ARTICLE 3. BILL OF RIGHTS

1)DUE PROCESS2)EQUAL PROTECTION3)FREEDOM FROM UNWARRANTED

SEARCHES AND SEIZURES4)PRIVACY OF COMMUNICATIONS AND

CORRESPONDENCE5)FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION6)FREEDOM OF RELIGION

FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

“at once the instrument and the guaranty and the bright consummate flower

of all liberty” – Wendall Philips

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free and effective communication of ideas from mind to mind

FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

SPEECH

PRESSASSEMBLYPETITION

RELIGION

ASSOCIATIONACESS TO INFORMATION ON MATTERS OF PUBLIC CONCERN

RIGHT NOT TO BE

DETAINED SOLELY BY

REASON OF ONE’S

POLITICAL BELIEFS

AND ASPIRATION

S

“matters that touch the heart

of the existing order”Public interest

not purely private.

“sovereignty resides

in the people”

“collective wisdom is far better

choice than that made

by the heedless

dictator in the narrow confines of

his mind and the

loneliness of his pinnacle”

“ultimate good desired is

better reached by a free trade

in idea”

SCOPE OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

“that which will invite dispute”I may not agree with what you say, but I will

defend to the death your right to say it.” - Voltaire

Right to be

silent

Liberty to utter

what is in his

mind

Liberty not to

utter what is not

in his mindRight to an

audienceRight to listen

Right not to

listen

Inclusio

n

Modes of Expression

Elements of Freedom of Expression1. Freedom from Censorship2. Freedom from

Subsequent Punishment

Test To Determine

Liability of a Person1. The Clear and

Present Danger Rule

2. The Dangerous Tendency Doctrine

3. The Balancing Test

Criticism of Official Conduct

“the sharp incision of its probe relieves the

abscesses of officialdom”

Public Official under hostile, their wound may be relieved by the balm of a clear conscience. They should not be too thin-skinned with reference to

comment upon their official act.

Assembly & PetitionRight of

AssociationAccess to Information