dubravka ujes morgan (newark, usa)

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Ujes Morgan: The Name of Damastion Num. vijesti, no. 73., Zagreb, 2020.

Dubravka Ujes Morgan (Newark, USA)e-mail: [email protected]

THE NAME OF DAMASTION1

Damastion was a mining and minting town in the interior of the Balkans near abundant silver mines founded by fugitives from Aegina and Mende, after they had been expelled from their native cities by the Athenians during the turmoil of the Peloponnesian War (Strabo 7.7.8 and 8.6.16). Founded shortly after the Peace of Nicias of 421 B.C., in challenging times of restructuring of powers and regrouping of fugitives and exiles on both sides, and during an acute shortage of silver required for financing the impending war operations, the town seems to have been exceptional in several respects, including its name. It appears that Damastion was named after its founder, Damastas or Damastes, considerably earlier than the practice of naming a foundation after its founder became common in Hellenistic times. In this paper I address the circumstances that likely prompted or perhaps encouraged such a choice for the new foundation’s name.

Key words: Damastion, Greek colonization, Peloponnesian War, Aegina, ancient silver mines, Greek coinage, Olynthus

Ancient Greek cities mentioned in the text. The area of probable location of Damastion is darkened.

1 IwishtoexpressmygratefulnesstoJohn D. Morgan III,aprofessorattheUniversityofDelaware,epigraphistandhistorian,andmyhusband,forhissuggestionabouttheoriginofthenameofDamastion,whichgoesbackto2002,andforourproductivediscussionofthistopic.

UDK737.1.041(398Damastion):81’373.21]”-04”Originalscientificpaper

25


2. The evidence

2.1. The evidence for the name of the town, Damastion

Theprimary testimony to the town’sname isprovidedby its remarkablesilvercoins,bearingonthereversetheinscriptionΔΑΜΑΣΤΙΝΩΝ,i.e.,theethnicnameofthetown’sinhabitantsinthestandardformofthegenitiveplural.

[fortheEDITOR:placetheillustrationeitherhere,ORaftertheentiredescriptionofthecointypes]

Fig. 1 The coinage of Damastion: tetradrachm, drachm and tetrobol.

ThecoinsofDamastionareknowninthreedenominations,withthesmalleronesunambiguouslyindicatingthetown’sminingactivity:2

-Thetetradrachms:Obv/Apollo.Rv/ΔΑΜΑΣΤΙΝΩΝ aroundatripod.-The drachms:Obv/ a female head. Rv/ΔΑΜΑΣΤΙΝΩΝ around a peculiar

representationofasquareingotofsilverwithahandle.-Thetetrobols:Obv/Apollo.Rv/ΔΑΜΑΣΤΙΝΩΝ arranged on the sides ofaminer’s

pick.TheonlyextantliterarysourcethatmentionsDamastionisStrabo’sGeography.

Thetown’snameappearsintwoinstances:inthedescriptionofIllyriainBook7andinthedescriptionofAeginainBook8.ThepassageinbookonIllyria,inwhichStrabohadvaguelyplacedDamastionfar inland,beyondtheIllyriantribesdwellinginthehinterlandoflargeGreekcoloniesApolloniaandEpidamnos/Dyrrhachiumandnear

2 May1939,throughout,providedadetailedstudyofthecoinageofDamastion,inwhichhesequencedthecoindiesanddefinedthegroupsofissuesandtheirrelativechronology,datingtheactivityofthemintapproximatelytothe4thcenturyB.C.

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thesilverminescontrolledbybarbariantribesofbothThracianandIllyriandescent,thePerisadyesandtheEncheleansalsocalledDassaretii(7.7.8),hadlongbeentheonlyknownreferencetothetown.

