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Dynamics of Institutional Arrangements and their Adaptation to Socio-economic and Ecological Challenges in Pastoral Areas of Northern Kenya Caroline Kanyuuru Livelihood, Gender and Impact Meeting Nairobi, 1 October 2015

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Page 1: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

Dynamics of Institutional Arrangements and their Adaptation to Socio-economic and

Ecological Challenges in Pastoral Areas of Northern Kenya

Caroline Kanyuuru

Livelihood, Gender and Impact MeetingNairobi, 1 October 2015

Page 3: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

Introduction Background

• Kenyas’ drylands make up 84% of Kenya’s total terrestrial land surface (Barrow and Mogaka, 2007)

• 80% of the country’s eco-tourism interests, 60% of the nation’s livestock (Barrow and Mogaka, 2007) and support about 10million people (CBD/UNEP/IUCN, 2007).

• Management of the environment has rested on customary institutions to make and uphold rules and sanction breach of those rules

• The governance approach needs to be flexible and have the capacity to respond to environmental feedback (Resilience)

Page 4: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

Problem statement

• Customary institutions have weakened (group ranch sub-division, change from community to private) a significant threat to sustainable natural resource management (IUCN, 2011).

• A general lack of understanding of the value of the rangelands in entirety (Oba and Kotile, 2001).

Page 5: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

Objectives

• Overall objective To understand dynamics of pastoral IA and how this is

influencing value of ecosystem services benefits• Specific objective Identify existing IA and their change over time Measure direct and indirect values of pastoral ecosystem

services benefits in different IA (ESVA) Assess how external actors are facilitating IA dynamism Assess how IA are adapting to socio-economic and

ecological factors challenging development.

Page 6: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

Methodology Study area

Page 7: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

Cont..

• Purposive (IA) and random sampling (Village, HH)

• Sample size 150 HH- (Israel 2009)• Data collection - Qualitative (FGDs and KI) and

quantitative (HH survey) • Data mgt & analysis (MS Access, MS excel,

SNA, STATA, SPSS,) • Economic valuation (TEV framework)

Page 8: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

Paper 1Existing Pastoralists’ Institutional

Arrangements and their Dynamic State in the Northern Rangelands of Kenya

• Authors – Kanyuuru Caroline, Mburu John, Njoka Jesse

Page 9: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

Conceptual framework

Exogenous factors (i.e. Land

tenure)

Hybrid institutions

Customary institutions

Page 10: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

IA managing resources 2002Ki

nna

Mak

uria

n GR

Wes

t Gat

e CC

Kinn

a

Mak

uria

n GR

Wes

t Gat

e CC

Kinn

a

Mak

uria

n GR

Wes

t Gat

e CC

Kinn

a

Mak

uria

n GR

Wes

t Gat

e CC

Kinn

a

Mak

uria

n GR

Wes

t Gat

e CC

Forest Mgt Land mgt Livestock & pasture mgt

Water Mgt Wildlife Mgt

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Government &NGOsConservancy boardGroup Ranch committeeElders only

Resource management

Insti

tutio

nal a

rran

gem

ents

Page 11: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

IA managing resources 2012Ki

nna

Mak

uria

n GR

Wes

t Gat

e CC

Kinn

a

Mak

uria

n GR

Wes

t Gat

e CC

Kinn

a

Mak

uria

n GR

Wam

ba W

est

Kinn

a

Mak

uria

n GR

Wes

t Gat

e CC

Kinn

a

Mak

uria

n GR

Wes

t Gat

e CC

Forest Mgt Land Mgt Livestock & pasture Mgt

Water Mgt Wildlife Mgt

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Government &NGOsConservancy boardGroup Ranch committeeElders only

Resource management

Insti

tutio

nal a

rran

gmen

ts

Page 12: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

Cont..Land tenure influence

County Area (Km2)

Land tenure

CC(2012)

Laikipia 9,500 GR 4

Samburu

21,000

GR 7

Isiolo 25,605

Trust land

3

Principle component analysisResource IA mgt

2012IA mgt 2002

IA mgt 2002

Forest (2002) -0.16 0.398 0.080Forest (2012) 0.198 0.080 -0.040Land tenure (2002) 0.137 -0.101 -0.011

Land tenure (2012) 0.219 -0.020 -0.018

Livestock&pasture (2002)

-0.17 -0.011 0.845

Livestock&pasture (2012)

0.211 -0.084 0.041

Water (2002) -0.006 0.413 -0.428Water (2012) 0.212 0.023 -0.030Wildlife (2002) -0.011 0.397 0.164Wildlife (2012) 0.182 0.061 0.021

Page 13: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

Perceptions on IA performance

Transparency Participatory Equity Market creation Partnership Effectiveness0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

EldersGroup ranch committeeConservancy board

Socio-economic indicators of a robust institutional arrangement

Activ

e in

stitu

tiona

l arr

ange

men

ts

Page 14: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

Paper 2Economic Value of Ecosystem Services

Benefits across Different Pastoralist Institutional Arrangements in the

Northern Rangelands of Kenya

• Authors - Kanyuuru Caroline, Mburu John, Njoka Jesse

Page 15: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

Conceptual framework (TEV)

