during an era known as the renaissance i. the renaissance...of the most famous renaissance artists:...
TRANSCRIPT
I. The RenaissanceWestern Europe emerged from the Middle Ages during an era known as the Renaissance
From 1300 to 1600, Western Europe
experienced a “rebirth” in trade, learning, & Greco-Roman ideas
During the Renaissance, Europeans developed
new ideas in art, gov’t, & human potential
The Renaissance was a revival of learning based on knowledge from Classical Greece & Rome. This intellectual change has resulted in the Renaissance being viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era.
What changed during the
Middle Ages that gave rise to
the Renaissance?
Trade & Cities?
Government?
Religion?
Human Potential?
Trade & Cities?
Think…What was trade like during the Middle Ages?
During the Middle Ages, trade was limited to the manor. Very little if any exchanges
between manors existed. Think self-sufficient
The Crusades increased European demand for luxury goods from Asia
Italian merchants began meeting the demand for
trade in Europe
As a result, Italian cities & a wealthy middle class
began to form in Italy
The most important Italian city was Florence, where wealth from trade sparked the Renaissance
A new middle class of bankers, merchants, &
skilled craftsmen gained lots of power
The Medici family were wealthy bankers who used
their wealth to buy art (Patrons)
In addition, the fact that Italians could look at the ruins of the Roman Empire for inspiration,
it made for the perfect location for the Renaissance.
Think…What changed during the
Middle Ages that gave rise to the
Renaissance?
Trade & Cities?
Government?
Religion?
Human Potential?
Government?
Think…What was government like in the Middle Ages?
During the Middle Ages, government was not centralized and therefore there was no
peace and no stability
Kings were able to tax merchants & use their wealth to build armies & strong nations which
hurt the power of the feudal lords
From 1337 to 1453, England & France began a conflict
called the Hundred Years War
During the war, nationalism increased as
people became loyal to their king & nation, rather than their lord
During the Hundred Years War, new military weapons decreased the power of feudal lords & knights
The discovery of Chinese gunpowder led to the development of cannons which helped
armies penetrate castles
The invention of the longbow allowed soldiers to shoot accurately up to 300 yards which decreased
the importance of knights on horseback
Think…What changed during the
Middle Ages that gave rise to the
Renaissance?
Trade & Cities?
Government?
Religion?
Human Potential?
Religion?
Think…What was religion like in the Middle Ages?
During the Middle Ages, the only accepted religion in Europe was Roman Catholicism.
The church was the only institution that provided stability.
The heavy reliance on religion gave way to the term “Age of Faith”
In the late Middle Ages, the Pope & the Catholic Church lost some of its influence as a result of the
losses to Muslim armies during the Crusades
Despite having less influence, the Catholic Church was still an important part of peoples’ lives &
the Pope remained important
Think…What changed during the
Middle Ages that gave rise to the
Renaissance?
Trade & Cities?
Government?
Religion?
Human Potential?Human Potential?
Think…What were common people expected to do during the Middle Ages?
During the Middle Ages, most people were peasants. A hard life was lived where daily duties revolved around farming the manor.
During the Middle Ages, peasants did not own land & had no options other than remaining loyal to a
feudal lord & work within the manorial system
The rise of trade during the Renaissance gave people options to leave the manor & move to cities to serve as merchants or skilled artisans
As peasants left the manor to seek new job opportunities, the manor systems weakened
because few were left to do the work. This was a key factor behind the end to the feudal system.
In 1347, a trade ship arrived in Italy carrying
plague-infested rats
The plague swept quickly throughout Europe along
trade routes
V. The PlagueAnother reason for the decline of the manorial
system was the plague, known as the Black Death
The plague killed 25 million people in 5 years (1/3 of Europe’s population)
The plague caused a labor shortage; those that survived could demand higher wages & more rights
For those that survived the plague years, a greater desire to celebrate and enjoy life led
people to believe that they should try new things
Individuals became the center of attention during the Renaissance
Social status was based on wealth &
ability, not birthright
A new way of thinking began during
the Renaissance called Humanism
Humanists studied the “classical” ideas of Greece & Rome &
believed that individual human achievements should be
celebrated
What was expected of men & women
in the Renaissance?
