5 to 2 pt of a 3 lb ae/gal conc. (0.19 to 0.75)

Weeds: Emerged grass and broadleaf weeds.

Apply: Preplant or anytime prior to crop emergence.

Remarks: A nonselective, translocated, foliar herbicide. No soil

residual activity. Refer to label for adjuvant use.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------Eptam (EPTC) - Spring Applied

$/A: 12.00-19.00

Rate: 3.5 to 4.5 pt 7E, 15 to 20 lb 20G (3 to 4)

Weeds: Grass and some broadleaf weeds.

Apply: PPI

Remarks: Weak on wild mustard. PPI immediately after application. May

be tank-mixed with trifluralin, Sonalan, Prowl, Lasso, or

Dual to increase spectrum of weeds controlled. Consult label

for rate range for specific tank mix.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Eptam (EPTC) - Fall Applied

$/A: 20.00-25.00

Rate: 4.5 to 5.25 pt 7E, 20 to 22.5 lb 20G (4 to 4.5)Weeds: Grass and some broadleaf weeds.

Apply: Fall: Incorporated after October 15 until freeze-up.

Remarks: Same as Eptam Spring applied.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Trifluralin

$/A: 4.00-8.50

Rate: 1 to 2 pt 4E, 5 to 10 lb 10G, 0.83 to 1.67 lb 60DF (0.5 to 1)


Apply: PPI: Fall or Spring.
http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/soilfert/sf1087-1.htmhttp://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/soilfert/sf1087-1.htmhttp://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/soilfert/sf1087-1.htmhttp://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/soilfert/sf1087-1.htm


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Remarks: No wild mustard control. PPI within 24 hours after

application. May be tank-mixed with Dual, Eptam, Frontier

and Lasso.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Sonalan (ethalfluralin)

$/A: 5.00-17.50

Rate: 1.5 to 4.5 pt EC, 5.5 to 17 lb 10G (0.55 to 1.7)

Weeds: Grass and some broadleaf weeds.Apply: PPI: Fall after October 15 or Spring. Spring incorporated

for EC only.

Remarks: The low rate should be used on coarse textured, sandy soils.

The high rate should be used on fine textured soils for

black nightshade control. Poor wild mustard control.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Sonalan (ethalfluralin)

$\A: 8.00-14.00

Rate: 7.5 to 12.5 lb 10G (0.75 to 1.25)

Weeds: Foxtail suppression.

Apply: Fall: Incorporated between October 1 to December 31 or Spring.

Remarks: Use in reduced or conservation tillage systems. Incorporate

twice at 2-3 inches deep using a V-blade undercutter orrotary hoe at 5 mph. For fall applications, incorporate

once in the fall and once in the spring before planting.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Prowl (pendimethalin)

$/A: 8.00-12.50

Rate: 2.4 to 3.6 pt EC, 1.2 to 2.5 lb DG (0.75 to 1.5)


Apply: PPI only.

Remarks: Use higher rates on fine textured soils. Preplant

incorporation is required to provide more consistent results.

Refer to label for rotational restrictions. Can be tank-

mixed and applied PPI with Dual, Eptam, Frontier, Lasso,

Micro-Tech, and Partner.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------Eptam (EPTC) + Sonalan (ethalfluralin)

$/A: 21.00-32.00

Rate: 2.5 to 3.5 pt 7E, 11 to 20 lb 20G + 3 to 4.25 pt EC,

11.25 to 16 lb 10G (2.2 to 3 + 1.125 to 1.6)

Weeds: Grass and some broadleaf weeds including eastern

black nightshade.

Apply: PPI

Remarks: Use low rate on coarse textured soils. Use high rate on fine

textured soils. PPI immediately after application. Weak on

wild mustard.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Dual II (metolachlor)

$\A: 17.00-26.00Rate: 2 to 3 pt (2 to 3)


black nightshade.

Apply: PPI or PRE

Remarks: Weak on wild mustard. Use low rate on coarse textured soils.

Use higher rate on fine textured soils high in organic

matter. Incorporation improves consistency of weed control.

Can be tank-mixed with Eptam, Prowl, Sonalan, and Treflan.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------


17/53

Frontier (dimethenamid)

$\A: 13.00-26.00

Rate: 16 to 32 fl oz (0.75 to 1.5)


black nightshade.

Apply: PPI, PRE, or POST to third trifoliate.

Remarks: Same as Dual. Can be applied POST with Basagran and Pursuit.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------Lasso (alachlor) RUP

$/A: 13.00-20.00

Rate: 2 to 3 qt (2 to 3)


black nightshade.

Apply: PPI

Remarks: Same as Dual.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Basagran (bentazon)

$/A: 8.50-17.00

Rate: 1 to 2 pt (0.5 to 1)

Weeds: Wild mustard, cocklebur, Canada thistle, wild and volunteer

sunflower.Apply: POST: Crop: Cotyledon stage or larger.

Broadleaf weeds: small seedlings.

Remarks: Thorough spray coverage is essential. Addition of oil

concentrate at 1 qt/A improves weed control. Canada thistle

control requires a second application 7 to 10 days later.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Basagran (bentazon)

$/A: 8.50/8.50

Rate: 1 pt/1 pt (0.5/0.5)

Weeds: Wild mustard, cocklebur, common lambsquarters, common ragweed,

Venice mallow, sunflower and suppression of kochia, annual

smartweed and pigweed.

Apply: POST: Apply as a split application. Apply the first

application at recommended growth stage of weeds followed bythe second application 7 to 10 days later.

