1

- 2012 4

- 2012 4

I I I

1956 .

,

. ., . ., . . TiN- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

. ., . ., . . . 9 . . -

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . ., . ., . ., . .

- . . . . . . 17 . ., . . -

PECVD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 . ., . ., . . -

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 . ., . .

AlSi , , - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

. . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

,

. ., . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

. ., . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

. . , . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

. ., . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

. . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

, -

. ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

. ., . ., . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

. ., . ., . ., . . - , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

. ., . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

. . . . . . . 111

. ., . ., . ., . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

2012, 4

-

. . . .

16.11.2012. 17.12.2012. 26.12.2012. 60841/8. . . . . 14,88. .-. . 16,4. 98 . 289.

: 34 550 ., 86 201 .

. 02330/0494405 27.03.2009. . . , 40, 220141, . . 391 18.05.2009.

.

, - , 2012

3

PROCEEDINGSOF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF

SCIENCES OF BELARUSPHYSICO-TECHNICAL SERIES 2012 N 4

FOUNDED BY THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF BELARUS

The Journal has been published since January 1956

Issued four times a year

CONTENTS

MATERIALS ENGINEERING, METALLURGY

Klubovich V. V., Rubanik V. V., Bahrets D. A. Decorative properties of annealed TiN coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Komarov O. S., Volosatikov V. I., Provorova I. B. Cast iron alloying with copper through a slag phase . . . . . . . 9Alifanov A. V. Effect of pressing force on structure-phase transformations and electro-physical properties of

high-temperature superconducting ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Kapustina I. B., Solovyev V. N., Fokina G. I., Levchuk A. S. Investigation of possibility of magnesium-mineral

composition production on the base of dolomite for immobilization of radioactive waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Takopulo D. A., Fisenko S. P. Formation of a supersaturated carbon solution in a metal under the process of

carbon nanofibers obtaining by PECVD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Delendik K. I., Saverchenko V. I., Fisenko S. P. Pyrolysis of a femtoliter droplet inside a low-temperature

aerosol reactor under low pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Arabei A. V., Rafalski I. V. Technological aspects of synthesis of cast alloys and master alloys of system AlSi of

aluminium-matrix composites on the basis from quartz materials, waste aluminium and silicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Krautsevich A. U. Particularities of impact of functionalization of carbon nanomaterial on the properties of

polymer nanocomposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS

Kashin Yu. A., Zhadan M. I., Kashina R. E. An airfoil section on adjustable bifilar suspension bracket in homogeneous media stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Shyrvel P. I., Kulikov I. S. The solving model for asymmetrical stress-strain state of cylindrical elements undergoing radiation, creep and plastic strains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Ustinovich D. F. , Golub V. M. Modeling of thermal processes at machining of flat surfaces by polymer-abrasive brushes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Hralka V. V., Gazuro V. M. Technological principles of increasing density and strength of large steel castings obtained in dry molds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Zaitsev A. V. Production of ring castings for blanks of large gears with internal hooking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

POWER ENGINEERING, HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

Olshansky A. I., Olshansky V. I. Investigation of the process of convective drying of thick and thin wet materials 78

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMS

Ruis L. A., Baryskievich I. A., Boriskevich A. A. A generalized architecture of hardware for discrete lifting wavelet transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

RADIOELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENT-MAKING

Brinkevich D. I., Vabishchevich S. A, Vabishchevich N. V., Prosolovich V. S. Strength properties of silicon epitaxial layers produced by vapor-phase and liquid phase epitaxy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Erofeenko V. T., Sinitsyn A. K. Design procedure for diffraction problem of symmetric waves on bi-isotropic partition in a cylindrical waveguide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Skurtu I. T. Parametrical representation of magnetic characteristics in modeling problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

DIAGNOSTICS AND SAFETY OF TECHNICAL AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS

Kuznetsov I. N., Ruchai N. S., Lembovich A. I., Sazanovets M. A. A technology of stillage processing with production of feed additive and biogas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

5

4 2012 -

,

621.785.33 + 621.793.1

. . , . . , . .

TiN-

( 24.05.2012)

. - (TiN) - - - - , , -. -, , , . , TiN-, - () . - TiN - (P = 0,0130,035 ), - (P = 0,0350,058 ) -- (P = 0,811,04 ) [1]. TiN- 0,2 (-) 2 (-) [2].

TiN- - 373-973 , - , - [3].

TiN- .

. (1810) TiN- -- : , , , . 1100 . TiN - 90 , 0,4 , 15 , (64320) -. (. 1).

- 900-40 - .

- S100 Solar (). TiN-

1. TiN-

1 2 3 4 5

, - 423 423 573 573, - 40 15 40 15

6

XYZ. - CIELab.

. . 1 XY, - , D65 ( ) . : (ld) (p). ld, , - , , D65 , . - 577 , - (. 1).

() p - , -

0 65

65

d

d

y ypy yl

-=

-, (1)

0y - ; 65dy - ; yl - - l.

46%. - ld p TiN- (. 2).

2. TiN- D65

XYZ

, , % , . .

583 48 28,0 1 577 46 29,5 -2 578 49 39,7 -3 578 51 16,8 -4 579 54 31,6 -5 578 51 19,3 -

, TiN- -- 577579 , - 583 ( ). - , ld - 4. : -, 54%, 6% , -, 31,6 . . 28,0 . . . (39,7 . .) - 2, ( ) - 49%. . 1 , 2 4 - , , 40 .

. 1.

7

( 3 5) 15 . , TiN- , - , , .

CIELab , - - : , - . -, : , , (. 2).

: L ( L = 0, L = 100); , -; b , .

Lab a b. - ab XY: , , . L () .

- ( )

2 2 2

1 2 1 2 1 2( ) ( ) ( ) . L L a a b b D = - + - + - (2)

, Lab D65, . 3.

3. TiN-

Lab, .

D, . L a b

59,9 +5,7 +32,2 -1 61,3 +3,1 +31,8 2,982 69,3 +4,1 +35,9 10,233 48,0 +3,7 +28,9 12,514 63,0 +5,0 +36,9 5,675 51,0 + 3,6 + 29,7 9,48

DE 1 . - .

TiN- CIELab , , , - XY (. 2). (- a) -, 1.

. 2. CIELab

. 3 (-) TiN-, - . (. 3) , 1 TiN- - , XYZ CIELab, c -. Y (L) , - . , - 2 4 , 3 5 - .

(. 3) , - . . 2 , TiN-, XYZ, 900-40, - 4. , - , , (2) D CIELab (L1L2)

2, , , L - () , . -

2 2

1 2 1 2( ) ( ) . a a b b D = - + - (3)

. 4 , (3) CIELab, TiN-.

4. TiN-

D, .

1 2 3 4 5

- 2,63 4,03 3,86 4,75 3,26

, ab - -.

. TiN- , D -, 40 423 573 .

1. . . // . . . . -. 2006. 2 (10). . 9396. 2. . ., . . // . . . . , 2008. 6. . 8490.3. . SU 1760987, 23 14/34. -

, , / . . ; . 01.10.91; . 07.09.92.

V. V. KLUBOVICH, V. V. RUBANIK, D. A. BAHRETS

DECORATIVE PROPERTIES OF ANNEALED TiN COATINGS

SummaryThe decorative properties of annealed TiN coatings on austenitic stainless steel which were formed by vacuum-arc deposition were

investigated. It was shown the principal possibility to control colour characteristics of TiN films due to heat treatment at different temperature and time that expand their usage as decorative coatings.

. 3. TiN-

9

4 2012 -

621,74 ; 699.131.7

. . , . . , . .

( 23.11.2011)

, - . . - . , , - , , - .

- - (.%): 87 CuO, 7,4 MgO, 2,6 Al2O3, 0,9 SiO2, 0,2 CaO.

, .

, (II):

CuO + = Cu + , (1)

CuO + = Cu + 2, (2)

2CuO + Si = 2Cu + Si2. (3)

(DrG) (1)(3), DrG - (. 1). , . -, , - ( Si) .

(. 2): 1) - - ( I); 2) - , ( II); 3) - ( IIIII);

,

. 1. - : 1 ;

2 ; 3 Si

10

4) - ( III); 5) - - ( IV); 6) - ( IV); 7) - ( IIIII IV). - .

, , , 100%- - [1]. .

, , . - , . - (87 .% Cu), (41 .% CaO, 21 .% SiO2, 11 .% MnO2, 22 .% Fe2O3), , - , 0,10,2 . 15,5 , - 3,2 .% C, 2,5 .% Si, 0,5 .% Mn, 0,12 .% Cr. - ( ) 1 .% . , 1450 5, 10, 15, 20 - . , .

, ( ) .

. 3 - . 50 , - 5, 20, 30 45 ( - ).

- , - 1015 - . - - , , -,

. 2. uO

. 3. : 1, 2, 3, 4 5; 20; 30; 45 -

- - . 5 - . - - .

- - - . 1,2; 3,6 4,8 .% ( ) 3 F2 - 4:1. . 4, , - , .

- - - ( ) - . 5, (15 ). - , - , 3% .

, . . - . , .

, , . - . , - - .

1. . ., . ., . . . : . .

. . . ., 1996.O. S. KOMAROV, V. I. VOLOSATIKOV, I. B. PROVOROVA

CAST IRON ALLOYING WITH COPPER THROUGH A SLAG PHASE

SummaryIt is studied copper alloying kinetics of cast iron through a slag phase. Admited that cast iron chip additives into slag composition were

demonstrated to accelerate a process of copper transition from slag to metal.

. 4. t = 15 : 1 1,2 .% (4CaCO3 + CaF2); 2

3,6 .% (4CaCO3 + CaF2); 3 4,8 .% (4CaCO3 + CaF2)

. 5. : 1 ; 2 3 .%

12

4 2012 -

621.762.4

. .

-

-

( 08.06.2012)

() 1986 . - 100 (1987 .) -. ( ) 7090 ( - ). - . , - . - , - - , - - . - , - . - , , (, - , ), -.

- (YBaCuO) (BiCaSrCu). - , , , - . , - ( 800 1100 , 2 , 1 4).

