e. scott bair – ohio state university 3 toms - tomastik ... f… · s. bair –ohio state,...

$: E. Scott Bair – Ohio State University 3 Toms - Tomastik ... f… · S. Bair –Ohio State, hydrogeology D. Freeman –Marietta, fracture mechanics J. Senko –Akron, groundwater$
Geologic and Hydrogeologic Factors Controlling How Stray Gasfrom the English #1 Well Invaded Residences in Geauga

County, Ohio, Causing an In‐House Explosion

Geologic and Hydrogeologic Factors Controlling How Stray Gasfrom the English #1 Well Invaded Residences in Geauga

County, Ohio, Causing an In‐House Explosion

E. Scott Bair – Ohio State University3 Toms - Tomastik, Benko, Hill – Ohio DNR-Oil & Gas

E. Scott Bair – Ohio State University3 Toms - Tomastik, Benko, Hill – Ohio DNR-Oil & Gas

Oil & Gas Fields in Ohio

English #1gas wellEnglish #1gas well

Scotland Drive

PaynehousePaynehouseJordan

water wellJordan

water well

Clinton Sandstone (Silurian), Carroll County4960 ft depth

k = 0.05 md, n = 4.15%

Clinton Sandstone (Silurian), Carroll County4960 ft depth

k = 0.05 md, n = 4.15%

Mud‐Rotary Drill

Time Line of Events

10/02/07 – Urban Drilling Permit from ODNR

10/18/07 – Spudded, set 88’ of 11¾” casing

10/19/07 – Set 263’ of 8⅝” casing into top ofOhio Shale, below USDW, cemented to surface10/20‐26/07 – TD in Clinton Ss at 3926’ 10/26/07 – Set and cemented 4½” productioncasing, lost circulation at 3640’ in Packer Shell

11/01/07 – Cement bond log run; top of cement at 3640’

Diagram of English Well

Cement Bond LogTop Bottom

Gamma logGamma log

Percent

bond

ing

Percent

bond

ing

100100

70%70%

00

no cementno cement cement < 70% bondedcement < 70% bonded

3750’3700’3650’3600’3550’

Only 17' of cement was 100% bonded

11/05/07 – Perforated Clinton 3720‐3740’;breakdown Clinton displacing 7750 gallonsacid and freshwater

(only 80’ cement above perfs)

Diagram of English Well Time Line of Events





Perforation gun

11/05/07 – Perforated Clinton 3720‐3740’;breakdown Clinton displacing 7750 gallonsacid and freshwater


Diagram of English Well Time Line of Events





11/12/07 – Swabbed well to 3600’, fluid at1500’, shut‐in well

11/13/07 – Production zone fracked, stoppedwhen oil/brine circulated out of open valve onproduction casing, swabbing frac fluid

Hydraulic FracturingFractures propagate parallel to the plane of greatest principal stress and perpendicular to the plane of least principle stress.

BREAKDOWN PRESSURE

HYDRAULIC FRACTURINGwater millions of gallonssand millions of poundsfracking compounds .thousands of poundsfracking liquids thousands of gallons

Hydraulic Fracturing

Pumpingline ‐ inPumpingline ‐ inMixing & pumping

truckMixing & pumping

truck

Mixing & pumpingtruck

Mixing & pumpingtruck

Freshwatertanks

Freshwatertanks

OutflowlineOutflowline

Filling tank withflowback waterFilling tank withflowback water

Oil./Gas Shale Deposits

Diagram of English Well

11/05/07 – Perforated Clinton 3720‐3740’;Breakdown Clinton displacing 7750 gallonsacid and freshwater


Time Line of Events





11/12/07 – Swabbed well to 3600’, fluid at1500’, shut‐in well

11/13/07 – Production zone fracked, stoppedwhen oil/brine circulated out of open valve onproduction casing, swabbing frac fluid

