e cour picturlake. loktak lake is an ancient lake and plays an important role in the economy of the...

on Wetland Ecosystems including Inland Wetlands

Sarovar SaurabhVol. 15(4), 2019

(A Centre of Excellence under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Govt. of India)Anaikatty, Coimbatore - 641 108 (INDIA)

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Vol. 15(4), 2019 ISSN: 0972-3153

Contents

Views expressed in the articles of this newsletter are of

the authors only.

Dr. Goldin QuadrosCoordinator, ENVIS, SACON

Mr. N. Mohamed Ibrahim

From the Editors' Desk

The wetland conservation has gained a momentum and relevance in recent

months with the Government of India announcing the program of

conserving "100 wetlands in 100 days". The objective of the program is to

integrate sustainable management of wetlands in the country. The

MoEFCC with the help of knowledge partners and managers has identified

wetlands; prepared the brief documents that include the geophysical

characteristics in addition to biodiversity; evaluated the Health status and an

integrated wetland management plan for each of the individual wetland

based on the threats and strengths of the wetland.

The country is also the host to the Thirteenth Meeting of the Conference of

the Parties to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of

Wild Animals (CMS COP13) to be held from 15 to 22 February, 2020 at

Gandhinagar, Gujarat. India in its commitment to conservation hopes to

have several interventions made to conserve wetlands as habitats at this

international forum. As a curtain raiser the BNHS hosted the international

conference on "Wetlands and Migratory birds of the Asian flyways" during

18 to 22 November, 2019. Going by the initiatives the country is

undertaking we can expect better days for the wetlands of our country.

In this issue we have collated information on the Loktak lake a Ramsar site

from Manipur and the Sangai deer the flagship species of the Loktak. We

will appreciate in receiving inputs to the Newsletter and thank everyone who

has contributed to this Newsletter and request your continued support.

Editor

We welcome original research and popular articles, reviews, reports,

research highlights, notes, news, snippets, etc., related to the

thematic area of the ENVIS Resource Partner for publication in

‘Sarovar Saurabh the ENVIS Newsletter on Wetland Ecosystems

including Inland Wetlands’.

The articles and other information should be neatly typed in double

space not exceeding five pages. The figures, graphs/drawings should

be of good quality and clarity. Photographs should be of minimum

300 dpi resolution. References should be limited and cited in the text

by name and year. Council of Science editors style may be referred to

for listing references at the end.

Email your articles in MS-Word 2003 or 2007 format to sacon-

[email protected] or [email protected]

Send the articles in hard copy by post to:

The ENVIS Co-ordinator,Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON)Anaikatty P.O., Coimbatore - 641 108, Tamil NaduPh: 0422-2203100, 129Website: www.saconenvis.nic.in; www.sacon.in

Page

1. Flagship species of Ramsar Site - Loktak Lake, Manipur

Brow Antlered Deer (Rucervus eldii eldii) 1-2 2. News articles on Sangai 3-5

3. News article on wetlands 6-7

4. A report on Wildlife Week 2019 8-9

5. Abstracts from published literature 10

on Wetland Ecosystems including Inland Wetlands

SACON ENVIS Newsletter - Sarovar Saurabh Vol.15(4), 2019. ISSN: 0972-3153 1

Flagship species of Ramsar Site ‐ Loktak Lake, ManipurBrow Antlered Deer (Rucervus eldii eldii)

Sangai also called is the state animal of Manipur. brow-antlered deer or the dancing deer Sangai was believed

to be almost extinct by 1950, but six individuals were spotted in 1953, and has been listed as an endangered

species by the IUCN It is measuring 100 -110 cm in . a medium-sized deer, with uniquely distinctive antlers

length ., with extremely long brow tine, which form the main beam It derives the name brow-antlered deer

from the forward protruding beam that appears to come out from the eyebrow. It has a short tail and the rump

patch is not pronounced. The sexes are moderately dimorphic in body size and weight and have a dark reddish

brown , which turns paler in summer. In the to gray colored coat, dark brownish black nose, lips and mouth

wild the maximum lifespan of the Sangai is around 10 years. The females fawn all year round, the young are

spotted at birth, but these spots fade as the animal grows hooves of the are adapted to walk on the . The deer

phumdis, and their walk appears like hops over floating foliage, and is hence also called the 'Dancing Deer'.