EldersGroup ranch committee

Community conservancy board

Indirect value

Direct values

Aggregate value

Page 16: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

Sources of household revenue

Camels

Cattle

Chicken

Donkeys

Goats

Goat skin

Gum arabica

Maize

Milk

Sheep

Sugar

Tomatoes

Maize flour

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

No of HH (2002)No of HH (2012)

Proportion of households trading

Gene

ral s

ourc

es o

f hou

seho

ld re

venu

e

Page 17: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

Livestock and livestock products sales (2002, 2012)

Kinna Makurian GR West Gate -

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

7,000,000

8,000,000

Livestock & livestock products sales 2012Livestock & livestock products sales 2002

Study sites

Lives

tock

and

live

stoc

k pr

oduc

t rev

enue

s

Page 18: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

Households employment revenue

Kinna Division Makurian GR West Gate CC -

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

Average revenue (permanent)Average revenue (casual)

Study sites

Perm

anen

t and

casu

al e

mpl

oym

ent a

vera

ge re

venu

es

Page 19: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

Direct (HH revenue) and indirect (communal revenue) values

Kinna Division Makurian GR West Gate CC -

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

indirect valueDirect value

Study sites

Aggr

egat

e ec

onom

ic va

lues

Page 20: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

Effect of IA

Direct value Coef. Std. Err. t P>t [95% Conf. Interval]

Kinna (Elders)

Makurian (Group Ranch) -24095 48252.39 -0.5 0.618 -119640 71449.52

Westgate (Community Conservancy) -150558 41182.37 -3.66 0.000 -232104 -69013.2

Age -240.857 749.0791 -0.32 0.748 -1724.11 1242.395

Gender -66874.8 28443.76 -2.35 0.0200 -123196 -10553.3

hhsize 8914.272 30191.65 0.3 0.768 -50868.2 68696.76

Page 21: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

Paper 3Assessing External Actors Roles in Facilitating Institutional

Dynamism and Socio- economic and Ecological Development in the Northern Rangelands of Kenya

• Author – Kanyuuru Caroline, Mburu John, Njoka Jesse

Page 22: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

Conceptual framework

State and non state actors

Socioeconomic and ecological factors

Customary institutions

Hybrid institutions

Page 23: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

External actors present

Government

NGOs

Private ranches

Private sector

Religious organization

Research institutions

Government

NGOs

Private ranches

Private sector

Religious organization

Research institutions

Government

NGOs

Private ranches

Private sector

Religious organization

Research institutions

Grou

p ra

nch

com

mitt

ee

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Level of engagement

Exte

rnal

act

ors o

pera

ting

in d

iffer

ent s

tudy

site

s

Page 24: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

Addressing socio-economic and ecological factors

Government and NGO support

Ecological Economic Social0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

40.00%

GovernmentNGOs

Category of challenges

Acto

r add

ress

ing

chal

leng

es

What government should prioritize

Not i

mpo

rtan

t

Impo

rtan

t

Very

Impo

rtan

t

Not i

mpo

rtan

t

Impo

rtan

t

Very

Impo

rtan

t

Not i

mpo

rtan

t

Impo

rtan

t

Very

Impo

rtan

t

Kinna Makurian GR West Gate CC

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

SocialEconomicEcological

What government should prioritize in the study sites

Cate

gory

of c

halle

nges

Page 25: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

Paper 4Adaptation of Institutional Arrangements to Management of Northern Rangelands

of Kenya

• Author – Kanyuuru Caroline, Mburu John, Njoka Jesse• Published – Environment, Development and Sustainability

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10668-015-9718-y

Page 26: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

Conceptual framework

Customary institutions

Hybrid institutions

• Co-management• Livelihood

diversification

Resilience

Page 27: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

IA addressing socio-economic and ecological factors

2002 2012

Page 28: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

Difference in IA in 2002 and 2012 (Pearson Chi-square)

Factors challenging development Institutional arrangement (IA2002, IA2012)

SocialInsecurity, negative politics, cattle rustling, low education levels, land tenure challenges and negative culture practices

(χ2=28.567, p=0.001)

EconomicLow infrastructure, low financial services, low entrepreneurial skills, lack of livestock markets, middlemen and untapped ecotourism

(χ2=27.6159, p=0.001)

Ecological droughts, disease, floods, pasture degradation and water degradation.

(χ2=32.575, p=0.000).

Page 29: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

Conclusion

• IAs managing resources in NK are changing and existing land tenure may have an influence on the change

• IAs are embracing a co-management approach overtime

• Number of external actors present were higher where IA had a semi formal structure (GR&CC)

• Co-management offers pastoralist more opportunity to diversify livelihood

Page 30: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

Recommendations

• In drafting the National land policy- community land aspect, the government should consider a co-management approach • It offers rangeland management capacity • Provides opportunity for livelihood diversification

• These are two features of resilient ecosystems.

Page 31: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

This work is financed by The Nature Conservancy

It is implemented in a partnership with University of Nairobi, Northern Rangelands Trust

Acknowledgements

Page 32: Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

The presentation has a Creative Commons licence. You are free to re-use or distribute this work, provided credit is given to ILRI.

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