e195 apto plan
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AIRPORT PLANNINGMANUAL
APM-199728 JULY 2006
REVISION 4 - 07 OCTOBER 2008
EMBRAER S.A - P.O. BOX 8050
12227-901 SAO JOSE DOS CAMPOS - S.P.
BRAZIL
PHONE: + + 55 12 3927-7517
FAX: + + 55 12 3927-7546
http://www.embraer.com
e-mail: [email protected]
Copyright 2008 by EMBRAER - Empresa Brasileira de Aeronautica S.A. All rights reserved.This document shall not becopied or reproduced, whether in whole or in part, in any form or by any means without the express written authorizationof Embraer. The information, technical data, designs and drawings disclosed in this document are proprietary information
of Embraer or third parties and shall not be used or disclosed to any third party without permission of Embraer.
REVNo.
ISSUEDATE
DATEINSERTED
BYREVNo.
ISSUEDATE
DATEINSERTED
BY
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RECORD OF REVISIONS
The user must update the Record of Revisions when a revision is put into the manual.
RETAIN THIS RECORD IN THE FRONT OF MANUAL OR CHAPTER.ON RECEIPT OF REVISIONS, INSERT REVISED PAGES IN THE MANUAL, AND ENTER REVISION NUMBER, DATEINSERTED AND INITIALS.
TitleTRList
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 22/072 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 22/07
SBList1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jul 28/062 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jul 28/06
List of Effective Pages
* 1 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 2 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08Table of Contents
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 22/072 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/07
List of Tables
* 1 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/082 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jul 28/06
List of Figures1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jul 28/062 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 22/073 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/074 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/07
Section 11-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jul 28/06
* 1-2 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 1-3 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/081-4 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jul 28/06
Section 2
* 2-1 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 2-2 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 2-3 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 2-4 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 2-5 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 2-6 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 2-7 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 2-8 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 2-9 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 2-10 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 2-11 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 2-12 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 2-13 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 2-14 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 2-15 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 2-16 Blank (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08Section 3(Not Available)Section 4
* 4-1 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 4-2 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 4-3 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/084-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/07
* 4-5 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 4-6 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 4-7 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 4-8 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 4-9 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 4-10 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08Section 5
5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jul 28/065-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/075-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/075-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jul 28/065-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/075-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jul 28/065-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/075-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/075-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/075-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/075-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/075-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/075-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/07
* 5-14 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08Section 6
6-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jul 28/066-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/07
* 6-3 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/086-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/076-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/076-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/076-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/076-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/076-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 22/076-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/076-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/076-12 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/07
Section 77-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/07
* 7-2 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 7-3 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/08
* 7-4 (rev) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct 07/087-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/077-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/077-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/077-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/077-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/077-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/077-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/07
AIRPORTPLANNING MANUAL
Pages revised or added by the current revision are indicated by an asterisk (*). Pages deleted by the currentrevision are indicated by * (del). Pages deleted by the previous revision are indicated by (del).
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7-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/077-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/077-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/077-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/077-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/077-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/077-18 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/07
Section 88-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jul 28/068-2 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jul 28/06
Section 99-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jul 28/069-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/079-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/079-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/079-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/079-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 11/07
AIRPORTPLANNING MANUAL
Pages revised or added by the current revision are indicated by an asterisk (*). Pages deleted by the currentrevision are indicated by * (del). Pages deleted by the previous revision are indicated by (del).
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1 - SCOPE
1. Scope .............................................................................................................................. 1-11.1. Purpose ........................................................................................................................... 1-11.2. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1-11.3. Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. 1-2
SECTION 2 - AIRCRAFT DESCRIPTION
2. Aircraft Description .......................................................................................................... 2-12.1. Aircraft Characteristics .................................................................................................... 2-12.2. General Aircraft Dimensions ............................................................................................ 2-22.3. Ground Clearances ......................................................................................................... 2-52.4. Interior Arrangements ...................................................................................................... 2-92.5. Passenger Cabin Cross Section ..................................................................................... 2-122.6. Lower Compartment Containers ...................................................................................... 2-142.7. Door Clearances ............................................................................................................. 2-15
SECTION 3 - AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE (NOT AVAILABLE)
SECTION 4 - GROUND MANEUVERING
4. Ground Maneuvering ....................................................................................................... 4-14.1. General Information ......................................................................................................... 4-14.2. Turning Radii ................................................................................................................... 4-14.3. Minimum Turning Radii ................................................................................................... 4-34.4. Visibility From Cockpit ..................................................................................................... 4-44.5. Runway and Taxiway Dimensions ................................................................................... 4-54.6. Runway Holding Apron .................................................................................................... 4-9
SECTION 5 - TERMINAL SERVICING
5. Terminal Servicing ........................................................................................................... 5-15.1. Aircraft Servicing Arrangement ........................................................................................ 5-25.2. Terminal Operations - Turnaround Station ....................................................................... 5-45.3. Terminal Operations - En Route Station .......................................................................... 5-65.4. Ground Servicing Connections ........................................................................................ 5-75.5. Engine Starting Pneumatic Requirements ....................................................................... 5-95.6. Ground Pneumatic Power Requirements ........................................................................ 5-115.7. Preconditioned Airflow Requirements .............................................................................. 5-125.8. Ground Towing Requirements ......................................................................................... 5-14
SECTION 6 - OPERATING CONDITIONS
6. Operating Conditions ....................................................................................................... 6-16.1. Engine Exhaust Velocities and Temperatures .................................................................. 6-26.2. Airport and Community Noise ......................................................................................... 6-96.3. Hazard Areas .................................................................................................................. 6-10
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SECTION 7 - PAVEMENT DATA
7. Pavement Data ............................................................................................................... 7-17.1. General Information ......................................................................................................... 7-17.2. Footprint .......................................................................................................................... 7-27.3. Maximum Pavement Loads ............................................................................................. 7-37.4. Landing Gear Loading on Pavement ............................................................................... 7-47.5. Flexible Pavement Requirements, U.S. Corps of Engineers Design Method .................. 7-57.6. Flexible Pavement Requirements, LCN Method .............................................................. 7-77.7. Rigid Pavement Requirements, Portland Cement Association Design Method ............... 7-97.8. Rigid Pavement Requirements, LCN Method .................................................................. 7-117.9. ACN - PCN System - Flexible and Rigid Pavements ...................................................... 7-15
SECTION 8 - POSSIBLE EMBRAER 195 DERIVATIVE AIRCRAFT
8. Possible EMBRAER 195 Derivative Aircraft .................................................................... 8-18.1. Not Applicable ................................................................................................................. 8-1
SECTION 9 - SCALED DRAWINGS
9. Scaled Drawings ............................................................................................................. 9-19.1. General ........................................................................................................................... 9-1
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE SECTION PAGE
1.1 APM Arrangement .................................................................................. 01 1
2.1 Aircraft General Characteristics ............................................................. 02 2
2.2 Ground Clearance — STD Aircraft Model.............................................. 02 6
2.3 Ground Clearance — LR Aircraft Model ................................................ 02 7
2.4 Ground Clearance — AR Aircraft Model ................................................ 02 8
2.5 Capacity for the Cargo Compartment .................................................... 02 11
4.1 Reference Codes.................................................................................... 04 5
7.1 Pavement Evaluation.............................................................................. 07 15
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE SHEET SECTION PAGE
2.1 General Aircraft Dimensions ................................................. 02 4
2.2 Aircraft Ground Clearances................................................... 02 5
2.3 Interior Arrangements............................................................ 02 10
2.4 Economy Class Passenger Cabin Cross-Section................. 02 12
2.5 First Class Passenger Cabin Cross-Section......................... 02 13
2.6 Door Dimensions................................................................... 02 15
4.1 Turning Radii - No Slip Angle ............................................... 04 2
4.2 Minimum Turning Radius ...................................................... 04 3
4.3 Visibility from Cockpit in Static Position................................ 04 4
4.4 More than 90° Turn - Runway to Taxiway ............................ 04 6
4.5 90° Turn - Runway to Taxiway .............................................. 04 7
4.6 90° Turn - Taxiway to Taxiway .............................................. 04 8
4.7 Runway Holding Bay............................................................. 04 9
5.1 Aircraft Servicing Arrangement With Passenger Bridge ....... 05 2
5.2 Aircraft Servicing Arrangement With Passenger Stairs ........ 05 3
5.3 Air Terminal Operation - Turnaround Station ........................ 05 5
5.4 Ground Servicing Connections ............................................. 05 7
5.5 Ground Servicing Connections ............................................. 05 8
5.6 Engine Starting Pneumatic Requirements-Airflow X Tem-perature ................................................................................. 05 9
5.7 Engine Starting Pneumatic Requirements-Pressure X Tem-perature ................................................................................. 05 10
5.8 Ground Pneumatic Power Requirements ............................. 05 11
5.9 Preconditioned Airflow Requirements ................................... 05 13
5.10 Ground Towing Requirements............................................... 05 14
6.1 Jet Wake Velocity Profile - Takeoff Power ............................ 06 2
6.2 Jet Wake Temperature Profile - Takeoff Power .................... 06 3
6.3 Jet Wake Velocity Profile - Ground Idle................................ 06 4
6.4 Jet Wake Temperature Profile - Ground Idle ........................ 06 5
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FIGURE TITLE SHEET SECTION PAGE
6.5 Jet Wake Velocity Profile - Breakaway Power...................... 1 of 2 06 6
6.5 Jet Wake Velocity Profile - Breakaway Power...................... 2 of 2 06 7
6.6 Jet Wake Temperature Profile - Breakaway Power .............. 06 8
6.7 Hazard Areas - Takeoff Power .............................................. 06 10
6.8 Hazard Areas - Ground Idle .................................................. 06 11
7.1 Footprint ................................................................................ 07 2
7.2 Maximum Pavement Loads................................................... 07 3
7.3 Landing Gear Loading on Pavement .................................... 07 4
7.4 Flexible Pavement Requirements - US Army Corps of En-gineers Design Method ......................................................... 07 6
7.5 Flexible Pavement Requirements - LCN Method ................. 07 8
7.6 Rigid Pavement Requirements - Portland Cement Associa-tion Design Method ............................................................... 07 10
7.7 Radius of Relative Stiffness .................................................. 07 12
7.8 Radius of Relative Stiffness (other values)........................... 07 13
7.9 Rigid Pavement Requirements - LCN Method ..................... 07 14
7.10 ACN For Flexible Pavement ................................................. 07 16
7.11 ACN For Rigid Pavement...................................................... 07 17
9.1 Scale: 1 Inch Equals 32 Feet................................................ 09 2
9.2 Scale: 1 Inch Equals 50 Feet................................................ 09 3
9.3 Scale: 1 Inch Equals 100 Feet.............................................. 09 4
9.4 Scale: 1 to 500...................................................................... 09 5
9.5 Scale: 1 to 1000.................................................................... 09 6
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1. SCOPE1.1. PURPOSE
This document provides airplane characteristics for general airport planning. Since the operationalpractices vary among the airlines, specific data should be coordinated with the using airlines before thefacility design is made.EMBRAER should be contacted for any additional information required.
1.2. INTRODUCTION
The APM has been prepared in accordance with NAS 3601.It provides aircraft characteristics for general airport planning, airport operators, airlines, and engineer-ing consultant organizations.The APM is arranged as shown in the table below:
Table 1.1 - APM ArrangementARRANGEMENTS CONTENTS
Manual Front Matter
Title PageCostumer Comment FormHighlightsRecord of Revision SheetTemporary Revision SheetList of Service BulletinsList of Effective PagesTable of ContentsList of TablesList of Figures
Section
ScopeAircraft DescriptionAircraft PerformanceGround ManeuveringTerminal ServicingOperating ConditionsPavement DataPossible Derivative AircraftScaled Drawings
The front matter for the whole manual contains:
• Title Page: Shows the manufacturer’s masthead, identification of the manual, the initial issue date,and revision number and date.
• Highlights: Advises the operator on the revised pages.
• Record of Revisions Sheet: Lists the successive revision numbers, issue date, insertion date andincorporators initials, which must be kept current by the operator.
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• List of Service Bulletins: Lists the Service Bulletins, including all issued revisions, which affect themanual as well as the affected section(s) (APM Section Number), the aircraft affected by the ServiceBulletin, and the date of incorporation of the SB in the manual.
• Temporary Revision Sheet: Lists the temporary revision numbers, page number, issue date, personresponsible for the insertion and insertion date.
• List of Effective Pages: Lists all sections and their list of effective pages with the latest issue dates.
For additional information, please contact:
• For assistance regarding purchasing and distribution of manuals (in hard copies or CD-ROM), pleasecontact us through the e-mail: [email protected]
• For assistance regarding technical contents related to Maintenance Technical Publications, GSE,and Service Bulletins, please contact us through the e-mail: [email protected]
• For Digital Technical Publications support, please contact us through the e-mail:[email protected]
1.2.1. Revisions
Embraer may revise this manual periodically as required to update information or provide informationnot available at the time of printing.Revised data may result from Embraer approved aircraft modifications and new available options.Changes to the text are indicated by a black bar in the page left-side margin, beside the revised, added,or deleted material.Relocated or rearranged text or illustrations will be indicated by a black bar beside the page number.