Sangai deer, found only in the northeastern state of Manipur, India lives in the marshy wetland in the Keibul

Lamjao National Park (KLNP), the only floating park in the world. The KLNP is an integral part of the

Loktak Lake and is characterized by many floating decomposed plant materials locally called phumdis.

Loktak Lake (24°26'N - 93°49'E.) was declared as a Ramsar site on 23rd March, 1990 (Site number: 463), the

biggest natural wetland in the North-eastern region of India, is a large expanse of water on the West of the

river Imphal. The catchment area of the lake is about 980 sp. kms. Run-off from this catchment is drained into

the lake mainly through seven streams which originate primarily in the northern and western flanks of the

lake. Loktak Lake is an ancient lake and plays an important role in the economy of the Manipur State. Without

the lake, the valley would be subjected to high floods during monsoon and drought during the dry season.

Thick floating mats of weeds covered with soil called 'phumdis' are a characteristic feature of this lake.

Invasion of lake area by water hyacinth has created severe problems resulting in deterioration of the lake

ecosystem. The term phumdis refers to a collection of heterogeneous mass of vegetation, soil, and organic

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Artiodactyla

Family: Cervidae

Genus: Rucervus

Conservation status:

Endangered (IUCN Red List category

and criteria)

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2 SACON ENVIS Newsletter - Sarovar Saurabh Vol.15(3), 2019. ISSN: 0972-3153

matter at various stages of decomposition. Resembling miniature islands, these phumdis are found in various

forms, floating on the lake. The important plants of the phumdis include Eichhornia crassipes, Phragmites karka,

Oryza sativa, Zizania latifolia, Cynodon spp., Limnophila spp., Sagittaria spp., Saccharum latifolium, Erianthus pucerus,

Erianthus ravennae, Leersia hexandra, Carex spp., Sangai is known to feed on a variety of aquatic plants, grasses,

and shoots from the phumdis

The lake is home to 233 species of aquatic plants, more than 100 species of birds, and 425 species of animals,

including the Indian python and sambhar.

KeibulLamjao National Park: The park, which was initially declared as a Sanctuary in 1966, was

subsequently declared a National Park in 1977.

The habitat of the Sangai is now protected as the KeibulLamjao National Park. The National Park is located

between 24°27' N and 24°31' N latitude and 93°53' E and 93°55' E longitudes, covering an area of 40 km and

the home range of the Sangai in the park is confined to 15sq. km.

The population of the Sangais are in danger of losing their habitat as the phumdis are no longer able to carry

their weight. This is due to a multitude of factors-invasive plant species have taken over the vegetation in the

phumdis, farming practices are encroaching on the park territory, natural drainage of the old vegetation has

been hampered, as well as poaching and illegal fishing.

The lake provides livelihood for as many as 4,000 fishermen and their

families, who live along its banks in small huts. There's also India's only

floating elementary school nearby, which was established in 2017.

Only the largest phumdi was dedicated as a national park to protect the

endangered sangai, of which only about 200 remain in the wild

What makes the Loktak Lake even more special is the KeibulLamjao

National Park located at the south western part of the lake. It is the

world's only floating national park and is home to the endangered

Manipuri brow-antlered deer, Sangai.

References:

Goldin Quadros, Hemambika, B., Julffia Begam, A., Srinivasan, A. and Azeez, P. A. (2015) Glimpses to the

Bodiversity of Ramsar Sites in India, ENVIS Publication. pp.90

Vivek Menon (2014) Indian Mammals - A Field Guide, Hachette Book Publishing India Pvt. Ltd. pp.528

Internet Source:

https://www.thebetterindia.com/38244/loktak-lake-manipur-floating-national-park/

https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69967/keibul-lamjao-national-park-the-

worlds-only-floating-national-park

http://epao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=travel.Introduction_to_Manipur.Sangai_Related.Sangai_The

_brow_antlered_deer_of_Manipur_By_Budha_Kamei

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News Articles on Sangai Deer

Manipur: Keibul Lamjao National Park to remain closed during Sangai breeding season

The Indian Express - August 8, 2019

This is the first time the park will be closed since it was declared as a national park in 1977. The move, according

to the department is an attempt to recover the dwindling population of the endangered species.