Fig.2 Strabo 7.7.8, edition by Baladié 1989.)‘For, above Epidamnos and Apollonia as far as the Keraunian mountains, live the Bylliones, the Taulantii, (5) the Parthini and the Brygi. In the vicinity are also the silver mines in Damastion, where the Perisadyes established a joint rule with the Encheleans who are also called Dasaretii. Near these peoples, there are also the Lyncestai, the territory of Deuriopos, the “tripolitis” Pelagonia, the Eordi, Elimeia (10) and Eratyra.’ 3

Strabo’ssecondreferencetoDamastion,discoveredaround1930inthepalimpsestVaticanus Graecus2306(f.209)oftheVaticanlibrary4,providedanaugmentationtothepassageaboutAegina(8.6.16)andrevealedthattheAeginetans,togetherwiththeMendaeans,founded(oikisan)Damastion.

Fig.3 Strabo 8.6.16, edition by Baladié 1978.)‘… The fugitives, together with the Mendaeans, founded (oikisan) Damastion in Illyria,

near the silver mines that we have mentioned in the chapter on the Illyrians.’5

3 ThequotationofStrabo’stextistakenfromtheeditionbyBaladié1989;thetranslationofthequotedpassagefromFrenchintoEnglishismine.

4 Aly1932,pp.8-9;Aly/Sbordone1956,pp.16and212.5 ThequotationofStrabo’stextistakenfromtheeditionbyBaladié1978;itremainstheonlyeditionthat

includedtheaugmentationdiscoveredbyW. Aly.ThetranslationofthequotedpassagefromFrenchintoEnglishismine.

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2.2. The Greek origin of the name of DamastionTheadditionalpassage(8.6.16)providesthecluetounravellingthistown’smany

peculiarand,apparently,exceptionalfeatures,includingitsname.6Damastion,hence,wasneitheranindigenousIllyriantownnordiditscoinsconveythenameofanotherwiseunrecordedIllyriantribe,ashadearlierbeenconjecturedbasedontheonlyavailablepieceofinformationinStrabo’sdescriptionofIllyria(7.7.8.).7TheseconjectureswerepromptedbyaconventionalfollowingofaflawedrenditionofthenameoftheotherbarbarianpeopleofobviouslyThraciandescentmentionedinthesamepassage,thePerisadyes,who,besidestheIllyriantribeofEncheleans/Dasaretii,hadcontrolovertheminesnearwhichDamastionwasfounded.Inconsequence,theThracianelementinStrabo’s account passed unrecognized, but the Illyrianwas unduly emphasized.ThegeographicalframeworkinwhichthetownshouldbesoughtwasthusdistortedandskewedtowardstheWestandSouthwest, intopurelyIllyrianterritories.8Itwasaccordinglypresumedthatthenameofthetown,Damastion,orofthetribe,allegedlytheDamastini,whichweresupposedlylocatedwithintheseterritories,musthavebeenofpurelyIllyrianorigin,eventhoughalmostnothingisknownabouttheIllyrianlanguage.Krahe’sproposalthatthenamemightbeofGreekoriginwasdismissed.9

2.3. The evidence for a Greek personal name Damastas / Damastes

ItwasnormalforaGreekcolonytoobtainGreekname.SinceDamastasorDamastes isanattestedGreekpersonalname,it ismostlikelythatthenewfoundationbytheAeginetansandMendaaeanswasnamedafteritsfounder.ThefollowinglistprovidesanoverviewoftherecordedinstancesofGreekpersonalnameDamastasorDamastes,the“tamer”.Thenameisinfrequentbutclearlyattested.ThereisnootherGreekpersonalnamefromwhichthetownnameDamastioncouldderive.

Δαμάστας-Atrax,Thessaly,Pelasgiotis:LGPNIII.B9231;SEG32.594;Hellenisticperiod.-Larisa,Thessaly:LGPNIII.B9232;SEG35.611;4thc.B.C.-Epidauros,Argolis:LGPNIII.A1492;IGIV2,1103,line153;c.365-335B.C.-Sparta,Laconia:LGPNIII.A9128,SEG40.348B9;3rdc.B.C.

6 AboutDamastionasaGreekfoundation:Ujes Morgan2018,throughout;seealsoUjes2002,pp.103-104,andUjes Morgan2011,pp.490-491.DamastionwasmentionedasaGreekcolonyinthefollowing:Papazoglu1967,p.17,Nicolet-Pierre/Gjongecaj,1995,pp.305-306,Figueira2004,p.622.