Remarks: Basagran applied in a split application results in greater

weed control compared to single application. Refer to

narrative for recommended growth stage of weeds at first

application. Dry bean should be at unifoliate or first

trifoliate stage at application. Basagran should be applied

with oil additive at 1 to 2 pt/A or DASH HC at 0.5 to 1 pt/A.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Pursuit, Pursuit DG (imazethapyr)

$/A: 10.00

Rate: 2 fl oz 2S, 0.72 oz or 10 A/packet DG (0.5 oz)

Weeds: Wild mustard and control or suppression of black nightshade

and other weeds.Apply: POST: Crop: After first trifoliate but before flowering.

Remarks: Reduced crop growth, quality, yield and/or delayed maturity

may result. Do not apply when stress such as cold and/or wet

conditions exist or are predicted with one week of

application. Crop damage disclaimer and liability waiver

from company representitve must be signed before use. Refer

to narrative for additional information.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Assure II (quizalofop)


18/53

$/A: 5.50-9.00

Rate: 6 to 10 fl oz (0.6 to 1 oz)

Weeds: Annual grasses and quackgrass.

Apply: Crop: 30 days or more prior to harvest.

Grass: 2 to 6 inches.

Remarks: Apply with oil additive at 1 qt/A to actively growing

grasses. Do not apply with vegetable oil additive. Can be

tank-mixed with Basagran. Grass control is reduced bytank-mixtures or applications of Basagran in close interval.

The antagonism generally can be avoided by applying Assure II

1 or more days before or 5 to 7 days after Bansagran. Lack

of yellow foxtail control may result if Assure II is applied

at reduced rates or with Basagran.

Rates required for different grass species are:

Green foxtail 2 to 4 inches 7 fl oz

Yellow foxtail 2 to 4 inches 8 fl oz

Wild oat 2 to 6 inches 7 fl oz

Field sandbur 2 to 6 inches 7 fl oz

Wild proso millet 2 to 6 inches 5 fl oz

Volunteer small grains 2 to 6 inches 7 fl oz

Quackgrass 6 to 10 inches 10/7 fl oz-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Ultima 160 (sethoxydim)

$/A: 4.50-13.50

Rate: 10 to 30 fl oz Ultima (0.1 to 0.3)

Weeds: Annual and suppression of wild oat, volunteer cereals and

quackgrass.

Apply: Crop: 30 days or more prior to harvest.

Grass: 2 to 4 inches.

Remarks: See Assure II for use of oil additive and grass antagonism

from tank-mixing with broadleaf herbicides.

Rates required for different grass species are:

Green foxtail 1 to 8 inches 20 fl oz

Yellow foxtail 1 to 8 inches 20 fl oz

Wild oat 1 to 4 inches 20 fl ozField sandbur 1 to 3 inches 30 fl oz

Wild proso millet 4 to 10 inches 10 fl oz

Volunteer small grains 1 to 4 inches 30 fl oz

Quackgrass 6 to 8 inches 30/20 fl oz

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Gramoxone Extra (paraquat) RUP

$/A: 3.50-6.00

Rate: 1 to 1.5 pt (0.31 to 0.47)

Weeds: Desiccant

Apply: 7 days or more prior to harvest.

Remarks: Apply when at least 80% of the pods are yellowing and mostly

ripe with no more than 40% (bush type beans) or 30%

(vine type) of the leaves still green.-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Leafex-3, Defol (sodium chlorate)

$/A: 12.00

Rate: 2 gal of a 3 lb/gal conc. (6)

Weeds: Desiccant

Apply: 7 to 10 days prior to harvest, after pods are brown.

Remarks: Thorough coverage of plant is essential. Apply in 5 to 10 gpa

by air or 20 to 30 gpa by ground.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------


19/53

Chemical Names, Formulations and Manufacturers

Trade Name Common Name Conc. Manufacturer

--------------------------------------------------------------

Assure II quizalofop 0.8 E DuPont

Basagran bentazon 4 S BASFDefol sodium chlorate 6 S Drexel

Dual II metolachlor 7.8 E Novartis

Eptam EPTC 7E, 20G Zeneca

Frontier dimethenamid 6 E BASF

Gramoxone Ext. paraquat 2.5 S Zeneca

Lasso/others alachlor 4E, 15G Monsanto

Prowl pendimethalin 3.3 E Am. Cyanamid

Pursuit imazethapyr 2E, 70DG Am. Cyanamid

Roundup Ultra glyphosate 3 S Monsanto

Sonalan ethalfuralin 3 E DowElanco

Treflan/others trifluralin 4 E DowElanco/others

Ultima 160 sethoxydim 1.3 E BASF

--------------------------------------------------------------

Herbicide Comments

Eptam(EPTC) at 2.3 to 3.4 pt plus either Prowl at 1.2 to 3.6 pt 3.3E or 0.83 to 2.5 lb DG, trifluralinat 1 pt/A of a 4 lb/gal concentrate or Sonalan at 1.5 to 4.5 pt EC/A or 5.5 to 17 lb/A 10G controls abroader spectrum of weeds than either herbicide used separately, especially wild oat, commonlambsquarters, and eastern black nightshade. Eptam plus Prowl must be incorporated thoroughlyimmediately after application by setting the implement at a 4 to 6 inch depth. The mixture allowslower rates and reduces the chance of carryover from any dinitroaniline herbicide.