Keibul Lamjao National Park which is the home to elusive and endangered Sangai, brow-antlered deer, will be

closed for tourists during the deer breeding season, declared the Forest Department of Manipur.

This is the first time the park will be closed since it was declared as a national park in 1977. The move, according

to the department is an attempt to recover the dwindling population of the endangered species.

Although there is no provision to close Keibul Lamjao National during breeding, it has become very essential

exercise for preserving the state animal, whose population stands at 255 according to 2018 census, said Rebika

Chanu, deputy conservator of Forests, Park and Sanctuary.

“Sangai is a very shy animal. And any form of external disturbance during the breeding season really affects

their (Sangai) behaviour. So it is crucial to keep the park to themselves during this season,” explained Chanu.

The park will remain closed during July-September, which is the breeding season of the Sangai.

Initially, the state government issued the closure notification on July

17 as per the proposal of the forest department, but, following all due

procedure, the notification was received by the department

concerned on July 30, added Chanu.

It is learnt that the park will be closed every Monday for park

administration. The visiting hours in the remaining days of the week

will be 6 am to 4am during summer (March, April, May, June and

October). Whereas in winter season (November, December, January

and February), the park will open from 6.30 am to 3.30 pm.

The new instructions will come into effect from this month, said the

deputy conservator added that any kind of inconveniences caused by

this new norm will not be borne by the department.

According to the deputy conservator, the Ithai Barage, is another factor that threatens the Sangai population.

The Ithai Barage, was commissioned in 1983 to control the volume of water in Loktak Lake to generate

hydroelectric power. The barrage disrupts the natural flushing pattern of the lake and disintegrating of the

floating biomass, locally known as phumdis, which is a key component of the survival of Sangai.

The national park is entirely made of up phumdis, which is the only natural habitat of the Sangai. To curb this

problem, the department is taking the initiative of consolidating floating biomass with the help of indigenous

method, said Rebika Chanu.

Moreover, patrolling is carried out at regular intervals, twice a week in the interior parts of the park with help of

NGOs, local clubs, she added.

Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipur-keibul-lamjao-national-park-to-remain-

closed-during-sangai-breeding-season-5889871/

Male Sangai deer with newborn fawn (Source: Wikimedia Commons)


Albino Sangai is not a good sign, says PFA; urges Govt to set up second home

IMPHAL, October 12, 2019

The report of an albino (white) Sangai born at Keibul Lamjao is a matter of grave concern. It is not a good sign

and authorities concerned should take up all measures to ascertain the health condition of the albino Sangai

and entire Sangai population to save the species from all related diseases, said People For Animals today.

Albino/albinism is lack of skin colour pigment known as melanin.

It is an inherited condition resulting from the combination of recessive alleles passed from both parents of an

individual/animal. It is not a good sign as it is associated with or may cause number of diseases, said People For

Animals in a statement.

The reason for the Sangai being born an albino must be a direct result of closed housing or concentration of

the population in one confined habitat. Mating among close blood related parents usually gives rise to such

offsprings (albino), said PFA pointing out the danger associated with such practices. The entire Sangai

population may go extinct if they are kept concentrated at a small or confined habitat, added PFA.

PFA also shed light that the albino Sangai may have eye defects and even cancer. Due to lack of skin pigment,

the albino Sangai will have little to no protection against sunlight /Ultra Violet (UV) radiation which increases

the chance of the deer contracting cancer, said PFA.

Government, Forest Department and all related authorities should take up prompt actions and precautions to

ensure safety and health of all Sangai population. Arrangement or setting up of a second home of the species

is one important solution to the problem, said PFA.

Sangai is an endangered rare species of brow antlered deer found only on the floating National Park Keibul

Lamjao, Loktak Lake. It is also the State animal.

