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ENGLISH IV

Malik Cubillo Ramírez

THE INTERNET AND OTHER ADDICTIONS

Vocabulary • Surf: To navigate through the World Wide Web or Internet.

• Engaging in: when a person is forming part or is involved in any situation.

• Turning each other in: identifying each other to the police or authority.

• Devoting: giving or using something for a purpose like time or effort.

• Compulsiveness: inability to control certain behavior.

• Therapy: treatment of problems by talking about them.

• Putting together: organizing.

• Support groups: people who meet to help each other with a problem they all share.

• Present with: show signs of an illness by having a type or behavior or condition.

• Coming out: becoming publicly known.

• Fulfillment: personal satisfaction.

• Turn into: become (something different).

• Shaping: influencing in a particular way.

• Overwhelmed: upset or strongly affected.

• Went through: experienced.

• Going on: happening.

• Went on a binge: began to overdo something.

• Clean slate: fresh happening.

Unit 2

Grammar:

Wish Situation: These kinds of statements are used to express unreality.

PRESENT AND FUTURE WISH

We use wish + would or could to create statements in present and future.

Examples:

I. I Know. I wish they’d turn their phones off. They drive me crazy.

II. A friend of mine wishes she could get rid of her phone, but she can0t because

she is really hooked on it.

PRESENT WISH

Use wish + past form of the verb.

Example:

I. The problem is out of control. I just wish people didn`t feel compelled to answer

their phones all the time.

PRESENT WISH (VERB TO BE)

Use past form: wish+were.

Example:

I. You´ve got it. If they were more expensive, teenagers

wouldn`t turn into cell phone junkies.

PAST WISHES

Use wish+had+past participle.

Example:

I. Don´t be ridiculous! I´ll bet you just wish you´d predicted the trend and started a

cell phone company.

Internet Addiction

hile time spent online can be hugely productive,

compulsive Internet use can interfere with daily

life, work, and relationships. When you feel

more comfortable with your online friends than your real

ones, or you can’t stop yourself from playing games,

gambling, or compulsively surfing, even when it has

negative consequences in your life, then you may be using

the Internet too much. Learn about the signs and

symptoms of Internet addiction and how to balance your

life online and off.

W

HONESTY IS THE BEST POLICY

Vocabulary: Pervasive: existing or spreading everywhere.

Trivial: unimportant or with little value.

Tattling on each other: tell something bad that another person has done.

Mislead: make someone believe something that is not true.

Veneer: a cover that hides the way someone or something really is.

Relentless: continuing without stopping or losing strength.

Finely honed: sharpened or perfected.

Conceal: hide something carefully.

Intrusive: affecting someone’s private life in an annoying way.

Inflated: exaggerated, overly important.

Fudge: manipulate something.

Bluffing: to lie.

Slippery slope: like a snowball.

Fess up: admit it or face the true.

Whopper: lie.

Deceptive: person with double face.

Mull over: think carefully.

Put over: deceive.

Unit 2

MODALS----DEGRESS OF CERTAINTY

Almost certain

PRESENT MUST

I. The students’ papers are identical, although they insist they didn´t

cheat. Clearly, one of them must be lying.

PAST

Must+have+past participle (must´ve)*

I. He claimed to have received a music award in high school, but there is no official

record of it.

II. He must have (must`ve) lied on his application.

Almost Certain, Negative (Impossible)

PRESENT/FUTURE CAN´T/COULDN´T

I. His excuses for missing the exam due to illness can´t possibly be true. I just know

he is telling a big, fat whopper!

PAST Can´t/couldn´t+have+past participle (couldn´t´ve)

I. I´m shocked. The university´s president couldn´t have (couldn´t´ve) committed

plagiarism in his speech. He is known for his impeccable integrity.

Quite Sure

FUTURE SHOULD/OUGHT TO

I. Due to improvements in technology, brain scans should soon be able to help us

detect liars and cheaters more accurately.

PAST Should+have+past participle (should´ve)*

I. He should´ve read the university honor Code by now. All first-year students do.

Less Certain

PRESENT/FUTURE COULD / MAY / MIGHT

The final grades in the professor´s class look a bit inflated. He might be fudging them to make

himself look like a better teacher.

