Dynamic Planet Dynamic Planet ((B & C) B & C)

Earth’s Fresh WatersEarth’s Fresh WatersGary VorwaldGary VorwaldNYS Division B & C NYS Division B & C 2012 Rock & Mineral 2012 Rock & Mineral SupervisorSupervisor

Paul J. Gelinas JHSPaul J. Gelinas JHSgvorwald@3villagecsd.orggvorwald@3villagecsd.org

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Event DescriptionEvent Description

Participants will use process skills to complete tasks Participants will use process skills to complete tasks related to Earth’s fresh watersrelated to Earth’s fresh waters

A team of up to 2A team of up to 2 Approximate time: 40 – 50 MinutesApproximate time: 40 – 50 Minutes

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Event ParametersEvent Parameters

Participants may bring Participants may bring one four (4) 8.5 x 11” one four (4) 8.5 x 11” double-sided pages of double-sided pages of notesnotes

Information can be in any Information can be in any form and from any sourceform and from any source

Each team may bring two Each team may bring two (2) non-graphing (2) non-graphing calculatorscalculators

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The CompetitionThe Competition

Participants will be presented with one or more tasks, Participants will be presented with one or more tasks, many requiring the use of process skillsmany requiring the use of process skills

Scope of event includes Rivers and Streams, Lakes, and Scope of event includes Rivers and Streams, Lakes, and Ground WaterGround Water

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TopicsTopics Fresh Water Features on USGS topographic maps Fresh Water Features on USGS topographic maps

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Stream Drainage Systems: Stream Drainage Systems: Stream Order Stream Order (new 2012)(new 2012)

Stream order is a measure of Stream order is a measure of the relative size of streams. the relative size of streams. Stream sizes range from the Stream sizes range from the smallest, first-order, to the smallest, first-order, to the largest, the twelfth-order (the largest, the twelfth-order (the Amazon River).Amazon River).

Over 80% of the total length of Over 80% of the total length of Earth's rivers and streams are Earth's rivers and streams are headwater streams (first- and headwater streams (first- and second-order). second-order).

As water travels from As water travels from headwater streams toward the headwater streams toward the mouth of mighty rivers, streams mouth of mighty rivers, streams gradually increase their width gradually increase their width and depth. Discharge also and depth. Discharge also increases.increases.

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Stream Drainage PatternsStream Drainage Patterns

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Parts of a RiverParts of a River(Main channel, tributaries)(Main channel, tributaries)

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WatershedsWatersheds

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Channel Types: Channel Types: braided, meandering, straightbraided, meandering, straight

Braided RiverStraight Channel

Meandering Channel1010

Calculations of Sinuosity Calculations of Sinuosity (new 2012)(new 2012) Calculating SinuositySinuosity (P) is calculated as the ratio of the

channel length (lc) to the distance of the valley (lv): P = lc / lv 

To measure channel length, use a piece of string to measure the length of the channel, being sure to include all bends of the channel. Then use the string to measure the length of the valley, using the contour lines on the map to make sure you stay within the valley.

Calculate sinuosity by dividing channel length by valley length measured on the map.

Stream Characteristics Labhttp://serc.carleton.edu/quantskills/activities/14005.html

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Sediment: TransportationSediment: Transportation

Stream LoadStream Load

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Sediment: forms and sizesSediment: forms and sizes

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Sediment: Deposition & ErosionSediment: Deposition & Erosion

Factors: size, shape, Factors: size, shape, densitydensity

Stream velocity Stream velocity decreasesdecreases

Inside MeanderInside Meander Delta’s and Alluvial Delta’s and Alluvial

FansFans

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Particle Diameter & Stream VelocityParticle Diameter & Stream Velocity

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Factors that Affect Rate of DepositionFactors that Affect Rate of Deposition Water Velocity – as

velocity increases, settling rate decreases

Size – as size increases, settling rate increases

Shape – as particle becomes more spherical, rate increases

Density – as density increases, rate increases 1616

Horizontal & Vertical SortingHorizontal & Vertical Sorting

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Floodplain FeaturesFloodplain Features

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River Valley Forms & ProcessesRiver Valley Forms & Processes

GeologyGeology GradientGradient Base LevelBase Level Dynamic EquilibriumDynamic Equilibrium

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Waterfalls & Nick pointsWaterfalls & Nick points

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Stream Capture (Piracy)Stream Capture (Piracy) The stream on the right has a steeper gradient than the stream on the

left. At the red arrow, headward erosion is wearing into the divide separating the left stream system from the right stream system.