1.3. ABBREVIATIONS
This list gives all the abbreviations, acronyms and measurement units used in this manual with theirdefinitions.
Table 1.2 - List of Acronyms and Abbreviations used in the APMACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS DESCRIPTION°C Degree Celsius°F Degree Fahrenheit! LiterACN Aircraft Classification NumberAFM Airplane Flight ManualAOM Airplane Operations ManualAPM Airport Planning ManualAPU Auxiliary Power UnitAR Advanced RangeATTCS Automatic Takeoff-Thrust Control-SystemBOW Basic Operating WeightCBR California Bearing RatioECS Environmental Control SystemFAA Federal Aviation AdministrationFAR Federal Aviation Regulations
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Table 1.2 - List of Acronyms and Abbreviations used in the APM
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS DESCRIPTIONFWD ForwardGEAE General Electric Aircraft EnginesICAO International Civil Aviation OrganizationISA International Standard AtmosphereJAR Joint Aviation RequirementsLCN Load Classification NumberLH Left-HandLR Long RangeMLW Maximum Landing WeightMRW Maximum Ramp WeightMTOW Maximum Takeoff WeightMZFW Maximum Zero Fuel WeightN NewtonRBHA Requisitos Brasileiros de Homologação AeronáuticaRH Right-HandSTD StandarddBA A-Weighted Decibelft Footft2 Square Footft3 Cubic Footgal. Gallonin Inchin2 Square InchinHg Inch of MercurykPa Kilopascalkg Kilogramlb Poundlb/in3 Pound per Cubic Inchlbf Pound Forcem Meterm2 Square Meterm3 Cubic Metermin Minutepsi Pounds per Square Inch
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2. AIRCRAFT DESCRIPTION2.1. AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS
The aircraft is:
• Predominantly metallic;
• Low winged;
• Conventional tailed;
• Monoplane;
• Retractable tricycle-type with twin-wheeled landing-gear.
There are two high bypass ratio turbofan GEAE CF34-10 with 82.3 kN (18500 lbf) maximum takeoffthrust (Sea Level, Static Condition and ISA) installed under the wings.The aircraft has three versions, with different ranges as a function of the difference between theMTOWs:
• The STD aircraft model - MTOW 48790 kg (107564 lb);
• The LR aircraft model - MTOW 50790 kg (111973 lb);
• The AR aircraft model - MTOW 52290 kg (115280 lb);
2.1.1. Definitions
MRW
It is the maximum allowed aircraft weight for taxiing or maneuvering on the ground.
MLW
It is the maximum allowed weight at which the aircraft may normally be landed.
MTOW
It is the maximum allowed total loaded aircraft weight at the start of the takeoff run.
BOW
It is the weight of the structure, powerplant, instruments, flight controls, hydraulic, electronic, electrical,air conditioning, oxygen, anti-icing and pressurization systems, interior furnishings, portable and emer-gency equipment and other items of equipment that are an integral part of the aircraft configuration. Italso includes unusable fuel, total engine and APU oil, total hydraulic fluid, toilet fluid and water, potablewater, crew and crew baggage, navigation kit (manuals, charts), catering (beverages and food) andremovable service equipment for the galley.
MZFW
It is the maximum allowed weight without usable fuel in tanks.
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Maximum Payload
It is the difference between the MZFW and the BOW.
Maximum Seating Capacity
It is the maximum number of passengers specifically certified or anticipated for certification.
Maximum Cargo Volume
It is the maximum space available for cargo.
Usable Fuel
Fuel available for the aircraft propulsion.
Table 2.1 - Aircraft General Characteristics
DESIGN WEIGHTS[1] AIRCRAFT MODELSSTD LR AR
MRW 48950 kg (107916 lb) 50950 kg (112326 lb) 52450 kg (115632 lb)MTOW 48790 kg (107564 lb) 50790 kg (111973 lb) 52290 kg (115280 lb)MLW 45000 kg (99208 lb) 45800 kg (100972 lb)
BOW [2] 28970 kg (63868 lb)MZFW 42500 kg (93696 lb) 42600 kg (93917 lb)
MaximumPayload [2] 13800 kg (30424 lb) 13900 kg (30644 lb)
Maximum SeatingCapacity 118 passengers
MaximumCargo Volume[3] 25.66 m3 (906.17 ft3)
Usable Fuel [4] 13100 kg (28881 lb)16029 ! (4234 gal.)
1. Applicable for standard models. For further information, refer to AFM and AOM.2. Standard configuration (weights may vary according to optional equipment installed or interior layouts).3. Standard configuration (volume may vary according to optional equipment installed).4. Adopted fuel density of 0.811 kg/! (6.77 lb/gal.)
2.2. GENERAL AIRCRAFT DIMENSIONS
2.2.1. External Dimensions
• Span over winglets - 28.72 m (94 ft 3 in);
• Height (maximum) - 10.55 m (34 ft 7 in);
• Overall length - 38.67 m (126 ft 10 in).
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2.2.2. Wing
• Reference area - 92.50 m2 (996 ft2);
• Reference aspect ratio - 8.1
2.2.3. Fuselage
• Total Length - 38.65 m (126 ft 10 in);
• Length of pressurized section - 31.49 m (103 ft 4 in).
2.2.4. Horizontal Tail
• Span - 12.08 m (39 ft 8 in);
• Area - 26.00 m2 (280 ft2).
2.2.5. Vertical Tail
• Reference area - 16.20 m2 (174 ft2 54 in2)
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5.94 m(19 ft 6 in)
28.72 m(94 ft 3 in.)
(45 ft 4 in)
26,98 m
6.82 m(88 ft 6 in)
10.57 m(34 ft 8 in.)
14.64 m(48 ft)
38.67 m(126 ft 10 in)
12.09 m(39 ft 8 in.)
4.27 m(14 ft)
30.01 m(98 ft 5 in)
4.71 m(15 ft 5.4in)
30.01 m(98 ft 5 in)
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General Aircraft DimensionsFigure 2.1
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2.3. GROUND CLEARANCES
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M
G
A
BC
D
E
F
Aircraft Ground ClearancesFigure 2.2
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Table2.2-G
roundClearance—
STDAircraftModel
WEIGHT
CG(%MAC)
NOSE
(A)
FOR-
WARD
SERVICE
DOOR
(B)
FOR-
WARD
PASSEN-
GER
DOOR
(C)
FOR-
WARD
CARG
ODO
OR
(D)
NACELLE
(E)
WINGLET
(F)
EMER-
GENCY
EXIT
(G)
AFT
CARG
ODO
OR
(H)
AFT
SERVICE
DOOR
(J)
AFT
PASSEN-
GER
DOOR
(K)
VERTI-
CAL
TAIL
(L)
TAIL
SKID
ANGU-
LAR
CLEAR-
ANCE
(DEG
)(M)
48950kg
107916
lb11.3
2.07
m6ft9in
2.58
m8ft5in
2.59
m8ft6in
1.57
m5ft2in
0.49
m1ft7in
5.08
m16
ft8in
3.24
m10
ft7in
2.00
m6ft7in
3.03
m9ft11
in3.03
m9ft11
in10.41m
34ft2in
11.19
48950kg
107916
lb31.0
2.16
m7ft1in
2.65
m8ft8in
2.66
m8ft9in
1.62
m5ft4in
0.50
m1ft8in
5.04
m16
ft6in
3.24
m10
ft7in
1.94
m6ft4in
2.96
m9ft9in
2.96
m9ft9in
10.30m
33ft10
in10.82
48790kg
107563
lb11.3
2.06
m6ft9in
2.58
m8ft5in
2.59
m8ft6in
1.57
m5ft2in
0.49
m1ft8in
5.08
m16
ft8in
3.24
m10
ft7in
2.00
m6ft7in
3.04
m10
ft3.04
m10
ft10.41m
34ft2in
11.19
48790kg
107563
lb31.0
2.16
m7ft1in
2.65
m8ft8in
2.66
m8ft9in
1.62
m5ft4in
0.50
m1ft8in
5.04
m16
ft6in
3.24
m10
ft7in
1.94
m6ft4in
2.96
m9ft9in
2.96
m9ft9in
10.30m
33ft10
in10.83
45000kg
99208lb
7.0
2.07
m6ft9in
2.59
m8ft6in
2.60
m8ft6in
1.58
m5ft2in
0.50
m1ft8in
5.09
m16
ft8in
3.25
m10
ft8in
2.01
m6ft7in
3.05
m9ft2in
3.05
m9ft2in
10.43m
34ft3in
11.26
45000kg
99208lb
31.0
2.17
m7ft2in
2.66
m8ft9in
2.67
m8ft9in
1.63
m5ft4in
0.51
m1ft8in
5.05
m16
ft7in
3.25
m10
ft8in
1.95
m6ft5in
2.97
m9ft9in
2.97
m9ft9in
10.31m
33ft10
in10.88
42500kg
93696lb
7.0
2.08
m6ft9in
2.59
m8ft6in
2.60
m8ft9in
1.58
m5ft2in
0.51
m1ft9in
5.10
m16
ft9in
3.26
m10
ft8in
2.02
m6ft8in
3.06
m10
ft3.06
m10
ft10.45m
34ft3in
11.31
42500kg
93696lb
31.0
2.18
m7ft2in
2.67
m8ft9in
2.68
m8ft10
in1.64
m5ft5in
0.52
m1ft8in
5.06
m16
ft7in
3.26
m10
ft8in
1.96
m6ft5in
2.98
m9ft9in
2.98
m9ft9in
10.32m
33ft10
in10.92
29500kg
65036lb
18.4
2.15
m7ft1in
2.66
m8ft9in
2.67
m8ft9in
1.65
m5ft5in
0.57
m1ft11
in5.16
m16
ft11
in3.32
m10
ft11
in2.08
m6ft10
in3.12
m10
ft3in
3.12
m10
ft3in
10.49m
34ft5in
11.53
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Table2.3-G
roundClearance—
LRAircraftModel
WEIGHT
CG(%MAC)
NOSE
(A)
FOR-
WARD
SERVICE
DOOR
(B)
FOR-
WARD
PASSEN-
GER
DOOR
(C)
FOR-
WARD
CARG
ODO
OR
(D)
NACELLE
(E)
WINGLET
(F)
EMER-
GENCY
EXIT
(G)
AFT
CARG
ODO
OR
(H)
AFT
SERVICE
DOOR
(J)
AFT
PASSEN-
GER
DOOR
(K)
VERTI-
CAL
TAIL
(L)
TAIL
SKID
ANGU-
LAR
CLEAR-
ANCE
(DEG
)(M)
50950kg
112325
lb11.3
2.07
m6ft9in
2.58
m8ft5in
2.59
m8ft6in
1.57
m5ft2
in0.48
m1ft7in
5.07
m16
ft8in
3.23
m10
ft7in
1.98
m6ft6in
3.02
m9ft11
in3.02
m9ft11
in10.40m
34ft2in
11.12
50950kg
112325
lb31.0
2.16
m7ft1in
2.65
m8ft8in
2.65
m8ft8in
1.62
m5ft4
in0.49
m1ft7in
5.03
m16
ft6in
3.23
m10
ft7in
1.93
m6ft4in
2.95
m9ft8in
2.95
m9ft8in
10.29m
33ft9in
10.79
50790kg
111973
lb11.3
2.07
m6ft9in
2.58
m8ft5in
2.59
m8ft6in
1.57
m5ft2in
0.48
m1ft7in
5.07
m16
ft8in
3.23
m10
ft7in
1.98
m6ft6in
3.02
m9ft11
in3.02
m9ft11
in10.40m
34ft2in
11.13
50790kg
111973
lb31.0
2.16
m7ft1in
2.65
m8ft8in
2.65
m8ft8in
1.62
m5ft4in
0.50
m1ft8in
5.03
m16
ft6in
3.24
m10
ft7in
1.93
m6ft4in
2.95
m9ft8in
2.95
m9ft8in
10.29m
33ft9in
10.80
45000kg
99208lb
7.0
2.07
m6ft9in
2.59
m8ft6in
2.60
m8ft6in
1.58
m5ft2in
0.50
m1ft8in
5.09
m16
ft8in
3.25
m10
ft8in
2.01
m6ft7in
3.05
m9ft2in
3.05
m9ft2in
10.43m
34ft3in
11.26
45000kg
99208lb
31.0
2.17
m7ft2in
2.66
m8ft9in
2.67
m8ft9in
1.63
m5ft4in
0.51
m1ft8in
5.05
m16
ft7in
3.25
m10
ft8in
1.95
m6ft5in
2.97
m9ft9in
2.97
m9ft9in
10.31m
33ft10
in10.88
42500kg
93696lb
7.0
2.08
m6ft9in
2.59
m8ft6in
2.60
m8ft9in
1.58
m5ft2in
0.51
m1ft9in
5.10
m16
ft9in
3.26
m10
ft8in
2.02
m6ft8in
3.06
m10
ft3.06
m10
ft10.45m
34ft3in
11.31
42500kg
93696lb
31.0
2.18
m7ft2in
2.67
m8ft9in
2.68
m8ft10
in1.64
m5ft5in
0.52
m1ft8in
5.06
m16
ft7in
3.26
m10
ft8in
1.96
m6ft5in
2.98