Sonalan(ethalfluralin), trifluralin,and Prowl(pendimethalin). Lasso at 2 to 3 qt/A PPI or Dual at 2to 3 pt/A PPI or PRE controls annual grasses and some broadleaf weeds, including nightshade.Dual may be tank-mixed with Eptam for wild oat control. Trifluralin, Prowl and Sonalan applied PPIcontrols annual grasses and certain broadleaf weeds except wild mustard, common cocklebur, andsunflower. The low rates should be used on coarse-textured, sandy soils. The high rates should beused for control of eastern black nightshade. Incorporate in the top 2 to 3 inches of soil within 2days of application. Trifluralin, Prowl and Sonalan are each registered as a tank-mixture with Lasso,Dual, and Eptam. Sonalan has less soil residue but is more active than trifluralin.

Sonalan10G at 7.5 to 12.5 lb/A 10G applied in the fall or spring suppresses foxtail in dry ediblebean and sunflower grown in reduced tillage systems. Apply in the fall between October 10 andDecember 31, or in the spring PPI before planting. Apply to tilled land or standing or choppedstubble. Incorporate twice 2 to 3 inches deep using a V-blade undercutter or with other implementssuch as a rotary hoe that leave a maximum amount of crop residue on the soil surface. Operateimplements approximately 5 mph. The first incorporation should be performed within 48 hours afterapplication. The second incorporation should be performed at an angle to the first incorporation andmust be delayed at least 14 days after the first incorporation. Sonalan 10G applied in the fall shouldbe incorporated once in the fall and the second time in the spring before planting. Refer to label forapplication rate according to soil type. The higher rate in the rate range should be used in high cropresidues and heavy weed populations.

Split Applications of Basagran in Dry Bean. Basagran can be applied as successive sequentialtreatments for broadleaf weed control in navy, pinto, kidney and great northern types of dry bean.The first Basagran application should be made before the weeds are 0.5 to 4 inches tall, dependingthe weed species. Refer to label for information on weed sizes at application. Apply Basagran at 1


20/53

pt/A plus petroleum oil or Dash HC at 0.5 to 1 pt/A and then repeat the application 7 to 10 dayslater.

Basagran applied as a planned split application program will offer improved broadleaf weed controlcompared to a single application. Split applications will control common cocklebur, commonlambsquarters, annual smartweed, Venice mallow, and wild mustard. Control or suppression may

be observed on common ragweed, kochia, pigweed, and sunflower. NDSU research has showngreater control of common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed and kochia by applying Basagran assplit treatments either twice at 1 pt/A, 3 times at 0.67 pt/A, or 4 times at 0.5 pt/A as opposed to oneapplication at 2 pt/A. Greater control of the above mentioned weeds was observed by using DashHC as opposed to a petroleum oil or ammonium sulfate.

Pursuit(imazethapyr) at 2 fl oz/A or Pursuit DG at 0.72 oz/A or 10 acres per water soluble packetapplied POST only controls wild mustard and provides suppression of nightshade in pinto, navy,great northern, kidney, black turtle, cranberry type dry beans. Reduced crop growth, yield, and/ordelayed maturity may result from application. Do not apply if planting is delayed, or cold and/or wetweather are present or predicted to occur within one week of application. Do not apply to Dominovariety black turtle bean. Pinto varieties UI-111 and Olathe are more sensitive to injury than otherPinto varieties. Apply Pursuit with NIS at 0.25% v/v to dry beans having at least one trifolioliate leaf.

DO NOT use oil additives, liquid fertilizer or DASH.

Pursuit may control several grass and broadleaf weeds not listed on the label. Pursuit hascontrolled mustard, nightshade, foxtail, pigweed, kochia, marshelder, Russian thistle, commoncocklebur, sunflower, smartweed, wild buckwheat, lanceleaf sage, common lambsquarters, andcommon ragweed less than 1 inch tall in NDSU field trials. Soil residual from POST applicationsmay provide erratic control of subsequent flushes of weeds. Erratic control of eastern blacknightshade may occur from Pursuit reaching the soil during a POST application. However, reductionin number and intensity of other flushes of weeds may be observed.

The following is the rotational crop guidelines after a Pursuit application: 9.5 months for corn, wheatand dry bean, 18 months for barley, oat, rye, and sunflower, 40 months for sugarbeet, and 26months for all other crops not listed.

Grazing restriction for dry beans.

Herbicide Restrictions

-----------------------------------

Pursuit Do not graze or feed

Ultima 160 No restrictions

-----------------------------------

Herbicide Carryover

The persistence of phytotoxic levels of a herbicide for more than 1 year can be a problem with someof the herbicides used in North Dakota. Herbicide residues are most likely to occur following years

with unusually low rainfall because chemical and microbial activity needed to degrade herbicidesare limited in dry soil. Crop damage from herbicide residues can be minimized by applying thelowest herbicide rate required for good weed control, by using band rather than broadcastapplications, and by moldboard plowing before planting the next crop. Mold-board plowing reducesphytotoxicity of some herbicides by diluting the herbicide residue in a large volume of soil.Moldboard plowing is effective in reducing the residual effects of trifluralin, Sonalan, Prowl, NortronSC, atrazine, and Lexone/Sencor.


21/53

Rotation restrictions for dry beans.

Herbicide Months after Application

----------------------------------------------

Accent 10

Ally 22a

Amber 22

Assert NCS

Atrazine b

Banvel (0.25 pt/A) SCS

Basis 8

Basis Gold 18

Broadstrike + Dual 4

Broadstrike + Treflan 4

Broadstrike Plus 10.5

Buckle NCS

Clarity (


22/53

easily spreads seed. Three different nightshades are found in North Dakota: eastern blacknightshade, hairy nightshade, and cutleaf nightshade.