11/14‐16/07 – Pressure testing, well shut‐in at 5:00 pm 11/16

Straygas

Payne residence, 17975 English DrivePayne residence, 17975 English Drive

12/11/07 ‐ water turns cloudy12/11/07 ‐ water turns cloudy

12/13‐14/07 ‐ Reports of gas in other wells on English Drive


12/15/07 – gas invades basementexplosion at 2:45 amblue flames around outside of house

12/15/07 – gas invades basementexplosion at 2:45 amblue flames around outside of house

12/15/07 – Water blows out of Jordan well 15‐18 feetinto the air for several hours, then blows gasfor several days

12/15/07 – Water blows out of Jordan well 15‐18 feetinto the air for several hours, then blows gasfor several days


12/15/07 – Fire Department evacuates 19 homes based onmethane measurements (values not recorded)

Emergency RespondersFire Dept, Cty Health Dept, ODNR, OVE

19 Homes Evacuated

Homes Provided Bottled Water

Homes Provided Gas Detectors

Homes Monitored for LELs

Methane Meter(percent LEL)

Lower Explosive Limit50,000 ppm methane = 100%

40,000 ppm = 80%10,000 ppm = 20%

Remedial Cement Squeeze Jobs

Source of stray gaseliminated

Segmented Bond Log

400’ 600’500’

Poor qualitycement

Top of cement640’

High qualitycement

September 1, 2008

ODNR Report

January 30, 2008Lawsuit filed by 42 property owners

Payne et al. versus OVE et al.$8,000,000

Summary of ClaimsPayne et al. versus OVE et al.

Plaintiffs bring this action against Defendants [for] ultra hazardous activity,fraudulent concealment, failure to warn, and negligent infliction of emotionaldistress… stemming from drilling a gas well that caused the explosion of Richardand Thelma Payne’s home and the contamination of Plaintiffs’ properties,including but not limited to the groundwater aquifer that serves as [the] drinkingwater supply for Plaintiffs’ properties.

[Header and Logo Removed]

Expert Report: Plaintiffs

Differences in Interpretation of LEL Data

ODNRLEL values are an inaccurate measureof methane gas concentration; shouldonly be used to indicate the presenceor absence of methane.

Affected Probably affected

Plaintiffs’ ExpertLEL data clearly show three types offractures generated by the English #1well incident, which created a sourceof methane that could last forever.

“The trend‐line on each LEL record is a sixth‐order polynomial, which minimizes the influence of outlier points and amplifies points clustered in tight groups.”

Type 1 Fractures: 6 wells

These responses occur in wells locatedat fractures fed by gas directly fromthe English #1 well annulus.


These responses occur in wells located at fractures developed by overpressuring the deep gas‐producing formation.


These wells are located at fractures developed by deep fracturing of bedrock down to the gas‐producing formation.

Deeply Divided Opinions

Parties (Payne et al. and OVE et al.) agreed to attempt settlement by arbitration

Parties agreed to forming a panel of experts to evaluate opinionsS. Bair – Ohio State, hydrogeologyD. Freeman – Marietta, fracture mechanicsJ. Senko – Akron, groundwater chemistry, geobiology

Panel provided with funds and personnel to obtain necessary data

Scientific MethodScientific Method

Panel Grouped Disparate Opinions Into 4 Hypotheses

ODNRnononono

Plaintiffsyesyesyesyes

Additional Data / Maps Developed by Expert PanelGeologic• geologic cross sections, isopach & structure contour maps – Berea Ss• measurement of joint orientations and frequencies

Hydrodynamic• repeat borehole videos in wells from 2008, plus more wells• measure – water levels in residential wells & K and n in core samples

Hydrochemical• well water samples – inside selected homes & regional• sediment samples – inside selected homes

1. Overpressurizing the English #1 well fractured Ohio Shale no yes2. Fracturing created a perpetual source of invasive gas no yes3. Wellhead LEL readings revealed 3 types of fractures no yes 4. Methane, metals, and black goo contaminated wells no yes

