dzelepov laboratory of nuclear problems
TRANSCRIPT
DZELEPOV LABORATORY OF NUCLEAR PROBLEMS
A. KOVALIK
Accelerator building
DZELEPOV LABORATORY OF NUCLEAR PROBLEMSthe founding laboratory of the JINR (1956) – “Institute of Nuclear Problems” (1953)
V.P. Dzelepov
M.G. Meshcheryakov
Synchro-cyclotron (1949)
[“Electro-physical laboratory” (1951)]
DZELEPOV LABORATORY OF NUCLEAR PROBLEMS
B. Pontecorvo
– a beginning of high energy neutrino physics
on accelerators (1959)
– μ- + 3He → 3H + νμ ═> upper limit on m(νμ)
The scientific activities and organization of the Laboratory
The scientific activities:
• experimental investigation in particle physics (at high, low and intermediate energies)
• investigation of nuclear structure (including relativistic nuclear physics and nuclear spectroscopy)
• study of condensed matter properties
• biological and medico-biological investigations
• development of new accelerators and nuclear spectroscopy methods
Organization:
• 9 scientific divisions
• a “self-financing” scientific Phasotron division
• a designing division
• an experimental machine shop
• 3 auxiliary divisions
Staff: about 690 members of staff
LOW- AND INTERMEDIATE-ENERGY PHYSICS
Themes (projects)
1. Investigation of fundamental interactions in nuclei at low
energies (GEMMA, TGV, ANCOR, NEMO, GERDA&MAJORANA,
EDELWEISS, LESI)
2. Nucleus and particle interactions at intermediate energies
(AEROGEL, ANKE-COSY, DUBTO, FAMILON, MU-CATALYSIS,
MUON, PALM, PIBETA)
3. Improvement and development of the JINR phasotron for
fundamental and applied research (SAD)
LOW- AND INTERMEDIATE-ENERGY PHYSICS
Investigation of Fundamental Interactions in Nuclei at Low Energies
GEMMA
(Germanium Experiment on the measurement of Magnetic Momentum of Antineutrino)
Existing limit: ≤ 1.0x10-10 μB
The region interesting for theory ~ 10-12 μB
GEMMA1: - 1 HPGe detector
Expected sensitivity: ≤ 5.5x10-11μB (1 year data taking→2006)
≤ 4.0x10-11μB (2 years data taking→2007)
Present (preliminary) result: < 9.7x10-11μB (the best results measured till now)
GEMMA2: - 2 HPGe detectors (~2 kg of Ge)
Expected sensitivity: (1.2-4.5)x10-11μB
Neutrino Magnetic Moment
in - e scattering
• Weak Interaction
• Electromagnetic Interactionincreases total cross-section
(especially at low energies)
Nuclear reactor
Ge detector
14 m
Reactor as a shielding against cosmic muons
KALININSKAYA
Nuclear Power Station (Udomlya, 300 km North)
P = 3 GW = 2.2×1013 / cm2 / s
Count rate ratio
“ON” / “OFF”
n- and -shielding
3 m
B (25 G)
Source: 10 kg of isotopes, cylindrical foils,
with surface ~ 20 m2 and thickness ~60 mg/cm2
For 0-studies: ~7 kg 100Mo, ~1 kg 82Se
Tracking detector: drift wire chamber
operating in Geiger mode with 6180 cells.
Calorimeter: 1940 plastic scintillators coupled
to low radioactivity PMTs.
NEMO Core
Magnetic field: 25 Gauss Gamma shield: Pure Iron
(18 cm) Neutron shield: borated water (~30 cm) +
Wood (Top/Bottom/Gapes between water tanks)
Main advantage of method: identification e-,
e+, and a-delayed, wich allows:
1. Direct observation of double beta-decay;
2. Effective multilevel background rejection.
3. Self-determination of all types of
background contaminations
With shield
NEMO/SuperNEMO project: basic statements
Aim: Search for neutrinoless double beta-
decay:
(A,Z)(A,Z+2) + 2e-
which is now the only way to probe neutrino
nature (Majorana or Dirac particle) and
absolute neutrino mass below 0.1 eV region.
Observables:
Measured SM-allowed
two neutrino double
beta decay.