7 FordiscussionoftherenditionofStrabo’stextbyMeinekeandtheconsequentconjecturesandconstructs,seeUjes Morgan2018,pp.24-25.

8 ThedifficultiesthatexcludethepurelyIllyrianterritoriesfromthesearchforDamastionarethefollowing:first,thelackofsilverminesbecauseofthegeologicalstructureofthoseterritoriesand,second,mostimportantly,theabsenceofthesmallerdenominations,whichnormallycirculateandgethoardedonlyinthenarrowareaaroundtheplacewheretheywereissuedthuspointingtothelocationoftheirmint;however,Damastion’ssmalldenominationsareconcentratedinsouthernKosovo,wheretherearealsoabundantsilvermines,see:Ujes/Romić,pp.91-93,Ujes2002,pp.121-123andUjes Morgan 2011,pp.491-495.

9 Krahe1925,p.128,proposingitoriginatedfromthestems“da-”and“ma-s-t-”.RejectedbyFraser1926,p.88,whoconsidereditunlikelythataGreeknamecouldhavebeengiventoaplaceinthebarbarianhinterland.

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Δαμάσστας-Atrax,Thessaly,Pelasgiotis:LGPNIII.B9230;SEG35.540;1sthalfofthe2nd

centuryB.C.

Δαμάστης-Sigeion,Troas:Pauly-Wissowano.3;LGPNV.A13231;FGrH5(s.Διώξιππος);

DFHGvol.II,DamastisSigeensis;activeca.400B.C.-Oropos,Boiotia:twoinscriptions,LGPNIII.B23266;Petrakos,I.Orop.431,3,

5;MarcadéII83-4,I.Orop.432;SEG18.161;225-175B.C.-Thasos,Thrace:-LGPNI38458;Etud.Thasiennes4,nos.4-11;ca.400B.C.-LGPNI38467;Etud.Thasiennes4,nos.518-531;1sthalfofthe4thc.B.C.-Thasianamphorahandles,4th-1stcenturyB.C.:-Labraunda,Caria:SEG30.1271;Säflund,LabraundaII,2,119.-Thasos:SEG41.722(restored).-Odessos,Thrace:SEG45.2209.-ScythiaMinor:SEG54.669(11);HistriaVIII,1,13-14,30,44-45.-Pergamon,Mysia:Perg.Forsch.11,II,425-426.-Unknownprovenance:SEG40.1606.DedicationtoPoseidon,bronzedolphin,2nd-

1stcenturyB.C.SeenintheAntiquitiesMarket(TheEuropeanFineArtFair,Maastricht13-21March1993;H.A.C.KunstderAntike,Basel,no.90).

3. Damastas / Damastes and DamastionAccording to the information provided byGreek literary sources, the data

traditionally of fundamental importance to remember about any colonywere thefollowing:thedateoffoundation,themetropolisandthenameofthefounder.10

3.1. The origin of the founders of Damastion and the date of the foundation11

The augmentation to Strabo’s passage aboutAegina (8.6.16) states that theAeginetans,togetherwiththeMendaeans,founded(oikisan)Damastion,whichmeansthatthetowneffectivelywasaGreekcolony(apoikia).12ThesamepassageindicatesthatDamastionwasfoundedwhentheAeginetanswerefugitives,whichsetsthefoundationinthetimeofthePeloponnesianWar,morepreciselyintheperiodaftertheyhadbeenexpelledfromtheirnativeislandin431B.C.(Thuc.2.27,Paus.2.29.5,Hdt.6.91.1)andbefore405B.C.,whentheSpartanadmiralLysandrosrestoredtheirislandtothe10 Malkin1987,p.4,stressingThucydides’informationabouttheparticipantsinthePeloponnesianWar,

theiroriginsandtheirwarpartnerships,Thuc.7.3-5and7.57.11 Forananalysisof theevents thatpreceded the foundationofDamastion, from theexpulsionof the

AeginetansbytheAtheniansin431B.C.tothePeaceofNiciasin421B.C.,includingthediscussionofthecircumstancesoftheMendaeans,seeUjes Morgan2018,pp.25-28.

