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A Stand-alone environment

Copying files onto floppy disks and giving them to others to copy onto their computers was sometimes referred to as the "sneakernet." This early form of computer networking is one that many of us have used and perhaps still use today.

The sneakernet

This system works well in certain situations and has its advantagesit allows us to stop for a cup of coffee or socialize with a friend while we exchange and merge databut it is far too slow and inefficient to meet the needs and expectations of today's computer users. The amount of data available to be shared and the distances we want the data to travel far exceed the capabilities of the sneakernet. But what if a standalone computer were to be connected to other computers? Then, it could share data with the other computers and send documents to the other printers. This connecting together of computers and other devices is called a network, and the concept of connected computers sharing resources is called networking.

A simple computer network

Computer printer ratio

Benefits of Using NetworkNetworks increase efficiency and reduce costs.Computer networks achieve these goals in three primary ways: Sharing information (or data) Sharing hardware and software Centralizing administration and support

Fig. information sharing b/n two computers- More specifically, computers that are part of a network can share: Documents (memos, spreadsheets, invoices, and so on). Internet Access and E-mail messages, Illustrations, photographs, videos, and audio files. Live audio and video broadcasts. Printers, Fax machines. Modems, CD-ROM drives and other removable drives. Hard drives, and so on.

Printer Sharing

SummaryComputer Network enables:Timely, relevant and comprehensive information accessFast data exchange and information communicationEfficient resource and information exchange.

PART TWOInternet ResourceWhat is Internet?The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers).

Today, the Internet is a public, cooperative, and self-sustaining facility accessible to hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Physically, the Internet uses a portion of the total resources of the currently existing public telecommunication networks. Technically, what distinguishes the Internet is its use of a set of protocols called TCP/IP (for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). Two recent adaptations of Internet technology, the intranet and the extranet, also make use of the TCP/IP protocol.For many Internet users, electronic mail (e-mail) has practically replaced the Postal Service for short written transactions. Electronic mail is the most widely used application on the internet as mentioned above. You can also carry on live "conversations" with other computer users, using Internet Relay Chat (IRC). More recently, Internet telephony hardware and software allows real-time voice conversations. The most widely used part of the Internet is the World Wide Web (often abbreviated "WWW" or called "the Web"). Its outstanding feature is hypertext, a method of instant cross-referencing. In most Web sites, certain words or phrases appear in text of a different color than the rest; often this text is also underlined. When you select one of these words or phrases, you will be transferred to the site or page that is relevant to this word or phrase. Sometimes there are buttons, images, or portions of images that are "clickable." If you move the pointer over a spot on a Web site and the pointer changes into a hand, this indicates that you can click and be transferred to another site.Using the Web, you have access to millions of pages of information. Web browsing is done with a Web browser, the most popular of which are Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator. The appearance of a particular Web site may vary slightly depending on the browser you use. Also, later versions of a particular browser are able to render more "bells and whistles" such as animation, virtual reality, sound, and music files, than earlier versions.How Does the Internet Work?The Internet is a worldwide collection of computer networks, cooperating with each other to exchange data using a common software standard. Through telephone wires and satellite links, Internet users can share information in a variety of forms. The size, scope and design of the Internet allow users to: connect easily through ordinary personal computers and local phone numbers; exchange electronic mail (E-mail) with friends and colleagues with accounts on the Internet;post information for others to access, and update it frequently;access multimedia information that includes sound, photographic images and even video; andaccess diverse perspectives from around the world.