m9ft9in
2.98
m9ft9in
10.32m
33ft10
in10.92
29500kg
65036lb
18.4
2.15
m7ft1in
2.66
m8ft9in
2.67
m8ft9in
1.65
m5ft5in
0.57
m1ft11
in5.16
m16
ft11
in3.32
m10
ft11
in2.08
m6ft10
in3.12
m10
ft3in
3.12
m10
ft3in
10.49m
34ft5in
11.53
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Table2.4-G
roundClearance—
ARAircraftModel
WEIGHT
CG(%MAC)
NOSE
(A)
FOR-
WARD
SERVICE
DOOR
(B)
FOR-
WARD
PASSEN-
GER
DOOR
(C)
FOR-
WARD
CARG
ODO
OR
(D)
NACELLE
(E)
WINGLET
(F)
EMER-
GENCY
EXIT
(G)
AFT
CARG
ODO
OR
(H)
AFT
SERVICE
DOOR
(J)
AFT
PASSEN-
GER
DOOR
(K)
VERTI-
CAL
TAIL
(L)
TAIL
SKID
ANGU-
LAR
CLEAR-
ANCE
(DEG
)(M)
52450kg
115632
lb11.3
2.07
m6ft9in
2.58
m8ft5in
2.59
m8ft6in
1.57
m5ft2
in0.48
m1ft7in
5.06
m16
ft7in
3.23
m10
ft7in
1.98
m6ft6in
3.01
m9ft11
in3.01
m9ft11
in10.38m
34ft1in
11.08
52450kg
115632
lb31.0
2.15
m7ft1in
2.64
m8ft8in
2.65
m8ft8in
1.62
m5ft4in
0.49
m1ft7in
5.03
m16
ft6in
3.23
m10
ft7in
1.93
m6ft4in
2.95
m9ft8in
2.95
m9ft8in
10.28m
33ft9in
10.77
52290kg
115280
lb11.3
2.07
m6ft9in
2.58
m8ft5in
2.59
m8ft6in
1.57
m5ft2in
0.48
m1ft7in
5.06
m16
ft7in
3.23
m10
ft7in
1.98
m6ft6in
3.01
m9ft11
in3.01
m9ft11
in10.38m
34ft1in
11.08
52290kg
115280
lb31.0
2.15
m7ft1in
2.64
m8ft8in
2.65
m8ft8in
1.61
m5ft3in
0.49
m1ft7in
5.03
m16
ft6in
3.23
m10
ft7in
1.93
m6ft4in
2.95
m9ft8in
2.95
m9ft8in
10.28m
33ft9in
10.78
45800kg
100972
lb7.0
2.07
m6ft9in
2.59
m8ft6in
2.59
m8ft6in
1.58
m5ft2in
0.50
m1ft8in
5.09
m16
ft8in
3.25
m10
ft8in
2.00
m6ft7in
3.05
m10
ft3.05
m10
ft10.43m
34ft3in
11.25
45800kg
100972
lb31.0
2.17
m7ft2in
2.65
m8ft8in
2.67
m8ft9in
1.63
m5ft4in
0.51
m1ft8in
5.05
m16
ft7in
3.25
m10
ft8in
1.95
m6ft5in
2.97
m9ft9in
2.97
m9ft9in
10.31m
33ft10
in10.87
42600kg
93917lb
7.0
2.08
m6ft9in
2.59
m8ft6in
2.60
m8ft9in
1.58
m5ft2in
0.51
m1ft8in
5.10
m16
ft9in
3.26
m10
ft8in
2.02
m6ft8in
3.06
m10
ft3.06
m10
ft10.45m
34ft3in
11.31
42600kg
93917lb
31.0
2.18
m7ft2in
2.67
m8ft9in
2.67
m8ft9
in1.64
m5ft5in
0.52
m1ft8in
5.06
m16
ft7in
3.26
m10
ft8in
1.96
m6ft5in
2.98
m9ft9in
2.98
m9ft9in
10.32m
33ft10
in10.92
29500kg
65036lb
18.4
2.15
m7ft1in
2.66
m8ft9in
2.67
m8ft9in
1.65
m5ft5in
0.57
m1ft11
in5.16
m16
ft11
in3.32
m10
ft11
in2.08
m6ft10
in3.12
m10
ft3in
3.12
m10
ft3in
10.49m
34ft5in
11.53
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2.4. INTERIOR ARRANGEMENTS
The interior arrangement provides accommodation for two pilots, one observer, three flight attendants,and 108 passengers in 32 in pitch standard configuration. One additional flight attendant seat isavailable as an option.
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3 4 5
8
9
3 4
6 1 2
10
1 7
52
7 − AFT LAVATORY
9 − OVERHEAD BIN
OVERHEAD BIN
UNDERSEAT VOLUME
0.06 m / pax (2.0 ft / pax)
0.04 m / pax (1.4 ft / pax)
3 3
3
3
3
3
CARGO COMPARTMENT
10 − PASSENGER SEAT
3 − FWD RH G1 GALLEY
4 − FWD RH G2 GALLEY
5 − AFT RH GALLEY
CARGO/BAGGAGE VOLUME
1 − FLIGHT ATTENDANT SEAT
8
1.82 m(5 ft 11 in.)
1.86 m(6 ft 4 in.)
0.90 m(2 ft 11.4 in.)
0.87 m(2 ft 10 in.)
0.78 m(2 ft 6.7 in.)
8 − CARGO COMPARTMENT
1.00 m(3 ft 11.06 in.)
0.79 m(2 ft 7.1 in.)
5.72 m(18 ft 9.2 in.)
8.64 m(28 ft 4.16 in.)
5.95 m(19 ft 6.3 in.)
8.8 m(28 ft 10.5 in.)
EM17
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2 − FWD RH LAVATORY
6 − AIRSTAIRS WARDROBE
32.05 m (105 ft 1.8 in)
25.66 m (906.17 ft )
Interior ArrangementsFigure 2.3
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2.4.1. Passenger Cabin
The passenger cabin accommodates 108 passengers in 27 double seats on both sides.As an option, the passenger cabin is also provided with some double first-class seats on the RH sideand some single first-class seats on the LH side.The main dimensions of passenger cabin are presented below:
• Height - 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in)
• Width - 2.74 m (9 ft)
• Aisle wide - 0.49 m (1 ft 7 in)
• Pitch - 0.82 m (32 in)
2.4.2. Cargo Compartments
Two cargo compartments are available, located underfloor, one forward of the wing, and another aft ofthe wing.The cargo compartments comply with the FAR-25/JAR-25/RBHA-25 “class C” compartment classifica-tion.The table below contain the capacity for the cargo compartment:
Table 2.5 - Capacity for the Cargo CompartmentCARGO COMPARTMENT LOADING VOLUME
FWD [1] 1900 kg (4188 lb) 12.71 m3 (448.85 ft3)Aft 1800 kg (3968 lb) 12.95 m3 (457.32 ft3)Total 3700 kg (8156 lb) 25.66 m3 (906.17 ft3)
1. Standard configuration (loading and volume may vary according to optional equipment installed).
The cargo compartments are provided with the following features:
• Optional vertical nets - to avoid damage due to cargo shifting (two for each cargo compartments).Also, there are provisions for two extra vertical nets in the forward cargo compartment and one in theaft cargo compartment;
• Door net at each cargo door.
2.4.3. Cockpit
The cockpit is acoustically and thermally insulated for appearance and durability. It follows the worldwidetrend of rounded edges, which avoids harm to the flight crew.The cockpit is separated from the passenger cabin by a bulkhead with a lockable door. The cockpit dooris provided with lockable means operable only from the cockpit side, spy hole and escape mechanismon the cockpit side.
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2.5. PASSENGER CABIN CROSS SECTION
2.00 m(6 ft 7 in.)
1.44 m(4 ft 9 in.)
0.94 m(3 ft 1 in.)
0.78 m(2 ft 7 in.)
0.46 m(1 ft 6 in.)
0.49 m
(1 ft 7 in.)
2.74 m(9 ft)
3.35 m(11 ft 0 in.)
3.01 m(9 ft 11 in.)
0.05 m(2.0 in.)
1.66 m(5 ft 5 in.)
2.72 m(8 ft 11 in.)
0.75 m(2 ft 5 in.)
0.45 m(1 ft 6 in.)
EM17
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01A.
DG
N
Economy Class Passenger Cabin Cross-SectionFigure 2.4
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2.00 m(6 ft 7 in.)
1.44 m(4 ft 9 in.)
0.94 m(3 ft 1 in.)
2.74 m(9 ft)
3.35 m(11 ft 0 in.)
3.01 m(9 ft 11 in.)
1.66 m(5 ft 5 in.)
2.72 m(8 ft 11 in.)
0.75 m(2 ft 5 in.)
0.45 m(1 ft 6 in.)
0.86 m(3 ft)
0.51 m(1 ft 8 in.)
0.69 m(2 ft 3 in.)
0.20 m(8 in.)
0.07 m(3 in.)
0.6 m(1 ft 10 in.)
0.61 m(2 ft)
1.1 m(3 ft 8 in.)
EM17
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02A.
DG
N
First Class Passenger Cabin Cross-SectionFigure 2.5
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2.6. LOWER COMPARTMENT CONTAINERS
Not Applicable
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2.7. DOOR CLEARANCES
0.87 m(2 ft 10 in.)
0.78 m(2 ft 6.7 in.)
1.36 m(4 ft 5.5 in.)
0.90 m(2 ft 11.4 in.)
1.82 m(5 ft 11.6 in.)
1.10 m(3 ft 7.3 in.)
0.99 m(3 ft 3 in.)
0.63 m(2 ft 0.8 in.)
0.63 m(2 ft 0.8 in.)
0.75 m(2 ft 6.7 in.)
SEE FIGURE 2.2FOR HEIGHT ABOVEGROUND
EM17
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14B.
DG
N
NOTE: FOR DIMENSIONS OF ALL DOORS,CONSIDER THAT AIRCRAFT IS IN OPERATION,THAT IS, EQUIPPED WITH DOOR LININGS ANDDOOR SURROUNDS.
0.91 m(2 ft 11.8 in.)
1.71 m(5 ft 7.3 in.)
1.37 m(4 ft 5.9 in.)
0.51 m(1 ft 8.1 in.)
0.51 m(1 ft 8.1 in.)
0.61 m(2 ft)
Door DimensionsFigure 2.6
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4. GROUND MANEUVERING4.1. GENERAL INFORMATION
This section provides the aircraft turning capability and maneuvering characteristics. To facilitate thepresentation, these data have been determined from theoretical limits imposed by the geometry of theaircraft.As such, they reflect the turning capability of the aircraft in favorable operating circumstances. Thesedata should be used only as guidelines for the method of determination of such parameters and for themaneuvering characteristics of the aircraft.In the ground operating mode, varying airline practices may demand that more conservative turningprocedures be adopted, to avoid excessive tire wear and reduce possible maintenance problems.Variations from standard aircraft operating patterns may be necessary to satisfy physical constantswithin the maneuvering area, such as adverse grades, limited area, or high risk of jet blast damage. Forthese reasons, the ground maneuvering requirements should be coordinated with the using airline priorto the layout planning.This section is presented as follows:
• The turning radii for nose landing gear steering angles.
• The pilot’s visibility from the cockpit and the limits of ambinocular vision through the windows.Ambinocular vision is defined as the total field of vision seen by both eyes at the same time.
• The performance of the aircraft on runway-to-taxiway, taxiway-to-taxiway and runway holding baysdimensions.
4.2. TURNING RADII
This subsection presents the following information:
• The turning radii for various nose landing gear steering angles. The minimum turning radius isdetermined, considering that the maximum nose landing gear steering angle is 76 degrees left andright.
• Data on the minimum width of the pavement for a 180° turn.
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76°
R = 18.61 m(61 ft 1 in)
R = 21.90 m(71 ft 10 in)
R = 6.66 m(21 ft 10 in)
R = 19.13 m(62 ft 9 in)
R = 15.10 m(49 ft 7 in)
R = 7.29 m(23 ft 11 in)
R = 15.39 m(50 ft 6 in)
22.68 m(74 ft 5 in)RUNWAYMINIMUM
WIDTH
ACTUAL OPERATING DATA MAY BE GREATER THAN VALUES SHOWN SINCE TIRE SLIPPAGE IS NOT CONSIDERED IN THESE CALCULATIONS.
NOTE:
1
1
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THEORETICAL CENTER OF TURN FOR MINIMUN RADIUS.SHOWS CONTINUOUS TURNING WITH ENGINE THRUST AS REQUIRED.NO DIFFERENTIAL BRAKING.