Expected neutrinoless
double beta decay for
Majorana neutrino
February 2003 : beginning of data taking
From NEMO-3 to SuperNEMO
Planned SuperNEMO sensitivity at
2015 corresponds in date&value to
plans of leading world -projects
:T
0
2/1> 2.01026 y
< m> < 0.04 – 0.1 meV
Current 0-sensitivity obtained
(100Mo, 90% CL):
T0
2/1> 4.61023 y
< m> < 0.8 – 2.8 eV
ROADMAP:
Planned 0-sensitivity in 2008/2009
(taking into account real background
measurements and radon suppression)
is on the level of best world results:
T0
2/1> 4. 1024 y
< m> < 0.2 – 1.2 eV
BASIC SUPERNEMO PARAMETERS:
Source: 100 kg of 82Se
Calorimeter: 7% FWHM @ 1MeV
elecrons and ~ 250 m2 of surface.
Efficiency: ~ 40%
Radiopurity of source: 214Bi < 10
mBq/kg, 208Tl < 2 mBq/kg
Design: 20 modules x 5 kg of source,
water shield, total size 60x15x15 m
Side view
Top view
Experiment for Direct Search of WIMP(weak interacting massive particles) Dark MatterCEA Saclay, CSNSM Orsay, IPN Lyon, IAP Paris, CRTBT Grenoble,
U n i v e r s i t ä t + F Z K a r l s r u h e , J I N R D u b n a
Astrophysical data clearly shows existence of an unidentified form of matter
Influence of uniformly distributed
dark matter is clearly visible
Influence of uniformly distributed
dark matter is clearly visible
Gravitation image
of cluster
of galaxies
BBN
SN data about
Universe expanding
CMB temperature fluctuations Non-Keplerian
rotation of Galaxies
75% DARK
ENERGY21% DARK
MATTER4%
NORMAL
MATTER
Dark Matter is the
greatest mystery in cosmology
The Edelweiss Experiment Hopes to
Identify Hidden Part of the Universe
Edelweiss looks for WIMPs by measuring
the charge and heat signals produced by
the recoil of a germanium nucleus when a
d a r k m a t t e r p a r t i c l e
scatters on it.
Heat measurements
@ 17 mK with Ge/NTD
Ionization measurements
@ few V/cm with Al electrodes
Q=Eionization/Erecoil
Q=1 for electronic recoil
Q0.3 nuclear recoil
Event by event identification of the recoil
Discrimination /n > 99.9% for Er> 15keV
One detectorAssembly
Cryostat with up to 36
kg of detectors
Cryostat
inside shields
Edelweiss at LSM
Edelweiss is located at the Laboratoire Souterrain
de Modane in the Fréjus tunnel under 1700 m rock
overburden (4800 we). Muon flux is 4 µ/m²/d (106
less than at see level). Shielding concept: 20 cm
of Pb (36 tons), 50 cm of PE (30 tons) and 5 cm
thick m veto (100 m2 of plastic scintillator panels)
Edelweiss II Expected Sensitivity
sw-n 10-8 pb / 0.002 evt/kg/day (Er>10keV)
2006: Phase 10 kg, Edelweiss II with 28
detectors (21 Ge/NTD and 7 Ge/NbSi).
Debugging, Background study, New electronics
and DAQ, etc.
______________________
2007 Start work on Phase 30 kg, Edelweiss
II with 120 detectors.
Potential discovery of WIMP
particles according to 50% of
SUSY models.
LOW- AND INTERMEDIATE-ENERGY PHYSICS
Nucleus and Particle Interactions at Intermediate Energies
The theme includes investigation of processes of strong, weak
and electromagnetic interaction of elementary particles and light nuclei
at intermediate energies with the aim of determining symmetries and
dynamics of the interactions. Development and construction of set-ups
for experiments at accelerators (JINR phasotron, PSI meson factory,
COSY proton synchrotron) for obtaining new information and testing the
present theoretical views in the topics are tasks of the theme.
Development of projects for new experiments and experimental
methods for intermediate-energy physics is also a considered task.