12 FordifferencesinapproachtoGreekcolonizationandtotheuseofrelevantterminology,seeMalkin 2016,pp.28-33and46-47.Ikeepthetraditionalterms“foundation”,“colony”and“apoikia”.

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survivingAeginetans(Xen.Hell. 2.2.9).TheexpelledAeginetansfoundrefugewiththefriendsandalliesoftheSpartans(Thuc.2.27.3,Diod.12.44.3,Paus.2.29.5and2.38.5).Theirmajorgroupwasreportedlyentirelymurderedin424B.C.inanattackbytheAthenianfleetinThyrea,inCynouria,wheretheSpartanssettledthem(Thuc.4.56-57);yetsomecaptivesmighthavesurvivedintheAthenianprisonsuntilreleasedfollowingthePeaceofNiciasin421B.C.(Diodorus12.65.9);somemighthaveremainedscatteredinlocationsinThyreatis;someothermighthavefledtotheironlycolony,Cydonia,oreventoNaucratisinEgypt,wheretherewasanancientAeginetantradeoutpost.13 It remainsunknownwhichgroupsof theAeginetanswereable toparticipate in thefoundationofDamastionandwheretheytemporarilydwelledbeforeundertakingthefoundingventure.Itis,however,certainthatthescatteredremnantsofthedecimatedAeginetanpopulationwereinanextremelydifficultpositionthroughoutthetwoandahalfdecadesoftheirexpulsion.

TheMendaeanswerealliesoftheAthenians,butthosewhojoinedthefoundingventuremost likelywere thepro-Spartanoligarchswho instigateda faileduprisingagainsttheAtheniansin423B.C.andhadtoescapetheircity(Thuc.4.123.1-2,129.2).TheAtheniansretookMende,buttheoligarchsfoundshelterinnearbyScione,whichwasunderanAtheniansiege(Thuc.4.129-131).TheystayedinScioneunderthesiegefor a couple of years, togetherwithmanyother exiles and refugees and aSpartangarrison. In 421B.C., a special clause of thePeaceofNicias granted releasing toalltheSpartansandtheiralliesbesiegedinScione(Thuc.5.18.8).ItseemsprobablethattheexiledMendaeanoligarchssurvived,buttheircityhadstillbeenheldbythepro-Athenianfactionthatwouldhavethemprosecutedand,mostprobably,executedinaccordancewiththeordersNiciashadissuedalreadyin423B.C.(Thuc.4.130.7).Thusitdoesnotseemlikelythattheycouldhavereturnedtotheirnativecityanytimebefore404B.C.,whentheAthenianssurrenderedandthewarended.TheirstatusofexilesandmeticsprobablyencouragedthemtoparticipateintheventureoffoundingDamastion.14TherecanhardlybeanyothersetofcircumstancesandreasonsthatcouldhaveledanyMendaeans,theIoniansoriginatingfromEretriaandtraditionalalliesoftheAthenians,tojointheAeginetans.

ItappearsplausiblethatonlyduringthebriefperiodofcessationofhostilitiesafterthePeaceofNiciasin421B.C.,whenitbecamepossibleforexilesandfugitivesonbothsidestoregroupandreorganize,thetwogroupsofthesettlersofDamastionwereabletounitetheireffortsandsetofftoaremotebarbarianlandwithrichsilvermines.ThefoundationofDamastionis,therefore,mostlikelytohaveoccurredshortlyafterthePeace,ca.420B.C.or sometimeduring theseveral followingyears,before thehostilitiesresumed.15

13 Figuera1988,throughout;seealsoUjes Morgan 2018,pp.26-27.14 Sutherland1943,p.146,abouttheroleofmeticsandprivateinitiativeinGreektrade.15 PreviouslyproposedchronologyofthefoundationofDamastion:Nicolet-Pierre/Gjongecaj1995,p.330:

“after431B.C.”;Ujes/Romić1996,p.79andUjes2002,p.104:“shortlyaftertheAthenianinterventionagainstMende”;Figueira2004,p.622:“after431B.C.”

