duane j. funk md frcp(c) - caccn talk.pdf · my last day in the or • 80kg, 40 year old male,...

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Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C)

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Page 1: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C)

Page 2: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

What this talk will  hopefully accomplish

• What is a colloid?

• How do colloids work?

• How do the colloids differ?

• Are there any bad effects?

Page 3: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

What are we going to talk  about

• Physiology of fluid movement

• Types of fluids and distribution

• Physiology of Colloids

• Some of the controversies

Page 4: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

My last day in the OR

• 80kg, 40 year old male,  traumatic fall, 

compartment  syndrome and  ‘smashed ankle’.

• Here for a free flap.• Cases starts at 0730. 

ends at 2130.

Page 5: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

How much fluid should I  give him?

• Have to account for several factors:• Deficit• Maintenance• 3rd

space losses• Blood loss

Page 6: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

How do you calculate this?

• 4‐2‐1‐

rule gives you maintenance rate.

• 4cc/kg/hr for the 1st

10kg

• 2cc/kg/hr for the 2nd

10kg

• 1cc/kg/hr for every kg above 20kg

Page 7: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

• 40cc + 20cc + 60 cc= 120cc/hr maintenance.• Assume 8 hours of fasting, so 1L deficit.• 14hr Surgery x

120cc/hr= 1700cc

• 3rd

space losses=6700cc• Blood loss 1000cc=4000cc cryst.

Total=13,400ccTotal=13,400cc

Page 8: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

The next day

Page 9: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Does it matter at all?

Page 10: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Why give fluids?

Reduced Circulating VolumeReduced Circulating Volume

Inadequate Tissue PerfusionInadequate Tissue Perfusion

MODSMODSMODS

Activation of Inflammatory PathwaysActivation of Inflammatory Pathways

Translocation of Bacteria/Endotoxin

Gut Mucosal Barrier DisruptionGut Mucosal Barrier Disruption

Page 11: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

What’s the downside?

Page 12: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

What’s the downside?

Page 13: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

What’s the downside?

Volume Load

Complications

OptimalHypovolemic Overloaded

Page 14: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Physiology of fluid  movement

• How does the fluid get to where we don’t  want it?

• Governed by starling forces

Page 15: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap
Page 16: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap
Page 17: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Volumes of body fluid  compartments

Page 18: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Distribution of various  solutions

Plasma Volume Expansion=

Volume of compartment Infused intoVolume of Distribution

Page 19: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

For Example

• Infuse 1L of D5W• It distributes evenly throughout fluid 

compartments

So  

3L45L

≅ 7%PVE

Page 20: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

• Infuse 1L of NaCl

3L15L

≅ 20%PVE

Page 21: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

• Infuse 1L of colloid

3L3L

≅100%PVE

Page 22: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Why use a colloid?

• Less volume• Longer lasting• ‘Suck fluid’

from the interstitium

• Able to replace blood volume 1:1 versus 3:1 or  4:1

• Associated with better outcomes

Page 23: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Why wouldn’t you use a  colloid?

• Expense

• Bleeding risk

• Risk of adverse renal outcomes

• Not a believer

Page 24: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

What kind of colloids are  there?

Page 25: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Synthetic Colloids

Produced by hydroxyethylating

maze.

Page 26: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Synthetic Colloids

Page 27: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Synthetic Colloids

•• 6% 6% Hespan®®

450/0.6450/0.6

•• 6% 6% HextendHextend®®

670/0.7670/0.7

•• 10% 10% PentaspanPentaspan®®

260/0.45260/0.45

•• 6% 6% HaesHaes‐‐SterilSteril®®

200/0.5 200/0.5 

•• 6% Voluven6% Voluven®®

130/0.4130/0.4

Page 28: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Classification of Colloids

• Concentration

• Molecular weight

• Degree of Substitution

• C2

:C6 

ratio

Page 29: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Concentration

• In Canada, 10% and 6% solutions available.• 10% Solution is Hyperoncotic, 6% isooncotic.

Page 30: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

What does oncotic refer to?

• Oncotic pressure or colloid osmotic pressure

• The pressure required to prevent the  movement of small ions and solvent.

Page 31: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

• Normal in plasma is ~25mmHg.

• Pentaspan

80mmHg

• Voluven 36mmHg

• 25% HSA 80mmHg

Page 32: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

What do all the numbers  mean?

264/0.45/13

Page 33: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

First Number: Molecular  Weight

• HES are ploydisperse

substances.

• They contain a distribution of molecular  weights.

• The number on the package is the average.

Page 34: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap
Page 35: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

•After infusion the molecules are broken down by endo‐

amylases.

•If their size is below the renal threshold, they are excreted.

•Hydroxyethylation

slows down the rate of breakdown.

Page 36: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

• Low MW solutions have more molecules per  volume.

• This gives them a greater oncotic effect.

• Also gives them less persistence in plasma.

• Contrast this with larger molecules.

Page 37: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Second number: Molar  substitution

• This is where the drugs derive their name.

• 0.6 = Hextend

• 0.5 = Pentaspan

• 0.4 = Voluven (a tetrastarch)

Page 38: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Second number: Molar  substitution

• Proportion of the carbon atoms that are  hydroxyethylated.

• Expressed as a number from 0 to 1.

• Most starches are substituted in the C2 or C6  position.

Page 39: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Third Number: C2:C6 ratio

• Refers the the proportion of molecules that  are hydroxyethylated at the C2 vs he C6 

position.

• A higher C2:C6 ratio results in longer  intravascular half life.

Page 40: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Adverse effects of colloids

• Hemostatic

• Dermatologic

• Renal

Page 41: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Hemostatic Effects

Page 42: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Hemostatic Effects

• Seems to be more pronounced with the  slowly degraded starches.

• Predominant effect is on vWF:VIII.

• Some platelet effects, but these are non‐ significant.

Page 43: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Hemostatic Effects

• We’re Ok using Pentaspan, Voluven.

• There is a dilutional

effect, but this is only  relevant at very high doses. 

Page 44: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Hemostatic Effects

• Dinosaur Starches are associated with  bleeding, the newer ones aren’t.

Page 45: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Hemostatic Effects

• Numerous studies have shown no change in  bleeding with the newer starches.

• (Chest tube losses, coagulation factors, TEG).

Page 46: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Renal Effects

Page 47: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Renal Effects

Page 48: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Renal Effects

• The starch was 240/0.6

• Similar but different.

• Probably not the best group to test your  hypothesis in.

Page 49: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Renal Effects

Page 50: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap
Page 51: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

What does VISEP answer?

• What happens when you give a toxic dose of  a drug?

Page 52: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

•This wasn’t 

Pentaspan

or 

Voluven.

•10% 200/0.5 

(Hemohes).

•It was a 

hyperoncotic

solution.

•This drug can 

accumulate in 

plasma.

Page 53: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

• The dose was as high as 500‐750cc/day.

Page 54: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Good thing 25% Albumin is  OK!!

Page 55: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Albumin in the critically  ill

Page 56: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Albumin in the critically  ill

Albumin in the critically  ill

• Cochrane review in 1998 of the 30 trials of albumin  involving over 1400 patients

• 6 additional deaths for every 100 patients treated.

• Cochrane review in 1998 of the 30 trials of albumin  involving over 1400 patients

• 6 additional deaths for every 100 patients treated.

Page 57: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap
Page 58: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

•Randomized patients to either 4%  albumin or abnormal saline.

Page 59: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap
Page 60: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Not so good for the brain!

Page 61: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Not so good for the brain!

Page 62: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

DON’T MINIMIZE THE EFFECT OF HYPERONCOTIC SOLUTIONS!

• PEff

=  (Pcap

–PBow

) ‐

Ppla

Page 63: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Remember, it’s 25% Albumin

• Hyperoncotic

albumin has been known to be  a cause of renal failure since the 1980s.

• Using a hyperoncotic

solution with little  crystalloid may be bad.

Page 64: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap
Page 65: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

Albumin

Page 66: Duane J. Funk MD FRCP(C) - CACCN Talk.pdf · My last day in the OR • 80kg, 40 year old male, traumatic fall, compartment syndrome and ‘smashed ankle’. • Here for a free flap

10 Commandments of Fluids

I.

D5W and D5 ½NS have no role in resuscitation.II.

Crystalloids have an ephemeral intravascular presence.III.

Normal Saline is not Normal.IV.

Colloids are drugs, and have a dosage and side effects.V.

Aim for a balanced resuscitation.VI.

Blood transfusions are bad, but anemia might be worse.VII.

Your average, stable  ICU patient is (almost) NEVER 

hypovolemic.

VIII.

There is no role for ‘maintenance fluids’

for patients on full tube 

feeds.

IX.

Positive fluid balance is associated with worse outcomes.X.

Don’t covet my slides.