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Ductile Shear Zones!

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ductile shear zone zone: area with higher strain than surrounding rock This is heterogeneous strain. shear: simple shear dominates ductile deformation mechanisms similar to faults in that displacement occurs, but no fracture forms

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Strain distribution in a Shear zone

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potentially can determine: sense of displacement amount of displacement amount of strain

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shear zones: offset markers marker shows gradual deflection marker shows discrete offset from: Davis and Reynolds, 1996

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deflection and offset of markers across shear zones--sense of shear similar terminology to faults

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relationship of shear zones at depth to faults near surface thrust displacement normal displacement from: Davis and Reynolds, 1996

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100 300 500 10 km 20 km depth gouge cataclasite mylonite greenschist amphibolite consider a fault from surface to depth brittle (frictional) shallow; ductile (plastic) deep brittle-plastic transition quartz plasticity feldspar plasticity deformation mode fault rock TC relative crustal strength curve dd frictional plastic

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Mylonites

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Mylonites often have lineations

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L-S tectonites have both foliation and lineation

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These feldspars are mostly brittlely deformed

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Feldspars are not as deformed as quartz

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Quartz is black, feldspars are elongated

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from: http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~geolweb/slides.html a refresher on mylonite from: http://www.geolab.unc.edu/Petunia/lgMetAtlas/meta-micro marble mylonite and quartz mylonite form at lower temperatures dynamic recrystallization of calcite > 250C dynamic recrystallization of quartz > 300C feldspar mylonites form at higher temperatures dynamic recrystallization of feldspar > 450C

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types of mylonites protomylonite: matrix is < 50% of rock ultramylonite: matrix is 90-100% of rock rocks with 50-90% matrix simply called mylonites http://www.geo.umn.edu/teaching/microstructure/images/079.html myloniteultramylonite http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~rmr/images protomylonite

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main goal is to identify sense of shear: need shear-sense indicators where to look? optimal surfaces are those perpendicular to foliation or shear zone boundaries shear zone and foliation from van der Pluijm and Marshak, 1997 1) determine orientation of shear zone 2) find perpendicular (profile) plane 3) identify line of transport direction along which relative displacement occurred (in perpendicular plane) perpendicular plane is sense-of-shear plane (SOS) SOS plane

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what are they? offset markers foliations S-C fabrics and shear bands grain-tail complexes disrupted grains (mica fish) folds now we know to look in SOS plane for indicators offset markers usually obvious make sure similar features on both sides are same from: http://www.leeds.ac.uk/learnstructure/index.htm

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foliations from: Davis and Reynolds, 1996

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what does foliation subparallel to boundary in center imply? --either: coaxial strain (normal to zone) noncoaxial strain with very high shear foliation represents very thin shear zones this leads to S-C fabrics from: Davis and Reynolds, 1996

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S-C fabrics most shear zones have one foliation at angle < 45 to boundary; this foliation is s-foliation (schistosit from French); crystal-plastic processes elongate crystals to extension s points in shear direction; displacement on c is same as shear zone from van der Pluijm and Marshak, 1997 another foliation parallels shear zone boundaries; this foliation is c-foliation (cisaillement from French); shear direction is within c plane a third foliation may be oriented oblique to boundary; this foliation is c-foliation and crenulates mylonitic foliation; shear bands

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S-C pattern is similar to that for foliation in shear zone as a whole from: Davis and Reynolds, 1996

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s-c fabrics s points in direction of shear c parallel to shear direction c displacement same as that of shear zone from: http://www.earth.monash.edu.au/Teaching/mscourse

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pressure shadows form on flanks of rigid inclusions in shear zones rigid inclusion shields matrix on flanks from strain crystallization of quartz, calcite, chlorite, etc. most pressure shadows are microscopic--see in thin-section growth accompanies each increment of extension orientation of fibers depends on coaxial versus noncoaxial (rotational) strain from: Davis and Reynolds, 1996

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different types of pressure shadows: pyrite: material mineralogically same as matrix but different from inclusion fibers grow in crystallographic continuity with matrix crinoid: material similar to inclusion not matrix fibers grow in crystallographic continuity with inclusion composite: aspects of both from: Davis and Reynolds, 1996

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Impressive evidence for rotation of cleavage during its formation can sometimes be read from fibrous mineral growth in the strain shadows of resistant minerals such as pyrite (From Passchier and Trouw, 1996)

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grain-tail complexes (inclusions; porphyroclasts; porphyroblasts) grains in matrix may have tails that form during deformation tails are distinguishable from matrix tails may be....attenuated, preexisting minerals..dynamic recrystallization at grain rim..synkinematic metamorphic reactions grains are rigid bodies that rotate during deformation tails give sense of displacement to use grain-tail complexes to indicate shear-sense, need reference framerelative to shear zone foliation.. two winged types of tails: -type and -type grain tail grains may be inclusions porphyroclasts (relics from protolith) porphyroblasts (grow during deformation)

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two asymmetric types: -type and -type wedge-shaped tails that do not cross reference plane when tracing tail away from grain; looks like tails wrap around grain so they cross-cut reference plane when tracing tail away from grain; looks like right-lateral reference plane is shear zone foliation right-lateral (dextral) shear: clockwise rotation left-lateral (sinistral) shear: counter-clockwise rotation from van der Pluijm and Marshak, 1997

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Sense of Shear Indicators

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two-types related: relationship between rate of crystallization and rotation of grain formation fast relative to rotation: -type rotation fast relative to formation: -type (tail dragged and wrapped around grain) presence of both types indicates different: rates of tail growth initial grain shape times of tail formation development of from from van der Pluijm and Marshak, 1997 http://www.geo.umn.edu/teaching/microstructure/images/079.html

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Shear Sense Indicators

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other minerals, such as phyllosilicates, display useful geometry phyllosilicate grains (micas) connected by mylonitic foliation basal planes oriented at oblique angle to foliation point in direction of instantaneous elongation grains have stair-step geometry in direction of shear when large enough to see in hand specimen, look like scales on a fish (mica fish) from van der Pluijm and Marshak, 1997 from: Simpson, Microstructures CD-ROM

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can determine asymmetry of mica fish by observing reflections in sunlight fish flash mark north arrow on sample put back to sun and sample in front of you view parallel to lineation tilt sample note if flashy or dull from: Davis and Reynolds, 1996

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veins veins commonly associated with shear zones form perpendicular to instantaneous extension initially form at 45 to shear zone subsequently rotate to steeper angle while new part of vein forms at 45 from: http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~geolweb/slides.html from: http://www.science.ubc.ca/~eosweb/slidesets/keck

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Evidence for Rotation during non-coaxial deformation Garnet in Qtz-mica schist