Geologist

ChemistPhysicist

If the hypothesis is correct, then the conclusions from…

Sharon SandstoneSharon Sandstone

Cuyahoga ShaleCuyahoga Shale

SEM Images of Cuyahoga Shale Sample

1500x 20 microns

abundant illitic clay in field of view

authigenic pyritereplacing organicsin pore spaces

pyriteframboidsapatite

crystal

sodium plagioclasecrystal (probable)

silt grain coatedwith illitic clay

abundant illitic clay in field of view

800x 25 microns

pluckedgrain

Berea SandstoneBerea Sandstone

Photomicrograph of Berea Sandstone Thin Section

Bedford ShaleBedford Shale

Ohio ShaleOhio Shale

SEM Images of Ohio Shale Sample

2000x 20 microns

abundant illitic clay in field of view abundant illitic clay in field of view

800x 25 microns

pluckedgrains silt grain coated

with illitic clay

authigenicpyrite plucked

grains

0

45

90

135

180

225

270

315

Joints in Cuyahoga Shale

0 1 2 3 4

0

45

90

135

180

225

270

315

Joints in Berea Sandstone

0 2 4 6 8 10

0

45

90

135

180

225

270

315

Joints in Ohio Shale

0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2

0

45

90

135

180

225

270

315

Joints in Sharon Conglomerate

0 2 4 6 8

Sharon Sandstone Cuyahoga Shale

Berea Sandstone Ohio Shale

Neotectonic Joints – post orogeny

Tectonic Joints – Alleghenian Orogeny

(Engelder, 1993)

English #1Gas WellEnglish #1Gas Well

JordanJordan

PaynePayne

Conceptualization of Vertical Joints(frequency dependent on rock type)Conceptualization of Vertical Joints(frequency dependent on rock type)

3 Rounds of VideosJanuary 2008March 2008

3 Rounds of VideosJanuary 2008March 2008

Summer – Fall 2009Summer – Fall 2009

Borehole Videos in Wells

ODNR Color Borehole Camera

$9,000$9,000

Hydrogeologic Cross Section(southwest – northeast)

Structure Contour Map on Top of Berea Sandstone(base of Cuyahoga Shale)

Approximate high point onBerea Sandstonestructural top


Approximate position ofsaddle in Berea Sandstone

structural top


structural top

PaynewellPaynewell 910910

English #1Gas WellEnglish #1Gas Well

00 500 ft500 ft

BacteriaBacteria

Bedding planeBedding plane

High-angle jointHigh-angle joint

Sharon SandstoneSharon Sandstone

Cuyahoga ShaleCuyahoga Shale

Berea SandstoneBerea Sandstone

Roiling gas bubblesat water surface

Roiling gas bubblesat water surface

Solitary gas bubble movingup from deeper source

to lower pressure

Solitary gas bubble movingup from deeper source

to lower pressure

Solitary gas bubbleemanating from jointSolitary gas bubble

emanating from joint

Solitary gas bubbleemanating from bedding planeSolitary gas bubbleemanating from bedding plane

Gas bubble fromdeeper source

Gas bubble fromdeeper source

Multiple gas bubblesemanating from bedding plane

Multiple gas bubblesemanating from bedding plane

Multiple source openingson same bedding plane

Multiple source openingson same bedding plane

Borehole Videotape

Shale Gas Migration Model

(Milica, 1996)

Fracture Flow Concepts

Fracture Porosity Double PorosityDouble Porosity

Low porosityHigh permeability

Low storage

High porosityHigh permeability

High storage

High porosityHigh permeability

High storage

Gas Migration Along Joints

Gas Migration Along Bedding Planes

2

162.6 log 3.23Q ktpkb cr

The change in pressure at any radial distance from an injection wellcan be computed from the following equation:

(Matthews and Russell, 1967)

where Δp = reservoir pressure change (psi) at radius r and time tQ = fluid injection rate (bbls/day)µ = viscosity (centipoise)k = intrinsic permeability of the reservoir (millidarcies)b = reservoir thickness (feet)t = time since injection began (hours)c = reservoir compressibility (1/psi)r = radial distance from wellbore to point of interest (feet)Φ = reservoir porosity (decimal)

Assumes reservoir is: isotropic, homogeneous, infinite, and the wellinjects fluid at a constant rate and fully penetrates the reservoir.