LOW- AND INTERMEDIATE-ENERGY PHYSICS
Nucleus and Particle Interactions at Intermediate Energies
AEROGEL
A technology of aerogel of silicon dioxide is developed and samples of
size up to 160x160x30 mm3 are produced. A production of aerogel for
Cherenkov detectors for super-high energy cosmic rays is planned.
ANKE COSY
Investigations of:
pd → (pp)s + n (backward) in the energy range 0.5-2.0 GeV
pd → (pp)s + n with polarized protons ═> determination of the
boundary of validity of the traditional nucleon-meson description
of the process at short distances and search for evidence of
features appropriate for a non perturbative QCD description
pn elastic scattering with polarized protons and deuterons in the
processes:
pd → p (forward) + p + n (small angles)
dp → n + p + p (charge-exchange processes) (large angles) in the energy
region 0.8-2.8 GeV
LOW- AND INTERMEDIATE-ENERGY PHYSICS
Nucleus and Particle Interactions at Intermediate Energies
DUBTO
Investigation of pion-multinucleon absorption in light nuclei using the
technique of self-shunted streamer chamber in magnetic field at
energies below the Delta resonance
MUON
- investigations of the behaviour of the shallow acceptor centres in
diamond structure semiconductors on the JINR phasotron and on the
PSI meson factory
- study of the change of the magnetic momentum of a Dirac particle
bound to a nucleus via a measurement of the magnetic momentum of
negative muon in the 1S-state both in light and heavy atoms
- systematic study of the ferrofluids (ultra stable colloidal suspensions
of ferro-and ferromagnetic particles in various carrier liquids)
LOW- AND INTERMEDIATE-ENERGY PHYSICS
Nucleus and Particle Interactions at Intermediate Energies
MU-CATALYSIS
Investigation of nuclear fusion reactions in muonic molecules
(muon catalyzed fusion)
LOW- AND INTERMEDIATE-ENERGY PHYSICS
Nucleus and Particle Interactions at Intermediate Energies
MU-CATALYSIS
Three directions:
i) study of the exotic muon catalyzed fusion (MCF) processes in
tritium and deuterium at low temperatures (10-30 K).
ii) search for the suppressed reaction of the radiative deuteron
capture in ddµ molecule
iii) investigation of the MCF processes in D/T and H/D/T mixtures
at super high temperatures (900-1600 K)
PLANs 2006-2009
t + t → 4He + n + n + 11.3 MeV
d + d → 4He + γ + 23.8 MeV
ddµ → 3He + n + µ (different ortho-para composition of d; temperature 6-40 K)
→ t + p +µ
d + t → 4He + n + 17.6 MeV (900-1600 K)
LOW- AND INTERMEDIATE-ENERGY PHYSICS
Improvement and development of the JINR phasotron for
fundamental and applied research
SAD – Sub-critical Assembly at Dubna
The aim: “Construction of the sub-critical assembly with combined neutron
spectra driven by proton accelerator at proton energy 660 MeV for
experiments on long lived fission products and minor actinides transmutation”
Nuclear fission reactors → radioactive waste (Russia ~ 6x106 m3 ~ 1020 Bq)
LOW- AND INTERMEDIATE-ENERGY PHYSICS
Improvement and development of the JINR phasotron for
fundamental and applied research
LOW- AND INTERMEDIATE-ENERGY PHYSICS
Improvement and development of the JINR phasotron for
fundamental and applied research
Basic parameters of the SAD facility project:
• Thermal power 15 ÷ 20 kW
• Protons energy 660 MeV
• Beam power 0.75 ÷ 1 kW
• Proton beam / target orientation Vertical
• Fuel elements orientation Vertical
• Criticality coefficient keff <0.95
• Fuel MOX, UO2 + PuO2
• Cladding tubes maximum temperature 400° C
• Spallation target Replaceable: Pb, Pb-Bi, W
• Reflector Pb
• Coolant Air
LOW- AND INTERMEDIATE-ENERGY PHYSICS
Improvement and development of the JINR phasotron for
fundamental and applied research
SAD
Hadron therapy center in Dubna
A multi-room Medico-Technical Complex of JINR for
radiotherapy with hadron beams
Radiation Therapy is very important method
for the treatment of malignant tumors and some
benign diseases. The main goal or ideology of
radiotherapy is delivery of high radiation dose to
the tumor volume with maximum sparing of normal
tissues and organs
Ideal radiotherapy is shown below
Depth dose distribution comparison of
various energy photons, proton beam
and «ideal» beam of ionizing radiation
Physical basis of proton therapy
1. Final and easy controlled range in tissue,
depending of beam energy and tissue density
2. Sparing of tissue behind of the target volume.
3. Sharp dose gradient at the lateral and distal
direction.