Nightshade seed germination occurs in June through September and is influenced strongly bymoisture. Hairy nightshade germinating in early fall may produce viable seed before frost while ablack nightshade plant requires a longer growing season. Nightshade can compete in most crops,

including shaded canopy conditions. However, nightshade is visible after harvest where growthaccelerates from exposure to sunlight. Nightshade seeds become viable shortly after berryformation and can remain viable in the soil beyond 10 years. NDSU studies show one nightshadeplant can produce 178,000 seeds. A nightshade plant was found to produce over 800,000 seeds.

Nightshades plants are frost tolerant, can remain green through the harvest season and can causeserious harvest problems. Berries are poisonous and the juice from ruptured berries can stain cropseed, glue nightshade seed and dirt to bean seed. Nightshade can be spread to other fields ifcontaminated seed is used for planting. Dry berries are similar in size to soybean seed and aredifficult to separate from seed.

Rain and late season germination are major factors responsible for increased nightshade in ND.Rain events cause multiple flushes of nightshade and late flushes may develop after normal crop

spraying is completed. Many herbicides used in crop production are applied early, before mostnightshade flushes emerge. Fewer rain events will reduce nightshade flushes. Nightshade cancompete in several environments including in a dense crop under shaded conditions. Nightshadesare immune to shading. Crops that canopy late and cultural methods of early planting, latecultivation and wide row spacings allow nightshade to grow and develop faster than the crop.

Nightshade is tolerant to many herbicides including sulfonylureas. Herbicides remove otherbroadleaf weeds, allowing nightshade to increase by eliminating competition. Residual herbicideshelp control continuous nightshade flushes but few effective herbicides have residual activity onnightshade.

Successful nightshade control requires allowing no seed production. Avoid planting cropscontaminated with nightshade seed. Plan a crop rotation where nightshade can be controlled.

Plant crops, such as small grains or soybean where effective herbicides are labeled for nightshadecontrol. Herbicides effective on small nightshade in small grains include Tordon, 2,4-D, Banvel,Buctril, Bronate, and Curtail.

Herbicides used in soybeans and dry bean (only those labeled) for nightshade control are Eptam,Lasso, Sonalan, Broadstrike + Dual, Broadstrike + Treflan, Cobra, Blazer, and Pursuit. Basagran ismore active on hairy nightshade than eastern black nightshade. Cobra and Blazer are effective onlyon small nightshade. Most row crop herbicides, except Puruit and Broadstrike, do not have residualactivity to control continuous flushes of nightshade.

The residue can remain in the soil for more than one year, so long term crop rotation must beplanned if either of these herbicides are used.

Relative Herbicide Effectiveness on Weeds and Persistence in Soil

This table gives a general rating of relative herbicide effectiveness to weeds listed and persistanceof herbicides in soil. Under favorable weather conditions, control may be better than indicated.Under unfavorable conditions, some herbicides rated as good or fair may give erratic andunacceptable results. Also, dry and/or cool weather increases herbicide persistence while wetand/or warm weather reduces herbicide persistence.


23/53

Weed control ratings in this section are based on the following scale:

E = Excellent = 90 to 99% ControlP = Poor = 40 to 65% ControlG = Good = 80 to 90% ControlN = None = No Control

F = Fair = 65 to 80% Control

Herbicide persistence ratings are for residues present 12 months after application:

O = OftenS = SeldomN = None

SoilApplied

Herbicides

B

a

r

n

y

a

r

d

g

r

as

s

F

i

e

l

d

Sand

bur

F

o

x

t

a

i

l,

Gr

een

F

o

x

t

a

i

l,

Yel

low

Q

u

a

c

k

g

r

as

s

V

o

l

u

n

t

e

e

r

Cere

als

W

i

l

d

Oat

W

il

d

Proso

Mil

let

H

e

r

b

i

ci

d

e

Persiste

nce

Dual (PRE) G-E P G-E G-E N F-G G P N

Dual (PPI) F-G P G G N F P N N

Eptam (PPI) E G-E E E F-G G-E G-E F-G N

Frontier (PPI) G-E G G-E G-E N G F F N

Frontier (PRE) F-G G G-E G-E N F F F N

Lasso/others (PPI) G-E F G-E G-E N F-G F-G P-F N

Lasso/others (PRE) F-G P G G N F-G P P N

Prowl/Pentagon (PPI) E G E E N G G P-F S

Prowl Pentagon (PRE) E F G-E G-E N F-G P-F PF S

Sonalan (PPI) E G E E N G G P-F S

Trifluralin (PPI) E G E E N N F-G P-F S

PPI = Preplant Incorporated, PRE = Preemergence1Except where resistant populations have developed.


24/53

Relative Herbicide Effectiveness on Weeds and Persistence in Soil (continued)