Source: https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/10/12/IMPHAL-Oct-12The-report-of-an-albino-white-Sangai-born-at-Keibul-Lamjao-is-a-matter-of-grave-concern-It-is-not-a-good-sign-and-authorities-concerned-should-take-up-all-measures-to-ascertain-the-.html


West Bengal: Endangered deer born on day of cyclone, Alipore zoo names it Bulbul

Times of India - November 11, 2019

KOLKATA: Amid the gloom in

the wake of cyclone Bulbul, the

city has a reason to cheer. The

Alipore Zoological Gardens

welcomed a new guest - an

endangered sangai or Manipuri

dancing deer - on Saturday, the

day the cyclone made landfall in

Bengal. The zoo authorities have

named the fawn, which was born

around 7am on Saturday, Bulbul.

Talking to TOI, zoo director Asish Kumar Samanta said the fawn has been kept under constant watch. “As we

were busy taking precautionary measures at the zoo on Saturday morning to thwart any possible impact of the

cyclone, a keeper informed us that a fawn was born to a brow-antlered deer, which is considered an endangered

species on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red list. Since it was born on the day

the cyclone made landfall here, we named the calf Bulbul,” Samanta said.

According to him, there are 18 other such deer in the zoo now and the new guest takes the count to 19. He also

added that the dancing deer at the zoo had never been named earlier.

The sangai is an endemic and endangered subspecies of brow-antlered deer found only in Manipur. Also

known as Manipur brow-antlered deer, it is the state animal of Manipur. Its original natural habitat are the

floating marshy grasslands of Keibul Lamjao National Park, located in the southern parts of Loktak Lake,

which is the largest freshwater lake in eastern India.

Samanta said the brow-antlered deer is medium-sized, with uniquely distinctive antlers measuring

100cm–110cm in length with extremely long brow tine, which form the main beam. The two tines form a

continuous curve at right angles to the closely set pedicels. This signifies its name, brow-antlered deer, since the

forward-protruding beam appears to come out of the eyebrow.

Culturally, sangai is deeply associated with legends and folklore of the Manipuris. Based on a popular folk

legend, the sangai is interpreted as the binding soul between humans and the nature.

Samanta added that there was no major damage to the zoo or the animals on Saturday. “As a precautionary

measure, we kept most of the animals, including tiger, kangaroo and elephant, indoors. Besides, special teams

of zoo keepers were on duty throughout the night,” he said.

According to him, three to four branches fell at night. “But there was no impact as we trim the zoo trees

throughout the year,” Samanta added.

Source: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/endangered-deer-born-on-day-of-storm-zoo-names-it-bulbul/articleshow/71999101.cms


News Article on Wetlands

Experts in India find out how 18,000 birds died in 10 days

Botulism being feared behind the death of thousands of mostly migratory birds along Sambhar Lake in Rajasthan state.

After an estimated 18,000 birds are found dead along an Indian saltwater lake in the western state of Rajasthan,

experts said they suspect avian botulism to be the cause.

Migratory birds such as plover, shoveller, teal and mallard were the worst affected in the incident, which,

according to experts, was unprecedented in India's wildlife history.

According to local officials, tourists on November 10, while visiting Sambhar Lake - situated 80km (49 miles)

southwest of Rajasthan's main city of Jaipur - noticed thousands of dead birds along the shore.

Sambhar is India's largest inland saltwater lake and falls in three districts of Rajasthan: Jaipur, Nagaur and

Ajmer.

Till now, the carcass of more than 18,000 birds have been picked up, identified and buried, but experts said the

toll could cross 25,000 since the casualty towards the Nagaur side of the lake is yet to be added.

More than 500 workers of the state's animal husbandry department have been deployed to collect the carcass

of the birds after photos of the dead birds went viral on WhatsApp groups of local tourists.

Since the shoreline extends to more than 58km (36 miles), authorities said they were still collecting the

carcasses.

'No one was prepared’

Joy Gardner, who heads Hope and Beyond, an NGO that rescues and rehabilitates birds in Rajasthan, has set

up a rescue centre at the Sambhar Lake.

"No one was prepared for death of this magnitude. It has never happened in the past," Gardner told Al Jazeera.

"A total of 550 birds have been rescued ... When we came here on [November] 11th, we noticed a lot of birds

were struggling," he said.