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3.2. The practice of naming a foundation after the founder

NamingDamastionafteritsfounderintheearly410’sB.C.mightseemunusuallyearly,sinceithasusuallybeenconsideredthatthepracticeofnamingacolonyafteritsfounderstartedwithPhilipIIofMacedonia,i.e.,in356B.C.withPhilippoi,andbecamecommonwithAlexandertheGreat,continuingthroughoutHellenistictimes.However,therearerecordedinstancesshowingthatalreadybeforethe4thcenturyB.C.,inArchaicandClassicaltimes,Greekfoundationsweresometimesnamedaftertheirfounder (oikist).Such instances areuncommonandoccurred in exceptional setsofcircumstances:inthecasesoftyranny16,empire/monarchy17andleadersofthefugitiveswholosttheirmetropolis.18Normally,incompliancewithtraditionalGreekreligiouspractices,themetropoliswouldhaveselectedafounder(oikist)andsendhimtoDelphi,wherehewouldbeauthorized,byanoracleofApollo,withsupremereligiouspowerandresponsibilitiesforallthedecisionsandpracticesrequiredforeffectingafoundingofanewcolony.Accordingly,afounderhadthepowerofanabsolutepoliticalleaderandmilitarycommander;usually,hewasworshippedasaheroafterhisdeath.19Incriticalcircumstances,hecouldhavebeenentitledtonaminghisfoundationafterhimself.20 SuchwasthecasewiththefoundationofPhanagoreia,onthenorthernBlackSeacoast,byPhanagoras,aleaderoffugitiveTeiansescapingfromaninvasionbyCyrustheGreatinmid-540’sB.C.(StephanusofByzantiums.v.PhanagoreiareferringtoHecataeus;DFHGHecataeus164;FGrHistlF212).21TheTeianspermanentlylefttheirmetropolisnevertoreturnandcouldrelyonlyontheirfounder,whowasgrantedanexceptionalhonor:tonamethenewcityafterhimself.22ThishistoricallyrecordedinstanceprovidesacloseanalogywiththecircumstancesofthefoundationofDamastion.23

3.3. Damastas/Damastes, the eponymous founder of Damastion

Damastionwasfoundedinmostdifficulttimesforitssettlers.TheAeginetanshadlosttheirmetropolis,andtheMendaeanoligarchshadlosttheirstatusinthecityoftheirorigin.Itseemsthatinsuchcircumstances,whichimposedacompleterelianceof

16 ApolloniainIllyria,whichwasfirstnamedGylakeiaafteritsfounderGylax(Steph.Byz.s.v.ApolloniaandGylakeia)sentprobablybytheCorinthiantyrantPerianderca.600B.C.,isanexampleofaneponymousfoundationundertyranny.

17 AmphipolisandHeracleainTrachisareconsideredexamplesof“imperial”and“state”venturesofthe5thcenturyB.C.,seenoteno.28below.

18 ForeponymousfoundersofGreekcoloniesseeMalkin1985,throughout,esp.p.115,117,129-130forthecontextsandreasonsthatrenderedsuchapracticeacceptable.

19 Graham1999,pp.29-39,Malkin1985,pp.114-115and127-129,Malkin1987,ChapterI,pp.17-91,esp.pp.89-91.

20 Malkin1985,p.115,123,129;Malkin1987,p.87.21 Malkin1985,pp.121-123.22 Malkin1987,p.203,n.91:thefounderwasentitledtonamethecolony,basedonThucydides’information

(4.102.3)aboutthefoundationofAmphipolisbyHagnon.23 ThesomewhatcomparableaccountbyHerodotus(4.147-149)aboutthefoundationofThera(Santorini)

byTheras,theSpartanleaderoffugitiveMinyae,islegendarybutprobablyhashistoricalgrounds,seeMalkin1985,p.117,Malkin1987,p.195.

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thesettlersonthepowerandpersonofthefounder,itwasacceptableandmaybeevenappropriatetonamethecolonyafterhim.

TheoriginofDamastas/Damastesremainsenigmatic.ThefactthatStrabomentionsDamastion inhisaccountaboutAegina (8.6.16), suggests that theAeginetanswerethedominantgroupofsettlers,which,possibly,hintsat theAeginetanoriginof thefounder,Damastas.But,itcannotbeexcludedthatthefounder,Damastes,wasoneofthewealthyMendaeanoligarchs.

Thereisalsoathirdpossibility:thatDamastas/DamasteswasaChalcidian,i.e.,anOlynthian.Neithergroupofthefoundingsettlerswasbackedbythecityoftheirorigin,whichwouldnormallyorganize,coordinateandsupportthefoundingventure,butthereareindicationsthatassistancecamefromOlynthus.TheChalcidiansofOlynthuswereonthesideoftheSpartansandhadalreadyin423B.C.receivedfamiliesofthemembersofpro-SpartanfactionsofScioneandMende,andperhapstheirmostvaluablepossessions,too,beforetheAthenianfleetattackedthosetwocities(Thuc.4.129-131,Diodorus12.72.9).Thus,itseemsprobablethattheMendaeanoligarchswenttoOlynthusaftertheyhadbeenreleasedfromScionein421B.C.uponthePeaceofNicias.ThereisnoextantinformationdirectlyconnectingtheAeginetanswithOlynthus,butcitycouldhaveprovidedasafehavenforthegroupsoffugitivesoftheSpartanalliesbeforeandafterthePeaceofNiciasof421B.C.

Mostimportantlyforunderstandingtherelationshipbetweenthetwocities,thereisastrikingconnectionbetweentheDamastianandtheOlynthiancoinages.Besidesthesimilarityoftheirweightstandards24,cointypes,stylisticandtechnologicalelements,thedatesofthebeginningofissuanceofthetetradrachmsofbothcitiesareeithercoincidingorveryclose–theOlynthianca.400B.C.andtheDamastianshortlyafterwards,ca.395B.C.25–whichallpointstoastrongpoliticalconnectionofthetwocities.26Sincethewholeenterprisewasevidentlycenteredaroundtheextractionandtradeofsilver,muchneededinviewoftheimpendingcontinuationofwar,theOlynthianslikelyhadastrongcommercialinterestinassistingthefoundingofDamastionandkeepingclosetieswithit.ItwasfeasiblefortheOlynthianstoprovidetotheAeginetansandtheMendaeansthekindsoforganizationalsupportthatwererequiredbytheGreektraditionandreligion,andthelogisticassistanceforthelong-distanceventure.Forthesereasons,Olynthusappearsasaprobableproxy-orsubstitute-metropolisofDamastion.27Consequently,andbecauseoftheexceptionalgeneralcircumstances,thereisaslightpossibilitythat

24 Theirweightstandardsarepeculiarbutrelated;theweightofaDamastiantetradrachmseemstobe3drachmsand4½obolson theOlynthianstandard,showingtheexchangerateofsixteenDamastiantetradrachmsforfifteenChalcidian/Olynthiantetradrachms(ca.217.50-217.60g);Ujes Morgan2018,p.34.

25 ForanoverviewofthepreviousproposalsforthechronologyofthebeginningofissuanceoftheOlynthian/Chalcidiantetradrachms,mostlyplacedca.400B.C.onthebasisofanalysisofpoliticalconditions,seePsoma2001,pp.189-221andalsoUjes Morgan2018,pp.30-32.

ForthebeginningofthecoinageofDamastionca.395B.C.:May1939,pp.38-39,45,also63;Ujes Morgan2018,pp.32-33.

26 May1939,p.38,rejectedtheideathatDamastionwasanOlynthiancolony;however,hesuggestedthatDamastionprovidedsilverfortheOlynthiancoinage,especiallyforearlyseriesofthetetradrachms:pp.42-43.

