dummies guide to the learning apporach
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8/22/2019 Dummies Guide to the Learning Apporach
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The Dummies Guide to
the Learning Approach
Unit 2 Exam
Tuesday 29th
May 2012
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Research methods
An Observation is
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Types of Observation
Structured Observation
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Naturalistic Observation
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Strengths Weaknesses
Participant Observation
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Strengths Weaknesses
Strengths Weaknesses
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Non-Participant Observation
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Strengths Weaknesses
Overt Observation
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Strengths Weaknesses
Covert Observation
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Strengths Weaknesses
In a observation tallying (noting down how many time a certain behaviour occurs produces _________________
data and writing a description of what is happening produces _________________ data.
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A Laboratory Experiment is
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Strengths Weaknesses
Animal Experiments
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Strengths Weaknesses
Ethical Issues concerned with the use of animals
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Repeated Measures Design means that:
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Strengths Weaknesses
Independent Groups Design means that:
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Strengths Weaknesses
Matched Pairs Design means:
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Strengths Weaknesses
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P a g e | 5
Ethics
Advice
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Colleagues
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Confidentiality
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Consent
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Debriefing
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Deception
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General
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Introduction
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Observation
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Protection from harm
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Right to Withdraw
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Inferential Statistics
To choose an appropriate Inferential Statistic you must know:
Levels of Measurement (Nominal, Ordinal or Interval/Ratio)
Design (Independent Groups/Repeated Measures/Matched Pairs)
Testing for a Difference or a Relationship
The Chi (χ²) is the appropriate test for the Learning approach because (use the above criteria)
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For the Observed Value to be significant it must be
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Classical Conditioning
Learning by _________________________
This is best illustrated by the work of Pavlov
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UCR = _______________________________________________________
UCS = _______________________________________________________
NS = _______________________________________________________
CS = _______________________________________________________
CR = ________________________________________________________
Before Conditioning
Food (__________) Salivation (_________)
Bell (__________) No response
During Conditioning
Bell (__________) + Food (__________) Salivation (__________)
After Conditioning
Bell (__________) Salivation (_________)
Principles of Conditioning
Extinction
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Spontaneous Recovery
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Stimulus Generalisation
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P a g e | 8
Discrimination
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Higher Order Conditioning
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A study demonstrating Classical Conditioning is Little Albert by Watson and Rayner (1920)
(STUDY IN DETAIL – APFCE)
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Evaluation of Classical Conditioning
Strengths Weaknesses
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Operant Conditioning
Learning by ___________________________
Operant Conditioning was first described by Thorndike in 1911 from this he proposed two ‘Laws’
Law of Effect
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Law of Exercise
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Skinner was the pioneer of Operant Conditioning and he based his work on Thorndike’s laws.
Skinner proposed Thorndike’s Law of Effect in slightly different terms
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Describe how a Skinner Box works in terms of the ABC Model
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Positive Reinforcement
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Types of Reinforcers
Primary
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Secondary
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P a g e | 10
Negative Reinforcement
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Punishment
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Types of Punishment
Primary Punishers
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Secondary Punishers
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Problems with Punishment
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How to make punishment effective
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement
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Partial Reinforcement
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Shaping Behaviour through reinforcing successive approximations
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P a g e | 11
Uncontrollable reinforcers and superstitious behaviour
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A study demonstrating Operant Conditioning is Skinner’s (1948) study Superstition in the pigeon(STUDY IN DETAIL - APFCE)
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Evaluation of Operant Conditioning
Strengths Weaknesses
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P a g e | 12
Social Learning Theory
Learning by _____________
Dollard and Miller (195) used the term social learning to describe
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Bandura coined the term Social Learning Thoery
Observational Learning is
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A model is
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For a model to be imitated the must be:
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Describe the ARRM principle
A _______________:
R _______________:
R _______________:
M ______________:
Vicarious Reinforcement is
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Bandura’s (1966) Bashing Bobo study is a classic example of Social Learning Theory (STUDY IN DETAIL - APFCE)
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Imitation isn’t always bad though
Huston and Wright (1998)
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Evaluation of Operant Conditioning
Strengths Weaknesses
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P a g e | 14
Therapies and Treatments using principles of Learning
Aversion Therapy is based on the principles of ____________________________________
Aversion Therapy involves
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Emetic Drug( _______________) No response
Alcohol (___________) + Emetic Drug(____________________) Vomiting (__________________)
Alcohol (_____________) Vomiting (_______________)
Strengths Weaknesses
Token Economy Programmes are based on the principles of _____________________________________
Token Economy involves
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Strengths Weaknesses
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P a g e | 15
Gender Development
The role of Modelling in gender acquisition is
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The role of Reinforcement in gender acquisition is
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Fagot (1978)
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However, Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) found
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When looking at reinforcement given by fathers, Langlois & Downs (1980) found
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This was supported by Siegal (1987)
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When looking at single parent families when the mother is the primary carer, Stevenson & Black ( 1988) found
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Describe how behaviour shaping could be used in terms of gender
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The role of books perpetuating in stereotypes
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Evans and Davies (2000)
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The role of the media
Durkin (1985)
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Golombok & Fivush (1994)
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Evaluation of gender differences
The fact that gender roles differ between cultures and over time suggests
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Operant Conditioning can explain
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However, the supporting evidence for Social Learning Theory is weak:
Reinforcement
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Modelling
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Choice of models
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Changing views on gender with age
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Duck (1990) and the role of the media
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Scarr (1992)
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Biological explanation state that
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Psychodynamic explanations state that
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Compare and Contrast the 3 explanations for gender
Unique to Biological Unique to Psychodynamic
Unique to Learning
Common in all 3
Common in
Biological and
Psychodynamic
Common in
Psychodynamic
and Learning
Common in
Biological and
Learning
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Key Issue
One way in which the Learning approach has contributed to today’s society is in the
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Becker et al (2002)
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For
Social Learning Theory
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Vicarious Reinforcement
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Reinforcement
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Punishment
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P a g e | 19
Against
Psychodynamic
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Cognitive
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Biological
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Practical
Relevant Theory
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Aim
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Alternative Hypothesis
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One tailed or Two tailed? Why
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Null Hypothesis
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Independent Variable (Operationalised)
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Dependent Variable (Operationalised)
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Design
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Participant Design
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Sample (including Sampling Strategy)
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Procedure
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Descriptive Results Summary
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Which Inferential Statistic did you use and why was it appropriate?
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What was the Observed Value? ___________________
What was the Critical Value? ____________________
The Observed Value had to be equal to or higher/lower than the Critical Value to be significant, therefore the result
was significant/non significant.
Conclusion
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Evaluation
Strengths Weaknesses