The “ideal man” was well educated, smart, can dance, write poetry, & play music;
(called a “Renaissance Man”)
The “ideal woman” should have the same qualities as
men but should not seek fame or political power
(Renaissance women were better educated but had fewer rights than medieval women)
The revival of trade in Europe helped bring an end to the Middle Ages & gave rise to the Renaissance
Increased trade gave rise to Italian city-states & a wealthy middle class
of bankers & merchants
Wealthy bankers & merchants wanted to
show off their new status by commissioning art
The rise of cities brought artists
together which led to new techniques
& styles of art
The most important Italian city-state was Florence; In this wealthy trade city, the Renaissance began
Florence was home to the Medici family, the
wealthiest & most powerful bankers in Europe
The Medici used their wealth to commission art for themselves & to beautify Florence
Florence under the Medici
Medici ChapelThe Medici Palace
Cosimo
Lorenzo
Guiliano
Lorenzo de Medici commissioned this painting from Botticelli of the Medici brothers as the three magi
The Medici paid to build a massive domed cathedral for Florence
New styles & techniques of
Renaissance art ■Realism & emotion
■Classicism: inspiration from Greece & Rome
■Emphasis on individuals & interaction between people
■Geometric arrangements
■Perspective
■Using light & shadowsGreek Renaissance
Donatello■ Donatello was the 1st great
sculptor of the Renaissance
–Donatello revived the classical (Greco-Roman) style of sculpture that were realistic & could be viewed from all sides
–Donatello’s “David” was the 1st large, free-standing human sculpture of the Renaissance
Michelangelo■ Michelangelo was one
of the most famous Renaissance artists:–He was a painter,
sculptor, architect, & poet
–His sculptures & paintings showed realism, detail of the human body, & expression to show personality & emotion
Michelangelo’s greatest work is the 130 ft x 44 ft
ceiling of the Sistine Chapel which shows
Biblical images of amazing detail, power, & beauty
Leonardo da Vinci
■ Leonardo da Vinci was a true “Renaissance Man” –He was a painter &
sculptor whose art was known for incredible realism & emotion
–He was also an inventor & scientist whose sketches reveal observations about human anatomy & new engineering technology
His “Last Supper” shows Jesus’ last meeting with the 12 apostles before the crucifixion; the facial
expressions, detail, emotion made it a masterpiece
Leonardo da Vinci’s greatest
masterpiece was the “Mona Lisa”
which was known for its emotion &
depth
Raphael■ Raphael “perfected”
Renaissance painting–He improved perspective
and realism by studying Leonardo & Michelangelo
–Raphael became the favorite painter of the Pope because of his amazing detailed paintings showing a combination of famous Greeks & Romans along with Renaissance people
Raphael
Michelangelo
Plato (drawn to look like Da Vinci)
Aristotle
PythagorasEuclid
Raphael’s greatest painting was “School of Athens” which blended Classical figures from Greece & Rome
with important people from the Renaissance
Filippo Brunelleschi■ Brunelleschi was Florence’s greatest architect:
–He studied the Roman Pantheon when he built the Cuppolo of Maria del Fiore cathedral in Florence
– The dome inspired modern building designs
The Renaissance spread from Italy as scholars & merchants from other areas visited Italian city-states
As these ideas spread, this “Northern Renaissance”
developed its own characteristics
The Renaissance in England was most
known for literature, especially the plays of William Shakespeare
Wedding Portrait by Jan Van Eyck
The Renaissance in the Netherlands was most known for realism in art
Another important renaissance man was the inventor Johann
Gutenberg’s who invention of the moveable-type printing press in
1453.
He produced his first book — the Gutenberg Bible — in 1455. By 1500, presses in Europe had printed nearly 10
million books
Printing made books less expensive and more available
Written works became available in English, French, Spanish, Italian, or German (vernacular-the spoken language)
More people began to read (The Bible was a popular book)
After reading the Bible, people formed new ideas about Christianity (these ideas were different from official Church teachings