27 Ujes Morgan2018,pp.35-36.

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Damastas/DamastesmighthavebeenaprominentOlynthianpublicfigure,selectedbyhisownpolistoeffecttheenterpriseoffoundingofacolonyofspecialtradeinterest,28 eventhoughthesettlerswereofdifferentorigin.29

4. ConclusionTheexceptionallydifficultcircumstancesofthePeloponnesianWar,whichledto

thejointfoundationofDamastionbytwodifferentgroupsofcolonists,bothfugitivesofwarwithnometropolisandnowheretoreturn,alsoledtothenamingthetownafteritsfounder,DamastasorDamastes,whoseoriginandeffortsescapecloserdetermination,butwhosevaliantleadershipearnedhimtheexceptionalhonortonamethenewtownafterhimself.

IllustrationsFig.1:ThecoinageofDamastion:tetradrachm,drachmandtetrobol.Fig.2:Strabo7.7.8,editionbyBaladié1989.Fig.3:Strabo8.6.16,editionbyBaladié1978.

Sources and creditsFig.1,allsixphotos:©TheAshmoleanMuseum,courtesyoftheHeberdenCoinRoom,CC

BY-NC-SA4.0license.Museumnumbers:33194J.M.F.Maybequest;33221and33226SirA.J.EvansCollection.

Fig.2and3:Scannedfromtheprintedsource,usedinaccordancewiththeFairUseprincipleforscholarlyandeducationaluse.

Themapbase:©1998,InteractiveAncientMediterraneanWebsite(http://iam.classics.unc.edu).ThisbasehasbeencopiedandusedunderthetermsofIAM’sfairusepolicywithawrittenpermissionfromtheIAM’officials.

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28 ThepossibilitythatanOlynthianofficialcouldhaveperformedhiscivildutyasafounderofacolonyofspecialinterest(notofastandardagriculturaltype)is,tosomeextent,reminiscentofthe“state”or“imperial”foundingventuresofthemid-5thcenturyB.C.,i.e.,duringthePeloponnesianWar,suchasAmphipolisin437B.C.bytheAtheniansforsilversupplyandcontrolofstrategicroutes(Thuc.4.102),andHeracleaTrachiniain426B.C.bytheSpartansforitsstrategicposition(Thuc.3.92),seeGraham 1999,pp.37-39.Intheseinstances,thenotablecitizens,towhomthetemporaryrolesoffounderswereassigned,kepttheiroriginalcitizenshipandreturnedtotheirmetropoleisaftertheyhadcompletedtheirduty,whichdoesnotseemapplicabletothecaseofthefounderofDamastion.

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Sutherland, C. H. V.1943,CornandCoin:AnoteonGreekcommercialmonopolies.TheAmericanJournalofPhilology,64,no2,pp.129-147.

Ujes D.2002,RecherchesurlapositiondelavilledeDamastionetsesmines,RevueNumismatique158,pp.103-129.

Ujes Morgan D.2011,ThepatternoffindspotsofcoinsofDamastion:acluetoitslocation,in:Proceedingsof theXIVth InternationalNumismaticCongressGlasgow2009,ed.ByN.Holmes,Glasgow,pp.487-496.

Ujes Morgan2018,Damastion-itsfoundationandthebeginningofitscoinage,Numizmatičkevijesti,71,Zagreb,pp.22-39.

Ujes, D./Romić, K. 1996, Position de la ville deDamastion.Courrier de la Société serbed’archéologie11,Belgrade,pp.77-98.

Online resources for the quoted onomastic dataDigitalFragmentaHistoricorumGraecorum(DFHG):http://www.dfhg-project.org/Lexicon ofGreekPersonalNames (LGPN), anOxfordClassicsResearchProject,Oxford

University:https://www.lgpn.ox.ac.uk/SearchableGreekInscriptions,ThePackardHumanitiesInstitute:https://epigraphy.packhum.org/SupplementumEpigraphicumGraecum(SEG):www.brill.com/sego

dubravka ujes morgan (newark, usa)

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