Eventually, this stream may cut through the divide and "capture" the headwaters, diverting them into the stream system on the right. STREAM PIRACY has occurred.

http://www.aegis.jsu.edu/mhill/phylabtwo/lab9/trellf.html 2222

Delta’s & FansDelta’s & Fans

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Alluvial FansAlluvial Fans

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Mississippi DeltaMississippi Delta

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Stream Flow & DischargeStream Flow & Discharge

Stream Gauge

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Perennial vs Intermittent Stream FlowPerennial vs Intermittent Stream FlowStream Flow CalculationsStream Flow Calculations

http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms51.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms51.cfm

Recurrence Intervals – Recurrence Intervals – probability of event occurring, probability of event occurring, such as 100 year floodsuch as 100 year flood

Chezy Equation (for flow velocity) and Chezy Equation (for flow velocity) and Manning co-efficient (Div C) Manning co-efficient (Div C) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9zy_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9zy_formula

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GroundwaterGroundwater AquifersAquifers Water Table & Groundwater ZonesWater Table & Groundwater Zones

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Confining bedsConfining beds

Hydraulic GradientHydraulic Gradient Recharge/DischargeRecharge/Discharge

• Interactions between surface and groundwater

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Water Table Contours and flow linesWater Table Contours and flow lines

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Porosity & PermeabilityPorosity & Permeability

Porosity – percent pore Porosity – percent pore space in an aquiferspace in an aquifer

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Permeability – Permeability – ability of a material (aquifer) to ability of a material (aquifer) to transmit fluidstransmit fluids

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AquifersAquifers

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CapillarityCapillarity

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Karst featuresKarst features Sinkholes, caves, disappearing streams, springs, Sinkholes, caves, disappearing streams, springs,

solution valleyssolution valleys

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Lake Formation & TypesLake Formation & Types

Volcanic Lake (Crater Lake) Rift Valley

Lakes 3636

Types of Lakes (cont)Types of Lakes (cont)

Glacial Lakes: finger lakes, Great Lakes, cirque lakes (tarn); kettle lakes; moraine dammed lakes

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Kettle Lake

TarnFinger Lakes: Moraine dammed lakes

Great Lakes

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Earthquake Lake – Earthquake Lake – landslide from earthquake landslide from earthquake dammed riverdammed river

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Lake Features: Inflow & OutflowLake Features: Inflow & Outflow

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Lake Features: StratificationLake Features: Stratification

Lake stratification is the separation of lakes into three layers: Epilimnion - top of the lake. Metalimnion (or thermocline) -

middle layer that may change depth throughout the day.

Hypolimnion - the bottom layer. The thermal stratification of lakes

refers to a change in the temperature at different depths in the lake, and is due to the change in water's density with temperature.

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Physical & Chemical Properties of Physical & Chemical Properties of LakesLakes

Physical VariationsPhysical Variations Light LevelsLight Levels TemperatureTemperature CurrentsCurrents Water Clarity (Turbidity)Water Clarity (Turbidity)

Chemical VariationsChemical Variations Dissolved OxygenDissolved Oxygen NutrientsNutrients

NitrogenNitrogen PhosphorousPhosphorous

pHpH

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Lake Features: Waves & ShorelinesLake Features: Waves & Shorelines

Lake Michigan WavesLake Michigan Waves

Lake Shoreline

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Wetlands: bogs & marshesWetlands: bogs & marshes

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Destruction/Effects of Land UseDestruction/Effects of Land Use

DamsDams LeveesLevees

Effects: sedimentation, down-cutting, diversion of water, flooding, ecological changes

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Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle

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Water BudgetsWater Budgets

PrecipitationPrecipitation RunoffRunoff EvaporationEvaporation StorageStorage

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Water Budget GraphsWater Budget Graphs

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PollutionPollution

Types, sources, Types, sources, transporttransport

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Coaching Tips:Coaching Tips:Selecting ParticipantsSelecting Participants

Choose team members from different grade levels to Choose team members from different grade levels to avoid having to train a completely new team the avoid having to train a completely new team the following year.following year.

Team members can divide up the concepts and become Team members can divide up the concepts and become experts on them.experts on them.