Hypothesis Testing

The Bainbridge Gas Invasion is well‐known for the stray methane gas that entered the Payne house at 12345 English Drive, ignited, and the explosion caused the ground‐floor to separate from the basement, rise into the air, and fall back largely intact into the exploded cinder‐block foundation.

Less well known, but equally diagnostic as to how the gas invaded the Payne house, is that water from the Jordanwell, immediately across the street, flowed 15 ‐18 feet

above the land surface for most of the same nightand then blew methane gas out of the borehole.

Jordanwater wellJordan

water wellPaynehousePaynehouse

Englishgas wellEnglishgas well

Estimates of Fluid Pressure Buildup in Residential Wells‐‐‐ Berea Sandstone Wells ‐‐‐

Panel’sInterpretations & Hypotheses

Geologic data Borehole videos Methane (Y/N)

Pressure Buildup & Gas MovementPressure Buildup & Gas Movement

Stage 1Pressure Buildup

Mid‐November to Mid‐December 2007

Stage 3Natural Pressure DissipationSummer 2008 through present

Stage 2Artificial Pressure ReleaseLate December 2007 to July 2008Hypothesis Testing

Temporal LEL patterns

AA

A′A′BB

CC

DD

EE

B′B′

C′C′

D′D′

E′E′

00 500 ft500 ft

910910

Stage 1 – Pressure BuildupGas rises through Ohio Shale, low porosity & permeability keep gas close to borehole

Stage 1 – Pressure BuildupGas rises through Ohio Shale, low porosity & permeability keep gas close to borehole

Explanation

High point in Berea Ss topTop of Berea Ss contour


Mid‐November 2007gas starts to rise up into BereaSandstone near English well

Gas capGas cap


structural top


structural top

AA

A′A′BB

CC

DD

EE

B′B′

C′C′

D′D′

E′E′910910

Late November 2007gas cap ≈ 2 feet thicknear English well


00 500 ft500 ft

PaPaCzCz

Stage 1 – Pressure BuildupGas rises to top of Berea Ss, moves toward high point, old Payne well pressurizes

Stage 1 – Pressure BuildupGas rises to top of Berea Ss, moves toward high point, old Payne well pressurizes

Explanation

Berea / Cuyahoga wellCuyahoga well


Gas capGas cap

JoJo


structural top


structural top

Old Payne Well in Air‐Tight Vault Under Deck

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

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90

10012

/19/

2007

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1/19

/201

0

Date

Wel

lhea

d LE

L (p

erce

nt o

f 5%

met

hane

)Hypothesis Testing

Delay in Arrival of Fugitive Gas

7941 Scotland Drive

0

100

200

300

400

500

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Radial Distance from English #1 Gas Well (feet)

Wel

lhea

d LE

L D

elay

Tin

e (d

ays)

Hypothesis Testing Delay in Arrival of Fugitive Gas

Cuyahoga / Sharon wellBerea / Cuyahoga well

Delay = f.(distance, well depth, geologic location)

0

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/19/

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0

Date

Wel

lhea

d LE

L (p

erce

nt o

f 5%

met

hane

)

High

Low

High

Low

Hypothesis Testing Methane Content Varies Seasonally

7969 Scotland Drive

1/1/70 1/1/71 1/1/72 1/1/73 1/1/74 1/1/75 1/1/76 1/1/77 1/1/78 1/1/79 1/1/80Date

28

24

20

16

12

8

Dep

th to

Wat

er (f

eet)

Seasonal Water‐Level Variations: up to ± 8 feet

AA

A′A′BB

CC

DD

EE

B′B′

C′C′

D′D′

E′E′

Early December 2007gas cap ≈ 3 feet thicknear English well

910910

JoJo

CoCo


00 500 ft500 ft

PaPaCzCz

Stage 1 – Pressure BuildupPressure rises in Berea Ss, gas moves to wells, Payne well leaks gas into Sharon Ss

Stage 1 – Pressure BuildupPressure rises in Berea Ss, gas moves to wells, Payne well leaks gas into Sharon Ss

Explanation



Gas capGas cap

BaBaMaMa KuKu

KoKo

BuBuMcMcCaCa

dede

PrPrJhJh

OhOh


structural top


structural top

BB

CC

DD

EE

B′B′

C′C′

D′D′

E′E′

A′A′

AADecember 15, 2007gas cap ≈ 4 feet thicknear English well

910910


JoJo

CoCo

00 500 ft500 ft

PaPaCzCz

KoKo

Stage 1 – Pressure BuildupMore gas rises into Berea Ss, fluid pressures increase more, gas spreads in Sharon Ss

Stage 1 – Pressure BuildupMore gas rises into Berea Ss, fluid pressures increase more, gas spreads in Sharon Ss

BaBaKuKu

Gas capGas cap

McMc

BuBu

DoDoGaGa

SeSe SaSa

MaMa

Explanation



no information about well

OhOh


structural top


structural top

AA

A′A′BB

CC

DD

EE

B′B′

C′C′

D′D′

E′E′

Stage 2 – Artificial Pressure ReleaseBerea Ss gas moves to purging wells & rises into Cuyahoga Sh, Sharon Ss gas escapes

Early January 2008near English well gas still rises under lower pressure, 16 wells overpump for 7 months, gas

seeps under saddle

910910


00 500 ft500 ft

Explanation

Residential wells used topurge gas (Jan–Jun 2008)


Gas capGas cap

JoJoMcMcCaCa

dede

BaBaKuKu

SaSa CzCzMaMa

GaGa JhJh

CoCoKoKo

DoDoPrPr

OhOh


structural top


structural top

Numberof

Wells

1 day pumping8 hrs/day

1 week pumping8 hrs/day

1 monthpumping8 hrs/day

6 monthspumping8 hrs/day

1 4,800 34,000 146,000 878,000

5 24,000 168,000 732,000 4,392,000

10 48,000 336,000 1,464,000 8,784,000

Gallons of Water Removed by Intentional Overpumping[varying use of 16 wells for 7 months]

0

10

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0

Date

Wel

lhea

d LE

L (p

erce

nt o

f 5%

met

hane

)

Main gas cap thickens and seeps east under saddle

Longer delay as gas cap deepens and expands

17971 Kingswood Drive

Hypothesis TestingSaddle in Berea Sandstone Top

AA

A′A′BB

CC

DD

EE

B′B′

C′C′

D′D′

E′E′

Stage 2 – Artificial Pressure ReleaseGas in Berea Ss flows toward purging wells and continues to rise into Cuyahoga Shale

March 2008Gas cap beginning to dissipatelaterally and vertically from overpumping wells, gas cap above Berea Ss in Jordan well,

east gas cap separating

910910


00 500 ft500 ft Gas capGas cap

JoJoMcMcCaCa

dede

BaBaKuKu

SaSa CzCzMaMa

GaGa

OhOh CoCoKoKo

Explanation

Residential wells used topurge gas (Jan–Jun 2008)


DoDoPrPrJoJo


structural top


structural top

No gasin Berea SsNo gas

in Berea Ss

0

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Wel

lhea

d LE

L (p

erce

nt o

f 5%

met

hane

)

OVERPUMPING

Hypothesis TestingDissipation by Intentional Overpumping

17995 English Drive

AA

BB

CC

DD

EE

B′B′

C′C′

D′D′

E′E′

Stage 3 – Natural Pressure DissipationGas in Berea Ss flows toward purging wells and continues to rise into Cuyahoga Shale