SoilApplied

Herbicides

B

u

c

k

w

h

e

a

t,

Wild

C

o

c

k

l

e

b

u

r,

Co

mmon

F

l

i

x

w

ee

d

K

o

c

hi

a

L

a

m

b

s

q

u

a

r

t

e

r

s,

Co

mmon

L

a

n

c

e

l

e

a

f

Sage

M

a

l

l

o

w,

Ve

nice

M

a

r

s

h

e

l

de

r

M

u

s

t

a

r

d,

Wild

N

i

g

h

t

s

h

a

d

e,

B

lack

P

i

g

w

e

e

d,

Red

root

P

r

i

c

k

l

y

Let

tuce

R

a

g

w

e

e

d,

Co

mmon

S

m

a

r

t

w

e

e

d,

An

nual

S

u

n

f

l

o

we

r

T

h

i

s

t

l

e,

Rus

sian

T

h

i

s

t

l

e,

Ca

nada

Dual (PPI) P N F F N N P G G-E P P-F P N F N

Dual (PRE) P N P-F P-F N N P G F-G P P-F P N P-F N

Eptam (PPI) F P P F F N N P P F-G G P F P N P N

Frontier (PPI) P N F F N P-F G-E E P P N P-F N

Frontier (PRE) P N P-F F N P-F G G-E P P N P N

Lasso/generics (PPI) P N F F N N P G G-E P P P N F N

Lasso/generics (PRE) P N P-F P-F N N P G F-G P P P N P-F N

Prowl/Pentagon (PPI) P-F N P G-E E N F-G N N P E N F P N G N

Prowl/Pentagon (PRE) P N P F-G G N F N N G N P P N F-G N

Sonalan (PPI) P-F P P G-E E N F-G N N F E P P P N G-E N

Trifluralin (PPI) P-F N P G-E G-E N F-G N N P E N P P N G N

PPI = Preplant Incorporated, PRE = Preemergence1Except where resistant populations have developed.


25/53

Soil

Applied

Herbicides

B

a

r

n

y

a

r

d

g

r

a

s

s

F

i

e

l

d

Sand

bur

F

o

x

t

a

i

l,

Gr

een

F

o

x

t

a

i

l,

Yel

low

Q

u

a

c

k

g

r

a

s

s

V

o

lu

n

t

e

e

r

Cere

als

W

i

l

d

Oat

W

i

l

d

Proso

Mil

let

H

e

r

b

i

c

i

d

e

Persiste

nce

Assure II E E E G-E G-E E E1 E N

Basagran N N N N N N N N N

Gramoxone Extra G G G G P F-G G F-G N

Pursuit G P-F G F-G N G F P-F O

Roundup Ultra E E E E E E G-E E N

Ultima 160 E E E E G E G-E E N

1Herbicides will not control resistant biotypes.


26/53

Soil

AppliedHerbicides

Bu

c

k

w

h

e

a

t,

Wild

C

o

c

k

l

e

b

u

r,

Common

F

l

i

x

w

e

ed

K

o

c

h

ia

L

a

m

b

s

q

u

a

r

t

e

r

s,

Common

La

n

c

e

l

e

a

f

Sage

M

a

l

l

o

w,

Venice

M

a

r

s

h

e

l

d

er

M

u

s

t

a

r

d,

Wild

N

i

g

h

t

s

h

a

d

e,

Black

P

i

g

w

e

e

d,

Redroot

P

r

i

c

k

l

y

Lettuce

R

a

g

w

e

e

d,

Common

S

m

a

r

t

w

e

e

d,

Annual

S

u

n

f

l

o

w

er

T

h

i

s

t

l

e,

Russian

T

h

i

s

t

l

e,

Canada

Assure II N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N

Basagran F-GG-E E F-G F-G P E G-E E F F E G E E F F-G

Gramoxone Extra F F-G G G-E E E G G E G-E E EG-E E E E P

Pursuit F-G G E E2 F-G E P E E E E E P-F G G-E G-E N

Roundup Ultra P-F G-EG-E F-E G-EE E G-EG-E F-G G-EE E E G F-G G

Ultima 160 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N

1Herbicides will not control resistant biotypes.

Weed Seedling Identification

Wild Buckwheat(46KB color photo)

Buffalo Bur(38KB color photo)

Cocklebur(56KB color photo)

Wild Mustard(28KB color photo)

Kochia(85KB color photo)

Pennsylvania Smartweed(46KB color

photo)Common Ragweed(43KB color photo)

Black Nightshade(82KB color photo)

Pigweed(40KB color photo)

Velvetleaf(65KB color photo)

Barnyard Grass(57KB color photo)

Large Crabgrass(80KB color photo)

Wild Sunflower(53KB color photo)

Russian Thistle(70KB color photo)

Giant Ragweed(34KB color photo)

Giant Foxtail(22KB color photo)

Green Foxtail(28KB color photo)

Wild Oat(26KB color photo)

Yellow Foxtail(26KB color photo)

Wild Proso Millet(36KB color photo)Field Bindweed(33KB color photo)

Yellow Nutsedge(19KB color photo)

Fall Panicum(16KB color photo)

Jerusalem Artichoke(47KB color

photo)

Hedge Bindweed(32KB color photo)

Perennial Sowthistle(39KB colorphoto)
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Disease Identification and Management

Principles of Disease Management

Fungi, bacteria and viruses cause important diseases of bean. Diseases reduce yield and quality ofharvested bean and add to production costs. Diseases can be difficult to control, but management

practices can reduce their impact. Management practices can be grouped into three principles.

1. Keep Pathogens and Beans Separated.Observe geographic separation.The soybeancyst nematode, which can also attack dry beans, occurs in central Minnesota. Do not bringdry beans or soybeans from affected areas into bean growing areas.

Use high quality seed.Certified seed must meet certain quality standards with regard toseed borne diseases. No seed is disease free, but certified seed produced under carefullycontrolled conditions in the West or in the Northarvest growing area is the best way tominimize the introduction of bean pathogens on the seed.

Use crop rotation.A rotation of three or four years is desirable,and longer rotations may berequired if disease is severe in a field. Avoid planting next to last year's bean field if

diseases were severe.

Avoid cultivating plants when wet.This helps prevent spread of pathogens, especiallybacterial pathogens.

