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DRY: Drought Risk and You Developing a narrative-science resource in a multi-stakeholder decision-making utility for drought risk management Science in Public July 9 th 2015

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Page 1: DRY: Drought Risk and You Developing a narrative-science ...dryproject.co.uk/wp...and-Science-Communication2.pdf · Developing a narrative-science resource in a multi-stakeholder

DRY: Drought Risk and You

Developing a narrative-science resource in a multi-stakeholder

decision-making utility for drought risk management

Science in Public

July 9th 2015

Page 2: DRY: Drought Risk and You Developing a narrative-science ...dryproject.co.uk/wp...and-Science-Communication2.pdf · Developing a narrative-science resource in a multi-stakeholder
Page 3: DRY: Drought Risk and You Developing a narrative-science ...dryproject.co.uk/wp...and-Science-Communication2.pdf · Developing a narrative-science resource in a multi-stakeholder

Narra$ve  workshop  domains  

Health  &  Wellbeing  

Urban  &  Built  Environment  

Environment&  Ecosystem  Services  

Water  Supply  

Agriculture  &  Hor$culture  

Industry  &  Business  

Communi$es  

Online  Library  of  narra$ves  

Page 4: DRY: Drought Risk and You Developing a narrative-science ...dryproject.co.uk/wp...and-Science-Communication2.pdf · Developing a narrative-science resource in a multi-stakeholder

What do we mean

by ‘stories of

drought’?

Page 5: DRY: Drought Risk and You Developing a narrative-science ...dryproject.co.uk/wp...and-Science-Communication2.pdf · Developing a narrative-science resource in a multi-stakeholder

Narra$ve  Methods  •  Digital  storytelling  workshops        – drought-­‐science-­‐narra$ves,    – historic  images  and  narra$ves  of  drought  as  memory/story  prompts,    

– science  as  prompt,    – science-­‐story  dialogue  

Page 6: DRY: Drought Risk and You Developing a narrative-science ...dryproject.co.uk/wp...and-Science-Communication2.pdf · Developing a narrative-science resource in a multi-stakeholder

Ci#zen  Science  

 Ø  Public   engagement   in   science   has   an  

“ u n c e r t a i n   a n d   c o n t r a d i c t o r y  nomenclature”  (Rowe  and  Frewer,  2005)  

Ø  A  philosophy  of  integra#ng  and  engaging  public   percep#ons   and   knowledge   into  scien#fic   research   and   decision-­‐making  processes  (Irwin,  1995).    

Ø  A   #me-­‐honoured,   evolving   prac#ce   of  public  par#cipa#on  in  scien#fic  research,  through  the  recording  and  monitoring  of  large-­‐scale   paNerns   in   nature,   and  collabora#ve   research   inves#ga#ons  between   scien#sts   and   nonprofessional  scien#sts   (Crain,   Cooper   and   Dickinson,  2014).    

 

Ci#zen  Science  

Page 7: DRY: Drought Risk and You Developing a narrative-science ...dryproject.co.uk/wp...and-Science-Communication2.pdf · Developing a narrative-science resource in a multi-stakeholder

Public  Par#cipa#on  in  Scien#fic  Research    

“The  basic  procedures  of  monitoring  and  analyzing  natural  phenomenon  are  used  as  plaNorms  to  unite  scien$sts,  communi$es,  and  stakeholders  across  scales,  help  frame  socially  legi$mate  indicators  of  environmental  problems,  and  advance  locally  relevant  and  prac$cal  conserva$on  goals  and  strategies”  (Haywood  and  Besley,  2014,  p.65)  

Page 8: DRY: Drought Risk and You Developing a narrative-science ...dryproject.co.uk/wp...and-Science-Communication2.pdf · Developing a narrative-science resource in a multi-stakeholder

Narra#ves  of  volunteer  par#cipa#on  and  experience  in  ci#zen  science  

Ø  Challenging  to  measure  and  different  types  of  results  produced  

Why?      Ø  Li[le  $me  or  opportunity  to  cri$cally  reflect  on  

science  content  or  process  Ø  Learning  outcomes  best  measured  over  $me  

rather  then  as  sta$c  assessments  Ø  Context-­‐specific  factors  ma[er  (Posi$ve  or  

nega$ve  experience,  whether  connec$ons  were  made  between  actors  and  concepts)  

 “When  laypersons  are  engaged  in  structured  observa$on  and  interpreta$on  of  nature,  their  values  change  and  possibly  even  converge  with  those  of  ecologists,  as  scien$fic  knowledge  and  prac$ce  meet  local  knowledge  and  prac$ce.  The  act  of  data  collec$on  becomes  not  only  a  narra$ve  of  nature,  but  an  influence  in  turn  on  the  actors—the  narrators.”  (Lawrence,  2006,  p.  296)  