Summer 2009Dissipation causes gas

cap to split apart

910910


00 500 ft500 ft Gas capGas cap

KoKo

Explanation

Berea wellHigh point in Berea Ss topTop of Berea Ss contour

A′A′


structural top


structural top

0

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Wel

lhea

d LE

L (p

erce

nt o

f 5%

met

hane

)

Hypothesis TestingNatural Pressure Dissipation

Main gas cap deepens and extends east under saddle

Dissipation of east gas cap and separation from main gas cap

17926 Kingswood Drive

AA

A′A′BB

CC

DD

EE

B′B′

C′C′

D′D′

E′E′

Stage 3 – Natural Pressure DissipationNo gas source beds found in Berea Ss in borehole videotapes, gas in Cuyahoga Sh

December 2009gas cap dissipates

up into Cuyahoga Sh

910910


00 500 ft500 ft

Explanation

Borehole videotape madein residential well


JoJoMcMcCaCa

dede

BaBaKuKuCzCz

JoJo

CoCoKoKo

AdAd

BrBr

StSt

PaPa

BuBu

MoMo

Orientations of Profiles along the Top of Berea SurfaceOrientations of Profiles along the Top of Berea Surface

AA

A′A′BB

CC

DD

EE

B′B′

C′C′

D′D′

E′E′


00 500 ft500 ft

910910

PaynewellPaynewell




structural top


structural top

Jordanwell

Jordanwell

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0

Distance Along Profile (inches)

860

880

900

920

860

880

900

920

860

880

900

920

Eleva

tion (fe

et, a

msl)

860

880

900

920

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0860

880

900

920

west east

north south

English #1 GasWell

B - B'

C - C'

D - D'

E - E'

A - A' E - E'

A - A'

A - A'

A - A'

A - A'

D - D' C - C' B - B'

Stage 1 – Pressure BuildupMid‐November 2007

Berea SandstoneBerea SandstoneCuyahogaShale

CuyahogaShale

Profiles greatly exaggerated in the vertical dimension

Adams

Payne(old)

Payne(old)

Komockide Gaetano

Prochaska

McGee

Buddenhagen

Mason

Kukoleck

Bastifell Jordan

Calo

Ohara

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0


860

880

900

920

860

880

900

920

860

880

900

920

Eleva

tion (fe

et, a

msl)

860

880

900

920

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0860

880

900

920

west east

north south

English #1 GasWell

B - B'

C - C'

D - D'

E - E'

A - A' E - E'

A - A'

A - A'

A - A'

A - A'

D - D' C - C' B - B'

Stage 1 – Pressure BuildupLate November 2007


CuyahogaShale


Adams

Payne(old)

Payne(old)

Komockide Gaetano

Prochaska

McGee

Buddenhagen

Mason

Kukoleck

Bastifell Jordan

Calo

Ohara

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0


860

880

900

920

860

880

900

920

860

880

900

920

Eleva

tion (fe

et, a

msl)

860

880

900

920

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0860

880

900

920

west east

north south

English #1 GasWell

B - B'

C - C'

D - D'

E - E'

A - A' E - E'

A - A'

A - A'

A - A'

A - A'

D - D' C - C' B - B'

Stage 1 – Pressure BuildupEarly December 2007


CuyahogaShale


Adams

Payne(old)

Payne(old)

Komockide Gaetano

Prochaska

McGee

Buddenhagen

Mason

Kukoleck

Bastifell Jordan

Calo

Ohara

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0


860

880

900

920

860

880

900

920

860

880

900

920

Eleva

tion (fe

et, a

msl)

860

880

900

920

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0860

880

900

920

west east

north south

English #1 GasWell

B - B'

C - C'

D - D'

E - E'

A - A' E - E'

A - A'

A - A'

A - A'

A - A'

D - D' C - C' B - B'

Stage 1 – Pressure BuildupDecember 15, 2007


CuyahogaShale


Adams

Payne(old)

Payne(old)

