e2 review 13 - st. lawrence...

Envs, Geol, Phys 112: Global Climate Exam 2 Review

mass of water vapor (grams)mass of air (kg)

Specific HumidityMaximum at Current Temp.

3C

kgPressure (Pa)m287 T 273

Energy-Atmosphere System Review Aguado & Bert, Ch. 5, 6, 14, 15, 16

Atmospheric Moisture (Ch. 5) 1) Water on Earth 71% of surface area: Pacific Ocean and Southern Hemisphere Forms 97% Oceans 3% Freshwater … of this 22% Groundwater 78% Surface water … of this 99% in glaciers! 2) Properties Polar Molecule (Mickey Mouse) Creates surface tension Makes solid float in liquid Enables capillary action Creates hexagonal crystals Pencil slices create halos, sun dogs, sun pillars, etc. 3) Indices of Water Vapor Content Psychrometric Charts! Specific Humidity Relative Humidity Air Density (dry air) Moisture Content

Positive side where electrons rarely hang out

Negative side where electrons mostly hang out

3 3 3

kg Dry Airkg Dry Air m Dry Air m Dry Air m Dry Air

g water g water m water____ ____

Review the “Measuring Humidity” worksheet!

Envs, Geol, Phys 112: Global Climate Spring 2013

Cloud Development and Forms (Ch. 6) 1) Review air lifting mechanisms a) Convergent lifting b) Convectional lifting c) Orographic lifting d) Frontal lifting 2) Lapse Rates a) Environmental lapse rate -environment’s change in temperature with height b) Dry adiabatic lapse rate - change in temperature with height of a dry parcel of air - dry parcels cool more quickly than moist parcels c) Moist adiabatic lapse rate - change in temperature with height of a parcel in which water is condensing - moist parcels are heated by latent heat so they cool more slowly than dry 3) Atmospheric Stability a) Stable conditions: parcel always cooler than environment - environmental lapse rate steeper (slower) than adiabatic rates b) Unstable conditions: parcel always warmer than environment - environmental lapse rate less steep (faster) than adiabatic rates c) Conditionally stable conditions: - dry air cools faster than surroundings, - moist air cools more slowly than surroundings 4) Clouds a) Forms Cumulo: “Heaps” Strato: “Layers” b) Heights: Cirro: High, Alto: Middle, No prefix: Low


Human Effects on the Atmosphere (Ch. 14) 1) Air Pollution a) Know major components & their sources - CO, CO2, NOx, SOx, VOC, O3, PAN, CH4 2) Atmospheric Conditions & Pollution a) Wind dispersion (tall stacks vs. short stacks) b) Inversions 3) Urban Heat Islands a) Causes & Effects Earth’s Climates (Ch. 15) 1) Controlling Factors a) Insolation – time of day, season, latitude, humidity b) Temperature – latitude, altitude, continentality c) Air Pressure – Hadley zones (eg. two rainy seasons equatorial … ITCZ) d) Air Masses & Precipitation – maritime, continental, tropical, polar 2) Koeppen Classification a) Thermal units (A, C, D, E) + Arid (B) + Highland (H) b) Precipitation: f: moist all year, m: monsoon, w: dry winter, s: dry summer c) Seasonal Temperature Variations a: hot summers (>22°C), b: mild summers (<22°C), c: mild winters (1 – 4 months < 10°C), d: cold winters (<-3°C)

NOx

CO

VOC SOx

Review the “World Climographs” worksheets!


Climate Change (Ch. 16) 1) Constructing Past Climates a) Instrumental & regular written records b) Proxy records - how do we obtain evidence of past climates from: tree rings, rivers, lakes, pollen, animals, glaciers, isotopes (ice & sea cores), air bubbles (ice) c) How do the isotopes tell us about temperature? d) What do the ice cores tell us about levels of CO2, CH4 & Temperature 2) Natural Climate Drivers a) The Sun b) Earth’s orbit (know changes & spans) c) Plate Tectonics & Volcanoes d) Atmospheric Changes (gases & particulates) e) Feedbacks

Know the Koeppen Climate type of Canton, NY, your North America project city & your Climate Symposium

city and be able to explain why it is so classified

Review your notes from Warnings from the Ice Cracking the Ice Age

Mystery of the Megaflood

e2 review 13 - st. lawrence...

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