Turning Radii - No Slip AngleFigure 4.1
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4.3. MINIMUM TURNING RADII
R = 6.66 m(21 ft 10 in)
R = 15.10 m(49 ft 7 in)
R 6
R 5
R 3
R 1
R 2
R 4
76°
35°40°
45°50°
55°60°
65°70°
R 1STEERING
STEEL R 2 R 3OUTBOARD GEAR
R 4 R 5RIGHT WINGLET
R 6RIGHT TAILTIP
35°40°45°
55°50°
60°65°70°76°
NOSE NOSE GEAR INBOARD GEAR
28.26 m (92 ft 9 in)25.75 m (84 ft 6 in)23.90 m (78 ft 5 in)
22.50 m (73 ft 10 in)21.44 m (70 ft 4 in)20.62 m (67 ft 8 in)20.00 m (65 ft 7 in)19.52 m (64 ft 1 in)19.13 m (62 ft 9 in)
21.06 m (69 ft 1 in)19.45 m (63 ft 10 in)18.20 m (59 ft 9 in)17.23 m (56 ft 6 in)
15.89 m (52 ft 2 in)15.39 m (50 ft 6 in)
24.73 m (81 ft 2 in)21.23 m (69 ft 8 in)18.40 m (60 ft 4 in)
10.50 m (34 ft 5 in)8.99 m (29 ft 6 in)
7.29 m (23 ft 11 in)
17.52 m (57 ft 6 in)
11.18 m (36 ft 8 in)
6.75 m (22 ft 2 in)4.93 m (16 ft 2 in)
3.29 m (10 ft 10 in)1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)
29.50 m (96 ft 9 in)
25.13 m (82 ft 5 in)23.34 m (76 ft 7 in)21.73 m (71 ft 4 in)20.25 m (66 ft 5 in)18.61 m (61 ft 1 in)
24.45 m (80 ft 3 in)23.51 m (77 ft 2 in)22.71 m (74 ft 6 in)
25.92 m (85 ft)23.25 m (75 ft 11 in)
16.47 m (54 ft)
16.02 m (52 ft 7 in)13.96 m (45 ft 10 in)12.15 m (39 ft 10 in)
14.02 m (46 ft)
8.80 m (28 ft 10 in)
0.08 m (3 in)
35.77 m (117 ft 4 in)32.31 m (106 ft)
27.15 m (89 ft 1 in)
33.51 m (109 ft 11 in)30.75 m (100 ft 11 in)28.62 m (93 ft 11 in)26.94 m (88 ft 5 in)
25.57 m (83 ft 11 in)
21.90 m (71 ft 10 in)
22.68 m(74 ft 5 in)RUNWAYMINIMUM
WIDTH
NOTE:
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DATA PRESENTED IS BASED ON THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS.ACTUAL OPERATING DATA MAY BE GREATER THAN SHOWN SINCE TIRE SLIPPAGE IS NOT CONSIDERED IN THESE CALCULATIONS.
Minimum Turning RadiusFigure 4.2
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4.4. VISIBILITY FROM COCKPIT
REF. GROUND (BOW)
PILOT’S EYE POSITIONMAXIMUM AFT VISIONWITH HEAD ROTATEDABOUT SPINAL COLUMN
VISUAL ANGLE IN PLANEPERPENDICULAR TO LONGITUDINALAXIS THROUGH PILOT’S EYE POSITION
PILOT’S EYE POSITION
120.6°
27.5°
28.1°
0.53 m(1 ft 9 in.)
0.53 m(1 ft 9 in.)
15°
0.75 m(2 ft 6 in.)
14.58 m(47 ft 10 in.)
27.8°
C
3.91 m(12 ft 10 in.)
2.92 m(9 ft 7 in.)
PILOT’S EYE POSITION
L FUS HOR
0.53 m(1 ft 9 in.) PILOT’S EYE POSITION
EM17
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10.D
GN
VISUAL ANGLE IN PLANEPARALLEL TO LONGITUDINALAXIS THROUGH PILOT’S EYEPOSITION
Visibility from Cockpit in Static PositionFigure 4.3
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4.5. RUNWAY AND TAXIWAY DIMENSIONS
To determine the minimum dimensions for runway and taxiway where the aircraft can be operated, thereference code of the aircraft must be determined.The reference code of a specific aircraft is obtained in accordance with the Aerodrome Design andOperations - Volume 1, by the ICAO.The code is composed of two elements, which are related to the aircraft performance characteristics anddimensions:
• Element 1 is a number based on the aircraft reference field length;
• Element 2 is a letter based on the aircraft wingspan and outer main landing gear wheel span.
The table below shows the reference codes:
Table 4.1 - Reference CodesCODE ELEMENT 1 CODE ELEMENT 2
CODENUMBER
AIRCRAFT REFERENCEFIELD LENGTH
CODELETTER WING SPAN OUTER MAIN LANDING
GEAR WHEEL SPAN
1 less than 800 m(2624 ft 8 in) A Up to 15 m
(49 ft 3 in)Up to 4.5 m(14 ft 9 in)
2 800 m (2624 ft 8 in) up to1200 m (3937 ft) B 15 m (49 ft 3 in) to
24 m (78 ft 9 in)4.5 m (14 ft 9 in) to6 m (19 ft 8 in)
3 1200 m (3937 ft) up to1800 m (5905 ft 6 in) C 24 m (78 ft 9 in) to
36 m (118 ft 1 in)6 m (19 ft 8 in) to9 m (29 ft 6 in)
4 1800 m(5905 ft 6 in) and over D 36 m (118 ft 1 in) to
52 m (170 ft 7 in)9 m (29 ft 6 in) to14 m (45 ft 11 in)
5 _ E 52 m (170 ft 7 in) to65 m (213 ft 3 in)
9 m (29 ft 6 in) to14 m (45 ft 11 in)
In accordance with the table, the reference code for the EMBRAER 195STD and 195LR is 3C and thereference code for the EMBRAER 195AR is 4C.
NOTE:• Classification considering CF34-10E7 engines.• This classification may change depending on aircraft engine model and takeoff weight.
With the reference code it is possible to obtain the limits of the runway and taxiway where the aircraftcan be operated.
• For reference code 3C the limits are:The width of a runway should be not less than 30 m (98 ft 5 in);The width of a taxiway should be not less than 15 m (49 ft 2 in);The design of the curve in a taxiway should be such that, when the cockpit remains over the taxiwaycentre line marking, the clearance distance between the outer main landing gear wheels of theaircraft and the edge of the taxiway should not be less than 3 m (9 ft 10 in);The clearance between a parked aircraft and one moving along the taxiway in a holding bay shouldnot be less than 15 m (49 ft 3 in).
• For reference code 4C the limits are:The width of a runway should be not less than 45 m (147 ft 7.6 in);
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The width of a taxiway should be not less than 15 m (49 ft 2 in);The design of the curve in a taxiway should be such that, when the cockpit remains over the taxiwaycentre line marking, the clearance distance between the outer main landing gear wheels of theaircraft and the edge of the taxiway should not be less than 3 m (9 ft 10 in);The clearance between a parked aircraft and one moving along the taxiway in a holding bay shouldnot be less than 15 m (49 ft 3 in).
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COORDINATE WITH AIRLINE OPERATORFOR THE SPECIFIC PLANNED OPERATINGPROCEDURE.
45°
100 ft RADIUS(30 m)
NOTE:
PATH OF MAIN LANDINGGEAR TIRE EDGE
NOSE LANDING GEAR STEERING ANGLE ISAPPROXIMATELY 15.
30 m(98 ft 5 in.)
15 m (49 ft 2 in.)
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More than 90° Turn - Runway to TaxiwayFigure 4.4
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COORDINATE WITH AIRLINE OPERATORFOR THE SPECIFIC PLANNED OPERATINGPROCEDURE.
100 ft RADIUS(30 m)
100 ft RADIUS(30 m)
NOTE:
PATH OF MAIN LANDINGGEAR TIRE EDGE.
NOSE LANDING GEAR STEERING ANGLE ISAPPROXIMATELY 30.
30 m(98 ft 5 in.)
15 m(49 ft 2 in.)
90°
EM17
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DG
N
90° Turn - Runway to TaxiwayFigure 4.5
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COORDINATE WITH AIRLINE OPERATORFOR THE SPECIFIC PLANNED OPERATINGPROCEDURE.
NOTE:
NOSE LANDING GEAR STEERING ANGLE ISAPPROXIMATELY 28.
15 m(49 ft 2 in.)
15 m(49 ft 2 in.)
100 ft Radius(30 m)
90°
PATH OF MAIN LANDINGGEAR TIRE EDGE.
3 m(9 ft 10 in.)
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DG
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90° Turn - Taxiway to TaxiwayFigure 4.6
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4.6. RUNWAY HOLDING APRON
75 m(246 ft)
PATH OF MAIN LANDINGGEAR TIRE EDGE.
PATH OF MAIN LANDINGGEAR TIRE EDGE.
30 m(98 ft 5 in.)
MINIMUMCLEARANCES
15 m(49 ft 2 in.)
3 m(9 ft 10 in.)
3 m(9 ft 10 in.)
15 m(49 ft 2 in.)
RUNWAY
TAXIWAY
EM17
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20A.
DG
N
Runway Holding BayFigure 4.7
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5. TERMINAL SERVICINGDuring turnaround at the air terminal, certain services must be performed on aircraft, usually within agiven time to meet flight schedules. This section shows service vehicle arrangements, schedules,locations of servicing points, and typical servicing requirements. The data presented herein reflect idealconditions for a single aircraft. Servicing requirements may vary according to the aircraft condition andairline operational (servicing) procedures.This section provides the following information:
• The typical arrangements of equipments during turnaround;
• The typical turnaround servicing time at an air terminal;
• The locations of ground servicing connections in graphic and tabular forms;
• The typical sea level air pressure and flow requirements for starting the engine;
• The air conditioning requirements;
• The ground towing requirements for various towing conditions. Towbar pull and total traction wheelload may be determined by considering aircraft weight, pavement slope, coefficient of friction, andengine idle thrust.
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5.1. AIRCRAFT SERVICING ARRANGEMENT
SERVICING ARRANGEMENT
01 − PASSENGER STAIRS02 − BAGGAGE LOADER03 − BAGGAGE / CARGO04 − GALLEY SERVICE05 − FUEL SERVICE06 − POTABLE WATER07 − LAVATORY SERVICE08 − PASSENGER BRIDGE
110
100
LEN
GTH
− ft
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
00
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
LEN
GTH
− m
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120LENGTH − ft
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
130
45
140
LENGTH − m
3
6
8
4
3
5
7
422
1
EM17
0APM
0500
15A.
DG
N
Aircraft Servicing Arrangement With Passenger BridgeFigure 5.1
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SERVICING ARRANGEMENT
110
100
LEN
GTH
− ft
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
00
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
LEN
GTH
− m
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120LENGTH − ft
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
130
45
140
LENGTH − m
3
6
1
4
3
5
7
422
1
01 − PASSENGER STAIRS02 − BAGGAGE LOADER03 − BAGGAGE / CARGO04 − GALLEY SERVICE05 − FUEL SERVICE06 − POTABLE WATER07 − LAVATORY SERVICE08 − AIR CONDITIONING09 − PNEUMATIC STARTER
98
EM17
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0500
16A.
DG
N
Aircraft Servicing Arrangement With Passenger StairsFigure 5.2
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5.2. TERMINAL OPERATIONS - TURNAROUND STATION
This section presents the typical turnaround servicing time at an air terminal. The chart gives typicalschedules for performing servicing on the aircraft within a given time.The time of each service in the chart was calculated taking the following into consideration:
• Load factor - 100%;
• Passenger deplane - 24 pax/min;
• Passenger enplane - 16 pax/min;
• Baggages checked per passenger - 1,2;
• Refuel (fuel quantity) - 80%;
• Flow - 290 gpm;
• Potable water - 70% to be refilled (56 !);
• Galley service FWD and aft sequence - in parallel;
• Toilet type - vacuum;
• Baggages unloading/loading FWD/aft sequence - in parallel;
• Only FWD passenger door to be used to deplane and enplane passengers.
Servicing times could be rearranged to suit availability of personnel, aircraft configuration, and degree ofservicing required.The data illustrates the general scope and tasks involving airport terminal operations. Airline particularpractices and operating experience will result in different sequences and intervals.
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min.
5
OPERATIONS
ELAPSED TIME(MINUTES)
FWD BAGGAGE/CARGO LOAD
AIRCRAFTSERVICING
FUEL SERVICE
POTABLE WATER SERVICE
TOILET SERVICE
TRUCK POSITIONING/REMOVAL/SETTINGS
1 3 7 9 11 13 17 19
THIS DATA ILUSTRATES THE GENERAL SCOPE AND TASKS INVOLVINGAIRPORT TERMINAL OPERATIONS.AIRLINE PARTICULAR PRACTICES AND OPERATING EXPERIENCE WILLRESULT IN DIFFERENT SEQUENCES AND INTERVALS.
GALLEY SERVICING−AFT
AFT BAGGAGE/CARGO LOAD
PAXSERVICES
1,0
GALLEY SERVICING−FWD
PASSENGERS DEPLANE 4.5
AIRPLANE INTERIOR SERVICES
PASSENGERS ENPLANE
6.8
6.8
BRIDGE / STAIRS REMOVAL 1,0
2,0PUSH BACK / ENGINES START
2 4 8 10 126 14 15 16 18 20
FWD BAGGAGE / CARGO UNLOAD
REAR BAGGAGE / CARGO UNLOAD
TIME BETWEEN UNLOADING / LOADINGBAGGAGE& CARGO
5,0
3,0
11.7
6.9
7.2
0,5
4.2
4.4
LEGEND:
NOTE:
7,0
7,0
BRIDGE / STAIRS POSITIONING
EM17
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DG
N
Air Terminal Operation - Turnaround StationFigure 5.3
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5.3. TERMINAL OPERATIONS - EN ROUTE STATION
Not Applicable
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5.4. GROUND SERVICING CONNECTIONS
4
14
21
5
3
6
9 12
21 20
7 8
10
13
1516
18
11
1719
ITEM DESCRIPTION COORD. Y(mm)
COORD. Z(mm)
COORD. X(mm)
HEIGHTABOVE
GROUND(mm)
NOTE:
1827.36
123456789
10111213141516171819202122
−543.757803.787774.46 −310.92
−936.13 −1262.714136.97 −951.46 −1279.29
0.00−1979.71−1952.83−1744.672930.25
−1602.04−808.01−329.37 −1178.74−471.73 −605.30−449.47 −585.54
6562.14 1159.87 −961.05−691.60 −1611.45
−1611.45526.50−1602.04808.01−991.80349.20−590.09519.15
0.0057.25
−1339.534146.90
2852.853093.47
GRAVITY REFUELING PORT (LH)GRAVITY REFUELING PORT (RH)
18745.47 −7646.75 −308.24 3101.081844.50
4125.04 −2856.21 250.531333.271367.611667.43
18890.21 2970.00 −2977.05 435.84−2970.00
1853.302469.803096.183118.862195.821767.301767.301853.302675.813110.92
EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY 28 VDC / 400A
EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY 115 VAC −810.70 1767.34
22
THE GROUND CLEARANCES IN THE TABLE REFER TO THE AIRCRAFT WITH THE MINIMUMOPERATING WEIGHT (MOW) = 29800 kg (CG FWD 4.0% CMA)
FORWARD RAMP HEADSET
PRESSURE REFUELING PANEL
STEERING SWITCH DISENGAGEWHEEL JACK POINT − NLGAIR COND. GROUND CONNECTION
GROUNDING POINT (ELECTRICAL)
WATER SERVICING PANEL
WASTE SERVICING PANEL
HYD. SYS # 3 SERVICE PANEL
AFT RAMP HEADSETOXYGEN SERVICING PANEL / BOTTLE
ENGINE AIR STARTING (LOW PRESSURE UNIT)
WHEEL JACK POINT− MLG (RH)
WHEEL JACK POINT− MLG (LH)HYD. SYS # 1 SERVICE PANEL
FUEL TANK DRAIN VALVE (LH)FUEL TANK DRAIN VALVE (RH)HYD. SYS # 2 SERVICE PANEL
EM17
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0500
18E.
DG
N
18129.75
18507.84
14081.3214441.8118865.08
18890.21 −2977.05 435.8420951.9630274.8332834.6532975.26
17257.70
20951.96
32811.86
17289.45
31197.01
4164.44
Ground Servicing ConnectionsFigure 5.4
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4
14
21
5
3
6
9 12
21 20
7 8
10
13
1516
18
11
1719
ITEM DESCRIPTION COORD. Y(mm)
COORD. Z(mm)
COORD. X(mm)
HEIGHTABOVE
GROUND(mm)
NOTE:
1924.81
123456789
10111213141516171819202122
−543.757803.787774.46 −310.92
−936.13 −1262.714136.97 −951.46 −1279.29
0.00−1979.71−1952.83−1744.672930.25
−1602.04−808.01−329.37 −1178.74−471.73 −605.30−449.47 −585.54
6562.14 1159.87 −961.05−691.60 −1611.45
−1611.45526.50−1602.04808.01−991.80349.20−590.09519.15
0.0057.25
−1339.534146.90
2841.203078.90
GRAVITY REFUELING PORT (LH)GRAVITY REFUELING PORT (RH)
18745.47 −7646.75 −308.24 3084.651941.74
4125.04 −2856.21 250.661353.031384.561649.89
18890.21 2970.00 −2977.05 436.07−2970.00
1819.482363.292969.772991.362274.381762.311762.721819.482562.132984.69
EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY 28 VDC / 400A
EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY 115 VAC −810.70 1864.70
22
FORWARD RAMP HEADSET
PRESSURE REFUELING PANEL
STEERING SWITCH DISENGAGEWHEEL JACK POINT − NLGAIR COND. GROUND CONNECTION
GROUNDING POINT (ELECTRICAL)
WATER SERVICING PANEL
WASTE SERVICING PANEL
HYD. SYS # 3 SERVICE PANEL
AFT RAMP HEADSETOXYGEN SERVICING PANEL / BOTTLE
ENGINE AIR STARTING (LOW PRESSURE UNIT)
WHEEL JACK POINT− MLG (RH)
WHEEL JACK POINT− MLG (LH)HYD. SYS # 1 SERVICE PANEL
FUEL TANK DRAIN VALVE (LH)FUEL TANK DRAIN VALVE (RH)HYD. SYS # 2 SERVICE PANEL
EM17
0APM
0500
25A.
DG
N
18129.75
18507.84
14081.3214441.8118865.08
18890.21 −2977.05 436.0720951.9630274.8332834.6532975.26
17257.70
20951.96
32811.86
17289.45
THE GROUND CLEARANCES IN THE TABLE REFER TO THE AIRCRAFT WITH THE MINIMUMOPERATING WEIGHT (MOW) = 29800 kg (CG REAR 31.0% CMA)
4164.44
31197.01
Ground Servicing ConnectionsFigure 5.5
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5.5. ENGINE STARTING PNEUMATIC REQUIREMENTS
EM17
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0500
10.D
GN
200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280
MIN
IMUM
REQ
UIRE
D AI
RFLO
W A
T PO
RT -
kg/m
in
MIN
IMUM
REQ
UIRE
D AI
RFLO
W A
T PO
RT -
lb/m
in
GROUND CART CONNECTION TEMPERATURE - ˚C
GROUND CART CONNECTION TEMPERATURE - ˚F400 425 450 475 500 525 550
SEA LEVEL
2440 m(8000 ft)
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
Engine Starting Pneumatic Requirements-Airflow X TemperatureFigure 5.6
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GROUND CART CONNECTION TEMPERATURE − °F
GROUND CART CONNECTION TEMPERATURE − °C200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280
400 425 450 475 500 525 550
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
35
2
40
45
50
55
60
SEA LEVEL
2440 m(8000 ft)
MIN
IMU
M R
EQU
IRED
PR
ESSU
RE
AT P
OR
T −
PSI
MIN
IMU
M R
EQU
IRED
PR
ESSU
RE
AT P
OR
T −
kg/c
m
EM17
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DG
N
Engine Starting Pneumatic Requirements-Pressure X TemperatureFigure 5.7
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5.6. GROUND PNEUMATIC POWER REQUIREMENTS
HEATING Initial cabin temp: −32°C (−25°F)Outside air temp: −40°C (−40°F)Relative Humidity: 0%No crew or passengersNo other heat load
−20
−10
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
−30
−25
−20
−15
−10
−5
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25 3060
70
80
90
100
110
120
20
25
30
35
40
45
COOLING Initial cabin temp: 47°C (116°F)Outside air temp: 40°C (104°F)Relative Humidity: 40%No crew or passengersNo other heat load
TIME TO HEAT CABIN − min.
TIME TO COOL CABIN − min.
Bleed air from APU:87 kg/min. (192.0 lb/min.)452 kPa (65.5 psia)2 operating packs (ECS)
Bleed air from APU:56 kg/min. (122.9 lb/min.)413 kPa (59.9 psia)2 operating packs (ECS)
CAB
IN T
EMPE
RAT
UR
E (°
F)
EM17
0APM
0500
07B.
DG
N
CAB
IN T
EMPE
RAT
UR
E (°
F)
CAB
IN T
EMPE
RAT
UR
E (°
C)
CAB
IN T
EMPE
RAT
UR
E (°
C)
Ground Pneumatic Power RequirementsFigure 5.8
AIRPORTPLANNING MANUAL
w-apm1997
EFFECTIVITY: ALL Section 5Page 5-11May 11/07
5.7. PRECONDITIONED AIRFLOW REQUIREMENTS
This subsection presents the following information:
• The air conditioning requirements for heating and cooling using ground conditioned air. The curvesshow airflow requirements to heat or cool the aircraft within a given time at ambient conditions.
• The air conditioning requirements for heating and cooling to maintain a constant cabin air tempera-ture using low-pressure conditioned air. This conditioned air is supplied through a ground airconnection directly to the passenger cabin, bypassing the air cycle machines.
AIRPORTPLANNING MANUAL
w-apm1997
EFFECTIVITY: ALL Section 5Page 5-12May 11/07
LEGEND:
CABIN AT 24°C (74°F), 97 OCCUPANTS,BRIGHT DAY (SOLAR IRRADIATION),39°C (103°F) DAY.
SAME AS 1 EXCEPT CABIN 27°C (81°F)
SAME AS 1 EXCEPT CABIN 24°C (74°F),NO CABIN OCCUPANTS, FOUR CREWSMEMBERS ONLY.
CABIN AT 24°C (74°F),NO CABIN OCCUPANTS, FOUR CREWMEMBERS ONLY, OVERCAST DAY(NO SOLAR IRRADIATION),40°C (40°F) DAY.
SAME AS 4 EXCEPT −29°C (−20°F) DAY.
SAME AS 4 EXCEPT −18°C (−0°F) DAY.
NOTES:MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE TEMPERATURE 88°C (190°F)(UPPER LIMIT DURING PULL UP OPERATION). MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE PRESSURE AT GROUNDCONNECTION 406mmH20 (16 INCHES OF WATER).
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
5
10
12
16
TOTA
L AI
RFL
OW
1
2
3
4
56
0 0
20
40
60
80
10
20
30
40
100
50
120
14060
55
150
−5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 [°C]
[°F]
PRE−CONDITIONED AIRFLOW REQUIREMENTS
PRES
SUR
E AT
GR
OU
ND
CO
NN
ECTI
ON
(IN
CH
ES O
F W
ATER
)
AIR SUPPLY TEMPERATURE
5030 70 90 110 120
[lbm/min]
[kg/min]
EM17
0MFE
P040
070A
.DG
N
Preconditioned Airflow RequirementsFigure 5.9
AIRPORTPLANNING MANUAL
w-apm1997
EFFECTIVITY: ALL Section 5Page 5-13May 11/07
5.8. GROUND TOWING REQUIREMENTS
NO
TES:
− ST
RAIG
HT−L
INE
TOW
− UN
USUA
L BR
EAKA
WAY
CO
ND
ITIO
NS
NO
T SH
OW
N−
COEF
FICI
ENTS
OF
FR
ICTI
ON
( )
AR
E E
STIM
ATED
FO
R R
UBB
ER−T
IRED
TO
W
VEH
ICLE
S
1000
(220
4)20
00(4
409)
3000
(661
4)40
00(8
818)
5000
(110
23)
060
00(1
3227
)70
00(1
5432
)N
UM
BER
OF
ENG
INES
BAC
KIN
G A
GAI
NST
IDLE
TH
RU
ST
10
12
34
02
PER
CEN
T SL
OPE
(%)
5
1000
(220
4)
3000
(661
4)
2000
(440
9) 0
TOWBAR PULL − kg (lb)
4000
(881
8)
5000
(110
23)
DRY CONCRETE OR
ASPHALT =0.8
WET ASPHALT =0.75
WET CONCRETE =0
.57
SNOW
CHAI
NS
=0.45
HARD
SNO
W
=0.
2
ICE
=
0.05
REFERENCE LINE
4700
0 (10
3617
)
4500
0 (99
208)
4300
0 (94
799)
4100
0 (90
390)
3900
0 (85
980)
3500
0 (77
162)
3300
0 (7
2753
)
3100
0 (6
8343
)
2900
0 (6
3934
)
3700
0 (81
571)
4900
0 (10
8027
)
5100
0 (11
2436
)
5300
0 (11
6845
)
5500
0 (12
1254
)
AIRCRAFT G
ROSS WEIG
HT − kg
(lb)
GRO
UND
TO
WIN
G R
EQUI
REM
ENTS
EM17
0MFE
P040
066B
.DG
NTOTA
L TR
ACTI
ON
WH
EEL −
kg (l
b)(D
RAW
BAR
PU
LL)
Ground Towing RequirementsFigure 5.10
AIRPORTPLANNING MANUAL
w-apm1997
EFFECTIVITY: ALL Section 5Page 5-14Oct 07/08
6. OPERATING CONDITIONSThis section provides the following information:
• The jet engine exhaust velocities and temperatures;
• The airport and community noise levels;
• The hazard areas.