PAST could / may / might+have+past participle (might’ve)

Malik has always been so honest, but he might have (might’ve) cheated on the exam because

of the intense competition and the pressure from his parents.

THE BOLD AND THE BASHFUL

Adjective Clauses are used to add variety, sophistication, and interest to

sentences. They are useful in combining sentences to provide more detail

and information. There are two kinds of adjectives clauses: identifying and

no identifying.

Identifying Adjective Clauses:

An identifying adjective clause:

has a subject and a verb

modifies specific nouns and pronouns

can be introduced by Who, Whom, Which,

that, Whose, Where, and When

is no set off by commas

-is essential to the meaning of the sentence.

: Examples

We are losing the social lubrication that´s

essential for people to feel comfortable in the

presence of others.

Consider the division between those who always

see the bright side and those who´d rather wallow

in their misery.

Unit 3

Nonidentifying Adjective Clauses

A nonidentifying adjective clause:

has a subject and a verb

is used with the relative pronouns Who, Whom, Which,

and Whose. It is also used with Where and When and

cannot be used with that

must describe a specific person or thing

is set off by commas

is not essential to the meaning of the sentence and may be omitted

Examples

Quantifying Expressions

Nonidentifying adjective clauses often contain expressions

of quantity such as many of, most of, some of, none of, two

of, several of, half of, all of, each of, both of, and a number of.

Use the structure: quantifier+preposition+relative pronoun

(only who, whom, where, when, or which).

Adverb Clauses of Result

Adverb clauses of result with such…that and so…that present the result of

a situation that is stated in the first clause.

Our research, which we´ve been conducting

since 1972, focuses on adults.

Dr. Lynn Henderson, who is co-director of the

shyness clinic, says nearly everyone

experiences shyness.

Examples

Negative personality traits, most of which are

totally false, are often applied to shy,

attractive people.

The participants, all of whom were adults met

with the therapist twice a week to talk about

their problems with shyness.

THE TIPPING POINT

Vocabulary

Mavens: people who know a lot and talk a lot about something.

Word of mouth: related to people telling people.

Epidemic: large number of cases of an infectious disease

occurring at the same time.

Got a hold of: contacted, communicated with.

Consumed by: totally involve in.

Win over: persuade someone to do something.

Profiled: described.

Goes a long way toward: success in.

Holds: is true.

Make a splash: get attention.

A ripple effect: domino effect.

Unit 4

Grammar

Adverb clauses of result are introduced by:

Such + noun or noun phrase + that + clause of result

So + adjective + that + clause of result

So + adverb + that + clause of result

Examples

So is also used before many, few much and little.

So + much/little + uncountable noun + that

So + many/few + count noun + that

Example

1. Rachel Carson´s book silent spring brought so much attention to the dangers of

pollution that the modern environmental protection movement was born.

1. The subways were such a mess

that people hated to ride them.

2. The shoe brand became so

popular that sales went through

the roof in only a few short

months.

3. The flu spread so quickly that

50 percent of manhattanites

were sick on New Year´s Day.

Notes:

1. In spoken English, that is often omitted.

2. Placing such or so at the beginning of the sentence results in an

inverted word order.

This structure is emphatic.

So sensitive were New York City criminals to the subway environment

that they stopped committing crimes after the graffiti was removed.

Such enormous impact did Carson´s book have that president John

F.Kennedy ordered a special advisory committee to examine the issues

the book raised.

Let’s move to……………………

Words and expressions that

can be used metaphorically

Clarifying introductory Expressions

Contagious

Epidemic

Float an idea

Flood

Go through the roof

Immune

Infected

Make a splash

Open the floodgates

Ripple effect

Trigger

Turn the tide

wave

In other words…

So…

What you´re saying, then, is…

To put it another way…

FENG SHUI

Vocabulary:

I. Frowned upon: disapprove of.

II. Hard bitten: tough or experienced.

III. Transcendent: beyond the limits of ordinary experience.

IV. Digression: idea that is unrelated to the topic.

V. Aligning: properly positioning.

VI. Caught off guard: surprised, startled.

VII. Abundance: a large quantity of something.

VIII. Circulates: moves, flows.

IX. Quote: repeat what someone else has said or written.

X. Skeptically: with doubt.

XI. Get into: become interested in.

XII. Sharp: smart, quick.

XIII. Work around: compensate for.

XIV. Rise or fall: success or fail.

Unit 5

What is Feng Shui?