, - . Y2O3, BaCO3 CuO (24 ) 850 . 950 , 2 . [1]. 950 , 26 , , - [2]. , 950 . , - 975 ( c jc), - .

13

. - : , . . , -. 950 25 , - 400 .

[3, 4] , 950 8 - -. - - (I, Ba, Cu), , - [5].

- c 920 i2Sr2Cu2Ox. - 85 110 BiSrCaCuO [6]. , Bi2Sr2Can-1CunO2n+4 (n = 1, 2, 3). - i2Sr2CuO6, i2Sr2CaCu2O8 i2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10. 2201, 2212 2223, - 1020, 8090 105120 .

- , -- , [4]. , - , - : -, -, , (- ) .

, - , - -, - , - .

-- , - [7] - [8].

. 1. r () - s () - - s

r ()

14

- -. , [9] . [10] , YBaCuO - c 0,375 /.

, - , , c , . - . .

- , , - .

- Y2O, BaCO3 CuO 950 , 4 , . ( 10 , 6 , 2 ) [4] ( 10 , 2 ). , - () ( ) 11 2 4 . 500 2500 250 . 940 8 . . . 1, , - , 500 2500 5,0 5,9 /3. s 4,0 8,7 /

2 (. 1, ). . 1, , s - r - .

, YBaCuO, -3. , YBa2Cu3 O7-x. . - x . 1 ( 500 ). 500 2500 -

. 2. (250) - YBa2Cu3O7-x: a ; , - = 2500

15

YBaCuO- -: 200 020 - 19 ( p = 5002500 ), - 0,30,4. , - . . 2, , - - YBa2Cu3O7x (. 2, ) = 2500 (. 2, ). . 2, .

, - . 1018 ( = 5002500 ) - ( 19) 0,5.

. 3 - YBa2Cu3O7-x 1 ( = 500 a) (. 3, ) 9 ( = 2500 ) (. 3, ). - , - - , , .

. 4 - YBa2Cu3O7-x ( 1 = 500 a, 2 2500 ). () [4]. , - : 85 = 500 93 = 2500 .

. 5 YBa2Cu3O7-x . - , - 51 /2 = 500 185 /2 = 2500 .

- jc - , [11, 12]. , , - . > 2500 - , , [11]. - .

, , 5002500 - , - .

. 3. - YBa2Cu3O7-x : 1 ( = 500 ); 9 ( = 2500 )

. 4.

YBa2Cu3O7-x : 1 = 500 , 2 = 2500

L/L0

Tc: dTc/d = 5,3 10

3/ jc: dj/d = 89,3 103A/(2) - , - - . 2500 - .

1. Johnson D. W., Gyorgy E. M., Rhodes W. W. et al. // Adv. Ceram. Mater. 1987. Vol. 2, N 3. P. 364371.2. Pcoppel R. B., Flandermeyer B. K., Dusek Y. T., Bloom J. D. // Chemistry of high-temperature superconductors (ACS

Symp. Ser.). 1987. N 351. P. 261266.3. . ., . ., . . . // . . . .-. -

. ., 1990.4. . ., . ., . . . // . . . .-. -

. (. 55, ). ., 1992.5. . ., . ., . . . . . 1646308 , 5 22 1/04, 01 L 39/24. -

/ 4657173/31-02; 02.03.89; .6. . ., . ., . . . // : , , . 1990. . 3, 8.

. 18791889.7. . ., . ., . . . / . . ,

. , . . ., 1988.8. Rabier J., Penanot M. F. // Rev. Phys. Appl. 1990. Vol. 25, N 1. P. 5559.9. Talloh J. L., Lusk J. // Physica. 1990. Vol. 167, N 1-2. P. 236242.10. Murata K.., Jhara H., Tokumoto M. et al. // Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 1987. Pt. 2. Vol. 26, N 4. P. 471472.11. . . . -

/ . . . . ., 1990.12. Kamarad J., Arnold Z., Pollert E. // Physistatus solid. 1987. Vol. 144, N 1. P. K39K43.

A. V. ALIFANOV

EFFECT OF PRESSING FORCE ON STRUCTURE-PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS AND ELECTRO-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTING CERAMICS

Summary

The investigations conducted have shown that the stoichiometric composition of high-temperature superconducting ceramics (HTSC) did not chang in the range of specific pressures 5002500 MPa. A small oxygen loss and texture strengthening are observed with specific pressure increasing. It is established that enhancement of superconducting transition temperature Tc: dTc/d = 5,310

3 / and that of critical current density jc: dj/d = 89,3103 A/(2) are monotonous

due to decrease in porosity, increase in the number of intergranular contacts and intensification the process of texturing. The increase in specific pressure forces > 2500 P results in elimination of superconducting properties because of oxygen loss and grain fragmentation.

. 5. - YBa2Cu3O7-x

17

4 2012 -

621.039.7

. . , . . , . . , . .

-

( 20.05.2011)

. - () - . - , - () .

, - -. , , - [1-3]. - -- (), - [4-7]. , , , 51833-2002 , - . , - , -- . ( ) , (, ), -, , - [5].

: -, , ( ) [6, 7]. , - . - - . - , .

. MgCO3 - , (g) 47,82 .% [8].

18

, . - , - , . 3,74,5; 2,8-3,1 /3.

, 90% . - g(3)2. , . - Ca2+ Mg2+ . 3,5-4,0; - 2,8-2,9 /3. - .

. - 900 740 , . - .

- () , - [9]. - . . 5060 , 10-15 .

750-900 . . , 02 5%, 008 25%. -75 ( 1216-87).

MgCO3 400 , - 600 [9]. 95-96% 2, 2 900-1000 . (Q = 121 ). 500 MgO, (-g--)n, , , n [10]. 1200 4348 .

, , -. 700-900 , [9]. (750800 ) - MgC3 g ( 15%), 3 , CaO CO2.

[11] . , 28 .% g, 1,5 .% , 70,5 .% 3, 780 2 ( 085 15%). (800-850 ) (900-1000 ).

-, - [10, 12]. MgO, - . 650-800

19

2,3 /3. - MgO, .

. , MgO, , - (MgCl2 MgSO4), . , MgSO4, - , MgCl2, .

MgCl2 6H2O (-) 1,13-1,25 /3. , . - 1,3 /3 .

-: 20 , - , 6 [12]. : - 3-10 , - 8-20 . . 3 3050%, 7 6080%, 14- 95100% [13, 14]. 28 - . , - MgO / MgCl2. MgCl2 / MgO, 0,28-0,32, (54-60 ), [14].

[15] . 10 650-850 . , - ( ) -3, - 1,16 /3. 1% . - , 61% ( - ), 750 .

, [16], - . [16] , .%: 30,2; g 20,5; Si2 1,8; l23 0,37; F23 0,35. 1525 - 200 . 780850 1530 008 15%. , 2050 , - g : MgCl2 / 34 ( 3,75). - , , - , . - - : 780800 , 810830 1530 , 28-- 3144 , 7385 . - ( 1,5%). , MgCl2, , , g : MgCl2,

20

: > g: MgCl2 > - .

[17, 18] , , - , : - Mg(OH)2 5MgO MgCl2 132 - 3MgO MgCl2 11H2O. - MgCl2 (1,15 /

3) MgO : Mg(OH)2 5MgO MgCl2 13H2, 37 [14]. - , . - Mg(O)2 . - 1,21,25 /3 63 , - . 1,3 /3 , 56 46 . [14] , : 5MgO MgCl2 13H2O 3MgO MgCl2 11H2O . - . .

. , 3 ( 71 .%) - (40100 ) [19].

g 100%, - 29%, 3 , 1:1,5 1:2. [19] - 110 . 650 750 -. g - , - , , , . [19] , - 3, - g.

[20]. , , ( - ) g 20 .%, 5060 - , -75 MgO 83 .% (5672 ).

[11] , - 28- (5864,5 ), , - (gSO4 gSO4 FeSO4). [11] - , - - . , 3 g()2. - , - (-g--)n , MgO , MgO .

21

. , . - [21] - 10% . (53 ) 28 - ( 0,93), 230 . (- ) 117 [7].

[22] 525 .% . - 328 12 72 .

[23, 24] : , , , . MgO MgCl2 - 1,2 /3. MgO : MgCl2 : 2 , 4852 .%, - . , . , 3040 (, ) 10 ( , ), 7080 40 .% . - , MgO - , . - , . [23], , - , , .

, - : - , , - , .

-, ; ; - . - , 690820 , , - (14501470 ), [20].

. - () , 1405093.

- 650800 - 2 [11].

22

(- ) . - - , .

- - 2,4 2,6 , . 1,23 /3. [14] MgCl2 : 0,33. - 3 - . -0,5 310.481. - . 1.

, . 1, , - 780 2 - 2,99 /3. - 46%, 2 - Mg. , 780 , 9,3 , .

, , -, . - 28 . [13], - (13 ) 15 , 28 44 . 28 12 . 780 .

( , 0, 074 , ) [7]. [7] - (160180 ), .

, , 1,8 /3 2,5 102 / ( 137Cs) - - Si2. 28 37 .%. MgCl2 1,23 /

3. 2535 . 3 - . - - 2,42,4 7 (. 2).

. 2 , 2837 .% 7- 2 , 518832002 (5 ).

1.

,

, /3

,

2,72 -650 2,75 0,2750 2,93 7,5780 2,99 9,3800 2,85 4,5

, [13, 14].

- 40 .% . , -, .

. - , , -

1. . . . // . 1999. 2. . 192199.2. . . . // . 2008. . 16. 4. . 369383.3. . . . // . 2000. . 42. 4. . 295307.4. . . // . : . 2007. : http://www.

proatom.ru/index.php.5. . . . -

: . RU 2212070 C2. 2003.6. . . . : . RU 2214011 C2. 2003.7. . . .

: . RU 2378723 C2. 2010.8. . . . ., 1986.9. // MasterStroy. : http://

masterstroy.org/vyazhushchie_veshchestva/magnezialnye_veshchestva.10. . . . // . 2009. 7. . 5658.11. . . . // . 2004. 1. . 2930.12. . . . , 1971.13. . . . // . 2008. 10. . 2931.14. . . // i i. . i. . 2010. 3. . 1014.15. . . // . . 2006. . 271274. 16. . ., . . // , , . 1997. 1. . 6163.17. . ., . . // . 2006. 5. . 561.18. . . // . 1960. . 33, 11. . 23992404.19. . ., . . // . 2008. 10. . 3233. 20. . . . // . . . -. . III.