Komockide Gaetano

Prochaska

McGee

Buddenhagen

Mason

Kukoleck

Bastifell Jordan

Calo

Ohara

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0


860

880

900

920

860

880

900

920

860

880

900

920

Eleva

tion (fe

et, a

msl)

860

880

900

920

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0860

880

900

920

west east

north south

English #1 GasWell

B - B'

C - C'

D - D'

E - E'

A - A' E - E'

A - A'

A - A'

A - A'

A - A'

D - D' C - C' B - B'

Stage 2 – Artificial Pressure ReleaseEarly January 2008


CuyahogaShale


Adams

Payne(old)

Payne(old)

Komockide Gaetano

Prochaska

McGee

Buddenhagen

Mason

Kukoleck

Bastifell Jordan

Calo

Ohara

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0


860

880

900

920

860

880

900

920

860

880

900

920

Eleva

tion (fe

et, a

msl)

860

880

900

920

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0860

880

900

920

west east

north south

English #1 GasWell

B - B'

C - C'

D - D'

E - E'

A - A' E - E'

A - A'

A - A'

A - A'

A - A'

D - D' C - C' B - B'

Stage 2 – Artificial Pressure ReleaseMarch 2008


CuyahogaShale


Adams

Payne(old)

Payne(old)

Komockide Gaetano

Prochaska

McGee

Buddenhagen

Mason

Kukoleck

Bastifell Jordan

Calo

Ohara

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0


860

880

900

920

860

880

900

920

860

880

900

920

Eleva

tion (fe

et, a

msl)

860

880

900

920

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0860

880

900

920

west east

north south

English #1 GasWell

B - B'

C - C'

D - D'

E - E'

A - A' E - E'

A - A'

A - A'

A - A'

A - A'

D - D' C - C' B - B'

Stage 3 – Natural Pressure DissipationAutumn 2008


CuyahogaShale


Adams

Payne(old)

Payne(old)

Komockide Gaetano

Prochaska

McGee

Buddenhagen

Mason

Kukoleck

Bastifell Jordan

Calo

Ohara

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0


860

880

900

920

860

880

900

920

860

880

900

920

Eleva

tion (fe

et, a

msl)

860

880

900

920

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0860

880

900

920

west east

north south

English #1 GasWell

B - B'

C - C'

D - D'

E - E'

A - A' E - E'

A - A'

A - A'

A - A'

A - A'

D - D' C - C' B - B'

Stage 3 – Natural Pressure DissipationSummer 2009


CuyahogaShale


Adams

Payne(old)

Payne(old)

Komockide Gaetano

Prochaska

McGee

Buddenhagen

Mason

Kukoleck

Bastifell Jordan

Calo

Ohara

Panel’s Evaluation of HypothesesODNRnononono

Plaintiffsyesyesyesyes

1. Overpressurizing the English #1 well fractured Ohio Shale no yes2. Fracturing created a perpetual source of invasive gas no yes3. Wellhead LEL readings revealed 3 types of fractures no yes 4. Methane, metals, and black goo contaminated wells no yes

Hypothesis No. 1Overpressurizing the English #1 well fractured Ohio Shale?

A deep hydraulically fractured zoneproduces a vertical, rectangular fracture

A shallow hydraulically fractured zoneproduces a horizontal, radial fracture

“To summarize, calculations and field observations suggest, to a reasonable degree of engineering certainty, that any fracture created in the Ohio Shale by the overpressurization of the English #1 gas well surface‐production casing annulus was likely shallow and oriented horizontally.”

“To summarize, it is unlikely the Clinton sandstone fracture treatment in theEnglish #1 gas well grew out of zone. However, the inadequate primary cementjob likely failed to maintain a hydraulic seal, resulting in… possible leakage ofClinton gas into the same annulus during the subsequent 31 days when the wellwas mostly shut in.”

Hypothesis No. 2Fracturing Created a Perpetual Source

of Invasive Gas?

Videos document gas cap rising Methane becoming non‐detect in

residential wells No fracturing by overpressuring

English well

Hypothesis No. 3Wellhead LEL readings revealed 3 types of fractures?