AIRPORTPLANNING MANUAL
w-apm1997
EFFECTIVITY: ALL Section 6Page 6-1Jul 28/06
6.1. ENGINE EXHAUST VELOCITIES AND TEMPERATURES
ABCDEF
VELOCITY m/s (ft/s)MAX = 482.5 (1583)
15.2 (50)30.5 (100)60.9 (200)121.9 (400)243.8 (800)396.2 (1300)
NOTE:EXHAUST VELOCITY CONTOURS INCLUDE WORST CASE 20 kn HEADWIND WITH GROUND EFFECTS.
02468
10121416
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
AB
C
DEF
DISTANCE FROM CORE NOZZLE EXIT, Feet
0
1
2
3
4
5
00 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
4
8
12
16
20
24
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
F E
ABC
D
Met
ers
Meters
HEI
GH
T AB
OVE
GR
OU
ND
PLA
NE,
Fee
t
Met
ers
DIS
TAN
CE
FRO
M A
IRPL
ANE
CL −
Feet
DISTANCE FROM CORE NOZZLE EXIT, Feet
Meters
EM17
0MFE
P020
014A
.DG
N
TAKEOFF POWER, SEA LEVEL, Tamb = ISA +20°C, FNIN1 = 84347 N (18962 lbf)
Jet Wake Velocity Profile - Takeoff PowerFigure 6.1
AIRPORTPLANNING MANUAL
w-apm1997
EFFECTIVITY: ALL Section 6Page 6-2May 11/07
02468
10121416
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
A
B
CDE
0
1
2
3
4
5
00 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
4
8
12
16
20
24
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
E
A
B
CD
Meters
DISTANCE FROM CORE NOZZLE EXIT − Feet
Met
ers
HEI
GH
T AB
OVE
GR
OU
ND
PLA
NE −
Feet
Met
ers
DIS
TAN
CE
FRO
M A
IRPL
ANE
CL −
Feet
Meters
DISTANCE FROM CORE NOZZLE EXIT − Feet
ABCDE
°F100150200400900
TOTAL TEMPERATUREMAX = 689°C (1273°F)
°C386693204582
NOTE:EXHAUST TEMPERATURE CONTOURS INCLUDE WORST CASE 20 kn HEADWIND. EM
170M
FEP0
2001
6B.D
GN
TAKEOFF POWER, SEA LEVEL, Tamb = ISA +20°C, FNIN1 = 84347 N (18962 lbf)
Jet Wake Temperature Profile - Takeoff PowerFigure 6.2
AIRPORTPLANNING MANUAL
w-apm1997
EFFECTIVITY: ALL Section 6Page 6-3Oct 07/08
02468
10121416
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
A
BCD
0
1
2
3
4
5
00 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
4
8
12
16
20
24
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7A
BCD
ABCD
Met
ers
Met
ers
HEI
GH
T AB
OVE
GR
OU
ND
PLA
NE −
Feet
DIS
TAN
CE
FRO
M A
IRPL
ANE
CL −
Feet
Meters
DISTANCE FROM CORE NOZZLE EXIT − Feet
Meters
DISTANCE FROM CORE NOZZLE EXIT − Feet
VELOCITY m/s (ft/s)MAX = 89.0 (292)
(50)(100)(150)(190)
15.230.545.757.9
NOTE:EXHAUST VELOCITY CONTOURS INCLUDE WORST CASE 20 kn HEADWIND WITH GROUND EFFECTS. EM
170M
FEP0
2001
5A.D
GN
GROUND IDLE, SEA LEVEL, Tamb = ISA +15°C, FNIN1 = 2558 N (575 lbf)
Jet Wake Velocity Profile - Ground IdleFigure 6.3
AIRPORTPLANNING MANUAL
w-apm1997
EFFECTIVITY: ALL Section 6Page 6-4May 11/07
02468
10121416
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
A
BCDE
0
1
2
3
4
5
00 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
4
8
12
16
20
24
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
E
A
BCD
ABCDE
°F100150200400900
TOTAL TEMPERATUREMAX = 519°C (966°F)
°C386693204582
Met
ers
HEI
GH
T AB
OVE
GR
OU
ND
PLA
NE −
Feet
DISTANCE FROM CORE NOZZLE EXIT − Feet
Meters
Met
ers
DIS
TAN
CE
FRO
M A
IRPL
ANE
CL −
Feet
DISTANCE FROM CORE NOZZLE EXIT − Feet
Meters
NOTE:EXHAUST TEMPERATURE CONTOURS INCLUDE WORST CASE 20 kn HEADWIND. EM
170M
FEP0
2001
7A.D
GN
GROUND IDLE, SEA LEVEL, Tamb = ISA +15°C, FNIN1 = 2558 N (575 lbf)
Jet Wake Temperature Profile - Ground IdleFigure 6.4
AIRPORTPLANNING MANUAL
w-apm1997
EFFECTIVITY: ALL Section 6Page 6-5May 11/07
1614
12
10
8
6
4
20
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 600
1
2
3
4
5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
28
24
16
12
8
4
00 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60
18161412108640 2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
E D C
B
A
HEI
GH
T AB
OVE
GR
OU
ND
PLA
NE,
Fee
t
Met
ers
DISTANCE FROM CORE NOZZLE EXIT, Feet
Meters
Met
ers
DISTANCE FROM CORE NOZZLE EXIT, Feet
Meters
NOTE:
DIS
TAN
CE
FRO
M A
IRPL
ANE
CL −
Feet
EXHAUST VELOCITY CONTOURS INCLUDE WORST CASE 20 knot HEADWIND WITH GROUND EFFECTS.
ABCDE
50100200300450
VELOCITY (ft/sec)MAX = 497
BREAKAWAY POWER, SEA LEVEL, Tamb = ISA +0°C, FNIN1 = 40660 N (9139 lbf)
E D C
B
A
EM17
0APM
0600
08A.
DG
N
Jet Wake Velocity Profile - Breakaway PowerFigure 6.5Sheet 1
AIRPORTPLANNING MANUAL
w-apm1997
EFFECTIVITY: ALL Section 6Page 6-6May 11/07
12
10
8
6
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
−10
−20
−30
−40
−50
12
10
8
6
4
0
−4
−6
−8
−10
−12
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
180
BREAKAWAY POWER, SEA LEVEL, Tamb = ISA +0°C, FNIN1 = 40660 N (9139 lbf)
HEI
GH
T AB
OVE
GR
OU
ND
PLA
NE −
Feet
Met
ers
AXIAL DISTANCE BEHIND AIRPLANE
(Meters)
Feet
DIS
TAN
CE
FRO
M A
IRPL
ANE
CL −
Feet
75 MPH100 MPH
50 MPH
35 MPH
EM17
0APM
0600
10A.
DG
N
100 MPH75 MPH
50 MPH
35 MPH
CL AIRPLANE
4
2
0
2
−2
Jet Wake Velocity Profile - Breakaway PowerFigure 6.5Sheet 2
AIRPORTPLANNING MANUAL
w-apm1997
EFFECTIVITY: ALL Section 6Page 6-7May 11/07
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
00 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
AB
CDE
28
24
16
12
8
4
00 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60
18161412108640 2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
E D C
B A20
TOTAL TEMPERATUREMAX = 697 °F (369 °C)
°F °C
NOTE:
100150200400650
386693
204343
ABCDE
EXHAUST TEMPERATURE CONTOURS INCLUDE WORST CASE 20 knot HEADWIND.
DISTANCE FROM CORE NOZZLE EXIT − Feet
Meters
Meters
DISTANCE FROM CORE NOZZLE EXIT − Feet
Met
ers
HEI
GH
T AB
OVE
GR
OU
ND
PLA
NE −
Feet
Met
ers
EM17
0APM
0600
09A.
DG
N
DIS
TAN
CE
FRO
M A
IRPL
ANE
CL −
Feet
BREAKAWAY POWER, SEA LEVEL, Tamb = ISA +0°C, FNIN1 = 40660 N (9139 lbf)
Jet Wake Temperature Profile - Breakaway PowerFigure 6.6
AIRPORTPLANNING MANUAL
w-apm1997
EFFECTIVITY: ALL Section 6Page 6-8May 11/07
6.2. AIRPORT AND COMMUNITY NOISE
Aircraft noise is a major concern for the airport and community planner. The airport is a basic element inthe community’s transportation system and, thus, is vital to its growth. However, the airport must also bea good neighbor, and this can only be accomplished with proper planning. Since aircraft noise extendsbeyond the boundaries of the airport, it is vital to consider the noise impact on the surroundingcommunities.Many means have been devised to provide the planner with a tool to estimate the impact of airportoperations. Too often they oversimplify noise to the point where the results become erroneous. Noise isnot a simple matter; therefore, there are no simple answers.The cumulative noise contour is an effective tool. However, care must be exercised to ensure that thecontours, used correctly, estimate the noise resulting from aircraft operations conducted at an airport.The size and shape of the single-event contours, which are inputs into the cumulative noise contours,are dependent upon numerous factors. They include operational factors (aircraft weight, engine powersetting, airport altitude), atmospheric conditions (wind, temperature, relative humidity, surface condition),and terrain.
6.2.1. External Certification Noise Levels
The aircraft comply with the Stage 3 / Chapter 3 noise limits set forth in 14 CFR Part 36, ICAOAnnex 16,Volume 1, Chapter 3, Amendment 7 and CTA RBHA 36.
6.2.2. Ramp Noise Levels
The ramp noise will not exceed 80 dBA (maximum) and 77 dBA (average) on the rectangular perimeterof 20 m (65 ft 7 in) from the aircraft centerline, nose and tail, 90 dBA on the service positions and 80 dBAon the passenger entrance positions resulting from operation of the APU (if fitted), ECS, equipmentcooling fans and vent fans, in any combination.
AIRPORTPLANNING MANUAL
w-apm1997
EFFECTIVITY: ALL Section 6Page 6-9Oct 22/07
6.3. HAZARD AREAS
ENGINE EXHAUST HAZARD AREAVELOCITY = 65 mph OR GREATER = 29.0 m/s (95.3 ft/s)
NOTE:
2
2
1
144 m(474 ft)
1
EXHAUST HAZARD AREA − CONDITION: 20 kn HEADWIND WITH GROUND EFFECTS.
INLET HAZARD AREA − CONDITION: 20 kn HEADWIND/CROSSWIND BASED ON 12.2 m/s(40 ft/s) CRITICAL VELOCITY WITH 0.9 m (3 ft) CONTINGENCY FACTOR.
R= 5.23 m(17 ft)
1.9 m(6.2 ft)
EM17
0APM
0600
04B.
DG
N
NO ACCESS TO ENGINE ACCESSORIES AT TAKEOFF POWER.
TAKEOFF POWER, SEA LEVEL, Tamb = ISA +15° C, FNIN1 = 91184 N (20499 lbf)
Hazard Areas - Takeoff PowerFigure 6.7
AIRPORTPLANNING MANUAL
w-apm1997
EFFECTIVITY: ALL Section 6Page 6-10May 11/07
17 m(55 ft)
1.0 m(3.3 ft)R=2.6 m
(8.5 ft)
ENGINE EXHAUST HAZARD AREAVELOCITY = 65 mph OR GREATER = 29.0 m/s (95.3 ft/s)
2
1
2
EXHAUST HAZARD AREA − CONDITION: 20 kn HEADWIND WITH GROUND EFFECTS.
INLET HAZARD AREA − CONDITION: 20 kn HEADWIND/CROSSWIND/TAILWIND BASED ON 12.2 m/s (40 ft/s) CRITICAL VELOCITY WITH 0.9 m (3 ft) CONTINGENCY FACTOR.
EM17
0APM
0600
05B.
DG
N
GROUND IDLE, SEA LEVEL, Tamb = ISA+15° C, FNIN1 = 3768 N (847 lbf)
Hazard Areas - Ground IdleFigure 6.8
AIRPORTPLANNING MANUAL
w-apm1997
EFFECTIVITY: ALL Section 6Page 6-11 / 12
May 11/07
7. PAVEMENT DATA7.1. GENERAL INFORMATION
Pavement is defined as a structure consisting of one or more layers of processed materials.The primary function of a pavement is to distribute concentrated loads so that the supporting capacity ofthe subgrade soil is not exceeded. The subgrade soil is defined as the material on which the pavementrests, whether embankment or excavation.Several methods for design of airport pavements have been developed that differ considerably in theirapproach.The design methods are derived from observation of pavements in service or experimental pavements.Thus, the reliability of any method is proportional to the amount of experimental verification behind themethod, and all methods require a considerable amount of common sense and judgment on the part ofthe engineer who applies them.A brief description of the following pavement charts will be helpful in their use for airport planning. Eachaircraft configuration is depicted with a minimum range of five loads imposed on the main landing gearto aid in the interpolation between the discrete values shown. The tire pressure used for the aircraftcharts will produce the recommended tire deflection with the aircraft loaded to its maximum ramp weightand with center of gravity position. The tire pressure, where specifically designated in tables and charts,are values obtained under loaded conditions as certified for commercial use.This section is presented as follows:
• The basic data on the landing gear footprint configuration, maximum design ramp loads, and tiresizes and pressures.