4. Increasing of dose deposition at the end of
range, so called Bragg peak.
5. All above mentioned allow to concentrate the
absorbed dose in tumor 2-3 times more than photon
sources.
Single beam dose distribution comparison of 6 MeV
photons (left) and proton beam (righ)
Milestones of activity in Dubna:
1967 – the beginning of the research on proton therapy;
1st patient treatment;
1968–1974 – first 84 patients treated with protons;
1975–1986 – upgrading of accelerator and construction
of a multi-room Medico-Technical Complex for hadron
therapy;
1987-1996 – treating of 40 patients with protons, mostly
with uterine cervix cancer;
1999, December – opening of a radiotherapy
department at the Dubna hospital;
2000-2004 – 300 patients with tumors located in the
brain, head&neck, breast and thorax region.
Worldwide Priorities in Particle
physics
the origin of mass; the properties of neutrinos and
astro(particle)physics; the properties of the strong interaction
including properties of nuclear matter; the origin of the matter-antimatter
asymmetry in the universe; the unification of particles and forces
including gravity;
The ATLAS detector
The ATLAS detector
Over the last decade JINR-
ATLAS team was deeply involved
in designing, construction, tests
and assembly of the major
systems of ATLAS:
Inner Detector
Tile Calorimeter
Liquid Argon End Cap Calorimeter
Muon detector
Common Items (Toroid Warm
Structure and others)
Some Early Physics
• Top quark Physics
– Top charge verification
• Heavy Ions Physics
– Jet quenching via Z-jet events
• Exotics Physics
– Graviton (Spin=2) via Drell-Yan and
Asymmetry Center-Edge
• Standard Model Physics
– Gamma/Z-jet events and Gluon DF
• Higgs Physics
– H→4μ
– H→bb, H→Zγ• SUSY Physics
– Stop, Gluinos
– Charged Higgs-boson and SUSY Dark Matter
– How “the first observed” SUSY-particle shows itself in the other SUSY-channels?
• Exotics Physics
– SUSY long-living R-hadrons, Staus, Stops, etc
– Graviton (Spin=2) via Asymmetry_CE and via resonances
– Monopoles
Some long-term plans
NUCLEON Space Experiment: 2005-2010
NUCLEON region 1011-1015eV
1011-1016 eV: Physical problems
• Information of CR sources (SN remnants, pulsars, AGN, …)
• Information of interstellar and intergalactic space
• Spesific problems of the “knee” region ~ 4 · 1015 eV
– Galactic modulation of primordial cosmic ray (PCR) (magnetic fields)
– Photonuclear fragmentation of heavy nuclei in source vicinity
– Acceleration in the SN remnants
– Extragalactic protons of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN)
– Change of composition (p, He, CNO, Fe) PCR at the knee region
– Measurement of electron and photon fluxes at TeV energies
– Change on the nuclear interaction properties at the knee region
• Threshold of dark matter particle production WIMP, SUSY
• Threshold of heave strongly interaction particles SIMP
• Threshold of “centaur” production
• ….
Silicon pads forCharge measureents
Carbontarget
Electronics
Silicon microstrip detectors
PMTs
PMTs
Multistripscintilatordetectors
Heat conductors
NUCLEON design
NUCLEON set up
Registration
levels
4 – in the
charge detector
6 – in scintilator
detectors
6 – in microstrip
detectors
scintilators
W convertor
a layer of
Si microstrip detectors
charge measuring system
Carbon target
PAD Si detectors
COSMOS type satellite with
NUCLEON detector
NUCLEON inside of
pressurized container
NUCLEON
apparatus on the
“Liana” type
Russian satellite
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION !
See you soon
at the Dzelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems !