E-Passport standard statusand efforts at Japan IC passport study committee

Head of Japan ISO/IEC JTC1/SC17/WG3Member of ICAO-NTWGManager of Japanese IC-passport study committee

Junichi Sakaki (Panasonic)J-sakaki@so-net.ne.jp

2004/09/16

• 1995 - 1997: R&D for Contactless Smartcard prototype

• 1997 - 2000 ： Contactless IC card standardization

• 1997 - :Driver License Standardization– (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC17/WG10 Secretary)

• 1998 - :Machine Readable Travel Document– (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC17/WG3 TF4 leader)– (Member of ICAO-TAG-NTWG)– (Manager of Japanese IC-passport study committee)

Self Introduction　Self Introduction　

* EPWG: Education Promotion WG* DCFWG: Document Contents and Format WG* NTWG: New Technology WG

ICAO Secretary General

Airport Bureau

Aviation Security &Facilitation Branch

Facilitation Section

TAG (Technical Advisory Group)

EPWG* DCFWG* NTWG*

ISO

SC17 (Card & ID)

WG3 (MRTD)

JTC1

IEC

TF1 (New Technology)

TF2 (LDS)

TF3 (PKI)

TF4 (Testing)

OfficialLiaison

Relationship ICAO and ISO at Passport standardRelationship ICAO and ISO at Passport standard

Japanese Industrial Standard CommitteeJISC

Japan Business Machine and Information System Industries AssociationJBMIA

WG3 (MRTDs)

Information Standard Technology Committee of JapanITSCJ

SWG1 (Contactless) PKI TF

Biometric TF

SC17 (Card and Identification)

SC27Security

SC37Biometrics

SC17/WG8Contactless

Card

Passport standard committee in JapanPassport standard committee in Japan

•SC17/WG3 is sole liaison partner for ICAO-TAG/MRTD within ISO Other liaisons : International Criminal Police Organization(ICPO)

International Air Transport Association (IATA)Airport Council International(ACI)

•Collaboration has been started from early 1990's

•Role of ISO is endorsement of ICAO document(ICAO Doc. 9303)　

•ICAO document is usually published without ISO endorsement by only ICAO membership county’s agreement and authority of ISO is just Fast Track voting after ICAO publishing.

•Six member from SC17/WG3 are allowed to participate into ICAO meeting as ISO representatives.

•ISO members are acting editors of the ICAO technical reports.

Collaboration of ICAO and ISOCollaboration of ICAO and ISO

•Two or three times meetings are held in every year. (Den Haag, Tokyo, Oakland : 2004)

•Participants are increased after September 11 (Mostly over fifty).

•Major participants are Government official (Passport Office, Immigration, Customs, Police)

・ Regular participating countries（ USA,UK,France,Germany,Canada,NZ,Australia,Netherlands, Italy,Latvia,Swiss,Singapore,Korea,Japan)

•Chairman: Gary McDonald (ICAO/Canada Passport Office)

ICAO TAG-NTWGICAO TAG-NTWG

ICAO－ Doc. 9303ICAO－ Doc. 9303

•Three Technical Reports （ Biometrics 、 Logical Data Structure:LDS 、 PKI ）Have been published as 2004 version at Web site （ http://www.icao.int/mrtd/）

ICAO TRICAO TR

Issues• Biometrics technology is immature stage and standard is not final • Future development of technology is unclear(Backward compatibility)• Compatibility with public opinion, Law, and Culture of member countries.• Technology obsolescence, Biometric aging (validity can be 10 years?) • Card interoperability

2003/5:Ver-1, 2004/7:Ver-2

Objective ： Identification, Aid for Border control, Data structure

Basic Guideline:Global InteroperabilityNeed to develop by 2005/10 for US-Visit programReliability, Practicability, Durability

ICAO TR (Cont)ICAO TR (Cont)

ICAO TR is scheduled to integrate into ICAO Doc. 9303 in 2005.

Berlin Resolution(2002/6)

ICAO TAG-MRTD/NTWG endorses the use of face recognition as the globally interoperable biometric for machine assisted identity confirmation with machine readable travel documents.

ICAO TAG-MRTD/NTWG further recognizes that member states may elect to use of fingerprint and/or iris recognition as additional biometric technologies in support of machine assisted identity confirmation.

Adoption Unanimous

・ Recommended Biometrics

Face: Primary 　（ Image ）

Finger: Secondary 　（ Image ） + Optional Minutiae

Iris: Secondary 　（ Image ）→ 　 Pattent Issue （ Base Patent only ） had been resolved

by mutual agreement of ICAO and Iridian Tec.

ICAO TR (Cont)ICAO TR (Cont)

New Orleans Resolution (2004/3)

ICAO TAG-MRTD/NTWG recognizes that Member States currently and will continue to utilize the facial image as the primary identifier for MRTDs and as such endorses the use of standardized digitally-stored facial images as the globally interoperable biometric to support facial recognition technologies for machine assisted identity verification with machine-readable travel documents.

ICAO TAG-MRTD/NTWG further recognizes that in addition to the use of a digitally stored facial image, Member States can use standardized digitally-stored fingerprint and/or iris* images as additional globally interoperable biometrics in support of machine assisted verification and/or identification. Member States, in their initial deployment of MRTDs with biometrics identifiers, are encouraged to adopt contactless IC media of sufficient capacity to facilitate on-board storage of additional MRTD data and biometric identifiers.