Gardner said the worst affected were the birds from Siberia who mainly migrate to two wetland sites in India -

the Sambhar Lake and the Keoladeo National Park in Bharatpur, also in Rajasthan.

Both places have been declared Ramsar sites, which refer to the wetland sites of international importance and

are named after Iran's Ramsar city where the Convention on Wetlands was signed in 1971 for the preservation

of wetland bodies in the world.

Gardner said the birds fly to the two Indian sites in October when their habitat in Siberia is covered with snow

and there are no water and food sources. They leave before the onset of summer.

Botulism feared responsible

Shailesh Sharma, a director in Rajasthan's animal husbandry department, told Al Jazeera by telephone from the

Sambhar Lake site that four of the eight government labs, which collected samples have submitted their

reports.

A report by a state-run university in Rajasthan suggested avian botulism as the cause of the mass deaths.

"On the basis of history, epidemiological observations, classical clinical symptoms and post-mortem findings,


the most probable diagnosis is avian botulism," said the report by the Rajasthan University of Veterinary and

Animal Science.

"The clinical signs exhibited by affected birds included dullness, depression, anorexia, placid paralysis in legs

and wings and neck touching the ground. The birds were unable to walk, swim or flight," it added.

Officials said they are waiting for a detailed report from the Indian Veterinary Research Institute as well as a

report from a southern Indian laboratory to determine the cause of the deaths.

Sharma said botulism, caused by neurotoxins triggered by warm weather, paralyses the birds and often leads to

death. Local officials told Al Jazeera they witnessed the birds had limb paralysis and diarrhoea.

Sharma said the marshy ecosystem of the lake as well its long shoreline had made it difficult to collect the

carcasses or rescue the affected birds.

"But we are using our total strength of manpower to collect, identify and bury the carcass. We have deployed

over 30 doctors and 400-500 staff in this work," he said.

Major avian botulism epizootic has been reported in North America for more than a century, with the disease

killing millions of waterfowls in California and Utah in the United States in 1910.

The latest such outbreak was reported from Utah in 1997, when more than 500,000 birds were killed,

according to a field manual for wildlife diseases prepared by the Rajasthan government.

Source: htt ps ://www.al jazeera.com/news/2019/11/exper ts- india- f ind-18000-birds-died-10-days-

191120134551718.html

Migratory birds like plover, shoveller, teal, mallard are the

worst affected in these deaths [Himanshu Sharma/AFP]

Bombay Natural History society officials check the dead birds at the

Sambhar Lake [Prabhakar Sharma/Hindustan Times via Getty Images]

In this photo taken on November 16, 2019, a worker walks as he holds dying

birds in his hands at Sambhar Lake [File: Himanshu Sharma/AFP]


A Report on Wildlife Week 2019 Background

Wildlife Week is celebrated from October 2 to 8 every year across India. The main objective of this celebration

is to promote the conservation and protection of wildlife and create awareness among the common people.

The Wildlife Week was conceptualised in 1952 with the overall purpose of raising awareness regarding

safeguarding the lives of wildlife through significant action. With this consideration, the Indian Government

developed the Indian Board of Wildlife that works for spreading awareness towards the conservation of

wildlife.

Wild Life Week is celebrated to generate the awareness about animals in the environment and to save them for

maintaining a natural balance in the environment. There are several events that are organized by the

Government to encourage young generations to come up with better ideas to save wildlife. The Government

aspires that every citizen of India is given the information about the wildlife in India.

Theme of the Wildlife Week 2019: “Life Below Water: For People And Planet”.

Activities by SACON

The SACON ENVIS RP commemorated the Wildlife Week 2019 by creating awareness about the protection

of wildlife among the school students including tribal children at Anaikatti, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. The

team interacted with the school children about the threats faced by the wild animals and birds due to human

activities, human-animal conflict, encroachment, illegal hunting / poaching, illegal feeding of snacks by tourist

visitors to wild birds and animals, deforestation, forest exploitation, habitat loss and wildlife trade. The team

also advised the children not to hunt even small insects for fun and about the importance of tree plantation.