There  is  oben  li[le  empirical  evidence  for  how  these  changes  are  s$mulated  and  supported  through  conven$onal  social  research  methods  (Haywood,  2014).  Longitudinal  studies  in  ci$zen  science  benefit  from  social  studies  of  par$cipants  that  provide  insights  into  human  behaviour  across  a  range  of  themes.      Longitudinal  engagement  offers  opportuni$es  to  research  the  interlinkages  between  experiences  of  nature,  knowledge,  sense  of  place,  values,  actudes  and  behavioural  change,  and  how  knowledge,  skills,  actudes  change  during  par$cipa$on.    Implica$ons  for  informing  public  engagement,  decision-­‐making  processes,  natural  resource  management  and  to  feedback  into  project  design  and  to  develop  project  outcomes.    

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Social  Science  and  Narra#ve  

   

Ethnography      Ethnography  be  applied  for  longitudinal  studies  in  ci$zen  science  and  combined  with  other  research  methods  in  situ  where  prac$$oners  are:      “in  the  field  conduc$ng  par$cipant-­‐observa$on  paired  with  a  range  of  other  methods,  living  within  a  community,  and  gecng  deeply  involved  into  the  rhythms,  logics,  and  complica$ons  of  life  as  lived  by  a  people  in  a  place,  or  perhaps  by  peoples  in  places”  (McGranhan,  2014,  p.  24)      .    Narra#ve  Walks  and  Interviews    Walk  with  par$cipants    in  parks  and  woodlands  to  discuss,  and  gather  narra$ves  on  people’s  sense  of  place,  values,    actudes  ,  knowledge  and  behaviours  related  to  nature,  grasslands  and  trees  and  the  impacts  and  management  of  drought  on  these  resources.    Such  an  in  situ  dialogue  has  many  advantages.  It  allows  for  the  study  of  the  rela$onships  between  people  and  places  through  their  situated  lifeworld’s,  establishes  the  respondent  as  ‘knower’  of  the  natural  landscape  and  compensates  for  asymmetry  in  interviewing  (Strang,  2010).      It  allows  for    mul$ple  methods  of  elicita$on  for  example,  semi-­‐structured  interviews  and  par$cipant  observa$on,  and  documenta$on  in  notes,  diaries,  drawings,  photos,  and  maps.    It  offers  opportuni$es  for  rich  field  interac$ons  and  discovery  while  genera$ng  a  context-­‐based  empirical  material  to  be  con$nuously  validated  in  oral  and  visual  checks  linking  ‘what  you  see’  with  ‘what  you  hear’  (Silverman,  2005,  p.175).    

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 Ø  Narra$ve  is  about  situa$on  based  exemplars.  

Ø  Interpre$ve  rather  than  labelling  language  –  create  linkages  and  pa[erns  (Negrete  &  Lartege  2004)  

Ø  Story  as  knowledge  carrier  (Ogborn  et  al  1996)  

Ø  Narra$ves  are  associated  with:  increased  recall,  ease  of  comprehension,  shorter  reading  $mes,  mo$va$on  and  interest,  alloca$ng  cogni$ve  resources,  elabora$on,  transfer  into  long-­‐term  memory.    

Ø  Narra$ng  seems  to  lend  to  PERSONAL  COMMITMENT  (or  ‘narra$ve  resolve’).  (Lejano  et  al  2013)  

Why  use  Narra$ves?  

Page 11: DRY: Drought Risk and You Developing a narrative-science ...dryproject.co.uk/wp...and-Science-Communication2.pdf · Developing a narrative-science resource in a multi-stakeholder

Storytelling   allows   students   to   imagine   another   $me   and   place   'to   create  their  own  meaning  and  find  the  place,  the  intersec$on  between  the  familiar  and  the  unknown'  (Bedford,  2001,  p.33).    

Page 12: DRY: Drought Risk and You Developing a narrative-science ...dryproject.co.uk/wp...and-Science-Communication2.pdf · Developing a narrative-science resource in a multi-stakeholder

"In   risk   communica$on,   emo$ons  should  …   be   seriously   addressed   in  order  to  trigger  reflec$on…    

(Roeser  2012  p.1037)  

"In  the  context  of  project  evalua#on,  stories  that  people  tell  …  may  be  mined  to  yield  valuable  data  relevant  to  project  

outcomes,  success  and  adap#ve  management...    (Leslie,  2012  p.1127)  

Page 13: DRY: Drought Risk and You Developing a narrative-science ...dryproject.co.uk/wp...and-Science-Communication2.pdf · Developing a narrative-science resource in a multi-stakeholder