Feng shui offers a variety of easy and practical tips to

improve your life.

This is a simple question that can be

difficult to answer. Feng shui is an

ancient art and science developed

over 3,000 years ago in China. It is a

complex body of knowledge that

reveals how to balance the energies

of any given space to assurehealth and good fortune for

people inhabiting it.

Grammar:

Spoken Discourse Connections

Discourse Connections are words and expressions that can connect

ideas in speaking and writing.

We use formal connectors –

in contrast, moreover,furthermore,consequently,therefore,- to

express the meaning of contrast,addition, and result. In spoken

English, often use more informal connectors to express the same

meaning.

Contrast Addition Result

g(unexpected result)

But plus so

however in addition as a result

On the other hand On top of that

Expression Explanation Example

Boy…… Used as an exclamation

followed by an inversion,

auxiliary then main verb

Boy, did Bruce lee have

bad luck!

I wouldn´t say…, but I

would say

Used to clarify the

meaning

I wouldn´t say feng shui is

huge in the United State,

but I would say it´s

becoming popular.

…would no more…

than....

Followed by something

obviously unreasonable

I would no more hire a

feng shui expert to design

my house than I would

hire a palm reader to

predict my future.

Talk about…. Followed by an

explanation

Talk about a perfect

location! The house was

surrounded by lovely

streams and beautiful

gardens.

I´d have to say Used to emphasize a

strong point

Well, since I moved, y

desk to the northeast

corner, I´d have to say

my writing has improved.

SPIRITUAL RENEWAL

Vocabulary

Frowned upon: disapprove of

Prophets: Holy men.

Fasting: eating no food for a special reason.

Divine: Coming from God or a god.

Enacted a law: new official rule was created.

Vibrant: Full of energy and life.

Hectic: Very busy, full of activity.

Replenish: Renew and refill.

Well-being: A feeling of being happy, healthy, or satisfied.

Will: Determination.

Fosters: Develops.

Gratitude: Thankfulness.

Humility: Not being too proud.

Eastern religions: Asceticism.

All religions: Anti-materialism.

Judaism: Preservation of an ancient tradition.

Mormonism: Anti-competitiveness.

Islam: Spiritual renewal.

Quest: Search

Trace: Finds the origins of something

Took on: Started

Draw: make someone willing to talk

Over time: Gradually

Unit 6

Grammar

Count and Noun Counts Nouns

All nouns in English can be divided into two groups

COUNT NOUS

Are those that can be counted and made plural (monasteries, monks)

NON-COUNT NOUS

Can be considered as a mass and cannot be made plural (spiritually, air)

Quantifiers before count nouns Quantifiers before non-count nouns

1. A lot

2. Many / a great many

3. Quite a few

4. A bunch of

5. A (large) number of

6. Certain

7. Not many

8. Very few (just a few / only a few)

9. A few / few

10. Fewer

1. A lot of

2. A great deal of

3. Quite a bit of

4. Not much

5. Very little

6. A little / little

7. less

Workplace privacy

Vocabulary

Employees: people who work for a company or organization.

Employer: Person or organization that you work for

Keep an eye on: Watch closely and continuously

Surveillance: The act of watching carefully or secretly

Safeguards: protections

Eavesdropping: Listen to secretly

Legitimate: Lawful; reasonable

A log: An official written record

Scope: Range

Willy-nilly: Unpredictably, without our choosing

Dignity: Respectability, seriousness

Demeaned: Insulted

Driving: Causing

Sinister: Evil

Deter: Prevent

Unit 7

Grammar

Some verbs must always be followed by a gerund (base form of

verb + ing). Other verbs must be followed by an infinitive (to +

base form of verb). Others can be followed by either a gerund or

an infinitive with no change in meaning.