The team designed school notebook labels containing flora and fauna with their respective common name in

English and Tamil as awareness material and distributed to over 400 school children. The list of schools visited

by the team is as follows:

1. Panchayat Union Middle School, Kondanur Village,

Anaikatty, Coimbatore.

2. Panchayat Union Elementary School, Panapalli Village,


3. Panchayat Union Elementary School, Chinna Jambu

Kandi, Anaikatty, Coimbatore.

4. Vidya Vanam School, Thuvaipathy Road, Anaikatty,

Coimbatore.

5. Indian Kindergarten and Elementary School, Anaikatty,

Coimbatore.

6. Government Aboriginal Welfare Elementary School,


7. Government Aboriginal Welfare High School, Anaikatty,

Coimbatore.

Picture Courtesy: T. Siva


Picture Gallery


Abstracts from published literature

Multiproxy studies on dung of endangered Sangai (Rucervus eldii eldii) and Hog deer (Axis porcinus) from Manipur, India: Implications for paleoherbivory and paleoecology

a a b cSwati Tripathi , Sadhan K. Basumatary , Yengkhom R. Singh , H. Gregory McDonald ,

d eDeepika Tripathi , L. Joykumar Singh

Quaternary Palynology Laboratory, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, 53 University Road, Lucknow 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India

Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology (2019) 263: 85–103Abstract: Pollen and non-pollen palynomorph analyses of 16 summer and winter dung samples of two endangered deer

species, Sangai (Rucervus eldii eldii M'clelland) and Hog deer (Axis porcinus Zimmermann) from Keibul Lamjao

National Park of Manipur, northeast India, was undertaken to examine the dietary preferences of these

species in relation to the vegetation and ecology of the region. Grass is the primary food for both the deer

species, which though obvious based on direct observation, is also supported by our dataset, as indicated by the

abundance of grass pollen and phytoliths in the dung assemblage. Additionally, marshy and aquatic taxa are

present and indicative of the importance of these plants in the diet of both species and indicate the utilization

of the perennial water-logged habitat present in the region. The relative abundance and diversity of arboreal

taxa in the summer dung samples is consistent with the extant vegetation. Fungal spores, especially

coprophilous fungi, were consistently present in the assemblage, although in low values. Energy Dispersive

Spectroscopic (EDS) analysis on the dung samples indicates that silica content was higher in the winter season

compared to the summer dung samples. Multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the

quantified data obtained from pollen and phytolith frequency analyses of the dung samples and clearly

revealed a significant variation in vegetation types based on pollen and phytoliths. These generated data will be

helpful to document and understand seasonal difference in dietary preferences and ecology of the two deer

species along with the other associated herbivores in the region. The palynodata is also useful in tracing the

relationship between modern pollen and vegetation, which is challenging to accomplish systematically due to

seasonal flooding of the region.Keywords: Pollen; Phytolith; Sangai and Hog deer; Dung; Endangered; Paleodietary; Manipur; India

A review on behaviour and health condition of Manipur brow-antlered deer (Rucervus eldii eldii) for

sustainable management and conservation in an Ex situ environment1 *2 3 Pratyansha Singh, Amarjeet Kaur, Sumit Dookia

1 Research Scholar, University School of Environment Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University,

Sector 16C, Dwarka, New Delhi, Delhi, India International Journal of Zoology Studies (2017) 2(6): 150-156

Abstract:Central Zoo Authority of India has listed Manipur Brow-antlered deer under the Conservation Breeding

Programme in order to restore its population in several Indian zoological gardens. Some studies have been

done regarding behaviour and health condition of Manipur Brow-antlered deer and related species in the wild

or in captivity. But, there still remain many gaps in the behavioural studies and health status of this species. In

future, more extensive research should be done in the field of conservation and management in an ex situ

environment so that comparatively better captive environment can be established. This review paper revealed

that for a successful captive breeding, a thorough knowledge of deer's behaviour and its health condition is

necessarily required. It will also help to perpetuate sustainable growth and development of Manipur Brow-

antlered deer which can be available to establish new populations in an alternative or natural habitat.Keywords: manipur brow-antlered deer, behaviour, health condition, captivity

e cour picturlake. loktak lake is an ancient lake and plays an important role in the economy of the...

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