An additional attribute of the Internet is that it lacks a central authorityin other words; there is no "Internet, Inc." that controls the Internet. Beyond the various governing boards that work to establish policies and standards, the Internet is bound by few rules and answers to no single organizationthis is what the bureau of information expects in the future. Internet Basics: What Is the Internet and why we should become a part of it?The Internet is revolutionizing and enhancing the way we as humans communicate, both locally and around the globe. Simply put, the Internet is a network of linked computers allowing participants to share information on those computers. You should want to be a part of it because the Internet literally puts a world of information and a potential worldwide audience at your fingertipsInternet Equipment: Types of Internet connectionThere are two types of Internet connectionThese are: broadband and dial- up connectionsWhat is the difference between Broadband Internet connection and Dial-up Internet connection? How is Broadband quicker and better? What is DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)? Speed Comparison Dial-Up = 28 to 56 Kbps Broadband = 1500 Kbps Thus, broadband is over 26 times faster than dial-up, and sometimes broadband is over 50 times faster. The difference is very noticeable when using the Internet. Besides being much faster, broadband is more reliable than dial-up due to broad bands digital nature and "always on" connectivity. With broadband, when you turn on your computer, you're already connected to the Internet and ready to surf at high speeds.

Setting up Dial-Up Networking Windows comes with all the software necessary to connect your computer to the internet, in the form of Dial-Up Networking. There are several steps involved to get Dial-Up Networking to connect to an internet account. For some reason, simply installing the Dial-Up Networking component of Windows isn't enough - the correct drivers aren't installed, and the settings aren't correct. This section outlines the steps needed install Dial-Up Networking correctly on your system, and configure it for optimum performance. Note that these are general instructions, and while they should work most of the time, might not work in all circumstances.

What You Need Here a list of information you need to get from your ISP (Internet Service Provider) before you can use Dial-Up Networking. If you don't yet have an ISP, see the Special Considerations section for some tips in selecting one. A local phone number (make sure it is a local number and supports the highest speed of your modem). Your username and password. The domain name of your ISP (usually company_name.com). The IP addresses (each with four numbers separated by periods; i.e. 123.456.789.12) of two domain name servers (sometimes called primary and secondary DNS). Whether your ISP supports PPP or SLIP (if you get both, PPP is better): Any special connection instructions, if your ISP doesn't support standard PPP. Any Windows-compatible modem of at least 14,400 baud, installed and functioning. Make sure it's configured correctly by double-clicking on the Modems icon in Control Panel.

Configuration Once you've obtained the necessary information, and have installed the correct drivers, you can configure Dial-Up Networking to work with your ISP. Double-click on the Dial-Up Networking icon in My Computer. Double-click on Make New Connection, if you don't already have one. Enter a name for this connection (it doesn't really matter), and select the correct modem from the list. Click Configure, to make sure your modem is configured correctly. Set the maximum speed to 57,600 for 14.4 modems and 115,200 for 28.8 or faster modems. You might want to turn up the volume until you're sure the connection works. Make sure Only connect at this speed is not checked, and click OK when you're done.

23Click Next, and then type in the phone number obtained from your ISP. Click Next, and then Finish. Then, right-click on your new connection, and select Properties. Choose the Server Types tab, and turn off all of the options below except for Enabled software compression and TCP/IP. Click TCP/IP Settings..., select Specify name server addresses, and enter the two DNS IP addresses obtained from your ISP. Click Ok and Ok again. Double-click on the connection to connect! The dialup wizardHere is the dial-up wizard to connect the pc to telephone lineGo to Start -> All Programs -> Accessories -> Communications -> Network and Dial-up Connections.

Click Next.Select Connect to the Internet.

Click Next. Select Set up my connection manually.

Click Next.Select Connect using a dial-up modem

Click Next.

Click Next.Enter 239-7252 (or your chosen modem number) in the phone number field.

Click Next. Enter your Network ID in the User Name field.Although you can enter your Network ID password in the Password field, CITES recommends that you leave this field blank and enter the password when you dial. (Entering the password when you dial is more secure.)CITES recommends turning off the first two check boxes beneath the password field.

Click Next. (If you are given a prompt asking if you're certain you want to leave the password field blank, select Yes.)You're now finished with the dialup wizard. Click Finish.