Both should collaborate on developing a notebook and Both should collaborate on developing a notebook and notes sheetsnotes sheets

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ResourcesResources

Science Olympiad Science Olympiad StoreStorehttp://store.soinc.or

g/

Biology/Earth Biology/Earth Science CD Science CD

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Recommended Resource for Division C Recommended Resource for Division C (Companion Website)(Companion Website)

http://wps.prenhall.com/http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_busch_labmanual_8/79/2esm_busch_labmanual_8/79/20253/5184995.cw/index.html0253/5184995.cw/index.html

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Web ResourcesWeb Resources

Science Olympiad Student Center – practice Science Olympiad Student Center – practice exams & wikiexams & wiki http://scioly.org/wiki/2011_Test_Exchange http://scioly.org/wiki/Dynamic_Planet

New York State Website – Event ResourcesNew York State Website – Event Resources http://newyorkscioly.org/SOPages/Events.html

National Science Olympiad – links to websites:National Science Olympiad – links to websites: http://soinc.org/dynamic_planet_b

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Web ResourcesWeb Resources

USGS Water Science For SchoolsUSGS Water Science For Schools http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/index.html

Lake Water Quality IndicatorsLake Water Quality Indicators http://www.mainevolunteerlakemonitors.org/waterquality/indi

cators.php

Wetlands, Bogs, MarshesWetlands, Bogs, Marshes http://www.kingcounty.gov/environment/waterandland/wetlan

ds/introduction.aspx

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EARTH’S FRESH WATERS: Helpful EARTH’S FRESH WATERS: Helpful Websites by TopicWebsites by Topic

Stream drainage systems: Stream drainage systems: http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol111/streams.htm http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol111/streams.htm

Hydrologic Cycle:Hydrologic Cycle: http://www.srh.weather.gov/jetstream/atmos/hydro_cycle.htm http://www.srh.weather.gov/jetstream/atmos/hydro_cycle.htm

Lotic ecosystems:Lotic ecosystems: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotic_ecosystems#cite_note-Gill-2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotic_ecosystems#cite_note-Gill-2

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EARTH’S FRESH WATERS: Helpful EARTH’S FRESH WATERS: Helpful Websites by TopicWebsites by Topic

Basics of Stream Ecology:Basics of Stream Ecology: http://chamisa.freeshell.org/ecology.htmhttp://chamisa.freeshell.org/ecology.htm

Earth's Water – Groundwater topics:Earth's Water – Groundwater topics: http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/mearthgw.htmlhttp://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/mearthgw.html

Lake Formation:Lake Formation: http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Hy-La/Lake-Formation.html http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Hy-La/Lake-Formation.html

Manning’s EquationManning’s Equation http://www.fsl.orst.edu/geowater/FX3/help/http://www.fsl.orst.edu/geowater/FX3/help/

8_Hydraulic_Reference/Manning_s_Equation.htm 8_Hydraulic_Reference/Manning_s_Equation.htm

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EARTH’S FRESH WATERS: Helpful EARTH’S FRESH WATERS: Helpful Websites by TopicWebsites by Topic

Lake formationLake formation http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?

qid=20070627192339AAW7NTN qid=20070627192339AAW7NTN

Water budgetWater budget http://zimearth.pbworks.com/f/http://zimearth.pbworks.com/f/

Stream+Discharge+and+Water+Budget.pdf Stream+Discharge+and+Water+Budget.pdf

Drainage patternsDrainage patterns http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/

fluvial_systems/drainage_patterns.html fluvial_systems/drainage_patterns.html

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EARTH’S FRESH WATERS: WebsitesEARTH’S FRESH WATERS: Websites Meandering riversMeandering rivers: lots of diagrams and activities : lots of diagrams and activities

(Outstanding/PDF)(Outstanding/PDF)

http://www.chemcool.com/earth%20science/W%20%20aim%203.pdf http://www.chemcool.com/earth%20science/W%20%20aim%203.pdf

Stream Order: Stream Order: http://www.wvca.us/envirothon/a7.htmlhttp://www.wvca.us/envirothon/a7.html

SinuositySinuosity: Stream Characteristics Lab – : Stream Characteristics Lab – students use students use

Google Earth to determine stream sinuosity and compare to gradientGoogle Earth to determine stream sinuosity and compare to gradient. . http://serc.carleton.edu/quantskills/activities/14005.htmlhttp://serc.carleton.edu/quantskills/activities/14005.html

Stream ProcessesStream Processes: : http://myweb.cwpost.liu.edu/vdivener/notes/streams_geomorph.htmhttp://myweb.cwpost.liu.edu/vdivener/notes/streams_geomorph.htm

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