. ., 2007. . XV. . 5153. 21. . . . : RU 2246464 1. 2001.22. . . . : . 4902 . 2002. 23. . . . . // . 2006. 4. . 6164.24. . .

: . . ... - . . , 2010.

I. B. KAPUSTINA, V. N. SOLOVYEV, G. I. FOKINA, A. S. LEVCHUKINVESTIGATION OF POSSIBILITY OF MAGNESIUM-MINERAL COMPOSITION PRODUCTION

ON THE BASE OF DOLOMITE FOR IMMOBILIZATION OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE

SummaryProcess features of producing of magnesium astringent substances on the base of magnesite and dolomite and their

characteristic are examined. The potential possibility of creation of compositional material based on caustic dolomite, that was obtained from natural dolomite raw materials of Belarus, for immobilization of radioactive waste is presented.

2.

, .% , .% , .% , .% ,

1 38 28 30 4 6,82 35 30 31 4 6,63 30 35 31 4 5,44 30 37 30 3 5,25 71 - 25 4 11,7

24

4 2012 -

536.248

. . , . .

PECVD

- . . .

( 10.04.2012)

. PECVD (plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition) - . - , - . -, , - . . . [1].

- , - , - . CVD - - .

, - , - . , [2]. - - , . - , , , , , , - . . , - . VLS (vapor liquid solid) - . [3]

- , PECVD.

. - , , [1]. 102103 . . 1 -

25

, - . , - - 170 , - .

- -, - 70% 5%. - .

( -l-400) 50150 . , 0,1 /(), - 100 25%- -, . 7%.

S, 2 h, m, e

1 1156 112 0,0970 0,672 540 116 0,0555 0,613 760 1194 0,5840 0,714 728 783 0,2742 0,77

0,7

PECVD 500800 . lef - [4] - e:

1 2

1efa a

b+ e

l =+ e

.

e = 0 1, - . , b ( b = 15).

, - , - 2 , (. 1). - - .

. , -

. 1.

. 2. -

26

: , - (. 2). : Tg, - P ( ) ng. : e lef (T). - d, lm, - Tw. , .

. ( ) - .

( ) 0,

( ) 0,

| ,

| ,

m

ef

x h g

x d w

Txx x

Txx x

T TT T

=

=-

l = l =

=

=

(1)

lm(T) ; h ; g - .

( ( )) 0,

( ( )) 0,

| ,

| 0,q

pp

mm

p x h g

m x h

nD T x

x x

nD T xx x

n nn

=

=-

=

=

=

=

(2)

Dp, np ; Dm nm ( ); hq , -, nm= 0 ( hq ~ 1 .).

, x = 0, . :

0

( )|p eqp x m

q

n n TD D

x h

g =

.

neq T; g - , ( - g 0,5103 102).

-, , . , - 1000 50 70% 3103 , 106.

27

1 - 0,3 , - ( , hq ~ 1 ) 0,1 . - [5] 27 e ~ 0,7 g = 102 1. , - (1) (2) - .

. . 3 - (1). , - - , - 1 1200 K 1 50 175 . 100 -.

(2) - (1) . , g > 102 : - - . g = 0,5103 ( 40 .), , ( 20%) - . , .

, - . S

( )c

eq

nSn T

= .

- , , neq () . , - [3, 6].

. 4 . 5070 , [7]. , -

. 3. - : 1 1700 ,

2 1200

. 4. - -. : 1, 2, 3

700; 750; 800

, - .

. PECVD - , . - , - , , .

1. . ., . ., . . . // . 2009. . 82, 3. . 413419.2. . ., . ., . ., . . // . 2008. . 81, 1. . 137146.3. Fisenko S. P., Borovik F. N. // Technical Physics. 2009. Vol. 54, N 9. P. 246252.4. Baker G. A. Jr., Graves-Morris P. Pade Approximants. London, 19815. Fisenko S. P., Bazylev B. N. and Wuerz H. // J. Eng. Phys. and Thermophys. 2003. Vol. 76, N 4. P. 743747.6. . ., . . // . 2011. . 84, 5. . 10041007.7. . ., . ., . . . 14051. 2010.

D. A. TAKOPULO, S. P. FISENKO

FORMATION OF A SUPERSATURATED CARBON SOLUTION IN A METAL UNDER THE PROCESS OF CARBON NANOFIBERS OBTAINING BY PECVD

Summary

Heat and mass transfer processes in a highly porous carbon layer appeared on a catalytic surface of a plasma chemical reactor during carbon nanofibers obtaining by PECVD (plasma enhanced CVD) are considered. Nanofibers formation in such a process is carried out as a result of the catalytic decomposition of the carbon contained plasma pyrolysis yields followed by carbon atoms diffusion into the catalyst bulk with a subsequent formation of carbon in a metal solid solution. The results of the numerical investigation of the transfer processes in the porous layer have shown that the layer thickness growth significantly reduces the catalytic surface temperature. This effect causes the carbon solid solution supersaturation, which is an obligatory condition of the carbon clusters nucleation.

The transfer problems initial data have been obtained in a result of experimental investigations of thin porous carbon layers gathered from the catalytic surface of the plasma chemical reactor. It have been determined that the layer porosity has an average value of about 70%, and its effective heat conductivity in the temperature range of 6001000 is about 101 W/(mK) and slightly depends on the temperature.

A numerical modeling has been made for a steady state approximation. The correctness of this approximation is based on the comparison of the steady state stabilization characteristic time with the porous layer growth characteristic time. The latter appeared to be much longer than the former one.

29

4 2012 -

536.423

. . , . . , . .

- . . . ( 10.04.2012)

. - [15] . - - .

[5, 6], 1600 . C , -. , [3] , . - - , NiO [3]. . - 2060 [5].

, NiCl2 NiO 600800 , NiO2 , . - . NiO. - NiO2 . - .

- - - .

. , (. 1). . : , . , 100 . , - , , 10 . - 90 . , , . - , - . . . [7], 5 . 150 , - 1 2. ,

30

. - .

0,5 , - . - [4] .

-. , , . - 10 . , . - . - , - .

, [8]. . , , .

NiCl2. - : 100 5 . , - , 20 50 /100 .

[9], , , . , - . , , .

4 (.1) - 2040 . Qw Qa Qw/ Qa = 4-30

. . - , 5 3104 .

, - - 1020% . -, Qw/Qa - .

(50 /100 ) . , . () 0,5 . , , NiCl2, . , Ni NiO. 100 /.

, , - MIRA - EDX INCA 350 X-Max, . NiO. -

. 1. : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5

, 6

31

NiO2 . 3040% Ni NiO. . , 5% Ni - NiO2.

-, - 2 (. 2).

, 20 /100 , - , - 40 . : - 8 4 . - . - ED 2000. - . - 71. 51. -, , - .

. 3 Ni Cl2 - (a, b, c, d), - . , -. a, b Qw/ Qa. a 4 , b 8 . - c, d .

, NiCl2. -, Qw/ Qa (2.2710

-8 3/ (a, b)) Ni 3 Ni 6 (1,43107 3/ (, d)). , -, , -, Ni Cl ( ). -, - NiH2. -, , [10, 11] , Ni Cl , . -, -

, -

dT/dt~1/R,

R , . 2 . , -, ( ), - - [10]. - , ,

. 2. - ,

. 3. - (a, b, c, d)

. (. 3), 2 43% , 4 -. 15%, , - .

, , [10].

. - . : - 100 5 150 , - . - , .

, NiCl2 . .

. -- , , - . , Ni, NiO, . , . , - , [4, 5] - . -, , 3040% Ni - NiO, .

- . - . , - .

- 1. 2. 12.

1. Li X, Anton N, Arpagaus C. et al. // Elsevier. 2010. Vol. 304. P. 147148.2. Nandiyanto A. B. D., Okuyama K. // Advanced Powder Technology, 2011, Vol. 22. P. 119.3. Okuyama K., Lenggoro I. W. // Chem. Eng. Sci. 2003. Vol. 58. P. 537.4. Fisenko S. P., Khodyko J. A // Intern. J. Heat and Mass Transfer. 2009. Vol. 52, N 1516. P. 38423849.5. . ., . . . ., 2010. 6. . . . ., . . // . 2011. . 84, 2. . 274279.7. Ghaffarian Hamid Reza, Saiedi Mahboobeh, Sayyadnejad Mohammad Ali // Phys. Chem. Eng. 2011. Vol. 30, N 2. P. 156159.8. . ., . ., . . // . 2011. . 84, 4. . 670675.9. . . ., 1972.10. Widiyastutia W., Ratna Balgisa, Ferry Iskandara, Kikuo Okuyamaa // Chem. Eng. Sci. 2010. Vol. 65. P. 18461854.11. Matsuoka H, Sekiguchi S, Nishizawa K. and Suzuki T. // J. Phys. Chem. Eng. 2009. Vol. 113. P. 46864690.

K. I. DELENDIK, V. I. SAVERCHENO, S. P. FISENKOPYROLYSIS OF FEMTOLITER DROPLET INSIDE A LOW-TEMPERATURE AEROSOL REACTOR UNDER LOW PRESSURE

SummaryIt was first shown an existence of low temperature pyrolysis phenomenon. The original experimental stand for producing of flow of

collibrated droplets was made. Numerous experiments for obtaining of nickel nanoparticles where carried out. It was established that the formation of small particles takes place near the reactor inlet in a few tens of micromiters from it. The photographs of resulting product on scanning electron microscope where made. The analysis of elementary structure was also made. It was found that 3040% of chloride converts into oxide that directly results about low temperature pyrolysis. The magnetic properties of the product where investigated. It was found that the product posses a residual magnetization of about 100 A/m while raw material was paramagnetic. This means that there are macroscopic nickel structures in product. It was shown that pyrolisis does not take place in remote zone of reactor because nickel oxide was not found on graphite samples.

33

4 2012 -

621.745

. . , . .