Type 1 Type 2

Type 3

LEL Patterns Caused by Several Independent Factors Distance from English well Location under top of Berea Ss Overpumping of residential wells Seasonal variations of methane migration Fractured nature of Cuyahoga Sh caprock Elimination of gas source (squeeze jobs)

English #1 Gas WellEnglish #1 Gas Well

Abrams2110 feetAbrams2110 feet

KomockiKomocki

DonaldsonDonaldson GaubGaub

de Gaetano1027 feetde Gaetano1027 feet

CzernickiCzernicki

Plaintiffs’ Type 1Wells receive gas from vertical

fractures connected directly to the surfaceproduction casing annulus of the English #1 well

Plaintiffs’ Type 1Wells receive gas from vertical

fractures connected directly to the surfaceproduction casing annulus of the English #1 well

16,000 linear feet of fracturing17,600,000 square feet of fracture planes

16,000 linear feet of fracturing17,600,000 square feet of fracture planes

Equivalent Area of Fracture Planes to Plaintiffs Group 1 WellsEquivalent fracture radius = 2,367 feet

Area of fracturing = 17,600,000 square feet

Equivalent Area of Fracture Planes to Plaintiffs Group 1 WellsEquivalent fracture radius = 2,367 feet

Area of fracturing = 17,600,000 square feet

Petroleum Engineering AnalysisHorizontal fracture radius = 235 feetFracture area = 173,500 square feet

Petroleum Engineering AnalysisHorizontal fracture radius = 235 feetFracture area = 173,500 square feet

English #1 Gas WellEnglish #1 Gas Well

McGee McGee

Adams Adams

CaloCalo

Hypothesis No. 4Methane, metals, and black goo contaminated wells?

Methane does not dissolve easily into water at the temperatures and pressures at Earth’s surface, where its solubility is between 28 to 30 milligrams of methane in a liter of water (mg/L). There are no public health standards for dissolved methane in water.

Methane is a colorless, tasteless, and odorless gas. In confined spaces, it can cause oxygen‐deficient atmospheres and flammable and explosive environments.

The median dissolved methane concentration of the 42 well‐water samples listed in Table 3‐10 is 0.25 mg/L.

Hypothesis No. 4Methane, metals, and black goo contaminated wells?

“The postulated trip taken by asperities derived from the Ohio Shale would require them to be transported by free gas (think bubbles) more than two thousand feet upward in the Ohio and Bedford shales along vertical joints and their intersections with bedding planes, through pinpoint‐size intergranular pores in the Berea Sandstone, along more vertical joints and bedding planes in the Cuyahoga Shale, and finally into uncased wellbores in residential wells in the investigation area.” In terms of hydrodynamics, this is highly likely. XRD analysis indicates that the sediments are from rusted casing.

Hypothesis No. 4Methane, metals, and black goo contaminated

residential wells?

Did Fracking and Overpressuring the English #1 Well CauseMethane to Contaminate the Berea Sandstone and

the Payne Residence to Explode?

Did Fracking and Overpressuring the English #1 Well CauseMethane to Contaminate the Berea Sandstone and

the Payne Residence to Explode?

E. Scott Bair – Ohio State UniversityDavid Freeman – Marietta CollegeJohn Senko – University of Akron

E. Scott Bair – Ohio State UniversityDavid Freeman – Marietta CollegeJohn Senko – University of Akron

Aftermath Panel presented its data collection methods, analysis techniques,

interpretations, and findings to Director’s staff at ODNR, DMRM;Plaintiffs’ attorneys and expert; OVE President, staff, and attorneys;Geauga County Commissioners and attorney; Bainbridge Township attorney.

Arbitrator used panel report to reach a settlement between parties.

Report findings used to award damages to specific home owners.

Findings miss‐cited in a recent U.S. EPA report on ground‐water . impacts from hydraulic fracturing.

e. scott bair – ohio state university 3 toms - tomastik ... f… · s. bair –ohio state,...

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