• The maximum pavement loads for certain critical conditions at the tire-ground interfaces.
• A chart in order to determine the loads throughout the stability limits of the aircraft at rest on thepavement. Pavement requirements for commercial aircraft are customarily derived from the staticanalysis of loads imposed on the main landing gear struts. These main landing gear loads are usedto enter the pavement design charts which follow, interpolating load values where necessary.
• The flexible pavement curves prepared in accordance with the US Army Corps of Engineers DesignMethod and the LCN Method.
• The rigid pavement design curves in accordance with the Portland Cement Association DesignMethod and the LCN Method.
• The aircraft ACN values for flexible and rigid pavements.
AIRPORTPLANNING MANUAL
w-apm1997
EFFECTIVITY: ALL Section 7Page 7-1May 11/07
7.2. FOOTPRINT
MAXIMUM RAMP WEIGHT
NOSE GEAR TIRE SIZE
NOSE GEAR TIRE PRESSURE
MAIN GEAR TIRE SIZE
MAIN GEAR TIRE PRESSURE
0.87 m
14.64 m0.40 m
(1 ft 4 in.)
(19 ft 6 in.)5.94 m
AIRCRAFT MODELSLRSTD
(2 ft 10 in.)
48950 kg(107916 lb)
50950 kg
24 x 7.7 16PR
H41 x 16−20 22PR
(154 − 0/+10 psi)10.83 − 0/+0.7 kg/cm ²
8.56 − 0/+0.7 kg/cm ²(126 − 0/+10 psi)
52450 kg(115632 lb)(112326 lb)
(48 ft 0.4 in.)
EM17
0APM
0700
57B.
DG
N
AR
FootprintFigure 7.1
AIRPORTPLANNING MANUAL
w-apm1997
EFFECTIVITY: ALL Section 7Page 7-2Oct 07/08
7.3. MAXIMUM PAVEMENT LOADS
MODEL STATIC AT MOSTFORWARD C.G.
NGV MGV (PER STRUT) (PER STRUT)H
2
6006 kg(13241 lb)
6102 kg(13453 lb)
MAXIMUMRAMP
WEIGHT
8901 kg(19623 lb)
8889 kg(19597 lb)
23874 kg(52633 lb)
22936 kg(50565 lb)
6946 kg(15313 lb)
6675 kg(14716 lb)
16091 kg(35475 lb)
15451 kg(34064 lb)
LR
STATIC AT MOSTAFT C.G.
STEADYBRAKING
WITHDECELERATION OF
3,0 m/sec
INSTANTANEOUSBRAKING(FRICTION
COEF. OF 0.8)2
STEADYBRAKING
WITHDECELERATION OF
3,0 m/sec
STD
NG
MG H=MAXIMUM HORIZONTAL GROUND LOAD FROM BRAKING
NOTE: ALL LOADS CALCULATED USING AIRCRAFT MAXIMUM RAMP WEIGHT
V =MAXIMUM VERTICAL MAIN GEAR GROUND LOAD AT MOST FORWARD C.G.
LEGEND: V =MAXIMUM VERTICAL NOSE GEAR GROUND LOAD AT MOST FORWARD C.G.
VNG VMG
H
48950 kg(107916 lb)
5962 kg(13144 lb)
8940 kg(19709 lb)
24578 kg(54185 lb)
7155 kg(15774 lb)
16570 kg(36531 lb)
52450 kg(115632 lb)
50950 kg(112326 lb)
EM17
0APM
0700
58B.
DG
N
AR
Maximum Pavement LoadsFigure 7.2
AIRPORTPLANNING MANUAL
w-apm1997
EFFECTIVITY: ALL Section 7Page 7-3Oct 07/08
7.4. LANDING GEAR LOADING ON PAVEMENT
54000
86 88 90 92 94
52450
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
100000
110000
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
WEI
GH
T O
N M
AIN
LAN
DIN
G G
EAR
(kg)
WEI
GH
T O
N M
AIN
LAN
DIN
G G
EAR
(lb)
PERCENT OF WEIGHT ON MAIN GEAR − (%)
AIR
CR
AFT
GR
OSS
WEI
GH
T −
(kg)
100000
110000
WEI
GH
T O
N M
AIN
LAN
DIN
G G
EAR
(lb)48950
50950
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
100000
110000
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
WEI
GH
T O
N M
AIN
LAN
DIN
G G
EAR
(kg)
WEI
GH
T O
N M
AIN
LAN
DIN
G G
EAR
(lb)
PERCENT OF WEIGHT ON MAIN GEAR − (%)
AIR
CR
AFT
GR
OSS
WEI
GH
T −
(kg)
100000
110000
WEI
GH
T O
N M
AIN
LAN
DIN
G G
EAR
(lb)
47500
52000
50000
48000
46000
44000
42000
40000
38000
36000
34000
32000
30000
28000
26000
24000
45000
42500
40000
37500
35000
32500
29500
95 96939187 89
% MAC31.0%11.3%
LEGEND
LR VERSIONSTD VERSION
AR VERSION
EM17
0APM
0700
59B.
DG
N
Landing Gear Loading on PavementFigure 7.3
AIRPORTPLANNING MANUAL
w-apm1997
EFFECTIVITY: ALL Section 7Page 7-4Oct 07/08
7.5. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT REQUIREMENTS, U.S. CORPS OF ENGINEERS DESIGNMETHOD
The flexible pavement curves are based on the procedures set forth in Instruction Report No. S-77-1,“Procedures for Development of CBR Design Curves”, dated June 1977, and modified according to themethods described in FAA Advisory Circular 150/5320-6D, “Airport Pavement Design and Evaluation”,dated July 7, 1995. Instruction Report No. S-77-1 was prepared by the US Army Corps of EngineersWaterways Experiment Station, Soils and Pavements Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi. The lineshowing 10,000 coverages is used to calculate ACN.
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10 20 309876543
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT THICKNESS − in
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT THICKNESS − cm20 30 40 50 60 708 9 10
10 20 309876543
10000 COVERAGES(USED FOR ACNCALCULATIONS)
ANNUALDEPARTURES
1200
3200
6000
15000
25000
WEIGHT ON MAINLANDING GEAR
(kg) (lb)47659 10513744909 9907242712 9422540596 8955727775 61274
NOTES: 2
SUBGRADE STRENGHT − CBR MODEL
TIRE SIZE: H41 x 16−20 22 PRTIRE PRESSURE: 10.62 kgf/cm (154 psi)
EM17
0APM
0700
61A.
DG
N
26650 58793
Flexible Pavement Requirements - US Army Corps of Engineers Design MethodFigure 7.4
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7.6. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT REQUIREMENTS, LCN METHOD
The LCN method presents curves for flexible pavements. They have been built using procedures andcurves in the ICAO Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 3 - Pavements, Document 9157-AN/901, 1983. Thesame chart includes the data of equivalent single-wheel load versus pavement thickness.
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NOTES:EQUIVALENT SINGLE WHEEL LOADSARE DERIVED BY METHODS SHOWNIN ICAO AERODROME MANUAL.PART 2, PAR. 4.1.3
EQU
IVAL
ENT
SIN
GLE
WH
EEL
LOAD
− (k
g)
LCN − LOAD CLASSIFICATION NUMBER
201053 30
EQU
IVAL
ENT
SIN
GLE
WH
EEL
LOAD
− (l
b)
8000
6000
10000
12000
14000
16000
180001900020000
6 7 8 9 30 40 50 60 70 8090 100
EQU
IVAL
ENT
SIN
GLE
WH
EEL
LOAD
− (l
b)
1010000
50000
20
20000
30000
40000
2010 30 40 50 60 70 8090100
27775 (61274)
40596 (89557)44909 (99072)47659 (105137)
42712 (94225)
WEIGHT ON MAINLANDING GEAR
kg (lb)
NOTES: 2TIRE SIZE: H41x16−20 22PRTIRE PRESSURE: 10.62 kgf/cm (154 psi)
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT THICKNESS − (cm)
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT THICKNESS − (in.)
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64A.
DG
N
26650 (58793)
Flexible Pavement Requirements - LCN MethodFigure 7.5
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7.7. RIGID PAVEMENT REQUIREMENTS, PORTLAND CEMENT ASSOCIATION DESIGNMETHOD
This method has a chart that has been prepared with the use of the Westergaard Equation in generalaccordance with the procedures outlined in the 1955 edition of “Design of Concrete Airport Pavement”published by the Portland Cement Association, 33 W. Grand Ave., Chicago 10, Illinois, but modified tothe new format described in the 1968 Portland Cement Association publication, “Computer Program forConcrete Airport Pavement Design” by Robert G. Packard. The following procedure is used to developrigid pavement design curves such as those shown in the chart:
• Once the scale for the pavement thickness to the left and the scale for allowable working stress to theright have been established, an arbitrary load line is drawn representing the main landing gearmaximum weight to be shown.
• All values of the subgrade modulus (k-values) are then plotted.
• Additional load lines for the incremental values of weight on the main landing gear are thenestablished on the basis of the curve for k=300, already established.
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k=550 lb/ink=300 lb/in
k=150 lb/ink=75 lb/in
RIGID PAVEMENT REQUIREMENTS
THE VALUES OBTAINED BY USING THEMAXIMUM LOAD REFERENCE LINE ANDANY VALUE OF "K" ARE EXACT. FORLOADS LESS THAN MAXIMUM, THE CURVESARE EXACT FOR K=300 BUT DEVIATESLIGHTLY FOR OTHER VALUES OF "K".
NOTE:
47659 (105137)
44909 (99072)
42712 (94225)
40596 (89557)
27775 (61274)
2NOTES: TIRE SIZE: H41 x 16−20 22PRTIRE PRESSURE: 10.62 kgf/cm (154 psi) (UNLOADED)
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DG
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26650 (58793)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
WEIGHT ON MAIN LANDING GEAR − kg (lb)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
PAVE
MEN
T TH
ICKN
ESS
(in.)
PAVE
MEN
T TH
ICKN
ESS
(cm
)
ALLO
WAB
LE W
OR
KIN
G S
TRES
S −
psi
ALLO
WAB
LE W
OR
KIN
G S
TRES
S −
kgf/c
m
20
MAXIMUM POSSIBLE MAIN−GEARLOAD AT MAXIMUM DESIGN RAMPWEIGHT AND AFT C.G.
Rigid Pavement Requirements - Portland Cement Association Design MethodFigure 7.6
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7.8. RIGID PAVEMENT REQUIREMENTS, LCN METHOD
This LCN Method presents curves for rigid pavements. They have been built using procedures andcurves in ICAO Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 3 - Pavements, Document 9157-AN/901, 1983. Thesame chart includes the data of equivalent single-wheel load versus radius of relative stiffness.To determine the aircraft weight that can be accommodated on a particular rigid airport pavement, boththe LCN of the pavement and the radius of relative stiffness must be known.The radius of relative stiffness values is obtained from a table. This table presents the radius of relativestiffness values based on Young’s modulus (E) of 4,000,000 psi and Poisson’s ratio (µ) of 0.15.For convenience in finding this radius based on other values of E and µ, the curves are included. Forexample, to find an RRS value based on an E of 3,000,000 psi, the “E” factor of 0.931 is multiplied bythe RRS value found in figure 7.6.3. The effect of the variations of µ on the RRS value is treated in asimilar manner.