AlSi ,

,

( 10.04.2012)

. , - , - - . - - .

, . - : , , - , .

. . , .

, , - , -, .

- . , . - , , 90, , - [1]. , .

, , (, , .), , : (-), ( ), (in-situ), , , -

34

, [26]. , - (Li, Na, Mg, ,) [2, 3]. .

() - , () [7, 8]. -, , , - , .

- - AlSi , - , .

. - Al-Si , , , (, , . .). - . , , . 1.

- :

3SiO2 + 4Al 2Al2O3 + 3Si. (1)

, , - : , - , , fs ( ) [9].

- - - - , - AlSi. - - . . , AlSiO2 - , - . - - AlSi - -.

. 1 -

35

, , - . . , (a-Al-, Al+Si, ).

- , - AlSi (. 2). 97 1. .

, [10, 11].

( 12,3 .% Si) , [10]:

Si2

Si ,L L L MT p Y q Y= + + (2)

TL , ; YSi , %; pL, qL,

, 0,0371, 6,2958 577. (2) :

Si 0 1 2 LY T= + + , (3)

0, 1, 2 (3), . -

, , [11]:

2

Si 0 1 2L LY T T= + + , (4)

0, 1, 2 (4), . ( 13,23 39 .% Si) -

, , [11]: 2Si 0 1 2 ,L LY T T= + + (5)

0, 1, 2 (5), .

. 2. (I ) (II ) AlSi

36

AlSi

YSi (3) YSi (4) YSi (5)

0 -84,8491 32,032 -11.419

[%] [%] [%]

1 24994,5106 6,258102 1,727102

[%]2 [%]/[oC] [%]/[oC]

2 -26,9542 -1,687104 0,409104

[%]2/[oC] [%]/[oC]2 [%]/[oC]2

- , 850 . ( AlSiO2) 7 10% ( ) 0,2 , - 22203.

( - ) , , . 3, 4. - , - -, - , .

, AlSiO2, - (1 .%), ,

. 3 () AlSiO2: Al; Si; O

37

- . - [AlMg]SiO2 . 5.

[AlMg]SiO2 , ( -, .) , . - - .

, .

0,20,3 , , 3035% . 14,617,1 .%. .

, 22203 2030% ( ) 0,31 1015% ( -). , , (. 1). 800 45 . - . (.%: NaCl 30, KCl 47, Na3AlF6 23).

. 4 () AlSiO2, : Al; Si; O

38

-, - , , , - , 19,6 .%. - , - - (30% 15% - ) - - .

- - - - - , - (- - 2030% ). - - (- 1015% -). 26,2 .%.

- - - - - . -

1025% . , 2535% . -

. 5. () - [AlMg]SiO2 : Al; Si; O; Mg; K; Na; Fe

- 25,9 .%.

. 6.. -

AlSi , -, . , (--) - AlSi 2526 .%.

1. Sobczak N. // The 69th WFC Paper. 2010. . 425437.2. . . -

: . ... - . : 05.16.06. ., 2008. 3. . . . // . 2001. 6. . 8598.4. . ., . . // . 1997. 4. . 7173.5. . ., . . // . . 2:. .

. 5- . . ., 1989. . 24.6. . . -

: . ... . . : 15.16.04. , 2004. 7. . . // . 2011. 3. . 2631.8. . ., . . // . 2011. 3. . 1925.9. . ., . ., . . // . 2010. 1-2, . 115121.10. ., ., ., . : . . . . ., 1987. 11. Murray J. L., McAlister A. J. // Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams. 1984. Vol. 5, N 1. P. 7484.

A. V. ARABEI, I. V. RAFALSKITECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE SYNTHESIS OF CAST ALLOYS AND MASTER ALLOYS

OF SYSTEM AlSi OF ALUMINIUM-MATRIX COMPOSITES ON THE BASIS FROM QUARTZ MATERIALS, WASTE ALU-MINUM AND SILICON

SummaryThe results of components interaction researching of aluminium-matrix composites on the basis of AlSiO2 system, obtained with the use of

semi-solid mixing technology of fillers and metal matrix alloys are presented. Technological aspects of synthesis of cast alloys and master-alloys of AlSi system on the basis of aluminium-matrix composites obtained from quartz materials, waste aluminum and silicon are discussed.

. 6 , : 30% - 10% , ; 30%

15% ; 50% , , 50

40

4 2012 -

621.375.826

. .

-

( 10.04.2012)

. , - () , , , - [1, 2]. -, 150 [3]. , - : - , , - -. , , [4].

- . , , -, - [5]. - , - , - [6, 7].

-, . - , . - , - . , - [8]. - [9]. , - - [10, 11].

, . , -

41

113 2/ ( BET), - - . . . .

, - ( - 35 ). , - , - . () ( ) - - (.). () - ( ) - - (.). . . , 24 - 150 . - 1 . -56.

: 6 (-6), (). -6 ., . - - EN-30 (, ). . -6: 0; 0,1; 0,5; 1,0 .%.

- pulverisette 14, laborette 24 . - , . , 90 8 . - , , 300 . . pulverisette 0. 50 - . , - 5 - . , . 75 , - 2 . . 0; 0,1; 0,5; 1,0 .%.

- - - () TESCAN VEGA. - -6 FYWN-5K, - 25 /. - -3 20-80 - -6 , .

. - , -

42

- . - : . - 1 (. 1). - () 0,1 .%. 1 - , - .

. 2, - . , 50 , . . , . , .

. 2, - -. , (, - ). 200 , 5 . , . -, - - , - , . .

- -6 . 1. - -6 . (e) (s). -

. 1. (D) (t): 1 . ; 2 .

. 2. - : ; -

43

, -6 . - , 0,5 .% . 0,1 .% - . , -6, -, - ( ) , . - - -6, [12].

1. - -6

-

s, s*, e,%

-6 () 70,3 47,5 91,3-6 + 0,1 .% 75,6 47,8 54,0-6 + 0,5 .% 75,1 48,9 27,7-6 + 1,0 .% - 68,3 19,7-6 + . 0,1 .% 76,0 46,7 27,3-6 + . 0,5 .% - 63,1 16,5-6 + . 1,0 .% - 54,7 9,9

* s.

-6 + 1,0 .% -6 +. 0,51,0 .% - . , , .

-6 - 20-80 . 2 ( -).

2. -6

, . .

20 40 60 80

-6 () 6,95 8,04 7,87 8,29+ 0,1 .% 7,58 8,50 8,19 7,87+ 0,5 .% 6,92 8,10 7,68 7,32+ 1,0 .% 8,59 9,87 10,27 9,42+f-. 0,1 .% 7,31 8,31 8,60 8,91+f-. 0,5 .% 8,68 9,09 8,67 9,07+f-. 1,0 .% 8,68 9,41 10,69 10,11 () 5,93 7,79 6,89 6,40+ 0,1 .% 6,54 8,50 7,96 8,30+ 0,5 .% 7,23 8,07 8,05 7,71+ 1,0 .% 6,85 8,02 8,55 7,99+. 0,1 .% 7,88 8,54 8,05 8,35+. 0,5 .% 8,37 9,45 8,93 9,10+. 1,0 .% 8,66 9,77 9,26 9,51

-6 (0,1 0,5 .%) , - . 1,0 .% . -6 . -

0,5 .% ( 12%), . 1,0 .% , 24% - -6.

- , 1,0 .% 16% , . . - , 1,0 .% . - 37% . -, () , - . - .

. , - 50 , . -, , . , -. - , .

1. Ajayan P. M. Nanocomposite science and technology. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2005.2. Koo J. H. Polymer nanocomposites: processing, characterization, and applications. N.Y., 2006.3. Nanotubes and nanofibers / Ed. by Y. Gogotsi. Boca Raton: CRC, 2006.4. . . // . 2001. . 70, 10. . 934973.5. Haggenmueller R. // Polymer. 2006, Vol. 47. P. 23812388.6. Li Y. H. // Journal of physics: conference series. 2007. Vol. 61. P. 698702.7. Ganguli S. // Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 2006. Vol. 25. P. 175188.8. Pompeo F., Resasco D. // Nano letters. 2002. Vol. 2. P. 369373.9. Bystrzejewski M. // Materials chemistry and physics. 2008. Vol. 107, N 2. P. 322327.10. Xie L. // Macromolecules. 2007. Vol. 40, Is. 9. P. 32963305.11. . ., . ., . . . . 2330213.12. . . // . . 2004. . 48, 6. . 102107.

A. U. KRAUTSEVICH

PARTICULARITIES OF IMPACT OF FUNCTIONALIZATION OF CARBON NANOMATERIAL ON THE PROPERTIES OF POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES

Summary

The methods of functionalization of nanofiller to eliminate agglomeration and sedimentation in the CNM dispersion compositions and for the effective application of CNM as a filler for polymer nanocomposite materials are presented. Introduction of functionalized samples CNM in the thermoplastic polymer matrix leads to significant changes in some of their technical characteristics. Changes in the properties of nanocomposites were made possible by pre-modifying treatments of CNM, which in turn contributed to the increase of interfacial interactions in contact nanofillerpolymer and increase of share of the boundary layer.

45

4 2012 -

,

531.3

. . 1, . . 1, . . 2

1 . ,2 . . .

( 29.06.2010)

. [1] AT BT , - - , . AT - , BT - , - [1,2].

BT - AT - , AT - - .

- . BT - , - , , - , 1

4 . [3],

- . , , ; , , - . - , , - - [4].

. , Axy , AT BT - (. 1) 0 0U U i=

- 0r a - , ( , )C x y - ( )F a

, a , H ,

4Hl = C , L , S HL=

46

. B D - p AB= q AD= BT -, C - 2c .

- :

2 const .p q a+ = = (1)

1akc

= > . (2)

- , -

, , - 2a , , (1), (2) - CXY , Axy a , C B D ,

2 2

2 2 1,X Ya b

+ = (3)

2 2 2 1b a c c k= - = - (4)

. ,

BT ,

2 2 , 2 (1 ) 2 (1 )p a kc q a kc= l = l = - l = - l . (5)

,

1 1,2 2

k kk k- + l

. (6)

,

1 1

2 2k

k-

< l < . (7)

l - ABD :

0 2 2 2 2 ( 1) const .p p q c c a c k= + + = + = + = (8)

- ( )F a

BT *a a , *a - [5]. - BT , - :

20 0( )2 x yUF S f i f jr a = +

, (9)

0U , /, 3

0 1,23 /r = .

. 1.

47

( )x xf f= a ( )y yf f= a (10)

a ,

( )( )

( )y

x

fK

fa

a =a

(11)

- a ,

( ) arcctg ( )K a = a , (12)

( )F a

, [4].

, *a = a [3]

[ ]** 0,

max ( )y yf fa a= a . (13)

, , C

G G j= -

(14)

- ,

2

0 0 *

2

y

GkU Sf

=r

(15)

- , ,

R F G= +

(16)

- C , ,

20 0 ,2X xUR Ri Sfr= =

(17)

- R

,

2*0 0 1

2 ( )y

Y yy

fUR Rj Sf kf

r= = - a

(18)

- ,

*arctg arctg ( ) 1( )

y y

x y

R fK k

R f

j = = a - a

(19)

R

Ax . [6] -

, . 1 BT , R

BT P

Q

. [6], - , , ,

48

AT 1A - R

(. 1). -

BT , - .

BT . , - BT . 2 1A BDD . 1A C 1A BCD 1A CDD . - , - 1A C CB 1g R

BD

1g = j + a . (20)

, 0 1, , , ,U S ca g k - . , (19) (20) , k, ,

1 1( , )k = F a g , (21)

11 1

*

( ) tg( )( , ) 1( )

y

y

ff Ka g - a

F a g = - a . (22)

*[0, ]a a O ka (20), 1 0, 2

g

. , -

NAA 0012 [7], . 3, a.

, .2 , ,

2 2 2

1 2 2

( 1)(1 (1 2 ) )sin2 (2 2 1) 1k k

k- - - l

g =l - l + -

, (23)

. 2.

49

1

1sinsin2kg

d =l

, (24)

12

sinsin2 (1 )k

gd =

- l, (25)

2 2(1 ( (1 2 )) )r c k k= - - - l , (26)

1 1sin sin2

rkc

s = gl

, (27)

2 1sin sin2 (1 )

rkc

s = g- l

. (28)

, BT ,

1

1

( cos sin ),

( cos sin ),p p

q q

P P i j

Q Q i j

= - a + a

= - a + a

(29)

1 1 1 2 1 2,p qa = j+ d = g - a + d a = j- d = g - a - d . (30)

, BT , ,

1 1 0R P Q+ + =

, (31)

,

1 1

1 1

cos cos cos ,sin sin sin ,

p q

p q

R P QR P Q

j = a + a j = a + a

(32)

2 11 1

1 2 1 2

sin sin,sin( ) sin( )

P R Q Rd d= =d + d d + d

, (33)

2 2( ) 2 ( ) cos ( )R F G F G= a + - a q a . (34)

, (19),

. 3. : - 1 1( , )k = F a g ; 2 1( , )kl = F g : 1 - 1 0,25g = , 2 - 0,5, 3 - 1 0,75g = , 4 - 1,0, 5 - 1,25, 6 - 1 1,5g =

*1 1arctg ( ) 1 ( , )( )

y

y

fK k k

f

g = j + a = a - + a = y a a

, (35)

: [0,1]k , *[0, ]a a . (23) l ,

2 1( , )kl = F g , (36)

21

2 1 22 1

cos 1( , ) 0,5 1cos

kkk k

g -F g = - - g

(37)

1k > , 1 0, 2 g

. (36)

. 3, . , .

- - .

NAA 0012

U0, / , 1, S, 2 c, k F0, k G, P1, Q1, p, q,

10 0,2 0,75 1 1 5 106,28 0,55 46,72 13,25 17,74 0,43 4,28 5,72

. , - BT - k, a j - , l , . , a j - R

xA1 - , l .

1. . ., . ., . . // . . . . . 2008. 2. . 1828.2. . ., . ., . . // . . . . . 2008. 2. . 2937.3. . . . . 1973.4. www. fttp:// forum. rc design. ru/f38/thread92337. html.5. . ., . ., . . . ., 1966.6. . . . . 1972.7. Eastman N. Jacobs, Kenneth E. Ward, Robert M. Pinkerton // The characteristics of 78 related airfoil sections from test

in the variable-density wind tunnel. T. R. N 460, NACA, 1932. P. 299354.

Yu. A. KASHIN, M.I. ZHADAN, R. E. KASHINA AN AIRFOIL SECTION ON ADJUSTABLE BIFILAR SUSPENSION BRACKET

IN HOMOGENEOUS MEDIA STREAM

SummaryThe condition of stationary equilibrium of symmetric airfoil washed by a homogeneous stream of a liquid or gas and

immobilized by two connected pieces of flexible strings of certain total length is considered. It is shown, that the generalized coordinates of this aerodynamic system are a corner of attack of a wing and a corner of orientation concerning horizon equally effective gravitational and aerodynamic forces. Formulas for calculation of parameters of an equilibrium condition of systems are obtained. Results of numerical experiment for airfoil section NAA 0012 are given.

51

4 2012 -

539.372 + 539.376 + 621.039.54

. . , . .

-

( 13.05.2010)

, , - (). , - , (9 000 10 000 ) - : , , - - . , , - , , , (. 1). - . , - () .

, - [1, 2]. , - - . , [15] , [6], : .

, - - . - -, (. . , , ). [15] , . , - , - .

C :,

; , -

, , , ;

. 1. : 1 , 2

52

; (, ,

) , - .

[36], - T(r, q), sij(r, q) eij(r, q). , , (ezz = const = C). , - -. .

, (. 2), T(r, q) P(t) - ( ). - (srz, sz,), (srz/z, srz/r, sqz/q, szz/z, sqz/z)

1 0;

1 2 0,

r rrrr

r r

r r r

r r r

q qq

q qq q

s s -ss + + = qs s s + + = q

(1)

q 20 , Rr 0 . -

. err, eqq ezz -, grq gqr () . -

1 1 1; ; ; 2 , 2rr r r r r r

u u ur r r r r rqq q q q q q e = e = + e = e = + - g = g = e q q

(2)

u . [7], ( ) -

, - , . .

3( ).

3th srr zz

rr zz Kqq

qq

s + s + se + e + e = + e + e (3)

the , se ; ije , ijs ; K ; i, j = r, q, z. , (3) , , , .

, , - - -

. 2. - -

53

. , - ,

.pij

cijij

eij eeee ++= (4)

, - (. . )

0;

0,

p p prr zzc c crr zz

qq

qq

e + e + e =

e + e + e = (5)

- -

;

.

p pij ij

c cij ij

e

e

= e

= e (6)

(4)

.

2ije

ij

se

G= (7)

; ; 3; 3;ij ij ij ij ij ij kk kke s= e - d e = s - d s e = e s = s ;ij jis = s 1, ;

; , , , ; 0, .ij ji ij

i ji j r z

i j=

e = e = q d = ,

, , - , - , . , , ,

1 ( ( )) ;

1 ( ( )) ;

1 ( ( )) ;

(1 ) ,

th s prr rr zz rr rr

th s c prr zz

th s pzz zz rr zz zz

pr r r r r

E

E

E

E

qq

qq qq qq qq

qq

q q q q q

e = s -m s + s + e + e + e + e

e = s -m s + s + e + e + e + e

e = s -m s + s + e + e + e + e

+ me = e = s + e + e

(8)

pije ije ; , m

( - ).

, (8) , , - , . - , [7, 8]. , , - , - , ( , , ). , ,

54

, . . ( ) . , - , - - . , - ( E(T) m(T) ). , , -

0 00 0

1 1( ) , ( ) . ( ) ( )

T T

T T

E E E T dT T dTT T T T

=< >= m = < m >= m- - (9)

0TT - ( ). , , -

, , -, , , -, [811].

. -

3 [ ( , ), ],s S T r te = q j (10)

( , )th T re = a q , (11)

T(r, q) S[T(r, q), F] - [1, 2], tj=F ( ), t , j , a .

: , , - - . (, ). , - , , - . -

ldiv(gradT) + gradTgradl = Q. (12)

0 ( , , ) Q Q f r z= q ; Q0 ; f(r, q, z) - , , .

- , , -

T QlD = - , (13)

l , Q ; D .

[1, 2, 710], . , ( , - ) , .

55

- . , : , , , -, . - , - . - [2]

[ ( , ), ] % .VS T r t k t

VD

q j = = y (14)

k , - ; y , %/. -

1,75 2

1 2exp( ( , ) / ),dS AT r Adt

= q (15)

A1 A2 , ., -

. - . - , , . [12],

32

( , , );

3 ,2

pij ij

pu

upu u

u ij ij

d d s

dd

d f T

s s

e = l

el =

s

e = s F

s =

(16)

sij = sij dijs, s = 1/3sii; dij ; i, j = r, q, z; ( , , )pu ud f Te = s F , -

( ) - . - [2]:

( , )( , , ) ( , ) ,x Tu p uf T A T

Fs F = F s (17)

Ap x(T, F) . , - , -, ,

.max ssu (18)

sumax , s

. .

, . , , -

(1 exp( ) ),aD HDs = - - (19)

D, H a , - (,

56

a = 0,5). , ( ) -. , , , - ( ). , - , , . . , . - . , , - .

. , - : . - , - 0,5Tm (Tm ), -, . . ,

0,5 ,

0,5 .

cu mc

u cuT m

T

Tj

e

57

1(1 ) (2 1)( ) (1 )( ) ;(1 )(1 2 )

1(1 ) (2 1)( ) (1 )( ) ;(1 )(1 2 )

1(1 )(1 )(1 2 )

c p th srr rr rr

c p th s

zz

E u ur r r

E u ur r r

E u ur r r

qq qq qq

s = -m + m + + m - e + e - + m e + e + m - m q s = -m + + m + m - e + e - + m e + e + m - m q

s = -m + m + ++ m - m q

(2 1)( ) (1 )( ) ;

1 1 ( ) .(1 ) 2

c p th szz zz

c pr r r

E ur r rq q q

+ m - e + e - + m e + e

s = + - - e + e + m q

(22)

(22) (1) - :

2 2 2

2 2 2 2

2 2 2

2 2 2 2

1 1 (1 2 ) (3 4 )2 (1 )

1 2 1 ;(1 ) 1

1 1 2(1 ) (3 4 )(1 2 )

p p th s p p r rrrr

u u u u rr r r r r r d

rr r r r

u urr r r r r r

+ ++ + q

qq

+ - + - m + - - m = -m q q q

e e- m + m e e= e - e + + + + - m q -m

+ - + -m + + - m

- m q q

4 2 2(1 )2 ,(1 2 )

p c p th s p rrr r r r

+ ++ q qqq

= q e e + m e e= e + + + + q - m q q

(23)

;c p c pij ij ij+e = e + e i, j =r, q, z. (23) -

:

11 12 1

21 22 2

( ) ( , , );

( ) ( , , ).

th s ij

th s ij

A u A f

A u A f

+ = e e e

+ = e e e (24)

11, 12, 21, 22 :

2

11 1 2 2

1( 2)Ar

= + + q , 12

1 3( 1)Ar r r + = + - q

, 211 3( 1)Ar r r + = + + q

,

222 1 2 2

2Ar

+ = + q ,

221 2 2

1 1r r r r

= + -

, 21 2

m =

- m.

f1, f2, (23),

1

1 2 1( , , ) ,(1 ) 1

p p th sth s p p r rr

ij rref r

r r r r

+ ++ + q

qq

e e- m + m e e e e = e - e + + + + - m q -m

(25)

2

4 2 2(1 )( , , ) 2 .(1 2 )

p c p th sth s p r

ij rf r r r r

+ ++ q qqq

e e + m e ee e e = e + + + + q - m q q

(26)

, (24) - - .

58

, (.2). -

( , ) ( ),rr R P ts q = - (27)

.0),( =qs q Rr (28) , , - (r = R) :

1 ( )(1 )(1 2 )(1 ) (2 1)( ) (1 )( ) ;c p th srr rru u P tr R R E - + m - m -m + m + + m - e + e - + m e + e = q

(29)

1 1 .2

c pr r

uR r R q q + - = e + e q

(30)

(23) :

,0),0(),0( =q=qu (31)

( , ) ( , ) 0,u r r q q= =q q

,,0 0q=q (32)

0q ),( qrT ; 00 qq -, . - , , , , -.

, - (24) (29)(32). , . . , . - . , - . , T(r, q),

[ ( , ), ]S T r tq j (23), . , , , -, - . , , - . ( ) . (23) , , , .

, . . , , - , - . - 00 ,0 r R q q q= const

59

r = const. -

[ ]0, R : 0 0r = , kr R= , ,ri ihr = ,rRhk

= 0,1, ..., .i k= -

[0, ]q : 0 0q = , 0

mq = q ; ,i jhqq = 0

, hmqq

= 1, 0,1, ..., 1j m= - - , rh hq .

t0 , , - , , . tn = tn1 + Dt ( ) - - (F = jtn), . , tn , , . - t0 = 0 (. . n = 0). , , S(t0) = 0, e

c(t0) = 0 ( n = 0 ). [13] (23).

r jq (m + 1)- (m1)- - , , , -

: 2

22 , 1 , 12 ( , ) ( )r i j i j

u r h u ur

-+ -

q = a +

,

22

2 , 1 , 12 ( , ) ( )r i j i jr hr-

+ -

q = a +

,

1a + = . ,a ; 2 , 1, , , 12i j i j i j i ju u u u+ - = - + , 2 , 1, , , 12i j i j i j i j+ - = - + .

, , - ,

1 1

01 0 01 1 01

02 1 02 02

, 0,1, ..., ,,

,

i i i i i i i

n n

a u b u c u t i ku uu u

+ -

-

+ + = =a + = ga + = g

(33)

0 0 0, , , , , ,i i i i k k ka b c t a g . - (23) - (33). (23)

2 2

12 2 2

2 1 ( , )2 (1 )

u uF ur rm -

+ =-m q

, (34)

2

1 12 2

1 1( , ) (3 4 ) .2 (1 )

u uF u r Cr r r r r

= - + - - - m + -m q q

(35)

1C , (25):

1 , ( ) , ( ) ,

1 2 1 ( ) ,(1 ) 1

c p c p th sc p c p r rr

i j rr i j i j ii

C rr r r

+ ++ + q

qq

e e- m + m e + e= e - e + + + - m q -m

(36)

, 1 , , 1 21 2 , 1 , 12 2

22 1 ( , ) ( ),2 (1 )

i j i j i jr i j i j

i

u u uF u h u u

r h+ - -

+ -q

- + m -+ = a + -m

(37)

2 222

, 1 , , 1 1 2 , 1 , 12

2 (1 ) 2 (1 )2 ( , ) ( ).2 1 2 1i

i j i j i j i j i jr

r hru u u F u h u uhq

+ - q + -

- m -m- + + = a +

m - m -

(38)

2 2

1 2

2 (1 ) ;2 1i

ir

r hhq- mc = a

m -

2 2

2 2

2 (1 ) ;2 1i

ir

r hhq- mc =

m - (39)

60

, - (23), :

2 2

1 1, 1 1 , 1 1 1, 1 , , 1 2 2 1 ,2 (1 )(1 2 ) 2 (1 ) ( , ) .

2 1i

i i j i i j i i j i j i j i i jr hu u u u u F u q+ + + - + -

- mc - + c + c = - + - c -

m - (40)

, ),( ,,,1 jijiji uF 1,1, , ++ jijiu , , . [14] (14) (21). jiF ,1 , . , . , , .

(23)

2 2

22 2 2

2( 1) ( , )(1 2 )

F ur r

m - + =

- m q , (41)

2

2 22 2

1 1( , ) (3 4 ) ,(1 2 )

u uF u r Cr r r r r

= - + - + - m + - m q q

(42)

2 ( ) ,

4 2 2(1 ) ( )2 ,(1 2 )

p c p th s p r

ij r i ji i i

Cr r r r

+ ++ q qqq

e e + m e + e= e + + +

q - m q (43)

, 1 , , 1 22 , 2 , 1 , 12 2

22( 1) ( , ) ( ),(1 2 )

i j i j i ji j r i j i j

i

F u hr h

+ - -+ -

q

- + m -+ = a + - m

(44)

2 222

, 1 , , 1 2 , 2 , 1 , 12

(1 2 )(1 2 )2 ( , ) ( ),2( 1) 2( 1)

ii j i j i j i j i j i j

r

r hr F u hhq

+ - q + -

- m- m - + + = a +

m - m - (45)

2 2

1 2

(1 2 ) ;2( 1)

ii

r

r hhq- m = a

m -

2 2

2 2

2 (1 ) ,2 1i

ir

r hhq- m =

m - (46)

22

1 1, 1 1 , 1 1 1, 1 , , 1 2 2 2 ,(1 2 )(1 2 ) 2 (1 ) ( , ) .

2( 1)i

i i j i i j i i j i j i j i i jrF u h+ + + - + - q

- m - + + = - + - -

m -

(47)

(29)(32) n- -

0,

0,

, , 1

0;

0;

0;

nj

nj

n ni j i j

u

u u -

=

=

- =

, 1 , 1

, 1, , , 1,

( ) ( ), , ( ) , ( ) ,

, 1, , , 1 ,( ) , ( ) ,

0;

(1 )

( )(1 ) (2 1)( ) ;

1 (

n ni j i j

n n n nk j k j k j k jn

k jr

th s n p c nk j k j rr k j rr k j ext

n n n n nk j k j k j k j k j p c

rr k j rr k jr

u uu

h R h

P

u uh R h R

- -

- -

q

- -

q

- =

- -m-m + + =

= e + e + m - m - e + e -

- - + - = e + e

( ) );

(1 )(1 2 ) .

n

n

extPP

E+ m - m

=

(48)

61

, (23) (40) (47) (48). [13].

(24) , (48), , :

1 1, 1 1 , 1 1, 1, 1 ,

, , , 1 2 2 1 , , ,

2 2

1 1, 1 1 , 1 1 1, 1 ,

, , , 1 2 2 2

(1 2 ) ,

2 (1 ) ( , ) ,

2 (1 ) ;2 1

(1 2 ) ,

2 (1 )

n n n ni i j i i j i i j i j

n n n ni j i j i j i i j i j i j i

ii

n n n ni i j i i j i i j i j

n ni j i j i j i

u u u d

d u u F u H

r hH

k

k F

+ + + +

+ + + +

+ + =

= +

=

+ + =

= + , , ,2

2

( , ) ,

(1 2 ) .2( 1)

ni j i j i j i

ii

u M

rM h

=

(49)

i,1 , i,2 , i,1 , i,2 ir ; n

jik , , n

jik , )1,( jj , . . n jid , ,

njik ,

)1( +j ;

, 1, ,(1) , 2 2

, , 1 1, 1, 1 , , 1(1) ,

12 (1 )

(4 3) ,

n n ni j i j i jn

i ji r i i

n n n n n ni j i j i j i j i j i j n

i i jr i

u u uF

r h r r

r Ch h r h

= +

+ + +

, 1,(2) , 2 2

, , 1 1, 1 1, 1 1(2) ,

1(1 2 )

4 3 .

n n ii j i j jn

i ji r i i

n n n n n ni j i j i j j j j n

i i jr i

Fr h r r

u u u u u ur C

h h r h

= +

+ +

1 2 (36) (43), (10) (21). . 3.

( , . . n = 0) . j = 0 , (45), ),(,)1(0 uF ji , 0id , (46) ir

,1

0i

u . ,1

0i

u , (45):

0

(2) ,( , )

i jF u , 0ik

0

,1i . . .

, j ir 0=i ki = , 0 1, +jiu

01, + ji 1= mj .

01, +jiu

01, + ji ,

(2) (22) -. - Dt (21) - - Dt.

- (18). , (36) (43) -. (18) - (16), (17) , . - . , . -, , , ,

(, ).

, - - - . - - , - , .

1. . ., . ., . . . .,1990.2. . ., . ., . . -

. .,1984.3. . ., . . // . ., 2008. .23. . 55 63.4. . ., . . // .