*subject to the resolution of intellectual property issues

ICAO TR (Cont)ICAO TR (Cont)

Rquired Memory Capacity : Minimum 32k Byte （ Case of One Facial Biometrics ）

Interface : Proximity IC card(ISO/IEC14443) only　Location of IC chip : Location and Material are Note specified

All personal data are written in issuing process(Can not be changed after issuing)

To resolve interoperability issues, supplementary practices have been added

Facial data is defined as not privacy and not encrypted

Optional Finger and Iris data should be encrypted as privacy and its means is left as agreement between countries

Major topics of ICAO TR 2004Major topics of ICAO TR 2004

Basic rule is free to read all personal data

Document securityPassive Authentication : Authenticity and IntegrityBasic Access control : Skimming and Eavesdropping for PrivacyActive Authentication : Chip Substitution and Data Copying

Face Biometrics spec is simply refer to ISO/IEC 19794-5, and 19785-1

Image encording : JPEG, JPEG2000(Optional)

Protection Profile (IC chip & card OS) : EAL4+

Even if IC chip is broken, Passport is still valid by printed data (electronic data is just an aid).

Major topics of ICAO TR 2004Major topics of ICAO TR 2004

Lots of Option, No best practice for receiving state

Still unclear on Public key distribution and Revocation list

Undefined on VISA dataVirtual VISA using internet?Append VISA data on a same chip memory?Independent VISA sticker(2D barcode, IC-Chip, others)?

Issuing cost, Chip durability for 10 years?

Insufficiency on face biometrics accuracy(Aging, Lighting)

International interoperability issue on contactless chip interface

Several countries are in procurement stage although standard is not yet completed

Lack of consideration on transaction speed at immigration booth(Slower than human?)

Issues on ICAO TRIssues on ICAO TR

Why Face recognition?

Few changes are required on the issuing processPortrait has been used at passport and immigration for long timePsychological comfortCompatible with human inspection (Machine verification is aid)Compatible with negative list which has been accumulated

Why Image?

Good interoperabilityFlexibility for future technology progressCan be reused for visual human inspection

Why Contactless-IC?

Enough memory capacity （ 32k 64k Byte is available ）Easy to handleHigh speed data readHigh security

Reason of ICAO decision　Reason of ICAO decision　

Inlay（ Thin plastic sheet with IC-chip and antenna ）

IC chip

Antenna coil

• Chip location : 　 Cover page, Middle, Back cover

• Material : 　 PVC or PET

• Chip size(Phisical & Memory): 　 proportionality relation

• Read range : 　 Tradeoff relationship at functionality &Speed

• Cost : 　 Depends on memory capacity & functionality

IC chip implementation IC chip implementation

Issuers choice

Inlay

Issuing process (Example)Issuing process (Example)

Assemble to Booklet

File createLock with transport key

Application

Print / Personalize

Transport

Complete

Grant Scan fromApplication form

（ Identification ）

Logical Data StructureLogical Data Structure

MF

Issuer Application(DF)

User Application(DF)

Common Data(EF)

MRZ Data(EF)

Face Data(EF)

Finger Data(EF)

Iris Data(EF)

(Not defined)

Other Personal Data(EF)

Security Object(EF)

(Digital Signature)

(Option)

(Option)

Note MF: Master File DF: Dedicated File EF: Elementary File MRZ : Machine Readable Zone (i.e. OCR)

Digital SignatureDigital Signature

Data

Signature

Issuing Key（ Secret Key）

Verification Key（ Public Key）

Compute and add digital signature

using a secret key

Issuer Inspection

Generate key pair

Data

Signature

Verify data using public key

ICAO ScheduleICAO Schedule

2003 2004

New OrleansNTWG

Mar

LondonNTWG

July

GlasgowNTWG

Sep

ICAO TAG14（Montreal ） Apr

ICAO TR Ver-1　May 2003

ICAO TAG15(Montreal) May

Den HagueNTWG

Feb

TokyoNTWG

Sep

ICAO TR Ver-2July 2004

NZNTWG

Dec

DomesticSC17/WG3(passport)

Ministryof

Foreign Affairs

e-passportStudy committee

ICAO/NTWG

Other ministriesIC card

ImmigrationAirport

●IC Specification●Biometrics●Durability of Passport Card

●Security●Compatibility of IC reader●Operation in Issuing●Legal system

e-Passport Study Committeee-Passport Study Committee

2003 2004 2005 200610

11

12

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

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9

10

11

12

1

2

3

4

5

6

Report submission

IC 　 Specification

Biometrics

Durability of Passport Card

Security

Compatibility of IC reader

Operation in Issuing

Legal system

e-Passport Study Committee : Timelinee-Passport Study Committee : Timeline

e-Passport IntroductionReport

Face biometrics experimentsFace biometrics experiments

１． Aging test

Experiment outline : Face recognition test by using past 11(mostly 6) years database of diplomatic passport.Since the database contain many photos taken at different year for same person, it is anticipated that it can be used for an good aging test data.

Objective : Validate passport period of validity from biometric points of

view

２． Photo quality test

Experiment outline : Specify obstructive factor at photo quality through various

environments (speed photo box, simulation of airport etc.) of photo shoot.

Objective : Review a current photo guideline of MOFA

ImmigrationImmigratione-passporte-passport

Pre FaceRecognition

Test

Pre FaceRecognition

Test

Best Practice

Photo studio

Instant photo stand ●32-person images

●8 engines

Image quality test -1Image quality test -1

ImmigrationImmigratione-passporte-passport

FaceRecognition

Test

FaceRecognition

Test

Simulated immigration booth (bright lighting)

Simulated immigration booth (dark lighting)

Best Practice

Instant photo stand ●300 images

●9 engines

Image quality test -2Image quality test -2

ImmigrationImmigratione-passporte-passport

Face agingRecognition

Test

Face agingRecognition

Test

Present image

11 years database(Mostly 6 years)

●Total 32,000 images●10,000-person images●7 engines

Aging testAging test

6 Yearsago

5 Yearsago

4 Yearsago

3 Yearsago

2 Yearsago

1 Yearsago

NewPhoto