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RADIUS OF RELATIVE STIFFNESS ( )VALUES IN INCHES
=4 Ed =24.16522
4 dk
33
6
3
12( 1− )k
WHERE: E = YOUNG’S MODULUS = 4 x 10 psi k = SUBGRADE MODULUS, lb/in.
d = RIGID−PAVEMENT THICKNESS. in. = POISSON’S RATIO = 0.15
d(in) k=75 k=100 k=150 k=200 k=250 k=300 k=350 k=400 k=500 k=550
6.06.57.0
7.58.08.5
9.09.5
10.0
10.511.011.5
12.012.513.0
13.514.014.5
15.015.516.0
16.517.017.5
18.018.519.0
19.520.020.5
21.021.522.0
22.523.023.5
24.024.525.0
31.4833.4335.34
37.2239.0640.88
42.6744.4346.18
47.9049.6051.28
52.9454.5956.22
57.8359.4361.02
62.5964.1565.69
67.2368.7570.26
71.7673.2574.73
76.2077.6679.11
80.5581.9983.41
84.8386.2487.64
89.0490.4391.81
29.3031.1132.89
34.6336.3538.04
39.7141.3542.97
44.5746.1647.72
49.2750.8052.32
53.8255.3156.78
58.2559.7061.13
62.5663.9865.38
66.7868.1769.54
70.9172.2773.62
74.9676.3077.63
78.9580.2681.56
82.8684.1585.44
26.4728.1129.72
31.2932.8534.37
35.8837.3638.83
40.2841.7143.12
44.5245.9047.27
48.6349.9851.31
52.6353.9455.24
56.5357.8159.08
60.3461.6062.84
64.0865.3066.52
67.7468.9470.14
71.3472.5273.70
74.8776.0477.20
24.6326.1627.65
29.1230.5731.99
33.3934.7736.14
37.4838.8140.13
41.4342.7243.99
45.2646.5147.75
48.9850.2051.41
52.6153.8054.98
56.1557.3258.48
59.6360.7761.91
63.0464.1665.28
66.3867.4968.59
69.6870.7671.84
23.3024.7426.15
27.5428.9130.25
31.5832.8934.17
35.4536.7137.95
39.1840.4041.61
42.8043.9845.16
46.3247.4748.62
49.7550.8852.00
53.1154.2155.31
56.3957.4758.55
59.6260.6861.73
62.7863.8364.86
65.9066.9267.95 64.92
63.9462.96
61.9760.9859.99
58.9857.9756.96
55.9454.9153.88
52.8451.8050.74
49.6848.6147.54
46.4545.3644.26
43.1542.0240.89
39.7538.6037.44
36.2635.0733.87
32.6531.4230.17
28.9127.6226.32
24.9923.6422.26 21.42
22.7424.04
25.3226.5827.81
29.0330.2331.42
32.5933.7534.89
36.0237.1438.25
39.3540.4441.51
42.5843.6444.70
45.7446.7747.80
48.8249.8450.84
51.8452.8453.83
54.8155.7856.75
57.7258.6859.63
60.5861.5262.46
20.7222.0023.25
24.4925.7026.90 25.44
24.3123.16
21.9920.8019.59 19.13
20.3121.47
22.61
28.0829.2430.39
31.5232.6433.74
34.8435.9236.99
38.0639.1140.15
41.1942.2143.23
44.2445.2446.23
47.2248.2049.17
50.1451.1052.06
53.0153.9554.89
55.8256.7557.67
58.5959.5060.41
23.7424.84
25.9327.0028.06
29.1130.1431.16
32.1733.1734.16
35.1436.1237.08
38.0338.9839.92
40.8541.7842.70
43.6144.5145.41
46.3047.1948.07
48.9549.8250.69
51.5552.4153.26
54.1154.9555.7957.14
56.2855.41
54.5453.6752.79
51.9151.0250.13
49.2348.3347.42
46.5145.5944.66
43.7242.7841.84
40.8839.9238.95
37.9736.9935.99
34.9933.9732.95
31.9130.8729.81
28.7427.6526.55
Radius of Relative StiffnessFigure 7.7
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GN
0 1 2 3 4 5
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.250
0.995
1.000
1.005
1.010
1.015
0
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
E FACTOR
FACTOR
6E, YOUNG’S MODULUS (10 ,PSI)
EFFECT OF E ON −VALUES
BOTH CURVES ON THIS PAGE ARE USED TO ADJUST THE −VALUES.NOTE:
EFFECT OF ON −VALUES
, POISSON’S RATIO
Radius of Relative Stiffness (other values)Figure 7.8
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4059
6 (89
557)44
909 (
9907
2)
2777
5 (61
274)
NOTES: 2TIRE SIZE: H41 x 16−20 22 PRTIRE PRESSURE: 10.62 kgf/cm (154 psi)
NOTES:EQUIVALENT SINGLE WHEEL LOADSARE DERIVED BY METHODS SHOWNIN ICAO AERODROME MANUAL.PART 2, PAR. 4.1.3
EQU
IVAL
ENT
SIN
GLE
WH
EEL
LOAD
− (k
g)
LCN − LOAD CLASSIFICATION NUMBER
RADIUS OF RELATIVE STIFFNESS − (in.)
RADIUS OF RELATIVE STIFFNESS − (cm)
8000
6000
10000
12000
14000
16000
5030
180001900020000
EQU
IVAL
ENT
SIN
GLE
WH
EEL
LOAD
− (l
b)
2010 30 40 50 60 70 8090100
100 200
60 70 80 9010000
50000
20000
30000
40000
WEIGHT ON MAINLANDING GEAR
kg (lb)
100 200 300 4005040EM
170A
PM07
0070
A.D
GN
2665
0 (58
793)
4765
9 (10
5137
)
4271
2 (94
225)
Rigid Pavement Requirements - LCN MethodFigure 7.9
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7.9. ACN - PCN SYSTEM - FLEXIBLE AND RIGID PAVEMENTS
The ACN/PCN system as referenced in Amendment 35 to ICAO Annex 14, “Aerodromes”, provides astandardized international aircraft/pavement rating system.The PCN is an index rating of the mass that according to evaluation can be borne by the pavementwhen applied by a standard single wheel. The ACN is established for the particular pavement type andsubgrade category of the rated pavement, as well as for the particular aircraft mass and characteristics.An aircraft shall have an ACN equal to or less than the PCN to operate without restriction on thepavement.The method of pavement evaluation is left up to the airport, and the results of such evaluation arepresented as follows:
Table 7.1 - Pavement EvaluationPAVEMENTTYPE SUBGRADE CATEGORY TIRE PRESSURE CATEGORY METHOD
R – Rigid A – High W – No Limit T – TechnicalF – Flexible B – Medium X – to 1.5 Mpa (217 psi) U – Using aircraft
C – Low Y – to 1.0 Mpa (145 psi)D – Ultra Low Z – to 0.5 Mpa (73 psi)
Report example: PCN 80/R/B/X/T, where:80 = PCNR = Pavement Type: RigidB = Subgrade Category: MediumX = Tire Pressure Category: Medium (limited to 1.5 Mpa)T = Evaluation Method: Technical
The flexible pavements have four subgrade categories:
A. High Strength - CBR 15.
B. Medium Strength - CBR 10.
C. Low Strength - CBR 6.
D. Ultra Low Strength - CBR 3.The rigid pavements have four subgrade categories:
A. High Strength - Subgrade k = 150 MN/m3 (550 lb/in3).
B. Medium Strength - k = 80 MN/m3 (300 lb/in3).
C. Low Strength - k = 40 MN/m3 (150 lb/in3).
D. Ultra Low Strength - k = 20 MN/m3 (75 lb/in3).
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30
40000 42000 44000 46000 48000 50000 52000
NOTES: 2TIRE SIZE: H41 x 16−20 22 PR
35
88000 92000 96000 100000 104000 108000 112000
AIR
CR
AFT
CLA
SSIF
ICAT
ION
NU
MBE
R−A
CN
10
15
20
25
28000 30000 32000 34000 36000 38000
64000 68000 72000 76000 80000 84000
AIRCRAFT GROSS WEIGHT−lb
AIRCRAFT GROSS WEIGHT−kg
MAX
IMU
M R
AMP
WEI
GH
T
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT SUBGRADE
SBGRADE STRENGTH ULTRA LOW − CBR=3%LOW − CBR=6%MEDIUM−CBR=10%HIGH−CBR=15%
TIRE PRESSURE: 10.62 kgf/cm (154 psi) (UNLOADED)
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N50950
ACN For Flexible PavementFigure 7.10
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30
40000 42000 44000 46000 48000 50000 52000
35
88000 92000 96000 100000 104000 108000 112000
AIR
CR
AFT
CLA
SSIF
ICAT
ION
NU
MBE
R−A
CN
10
15
20
25
28000 30000 32000 34000 36000 38000
64000 68000 72000 76000 80000 84000
AIRCRAFT GROSS WEIGHT−lb
AIRCRAFT GROSS WEIGHT−kg
MAX
IMU
M R
AMP
WEI
GH
T
NOTES: 2TIRE SIZE: H41 x 16−20 22 PR
RIGID PAVEMENT SUBGRADE
ULTRA LOW−k=20 MN/m (75 lb/in )
LOW−k=40 MN/m (150 lb/in )
MEDIUM−k=80 MN/m (300 lb/in )
HIGH−k=150 MN/m (550 lb/in )
3 3
3
3
33
3
3
TIRE PRESSURE: 10.62 kgf/cm (154 psi) (UNLOADED)
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ACN For Rigid PavementFigure 7.11
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8. POSSIBLE EMBRAER 195 DERIVATIVE AIRCRAFT8.1. NOT APPLICABLE
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9. SCALED DRAWINGS9.1. GENERAL
This section provides plan views to the following scales:
• English/American Customary Weights and Measures1 inch = 32 feet1 inch = 50 feet1 inch = 100 feet
• Metric1:5001:1000
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1
7
25
6
14
10
10
1413
8
9
1111
3 4
ITEM DESCRIPTION
1
ITEM DESCRIPTION8
23
45
67
9101112
13
EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY 115 VAC
EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY 28 VDC
ENGINE AIR STARTINGAIR CONDITIONING LOW PRESSURE
WASTE SERVICING PANEL
POTABLE WATER SERVICING PANELOXYGEN REFILL / REPLACE BOTTLE
GROUNDING POINT (RIGHT MLG)PRESSURE REFUELING / DEFUELING
CARGO DOORMAIN LANDING GEAR
NOSE LANDING GEARPASSENGER DOOR
14 SERVICE DOOR
0
0 16 32 48 64
5 10 15 20 25 m
80 ft
WING SPAN:28.72 m
(94 ft 3 in.)EM
170A
PM09
0011
A.D
GN
13
12
Scale: 1 Inch Equals 32 FeetFigure 9.1
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ITEM DESCRIPTION
1
ITEM DESCRIPTION8
23
45
67
9101112
13
EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY 115 VAC
EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY 28 VDC
ENGINE AIR STARTINGAIR CONDITIONING LOW PRESSURE
WASTE SERVICING PANEL
POTABLE WATER SERVICING PANELOXYGEN REFILL / REPLACE BOTTLE
GROUNDING POINT (RIGHT MLG)PRESSURE REFUELING / DEFUELING
CARGO DOORMAIN LANDING GEAR
NOSE LANDING GEARPASSENGER DOOR
14 SERVICE DOOR
WING SPAN:28.72 m
(94 ft 3 in.)
0 5 10 15 20 25 m
0 16 32 48 64 80 ft
1
7
2 5
6
14
10
10
1413
89
1111
3 4
13
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DG
N
12
Scale: 1 Inch Equals 50 FeetFigure 9.2
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ITEM DESCRIPTION
1
ITEM DESCRIPTION8
23
45
67
9101112
13
EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY 115 VAC
EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY 28 VDC
ENGINE AIR STARTINGAIR CONDITIONING LOW PRESSURE
WASTE SERVICING PANEL
POTABLE WATER SERVICING PANELOXYGEN REFILL / REPLACE BOTTLE
GROUNDING POINT (RIGHT MLG)PRESSURE REFUELING / DEFUELING
CARGO DOORMAIN LANDING GEAR
NOSE LANDING GEARPASSENGER DOOR
14 SERVICE DOOR
0 5 10 15 20 25 m
0 16 32 48 64 80 ft
WING SPAN:28.72 m
(94 ft 3 in.)
2 5
6 101413
3
84
9
11
11
17
14
1013
12
EM17
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DG
N
Scale: 1 Inch Equals 100 FeetFigure 9.3
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ITEM DESCRIPTION
1
ITEM DESCRIPTION8
23
45
67
9101112
13
EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY 115 VAC
EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY 28 VDC
ENGINE AIR STARTINGAIR CONDITIONING LOW PRESSURE
WASTE SERVICING PANEL
POTABLE WATER SERVICING PANELOXYGEN REFILL / REPLACE BOTTLE
GROUNDING POINT (RIGHT MLG)PRESSURE REFUELING / DEFUELING
CARGO DOORMAIN LANDING GEAR
NOSE LANDING GEARPASSENGER DOOR
14 SERVICE DOOR
WING SPAN:28.72 m
(94 ft 3 in.)
0 5 10 15 20 25 m
160 32 6448 80 ft
2
13
6 10
14
5
11 11
89
43
107
14
12
113
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DG
N
Scale: 1 to 500Figure 9.4
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50 m
ITEM DESCRIPTION
1
ITEM DESCRIPTION8
23
45
67
9101112
13
EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY 115 VAC
EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY 28 VDC
ENGINE AIR STARTINGAIR CONDITIONING LOW PRESSURE
WASTE SERVICING PANEL
POTABLE WATER SERVICING PANELOXYGEN REFILL / REPLACE BOTTLE
GROUNDING POINT (RIGHT MLG)PRESSURE REFUELING / DEFUELING
CARGO DOORMAIN LANDING GEAR
NOSE LANDING GEARPASSENGER DOOR
14 SERVICE DOOR
0 5 10 15 20
160 32 6448 80 ft
WING SPAN:28.72 m
(94 ft 3 in.)
25
2 5
6 101413
17
3 4
14
1013
12
89
11
11
EM17
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15A.
DG
N
Scale: 1 to 1000Figure 9.5
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