Concerns:  Ø Narra$ves  simplify  

Ø ‘Probability  neglect’  (Sunstein  in  Roeser  2012)  

Ø They  are  not  universal  

Ø No  conclusive  evidence  that  narra$ves  create  behaviour  change  

Page 14: DRY: Drought Risk and You Developing a narrative-science ...dryproject.co.uk/wp...and-Science-Communication2.pdf · Developing a narrative-science resource in a multi-stakeholder

Summary  Ø Trigger  new  understanding/new  ‘ways  of  seeing’  as  spaces  for  cri$cal  reflec$on  

Ø Offer  ‘closeness’  and  empathy  -­‐  prompt  behaviour  change/  ’narra$ve  resolve’  

Ø Temporal/cause-­‐effect  =  suitable  format  to  understand  resilience/adapta$on/$pping  points/changes  in  personal  and  societal  goals  

Ø Evalua$on  is  two-­‐way/itera$ve  –narra$ve  feeds  back  into  science/design  and  public  engagement  

 

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Thank  you  –  any  ques#ons?  

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References  Avraamidou,  Lucy  and  Osborne,  Jonathan(2009)  'The  Role  of  Narra$ve  in  Communica$ng  Science',  

 Interna$onal  Journal  of  Science  Educa$on,  31:  12,  1683  —  1707  Crain,  R.,  Cooper,  C.  and  Dickinson,  J.L.  (2014)  Ci$zen  Science:  A  Tool  for  Integra$ng  Studies  of  Human  and  

Natural  Systems.  Annual  Review  of  Environment  and  Resources  [online].  39    Dahlstrom,  M.F.  (2014)  'Using  narra$ves  and  storytelling  to  communicate  science  with  nonexpert  audiences'  

PNAS  Proceedings  of  the  Na$onal  Academy  of  Sciences  of  the  United  States  of  America  Vol.111,  Suppl.4  pp.13614-­‐13620  

Irwin,  A.  1995.  Ci$zen  science:  a  study  of  people,  exper$se  and  sustainable  development.  Routledge,  London,  UK.  Haywood,  K.  and  Besley,  J.C  (2014)  Educa$on,  outreach,  and  inclusive  engagement:  towards  integrated  indicators  

of  successful  program  outcomes  in  par$cipatory  science.  Public  understanding  of  Science.  23  (1):  92-­‐106  Haywood,  B.  K.  (2014).  'A  “sense  of  place”  in  public  par$cipa$on  in  scien$fic  research'.  Science  Educa+on  (98),  pp.  

64-­‐83.  Lawrence,  A.  2006.  “No  personal  mo$ve?”  volunteers,  biodiversity,  and  the  false  dichotomies  of  par$cipa$on.  

Ethics,  Place  and  Environment  9(3):279–298Rowe,  G.  ,and  L  J.  Frewer.  2004.  Evalua$ng  public  par$cipa$on  exercises:  a  research  agenda.  Science,  Technology,  and  Human  Values  29(4):512–556  

Lejano,  R.P.,  Tavare-­‐Reager,  J.,  Berkes,  F.  (2013)  'Climate  and  narra$ve:  Environmental  Knowledge  in  everyday  life'  Environmental  Science  &  Policy  31  pp.  61-­‐70  

Leslie,  M.  et  al.  (2012)  'How  good  science  and  good  stories  can  go  hand  in  hand'  Conserva$on  Biology  Vol.27,  no.  5,  pp.1126-­‐1129  

McGranahan,  C.  (2015).  'What  is  Ethnography?  Teaching  ethnographic  sensibili$es  without  fieldwork'.  Teaching  Anthropology  (4),  pp.  23-­‐36.  

Negrete,  A.  &  Lar$gue,  C.    (2004)  'Learning  from  educa$on  to  communicate  science  as  a  good  story'  Endeavour    Vol.28  No.3  pp.120-­‐124  

Roeser,  S.  (2012)  'Risk  Communica$on,  Public  Engagement,  and  Climate  Change:  A  Role  for  Emo$ons'  Risk  Analysis  Vol.  32,  No.  6  pp.1033-­‐1040  

Silverman,  D.,  2005.  Doing  Qualita$ve  Research,  second  ed.  Sage,  London  Strang,  V.  (2010).  'Mapping  histories:  cultural  landscapes  and  walkabout  methods'.  Zhai,  J.  &  Dillon,  J.  (2014)  'Communica$ng  science  to  students:  Inves$ga$ng  professional  botanic  garden  

educators'  talk  during  guided  school  visits'  Journal  of  research  in  science  teaching  Vo.  51,  No.4  pp.  407-­‐429