., 2010. 3. . 5562.5. . ., . . // . .-. . , . . 2010. 1(10).

. 6873.6. . ., . .// . . . . . 2009. .24, .1. C. 185191.7. . ., . ., . . . ., 1982.8. . . . .,1989.9. . . . , 1977.10. . . . , 1979.11. . ., . ., . . . ., 1979.12. . . . ., 1979.13. . ., . . . ., 1973.14. . . . , 1967.

P. I. SHYRVEL, I. S. KYLIKOV THE SOLVING MODEL FOR ASYMMETRICAL STRESS-STRAIN STATE

OF CYLINDRICAL ELEMENTS UNDERGOING RADIATION, CREEP AND PLASTIC STRAINS

Summary

A plane-strain asymmetric model for the determination of temperatures, strains and stresses in a fuel rod at stationary conditions has been suggested. The mechanical models for describing asymmetric steady 2D(r, ) stress-strain state of the nuclear reactor fuel pin are proposed. The numerical solution has been proposed to solve stress-strain state problem for a solid long cylinder under creep, plastic, thermal and radiation strains. The mathematical models for soliing asymmetric task have been construction.

. 3. --

63

4 2012 -

621.923.9

. . 1, . . 2

-

1 - ,2 . .

( 21.09.2011)

. - . - - , , - -. , , , [1]. -- -: , , , , , - , - . - -, - -. , - , - , , , - [2]. , , , , - .

-- , , - - [3]. - , - . - , - - , , .

. , - , - (. 1).

64

- - - [4]. , - , . - - .

, - , - . - -

2 2 2

2 2 2 .T T T Tat x y z

= + +

(1)

- :

(0, , , ) ( , , , )( (0, , , ) ) , ( ( , , , ) ) ,S

T y z t T L y z tT y z t T T L y z t Tsx x

l = a - l = -a -

(2)

( ,0, , ) ( , , , |)( ( , 0, , ) ) , ( ( , , , ) ) ,T x z t T x H z tT x z t T T x H z t Ts sy y

l = a - l = -a -

(3)

( , , 0, ) ( ( , , 0, ) ) ( 1 ) ( 1) ( ) ( ),T x y t T x y t T Q b Y y y Y d vt x x vtsz

l = a - - + - - + - -

( , , , ) ( ( , , , ) )T x y B t T x y B t Tsz

l = -a -

, (4)

( , , ,0)T x y z Ts= , (5)

a, 2/ , l, /() , L, , H, , B, , Q, /2 -, b, , d, , Y1, , n, / , a, /(2) - , TS, - . - , (1) (5) - TS . ( )x :

0, 0,( )

1, 0.x

xx

65

0 0( , , , ) cos sin cos sin

B H

k n m m m m n n nz z y yT t hB hHB B H H

m m m = m m + m m m + m

0cos sin ( , , , ) .

L

k k kx xhL T x y z t dxdydzL L

m m + m

(7)

(7) - :

ctg , ctg , ctg ,

2 2 2 2 2 2k n m

k n mk n m

hL hH hBhL hH hBm m m

m = - m = - m = -m m m

(8)

.h = a l (7) -

(1) - :

2 2 2 4( ) sin cos sin2 2 2

mk n m k k

k

QLHdT d d h da T vt vtdt

m = - g + g + g - g g + + + l g

sin cos 1 sin 1 ,

2 2 2n n n

b b h bY Y g g + + + g

(9)

, , .k k n n m mL H Bg = m g = m g = m ,

:

2 2 2 2 2

sin sin cos 1 sin 12 2 2 2

( , , , ) 4( ( ) )

m k n n nn

k n mknm k

d b b hH baQLH Y YT t

a v

m g g g + + g + m m m m = l g + g

22 2cos sin cos sin

2 2 2 2a tknm

knm k k k knm k k kd d d da vt v vt a v e- g g g + + g g + - g g + g g +

22 2sin cos sin cos ,

2 2 2 2a tknm

knm k k knm k k kk

h d d d da vt v vt a v e- g + g g + - g + - g g - g g g

(10)

2 2 2 2 .knm k n mg = g + g + g

[4]:

2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1

cos sin cos sin8( , , , )2 2

k k k n n n

k nk n

x hL x y hH yT x y z tLHB h L hL h H hH

= =

m g + g m g + g=

m + + m + +

2 2 2

1

cos sin ( , , , ).2

m m mk n m

m m

z hB zT th B hB

=

m g + g m m m

m + + (11)

(11) -

2 2 21

sin ( cos sin )2( , , , ) 32

2

k k k k

k k

d x hL xaQT x y z tB h L hL

=

g m g + g=

l m + +

2 2 2

1

sin cos 1 sin 1 ( cos sin )2 2 2

2

n n n n n nn

n n

b b h bY Y y h H y

h H hH

=

g g + + g + m g + g g m + +

66

1 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 21

( ( ) ( )) ( cos sin )( ( ) ) ( 2 )

knm knm m m m

m knm k m

F t F t z h B za v h B hB

=

+ m g + g

g + g m + + . (12)

(12) :

( ) 21 2 2cos sin cos sin

2 2 2 2knma t

knm knm k k k knm k k kd d d dF t a vt v vt a v e- g = g g + + g g + - g g + g g

, (13)

( ) 22 2 2sin cos sin cos .

2 2 2 2knma t

knm knm k k k knm k k kk

h d d d dF t a vt v vt a v e- g = g g + - g g + - g g - g g g (14)

Q :

K ( )zP vQ

l Rl

=j l + l

. (15)

Pz, , n, / , l, /() - . - , - [5]. a :

(Gr Pr)nCa = (16)

(Gr Pr - , C n ).

, DIGITAL Visual Fortran Origin Professional, . 2, 3. -DIGITAL Visual Fortran Origin Professional, . 2, 3. - Visual Fortran Origin Professional, . 2, 3. -Visual Fortran Origin Professional, . 2, 3. - Fortran Origin Professional, . 2, 3. -Fortran Origin Professional, . 2, 3. - Origin Professional, . 2, 3. -Origin Professional, . 2, 3. - Professional, . 2, 3. -Professional, . 2, 3. -, . 2, 3. - : v = 10,5 /; ( ) d = 2 ; v = 0,0050,03 /, = 0,05 , L = 0,2 , B = 0,02 , 45. -

. 2. 45 () 3 ()

67

20 . - a - , [5]. - Gr = 10000 Pr = 0,71. n Gr Pr C = 0,6, n = 0,25. (16), - a 6 /(2 ).

. 2 - 3 , , - , , - - . - - - -. - - . - - . . 2 , .

- (. 3). , 45 ( 220 ) - - .

. - . ( , , ), - -, , , , - - . - , -- .

. 3. 45: - ; , -

1. . . // -. 2002. 4(17). . 3337.2. . , . . // VI I . ,

1419 . 2009 . , 2009. . 3. . 176179.3. . , . . // i i. . i-. . 2011. 2 . 6268.4. , . . . ., 2001.5. ., . . ., 1983.

D. F. USTINOVICH , V. M. GOLUB

MODELING OF THERMAL PROCESSES AT MACHINING OF FLAT SURFACES OF FLAT SURFACES BY POLYMER-ABRASIVE BRUSHES

Summary

The development has been made of the model for thermal processes of grinding the flat surfaces by disk polymer-abrasive brushes. The expressions for calculating the thermal state of a part processed and tool-surface contact zone taking into account the effect of tool and part thermophysical characteristics and kinematics parameters of processing, are suggested. The investigations performed make it possible to predict the intensity of heat release, to determine the value of contact temperature, temperature gradients and depth of thermal action as well as to assess the temperature processing conditions in order to ensure the quality of processed part surface, safe temperatures and choice of rational processing parameters.

69

4 2012 -

629.113

. . 1, . . 2

,

1 , 2

( 20.04.2012)

. - , ( ) - - - . 1%, 7080% [1]. -, , - , , - : . [2].

-. s 9001000 s1 90 [1]. - -.

, . - 75 %. , - 34 - 3540 ( (), 360 ). : () ().

( ) : 60100 600 . . , , - .

110130 360 , 34 - . , - .

, : , . , . , -

70

, . - , - ; [3].

- .

, , - , - , . - . , .

. , - , 75132-2801-380, (. 1).

. . - - . . - . - -. , , . , - .

, - . , - . - , - .

- , - . (. 2).

. 1. - -

71

15 -6 . . , .

. 3. (. 3, ) , , -- , .

.2. : ;

.3. : ; -

72

, , . - 238,1 363,62 , 1,6 .

,

, Ma , Ma , /

1 179,05 325,01 1 2 271,78 373,81 1 3 263,43 392,04 1 4 423,84 590,70 1 5 388,16 587,08 1

. 4 -4. , 15 [4]. - .

3 4 . 5. 3 ( -) 116 . 150172 HV0,025 292327 HV0,025 78- 563982 [5] , , . 150200 23- 563982 [5] (. 5, ).

. 4. : - ; -

. 5. : ;

, %: (0,15); Si(0,13); Mn (0,23); Cr (0,20); Ni (0,22); Mo (0,08); V (0,04); S (0,026); P (0,023). 15 ( 6000 38906.0852008 [6]).

4 ( c : I = 850940 , II = 920970 , III = 600700 ) 163 . -: , . - 90150 34- 563982 [5]. 1620 89- 563982 [5] (. 5, ).

, %: (0,15); Si(0,13); Mn(0,23); Cr(0,20); Ni(0,22); Mo (0,08); V(0,04); S(0,026); P(0,023). 15 ( 6000 38906.0852008 [6]).

, , , . 15 , - .

. , , , . .

- - -, , - .

- . , - , , , .

1. . . // . , 2000. 9. . 39.2. . . . , 1973. 3. . ., . ., . ., . . -

: . , 2004. 4. . . -

. ., 2001.5. 563982. . . . 01.01.83. ., 1983. 6. 6000 38906.0852008. -

.

V. V. HRALKA, V. M. GAZURO

TECHNOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF INCREASING DENSITY AND STRENGTH OF LARGE STEEL CASTINGS OBTAINED DRY MOLDS

Summary

At production of large castings, creating certain conditions for the removal of heat and gases in predetermined areas of the casting, directional solidification can be achieved in which metal will close. In all other cases, the value of the porosity can only reduce or convert it to a specified amount of lightly loaded or profit.