2. Attack the Pathogen.Bury bean crop refuse by deep plowing. Foliar pathogens do notsurvive well in the soil.

Scout fields for disease.Use early detection of disease to determine when to use afungicide. Records of disease and weed problems help in planning crop rotations.

Foliar fungicides help suppress disease development. Most fungicides protect againstinfection but do not cure established infections. They should be used to prevent infection or

at the first sign of disease to prevent additional infections.

Use seed treatmentsto reduce early season damping off. Some seed treatments, includingstreptomycin, captan and PCNB, may severely reduce the survival of Rhizobium nitrogenfixing bacteria. These seed treatments may not be compatible with inoculation of the seed.Some new strains of bacteria are less affected by seed treatment products. Another optionis to use an in-furrow inoculant.

3. Strengthen the Bean Plant.Plant disease-resistant varieties.Provide adequate soilfertility, according to soil tests, and adequate trace minerals such as zinc. Avoid excessnitrogen levels that stimulate lush plant growth. Control weeds. Plant in wide rowsto helpfoliage dry quickly, reducing disease potential. Use deep shankingnear the planter row ifthere is a hardpan. Handle seed carefully. Hill beansto stimulate lateral root development if

root rot is present, but avoid root pruning by close cultivation.

White Mold

Visual Aid(40KB color photo)

White mold is a sporadic disease which is most serious when wet weather occurs at flowering.When the surface soil is wet, the hard black survival structures, called sclerotia, germinate to formtiny mushroom-like bodies that liberate millions of wind-borne spores. These spores colonize dead
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bean tissue, particularly the dead blossoms, then the fungus invades green tissues, causing awatery soft rot. In wet weather infected tissues are tan colored and soft, with tufts of fluffy whitefungal growth. These tufts of "white mold" develop into hard black bodies, the sclerotia, some ofwhich survive many years in the soil. Leaves of infected plants turn yellow and wilt. In dry weatheraffected stems have a bleached or whitish appearance. Infected seed is discolored, chalky andlightweight.

White mold is favored by rainy weather before and at flowering, moderate temperatures and longperiods of high humidity, and keeping the lower canopy of plants wet more or less continuously forup to two days.

Management.Crop rotation is important but of only modest value in areas of intensive beanproduction, since the spores may blow in from nearby infested fields. Benlate and Topsin M areregistered for white mold control. They are more effective when applied before infection occurs.Early bloom is the best time to apply these fungicides. Good canopy penetration is required so thatthe blossoms and lower stems are covered with fungicide. The most economical method is bandapplication using drop nozzles, high pressure and high gallonage. High pressure broadcastapplication is not quite as effective but can also be used when band application is impractical. Aerial

application using 7-10 gpa also can be effective. Widely spaced rows may help enhance drying in

the canopy. Upright varieties dry more quickly and may escape severe infection in years withconditions that are marginal for white mold development. Deep plow infected bean crop refuse andclean harvest equipment between fields. Avoid short rotations or rotation with other susceptiblecrops, especially beans, sunflower, canola, lentils and soybeans.

Rust


Rust is a very common disease and can lead to partial or complete crop failure. The rust fungusforms pustules on the leaves and other plant parts. These pustules release a rusty-colored powder,the summer spores, that are responsible for disease spread. These spores may be wind blown formany miles. Infection occurs when the temperatures are moderate (60-75F) and the plant parts stay

wet for 10-15 hours. The infection cycle repeats every 10-14 days. Pustules break through the leafsurface, opening up the interior of the plant to desiccation. Large numbers of pustules result inplants drying out and dying even when there is good soil moisture.

Late in the season the rusty powder in the pustules is replaced with a black powder, the winterspores. Both summer and winter spores overwinter on bean debris and can lead to infections nextspring. The winter spores produce an inconspicuous sexual stage that can lead to the developmentof new rust races. The sexual stage often occurs on volunteer beans. The number of races hasbeen increasing in recent years, and varieties and classes of beans previously showing fieldresistance may no longer be field resistant.

Management.Destroy volunteer bean plants in last year's bean fields to reduce early season rustpressure and to retard the development of new rust races. Monitor fields carefully for rust,

particularly classes of beans known to be susceptible, such as pintos, pinks, small reds, and greatnortherns. Other classes, however, may be attacked by new races, so all beans should bemonitored carefully. Protectant fungicides should be used as soon as there are two pustules perleaf on susceptible varieties or there are a couple of "hot spots" in the field. Once rust is present inan area, all susceptible varieties should be sprayed, even in fields where rust has not beendetected yet. No fungicide is needed once the lower pods of pinto beans begin striping. Fungicidescurrently registered for rust control include chlorothalonil and maneb. Plow down infected croprefuse shortly after harvest. Use crop rotation and avoid planting next to a field that was severelydiseased last year.
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Root Rots


Several fungi cause root rots, including Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Pythium. Fusarium is the mostcommon, particularly in drought years. Fusarium produces a dry rot with indistinct brown lesions,

and occasionally a more general browning of the roots. Rhizoctonia is most common in warm moistsoils when beans are grown in rotation with sugar-beets or soybeans. Rhizoctonia causes moredistinct lesions that are chocolate-colored to dark red. Pythium develops in wet soils, causing a softbrown rot that results in a hollow tap root. Plants with root rot may be stunted with yellowed leaves.Infected plants form fewer pods and smaller seeds.

Management.Extend crop rotations beyond four years. Root rot is less severe following wheat. IfRhizoctonia is present, avoid sugarbeets in close rotation. Some varieties are tolerant. Plant high-quality seed. Deep shanking adjacent to the planter row can reduce damage. Cultivating soil to hillup around stems can encourage lateral root development, but close cultivation may trim shallowroots.