Dialing inTo connect to the network, make sure your modem's phone cable is connected at both ends, and then double-click on the UIUCnet Premier (or UIUCnet Dialup) icon in the Network and Dial-up Connections window. A connection window will appear.

Enter your Network ID password and click Connect.When you're finished using your dialup connection, right-click on the network icon (two computer screens) in the task bar and select Disconnect.

More informationIf you have any difficulty connecting to the network using this quick-start process, use the more detailed installation process (including specifying DNS and WINS server addresses to enable Microsoft networking over dialup).

PART THREEWhat is Email?

Electronic mail, more often called 'email', is a way of sending messages from one person user to another using a computer. The bureau expects that all u staff and customers are provided with an email address and access to various email services.Or it can define as in its simplest form, e-mail is an electronic message sent from one device to another. While most messages go from computer to computer, with e-mail, you can send and receive personal and business-related messages with attachments, such as photos or formatted documents. You can also send music, video clips and software programs. E-mail is the way to go. It's no wonder e-mail has become the Internet's most popular service.

How It Works?It can take days to send a letter across all zones and weeks or months to use postal method. To save time and money, more and more people are relying on electronic mail. It's fast, easy and much cheaper than the using the postal service. this is what the BOI needs.Follow the Trail

Just as a letter makes stops at different postal stations along the way to its final destination, e-mail passes from one computer, known as a mail server, to another as it travels over the Internet. Once it arrives at the destination mail server, it's stored in an electronic mailbox until the recipient retrieves it. This whole process can take seconds, allowing you to quickly communicate with people around the world at any time of the day or night. To receive e-mail, you need an account on a mail server. This is similar to having a postal box where you receive letters. One advantage over regular mail is that you can retrieve your e-mail from any location on earth, provide that you have Internet access. Once you connect to your mail server, you download your messages to your computer, or read them online.

To send e-mail, you need a connection to the Internet and access to a mail server that forwards your mail. The standard protocol used for sending Internet e-mail is called SMTP, short for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. It works in conjunction with POP--Post Office Protocol--servers. Almost all Internet service providers and all major online services offer at least one e-mail address with every account. When you send an e-mail message, your computer routes it to an SMTP server. The server looks at the e-mail address (similar to the address on an envelope), then forwards it to the recipient's mail server, where it's stored until the addressee retrieves it. You can send e-mail anywhere in the world to anyone who has an e-mail address.

At one time, you could only send text messages without attachments via the Internet. With the advent of MIME, which stands for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension, and other types of encoding schemes, you can also send formatted documents, photos, audio and video files. Just make sure that the person to whom you send the attachment has the software capable of opening it.Anatomy of an E-Mail MessageE-mail messages are similar to letters, with two main parts

The header contains the name and e-mail address of the recipient, the name and e-mail address of anyone who is being copied, and the subject of the message. Some e-mail programs also display your name and e-mail address and the date of the message. The body contains the message itself. Just like when sending a letter, you need the correct address. But with e-mail, spelling is critical. If you use the wrong address or mistype it, your message will bounce back to you--the old Return to Sender, Address Unknown routine.

An Electronic PostmarkWhen you receive an e-mail, the header tells you where it came from, how it was sent, and when. It's an electronic postmark.

Unlike a letter, which is sealed in an envelope, e-mail is not as private. It's more like a post card. Messages can be intercepted and read by people who really shouldn't be looking at it. Avoid including any confidential information unless you have a way to encrypt it. For more we will see on "How Private is Your E-Mail?"Understanding E-Mail AddressesInternet e-mail addresses typically have two main parts: the user name and the domain name. Here'sanexample: boi@ethionet.et

boi is the user name and refers to the recipient's mailbox. After the @ sign comes ethionet, the host name, also called the domain name. This refers to the mail server, the computer where the recipient has an electronic mailbox. It's usually the name of a company or organization. Top-Level DomainsThe end of the domain name consists of a dot (".") followed by three or more letters (such as .et, .com and .gov) that indicate the top-level domain (TLD). This part of the domain name indicates the type of organization or the country where the host server is located. These top-level domains are currently in use: .et- For country ethiopia.aero--For the air-transport industry .biz--Reserved for businesses .com--For businesses, commercial enterprises, or online services. Most companies use this extension. .coop--Reserved for cooperatives .edu--For educational institutions and universities .gov--Reserved for United States government agencies