However, certain verbs that can be followed by either a gerund

or an infinitive do have a change in meaning. Sometimes the

change is subtle, sometimes it is very obvious. Look at the verbs

forget and stop.

Verb Meaning Forget + gerund

He will never forget having his calls

monitored.

Forget + infinitive

The manager was fired because he

forgot to write a report about his staff´s

phone calls

Stop + gerund

She stopped calling her friends during

office hours.

Stop + infinitive

When she realized how late she was

working she stopped to call home.

To forget an experience – usually one

that is particularly good or bad

To forget to do something

To stop doing something for an

extended time

To stop doing something for a moment

in order to do something else.

Boosting brain power through the arts

Vocabulary

1. Enhance: Improve

2. Proficiency: Ability and skill

3. Abstract reasoning: Ability to understand general concepts that

cannot be immediately seen or felt

4. Self-esteem: Confident

5. Underscoring: Emphasizing

6. Neurological: Related to nerves

7. Hallmark: outstanding feature

8. Sequential: In a particular order

9. Interventions: Special activities to prevent bad results

10. Curriculum: List of subject taught

11. Well-rounded: Complete and varied

12. Building blocks: parts, pieces.

Unit 9

Grammar

The passive voice is formed by using a form of the verb to be plus

the past participle of the main verb. The verb to be can be used

in any tense as illustrated below.

Subject Form of the verb to

be

Past participle Complement

The students Are Given A well-rounded

education

His self-esteem Was Enhanced By the new arts

curriculum

Intervention Will be Needed If things don´t

improve

The curriculum

The pieces

Is going to be must

be

Improved

Practiced

Before the

performance

The neurons

Spatial reasoning

Might have been

is being

Stimulated

Improved

When to use the passive voice

The passive voice is used when you:

1. Want to emphasize the object of the action, not the actor.

2. Do not know the actor

3. Want to avoid mentioning who performed the action or to avoid blaming

anyone

4. Want to report an ideal or fact

Passive causative

The passive causative is used to speak about services arrange.

It is formed by the verbs get or have and the past participle of the main verb.

Ms. Diaz is organizing an art exhibition of her student´s work. With special

funds collected for this purpose, she had the paintings mounted on

special paper. She also had the works framed. Finally, she got the school

lobby cleaned and set up.

SUCCESS

Goals are very important for each person to reach what we want to do and who we want to be

in our life but nowadays lack of inspiration and motivation are some of the most important

causes why people stop fallowing their dreams and goals, the majority of people believe that

we cannot have or bee what we want this because we do not fight for the things and we give

up at the first obstacle we have, I really believe that people have to learn how to overcome

obstacles in life, if we learn how to do it that would be the key to success.

Many times men and women are limited for many others situations or factors that prevent

them from achieving their dreams like for example lack of opportunities, poverty, and so on,

sometimes the fathers do not give them good examples or bases to confront the obstacles that

they are going to face during their lives, in the other hand there are people that have all

possibilities and opportunities to reach success but this kind of people do not take advantage

of what they have they just do not care about their future.

We all want to be successful, but sometimes we are not sure the way to go to achieve success.

In our society people blame everyone, from their parents to the government for its failure to

succeed. I am very convinced that success is not something that comes easy, is something that

we have to earn by doing good things like do and give our best in everything we do, as

individuals we have to define and mark the route that we are going to follow to reach our

deepest desires, this will help us to have a clearer picture of what we want and also will give us

the ability to set goals in the short and long term.

One thing that should be clear is that we must take individual responsibility for the conquest of

our success and our mission of life we are the architects of our life, this will be so dependent

on the reality of our faith, patience, and perseverance, thus our dreams will return reality. Many

people try to find quick solutions, triumphs hurry, without understanding that success is simply

a result of internal growth and that this often takes time that many people do not dedicated,

many people decide just to give up.

In conclusion I would add from my point of view, we should not let anyone tell us that

something is impossible to do because everything is possible, if we fight with courage and we

intend to achieve our dreams there is nothing and nobody that can stop us, so We have to

keep working hard and believe in our salves that is the most important thing we have to do and

of course give God thanks for every little thing he give us every day of our lives.