The main ways to improve the quality characteristics of steel castings, are the effects on primary and secondary structure of steel, by selecting the gating-supply system that provides directional solidification of an alloy with a tendency of minimizing the formation of casting defects in castings.

Industrial experiment was preceded by a number of virtual research foundry processes filling and solidification of metal a mould with the use of computer simulation Poligon. Modeling of the developed technology with the placement of two castings in the shape and change the location of the gating-supply system, profits and riser, confirmed the absence of casting defects.

74

4 2012 -

629.113

A. .

( 20.04.2012)

. - , - [1]. ( 1500 ) , . , - . - , - .

. - , . - , , - [2, 3]. . , , , , -, .

[4]. 12% , (. 1). , - [5], .

-. -

. 1. : ,

75

, , .

640 , - 500 , 130 . - , - .

- - -. . - , .

- 300 , 2,5 - ( , ).

, - , , , - (. 2).

- , . , . -, , . , . - .

, , - , . (), . .

. , - , . , - (. 3, , ).

, . , . , . , . 60 , - 15 . . .

- - . , , ,

. 2.

76

. - -, , . -, , - (. 3, ), , , - . - - - , , , - .

97775 (). (3- , ) (. 4, ). , - , .

s, s, d, % y, % KCU, /2

393 648 16 22,7 60,0 880

620 444 699,9 14 22,7 55,65 412,5 634 8 10,7 67,5 423,6 672,2 18 27,2 60,0

97775 () 280 500 15 25 35 860880

600630 105074 () 530 45 847970 () 215 430 18 40 49

100, 150, 300, 700. , , (. 5). - - -.

, - , - -, - . - - -: 0,23 0,85%,

. 3. , : , -

. 4. , : , -

0,29 0,51%, 0,36 1,45%. . 0,06 0,14%, 0,27 0,48%, 0,25 0,86%; 2,94 25,8%, 0,06 0,5%, 0,3 3,47%, 0,45 53,82%. - , . , , , - , , - . ().

. - , -, ( ). - , .

, , -. . - . , , . , - ( , ), , .

1. . ., . . .

., 1999.2. . . , .2. ., 1987.3. / . . . , . . . , 1981.4. . . . ., 1966.5. . . . ., 1962.

A. V. ZAITSEV

PRODUCTION OF RING CASTINGS FOR BLANKS OF LARGE GEARS WITH INTERNAL HOOKING

SummaryTo obtain a dense metal it is required either a high crystallization rate or the rate which allows a liquid metall to sink slowly into inter-

dendritic space. The regime of directional crystallization at low rate has been proposed for a blank of a ring type as a result of computer simulation.

. 5. : 100; 150

78

4 2012 -

, -

66.047.37

. . , . .

( 10.11.2011)

. - , - - - . , -- , , , -, [1]. , .

. - , [1]. . , .

- . - . . [1] (Bi). Bi < 1, Bi > 1.

- () [2] /b dt du= Bi [3].

Bi b [3].

- - . . 1, , - ( )t f u=

120 Cct = , = 5 /, ct , ; t , , u , /.

, 5 10d = - (. 1, ) - (. 1, ) ( = 2050 ) t , t .

79

, ( )t f u= (. 1) - /b dt du= , - , . ( )t f= t ( )t f u= : - , constt = , , ( )t f u= - .

t u - W , W , (. 1, ), W . - ( )t f u= b ( / constb dt du= = ).

, .

. , - , Bi .

. . [4], - [5, 6]. -

( ),t c

dt m t td

- = -t

(1)

/dt dt , /c; mt (-1, -1).

( )t f= t :

0

0

ln( ) ln( )tg const,c c tt t t t m- - -j = = =

t - t (2)

t t , ; - 0t [6]:

0 10 0,29 ct t= + . (3)

. 1. ( )t f u= () () 120 C; 5 /.ct = = ; - 51- d = ; 102 - d = ; - 203 - d = ; 4 30 ; 5 50

80

mt [46]. [4]

2

Kn Bi ,tm Ra

= = y (4)

R = d , ; a ; 2/; y .

y :

,cc

t tt t-

y =-

(5)

t , . ,

, . . Bi.

constct = (), . . [4].

, q (Fo) (Pd) [4]:

.

(expFo Pd),

t t ft t-

q = = -

(6)

.t . Fo Pd - - [7]

2

2Fo Pd ,a RR at

= = t (7)

, -1.

.

exp( ).

t tt t-

q = = -t-

(8)

(8)

o.c( ) exp( ). t t t t= - - -t (9)

. . [4] , ( )t t- o.c( )t t- :

.

;

t tt t-

q =-

(10)

0

.

,( )

r jt t

q =a -

(11)

t , , ; r , /; 0j - , /(2 ); a , /(2 ); q .

2490 2,3 ,r t= - /. (12)

81

t

0,33( ),t t t t= + - (13)

t , . ( )t t-

t t 1,53 . ( )t t- -

t t , [1].

(10) (11) t :

0

.rjt t= -a

(14)

a [5, 6]

20,5

Nu Re ,n

T uT u

=

(15)

Nu ; Re . ( / )u u a

u [1]. = 0,75, = 0,45. n

( / )u u n = 0,5, n = 0,9. - n [1, 5, 6].

- .

. (1) (2) - [5, 6]

0 ,exp( )

t

t tt tm-

= -t

(16)

t , - - , - - (). - 0t - (3).

mt - ln( ) ( )t t f- = t (2). . 2, , () () - : 120 Ct = , 3 5 = - /.

- - (2) . 1. -

. 2. ln( ) ( )ct t f- = t ( 5 10d = - ), ( 15 50d = - ) ( 30 150d = - 50 ) 120 C; ct =

3 5 /. = - ; - 51- d = ; 102 - ; - 1 = 15 ; 2 20 ; 3 30 ; 4 50 ; : 5 = 30 ; 6 50

82

mt ( mt = 0,1, mt = 0,016). , - , mt Bi -Bi - -.

1. mt

d ,

mt, -1

, Cct , /

510 90150 310 0,1 46 90150 310 0,06 34 4060 35 0,04 68 90120 310 0,02 1012 90150 310 0,07 1550 120 35 0,016 2050 120 35 0,016

(16) ( )t f u= (. 1, ). - , u ( )t f u= (. 1, ) , , t u . - /b dt du= u . u , . ( )t f u= (. 1, ):

I : 170 507t u= - ; 0u u u< ,

II : 115 178t u= - ; u u u< . (17)

. 3. q t - (I), (II) : I. : d = 5 ,

90 C; 5 /; 10 /; 120 C; 3 /; 5 /; c c1 t 2 3 t 4- = = - - = = - 10 /; 5 - = 150 C;c6 t- = 5 /; =

10 /.7 - = II. : d = 12 , 90 C; c1 t- = 3 /; = 5 /;2 - = 120 C;c3 t- = = 3 /; 5 /;4 - = 150 C; 3 /; 5 /.c5 t 6- = = - = III. : 6 ;d = 90 C;c1 t- = 3 /; = 2 - tc = 90 C;

= 2 /; 3 - tc = 120 C; = 3 /; 54 - = /; 150 C;c5 t- = 3 /; = 5 /6 - =

83

, (8)(11).

. 3, 4, , ( )fq = t 1/ ( )fq = t . , - 57% . . 3 4, , - , lg ( )fq = t (8), (9) t .

. 4, 1/ ( )fq = t , , 15 50d = -

1/ 0,07q = t .

, (18) 0,07 - 0,1/ 0,016 6,25,tmD = = - (18) t .

.

,

t tt t

a-

= -t

(18)

t , ; , = 0,07 = 0,44 . (18) ( ) 15t > , - 2,5t > ( ).

, . . [2], - , 2, , a Rt , Fo. -Fo. -. - .

(8) . 2.

. 4. q () 1/q () t : 151- d = ; 120 Cct = ; 3 / = ; 5 /2 - = ; 203 - d = ; 120 Cct = ;

5 = /; 304 - d = ; 120 Cct = ; 5 = /; 505 - d = ; 120 Cct = ; 5 = /

84

2.

d ,

, -1, Cct , /

510 90150 310 0,1 46 90150 35 0,06 1012 90150 310 0,07 1550 120 35 0,03 2050 120 35 0,03

, mt.

, , - (mt, , Bi), . , mt , . t - t 1,53 , ( t t- ) mt . (7)(9) - constct = , q t - Fo Pd [4].

lg (lg )t f= t lg ( )t f t= . 5. - : -

0,4

0 ( ) ,t C= t (19)

0 22exp0,01 ,C t= (20)

0,15

0 ( )t C= t , (21)

0 27exp0,01 C t= . (22)

. 5. lg (lg )t f= t lg ( )t f t= - : 90 C;1 t- = 120 C;2 t- = 150 C3 t- = 3 5 = - /; 4

20 50 ;d = - 120 C;t = 3 5 = - /

85

(10) (11), . . [4] - , constt = , Pd = 0, - t .

(10), (11) (14)

o.c

,cc

t tt t-

q =-

(23)

.

;( )c

rjt t

q =a -

(24)

,

rjt t= -a

(25)

j , /(2); a , (15).

j -

0 Gduj

d F=

t, /(2),

/du dt , -1; G0 , ; F , 2.

t (19), (21) (25) . 3. , - t .

3. t (19), (21) (25)

, W, % 2,

Ca

2,

j

t , (19) t , (21) t , (25) t , .

4 6d -

: 120 C;ct = 3 / =

16 45 4,15 58,4 59,7 6012 36 2,51 72 74 768 30 1,51 86,5 88,5 904 26 0,31 92 96 98

5d

: 120 C;ct = 3 / =

8 26 2 64 68 666 23 1,61 73 73 754 20 1,05 87 87 901 12 0,2 108 108 110

50d

: 120 C;ct = 5 / =

20 55 3,52 79 78 8015 46 2,21 89 89 9110 38 1,22 100 99,5 1015 22 0,41 111 108,5 110

Fo q . . . [2], , 2/ Rat . 2/ Rat , . Fo .

, - R = d Fo t .