.info--For all uses .int--For organizations established by international treaties .mil--For the United States military .museum--For use by museums .name--For use by individuals .net--For networks; usually reserved for organizations such as Internet service providers .org--For non-commercial organizations E-Mail Address vs. Web AddressLook the difference between an e-mail address and the address of a website, also known as a URL. Notice that a Web address never contains an @ sign.www.amharainfo.gov.et website address of bureau of informationamhainfo@ethionet.et - email address of bureau of information.Using Internet and E-mailTo use E-mail first open a Web browser Soft ware like Internet Explorer, Mozilla FirefoxIn this example we use Internet Explorer1. To open Internet Explorer use the following stepsClick Start ButtonPoint to All programsSelect Internet Explorer, at this step we can get the following page (figure 1)

52 On the Address Bar write the web site address you want to use 1. Case one :- in case one we create a yahoo AccountWrite the following web site address on the address bar http://www.yahoo.comHere we can get the Yahoo home page (figure 2)Sign upSign in

Sign upSign inFigure 2Sign in: - used to check your E-Mail. By entering the already created addressSign up:- used to create a new E-mail addressTo create new address Click on sign up link The sign up page will be displayed (Figure 3)

Fill the necessary information 2. Click on create my account button

Click on create my account button Figure 4 If you fill the necessary information we can get this message (figure 4)5. At this stage you create new E-mail account successfully.To use a created account 1. In figure 2 click on sign in link 2. Enter the user name and password created above and click on sign in button

Figure 5When you click on sign in button the following page (Figure 6) will be displayed as shown

mail

Figure 64. To see your message Click on Mail link and you can get the following page (Figure 7)

SentDraftsInboxFigure 7Inbox:- used to store your message that is send by your friendsSent:- a message that is send to your friends Draft:- a message that is saved but which didnt sentWhen you click Inbox you can get the following page (Figure 8) and click in the message subject and read the message

To send a messageClick on New link in the above page (Figure 8)At this step you can get the following page (Figure 9)

Figure 7Select a file you want to attachmentClick on Open button, then you can get the following pageBody: - you can write your message and click send button After checking your E-Mail you click on Sign out link in Figure 6,Sign out is Logout in your AccountSummeryBenefits of emailEmail combines the speed and efficiency of the telephone with the written word. It allows users to transfer files and documents. It facilitates consultation. It is a quick and easy way to allow others to participate in or monitor a process. It allows you to easily inform others of whats happening and is more effective than any other method because of the ability to view documents without the cost and time constraints of face-to-face meetings.

There are no time or place barriers. You can write and respond to emails whenever you choose day or night. It can free people from the office, make communications across time zones a simple process, and avoid telephone tag, where two people leave numerous phone messages as the other moves in and out of meetings. E-mail can reduce time spent in meetings by educating participants on issues before the meeting, or it can eliminate the need for the meeting entirely. Email can help you organize meetings. E-mail allows the user to contact many other users at the same time, eliminating production and postage costs, and keeping many people in the loop at the click of a few keys. E-mail has changed the way we communicate how we share our ideas and information. It has revived the short letter as a means of getting in touch with each other and can also act as an effective advocacy tool and help to build online communities.

Combined with your organizations website, email can encourage users to correspond with you by making email as convenient as filling out a simple form. An email can be imbedded into the site, or the site can provide the email addresses of an organizations members.To search information by using internetThe first step is you have to open a web sit and write the URL address Google.comHere you can get the following page (figure 1)

THANK YOU!@!!!!!