Bacterial Blights

Bacterial blights cause leaf and pod lesions, defoliation and shrunken discolored seed. All are seedborne, can be spread by splashing rain and their spread is aided by storms that cause smallwounds in the leaves, allowing entry of bacteria into the leaf. All blight pathogens survive on beancrop refuse. The brown spot pathogen also survives on weeds. Common blight is the mostprevalent of the bacterial blights but halo blight can be devastating.

Common blightlesions on leaves begin as small greasy green spots which later develop into largebrown areas surrounded by a narrow lemon-yellow border. Veins near the lesions are darkened.Infected pods develop greasy green lesions with brick red margins. Pod lesions exude a yellowooze in wet weather. Seeds may be shriveled and discolored.


Halo blightfirst appears as small water soaked or greasy green spots. These spots develop intosmall dead spots. Nearby veins may be darkened. During cool weather the lesions are surrounded

by light green halos up to inch in diameter. Pod lesions are similar to those of common blightexcept that they exude a creamy ooze in wet weather. Occasionally halo blight infections maybecome systemic with stunted, yellow and malformed leaves. Plants also may be stunted.


Brown spotfirst appears as small water soaked spots. These spots remain small, turn a reddishbrown and are surrounded by a narrow light-green halo. Nearby veins may be darkened. Podlesions are similar to those produced by halo blight.

Management. Disease management begins with prevention. Plant high quality seed which hasbeen tested for low numbers of bacteria. Plow down old bean fields to bury bean crop refuse anduse a three- or four-year crop rotation. Treat seed to suppress bacteria on the seed surface.Streptomycin does notcontrol bacteria that are borne internally in the seed. Avoid cultivation whenplants are wet. Copper fungicides are of little value for bacterial blight suppression.
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Alternaria Blight


This is a sporadic disease that may cause serious losses in some years. Irregular brown spreadinglesions develop, often with light tan to whitish centers. The outer margin of the lesion usually is dark

purplish to black. Lesions may be surrounded by a light yellow zone. After moist periods, theundersides of lesions are covered with black spores that give the area a dark gray appearance.

Management. No effective control is known. The pathogen enters bean leaves and stems throughwounds. Alternaria is most severe after hailstorms and other events that cause wounding.

Damping Off

Severely infected plants die shortly after germination or emergence. Damping off also may besuspected when there are gaps in a row where plants have not emerged or if plants wilt shortly afteremergence.

Management. Plant good quality seed. Cracks in the seed coat permit soil borne pathogens toenter. Poor quality, weathered seed may rot in the soil before germination. Treat seed with afungicide.

Anthracnose


Anthracnose is a potentially serious disease, but it is not common in the Northarvest area. Linear orangular dark, brick-red to purplish-brown to black lesions or slightly sunken cankers appear onveins on the lower leaf surface. Older lesions become darker, extend to the upper leaf surface andproceed along the veins. Severe infection may cause leaf tip and edge burning or death of theentire leaf and growing point. Pod lesions are sunken, circular, tan to rust-colored with a raised

margin surrounded by a thin zone of reddish tissue. Dark granular masses of tan spores develop onthe surface of pod lesions.

Management. Many varieties have resistance to certain races of the anthracnose pathogen. Plantseed tested to be free of the pathogen. Use tillage to bury crop refuse after harvest. Use croprotation. Do not cultivate fields when plants are wet. Benlate, chlorothalonil and maneb areregistered for anthracnose control.

Bean Common Mosaic


Bean common mosaic virus-infected plants are often stunted and spindly. Infected leaves haveirregular areas of yellowish tissues intermixed with areas of green. Leaves may be puckered,twisted and elongated. Few pods are set and seeds are off-color and small. Plants are seldom killedand yield loss depends on time of infection. Plants with the Igene for resistance to certain commonvirus strains can be killed if infected when temperatures are high. This reaction is called "blackroot." Certain other genes for resistance may provide resistance to many or to all strains of thevirus.

The disease is spread by infected seed, aphids and by plant sap contaminating wounds.
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Management. Use high quality, virus-tested seed. Many varieties have resistance to certain strainsof the virus.

Fusarium Yellows

Initial symptoms are yellowing and wilting of lower foliage. Plants become stunted and leaf margins

die. Severely infected plants wilt permanently, lose their leaves and die. Vascular (water-conducting) tissues are discolored. The Fusarium pathogen is soil borne and penetrates the rootsdirectly or through wounds.

Management. Use crop rotation, plant high vigor seed and use a fungicidal seed treatment.Cultivate so as to promote good root growth.

Fungicides

Disease Control

Chemical

Application

1

Dosage

2

Rust

Halo

Blight

White

Mold

Remarks

Benomyl

Benlate,

50%

Spray or

fungigation

2 lb/A -

1

application

1.5-2 lb/A -

2

applications

(P-

F)

No G-E Use 2 sprays of benomyl for

white mold one at early bloom

and one at peak bloom (usually

7-10 days after early bloom). A

single band application of

benomyl may be used if

applied at 10-20% bloom.

Complete coverage of all parts

of plant is essential for control

of white mold. Do not apply

benomyl within 14 days of

harvest.

Chlorothalonil

Bravo 500

or Ensign,

40.4%

Spray or

fungigation

2-3 pt/A E No No Do not apply chlorothalonil

within 14 days of harvest.See

Circular PP-576, Dry Edible

Bean Diseases.Carefully

monitor fields for disease.Evade,

40.4%

Spray or

fungigation

2 1/4 pt/A E No No

Bravo 720

or Echo 720,

or Ensign

720, or

Terranil 6L

54%

Spray or

fungigation

1.38-2 pt/A E No No Ensign registered for navy,

pinto and kidney beans only

(not pink, black turtle, small

red, great northern, etc.)

Bravo Ultrex

DG, 82.5%

Spray or

fungigation

1.25-1.8

lb/A

E No No
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Bravo Zn,

40.4%

Spray or

fungigation

2-3 pt/A E No No Bravo Zn also contains zinc.

Terranil 90

DF WSP,

90%

Spray or

fungigation

0.5-0.67

packet/A

E No No

Copper

Basicop,

WP, 53%

Spray 4 lbs/A (F) P No

Champion

WP, 77%

Spray or

fungigation

1-3 lb/A (F) P No

Champ

Formula 2,

Flowable,

37.5%

Spray or

fungigation

0.66-2 pt/A (F) P No

Kocide 101,

77%

Spray or

fungigation

1-3 lb/A (F) P No

Kocide

2000, 53.8%

Spray or

fungigation

0.75-2.25

lb/A

(F) P No

Kocide DF,

61.4%

Spray or

fungigation

1-3 lb/A (F) P No

Kocide LF,

23%

Spray or

fungigation

1.33-4 pt/A (F) P No

Maneb

Maneb 80,

80%

Spray or

fungigation

1.5-2 lb/A E No Do not apply within 30 days of

harvest. Do not exceed 9.6 lb

ai/A per season of total manebproducts (12 lb/A of Maneb 80

or 12.8 lb/A of Maneb 75; 9.6

qt/A of Manex).

Maneb 75

DF, 75%

Spray or

fungigation

1.5-2 lb/A E No

Manex, 37% Spray or

fungigation

1.2-1.6 qt/A E No

Sulfur

Thiolux,

80%

Spray 3-10 lb/A G-E No No

Thiophanate-methyl

Topsin M

WSB, 70%

Spray or

fungigation

1-1.5 lb/A -

2

applications

1.5-2 lb/A -

1

application

(P-

F)

No G-E Use 2 sprays of thiophanate

methyl for white mold, one at

early bloom and one at peak

bloom (usually 7-10 days after

early bloom). The first

application of thiophanate

methyl should be applied at 10-

30% bloom (when 10-30% of

the plants have one open


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blossom); a single application

of thiophanate methyl can be

used, if applied at 50-70%

bloom. Complete coverage of

all parts of plant is essential for

control of white mold. Do not

apply thiophanate methyl within

14 days of harvest.

Iprodione

Rovral, 50%

or Rovral 4

Flowable,

41.6%

Ground

spray

or

fungigation

1.5-2.0 lb/A

1.5-2.0 pt/A

(F) No G-E Apply at first bloom (10% of

plants with 1 open blossom)

and again at peak bloom, if

needed. Do not apply after full

bloom. Use 50-100 psi and 3

nozzles, 1 over the row and

one on each side. If pH of

spray water exceeds 7.0, bufferit to pH 5.0-7.0.

1Spray = ground or aerial, Fungigation = application through sprinkler irrigation system.

2Dosage = Amount of formulated product to apply.

3P = Poor; F = Fair; G = Good; E = Excellent; ( ) = Not registered for disease; No = No

control.

Non-Parasitic Disorders

Baldhead

Seedlings have no growing point. Cotyledons may or may not be attached; often they are broken. Afew weak stems may develop from the axils of the cotyledons. Roots may be damaged and growpoorly. The problem is caused by mechanically damaged seed. Damage may be more severe onnavy than on pinto beans.

Management.Purchase high quality seed. Seed producers should thrash full windrows, harvestwhen pods are limber and use low cylinder speeds. Carefully handle seed during conditioning andshipping.

Bronzing

Upper leaf surfaces are covered with small golden-brown spots which makes the leaf appear

bronze in color. Bronzing is caused by ozone from industrial or urban pollution or meteorologicalphenomena.

Chimera

Genetic abnormalities may occur in plants, resulting in variegated leaves with patches of green,yellow and/or white tissue. Some branches or the entire plant may be affected. Pods also may beaffected. Cool temperatures (below 61F) for long periods during germination may increase thefrequency of leaf variegations.


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Sunscald

Small brown patches appear between the main veins. These expand, often leaving large areas ofdead tissue between apparently sound green veins. Sunscald is most liable to occur when warm,sunny and windy weather follows cool, cloudy and humid weather.

Insect Management in Dry Beans

In general, insects have not been a major production problem for dry beans in the region. However,the potential does exist each year for certain insects to cause injury. The most important areseedcorn maggot, potato leafhopper, cutworm, and green clover worm. Some insects, such as theEuropean corn borer, can be found in dry bean fields, but information on field scouting and possibletreatment thresholds is unavailable.

Estimating Damage

In dry beans, insect field scouting to assess insect populations is based on either the number ofinsects per foot of row, insects per trifoliate leaf, or the level of defoliation.

Insects per foot of row is determined by shaking plants over the inter-row space, on which a strip ofcloth has been laid. Count the total number of insect pests per foot of row that fall on the cloth.

Insects per trifoliate is determined by selecting leaves and examining the under surface. It isrecommended that 35 leaves in each of three to five locations per field be examined.

Percent defoliation is determined by estimating the amount of leaf loss based on visual inspectionof randomly selected plants.

The growth stage of the dry bean plant is important. Under most conditions, moderate defolia

dry bean production guide.pdf

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