each - every - either - neither - all - no - none

Intervenant

Laurence Petoud

Executive Assistant

Formatrice en Entreprise

ECDL Expert

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This support has been developed as part of my revisions for exams First Certificate in English.


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EACH EACH + SINGULAR

Each is a determiner. We use it before a singular noun. I enjoy each moment.

(NOT: each moments.)A following verb is also singular.

Each new day is different. (NOT: are different) EACH OF

We use each of before a plural pronoun, or before a determiner (for example the, my, these) with a plural noun.

Each of us sees the world differently. I write to each of my children once a week.

A following verb is normally singular. Each of them has problems.

PRONOUNS

When a pronoun or possessive is used later in a clause to refer back to each (of) + noun/pronoun, the later word can be singular (more formal) or plural (less formal).

Each girl more what she liked best. (more formal) Each student wore what they liked best. (less formal) Each of them explained it in his/her/their own way.

POSITION WITH OBJECT

Each can follow an object (direct or indirect), but does not normally come at the end of a clause.

She kissed them each on the forehead. (Bur NOT She kissed them each.) I want them each to make their own decision. I sent the secretaries each a Christmas card.

However, each can come at the end of a clause in expressions referring to amounts and quantities.

They cost £3.50 each. I bought the girls two ice-creams each.

WITHOUT A NOUN

We can drop a noun after each, if the meaning is clear. However, each one or each of them is more common in an informal style.

I've got five brothers, and each (one/of them) is different. WITH THE VERB

When each refers to the subject, it can also go with a verb in mid-position, like some adverbs. In this case plural nouns, pronouns and verbs are used.

They have each been told. We can each apply for our own membership card. You are each right in a different way. The plans each have certain advantages and disadvantages.

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EACH AND EVERY: THE DIFFERENCE EACH WITH TWO OR MORE; EVERY WITH THREE OR MORE

Each and every are both normally used with singular nouns. Each can be used to talk about two or more people or things; every is normally used to talk about three or more.

The business makes less money each/every year. (NOT …each/ every years.) She had a child holding on to each hand. (NOT …every hand.)

MEANING

Each and every can often be used without much difference of meaning. You look more beautiful each/every time I see you.

But we prefer each when we are thinking of people or things separately, one at a time. And every is more common when we are thinking of people or things together, in a group. (Every is closer to all.) So we are more likely to say:

Each person in turn went to see the doctor.But

Every patient came from the same small village. STRUCTURES

We do not use each with words and expressions like almost, practically, nearly or without exception, which stress the idea of a whole group.

She’s lost nearly every friend she had. (NOT …nearly each friend….)Each can be used in some structures where every is impossible.

They each said what they thought. (BUT NOT …They every…) Each of them spoke for five minutes. (BUT NOT …Every of them…)

EACH OTHER AND ONE ANOTHER NO DIFFERENCE

Each other and one another mean the same. Ann and I write to each other / one another every week.

Each other is more common than one another, especially in an informal style. NOT USED AS SUBJECT

Each other and one another are not normally used as subjects (though this occasionally happens in subordinate clauses in very informal speech).

They each listened carefully to what the other said. (NOT USUALLY They listened carefully to what each other said.)

EACH OTHER»: / ONE ANOTHER’SBoth expressions have possessive forms.

They'll sit for hours looking into each other's / one another’s eyes.-SELVES AND EACH OTHER/ ONE ANOTHERNote the difference between -selves and each other / one another. Compare:

John and Mary are strange: they talk to themselves a lot. (John talks to John; Mary talks to Mary.)

Susan and Peter talk to each other on the phone every day. (Susan talks to Peter; Peter talks to Susan.)


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WORDS USED WITHOUT EACH OTHER / ONE ANOTHERWe do not normally use each other / one another after words like meet or marry, where the verb itself makes the meaning clear.

They met in 1992 and married in 1994.

EVERY (ONE) EVERY + SINGULAR

Every is a determiner. We normally use it before a singular noun. If the noun is a subject, its verb is also singular.

every + singular noun (+ singular verb) I see her every day. (NOT …every days) Every room is being used. (NOT Every room are…)

EVERY ONE OF

We use every one of before a pronoun or a determiner (for example the, my, the). The pronoun or noun is plural, but a following verb is singular.

every one of us/you/them (+ singular verb) every one of + determiner + plural noun (+ singular verb) His books are wonderful. I've read every one of them. Every one of the children was crying.

EVERY ONE WITHOUT A NOUN

We can drop a noun and use every one alone, if the meaning is clear. His books are great. Every one’s worth reading.

NEGATIVE STRUCTURES

To negate every, we normally use not every. Not every kind of bird can fly. (More natural than Every kind of bird cannot fly.)

PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVES

When a pronoun or possessive is used later in a clause to refer back to every (one), the later word can usually be either singular (more formal) or plural (less formal).

Every person made his/her own travel arrangements. Every person made their own travel arrangements. I told every single student what I thought of him/her/them.

But if we are talking about something that concerns every member of a group at the same time, a plural word is necessary.

When every passenger’s ticket had been checked, the door opened and they all got on. (NOT …and he/she all got on.)

EVERY + PLURAL NOUN

Every is used before a plural noun in expressions that refer to intervals. I see her every few days. There’s a meeting every six weeks. Size had to stop and rest every two or three steps.


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EVERYBODY ETC.Everybody, everyone, everything and everywhere are used with singular verbs, like every.

Everybody has gone home. (NOT …Everybody have...) Everything I like is either illegal, immoral or fattening. I found that everywhere was booked up.

When possessives and pronouns refer back to everybody / one, they can usually be either singular (more formal) or plural (less formal). Sometimes only a plural word makes sense. Compare:

Has everybody got his or her ticket? (more formal) Has everybody got their tickets? (less formal) When everybody had finished eating, the waiters took away their plates. (NOT …

his or her plate)Note that everyone (= 'everybody») does not mean the same as every one (which can refer to things as well as people - see paragraph 2 above). EVERYDAY

Everyday is an adjective meaning «ordinary», «usual», «routine». It is not the same as the adverbial expression every day. Compare:

In everyday life, you don’t often find an elephant in a supermarket. You don't see elephants every day.

COMMON EXPRESSIONS

Note the following common expressions with every.Every single

She visits her mother every single day.Every other

We meet every other Tuesday. (= … every second Tuesday.)Every so often; every now and then

We go out for a drink together every so often / every now and then. ALL AND EVERY

All and every can both be used to talk about people or things in general, or about all the members of a group. There is little difference of meaning; every often suggests «without exception». The two words are used in different structures. EVERY WITH SINGULAR NOUNS; ALL WITH PLURALS

Every is used with a singular noun. To give the same meaning, all is used with a plural noun. Compare:

Every child needs love. (NOT All child needs love.) All children need love. Every light was out. All (of) the lights were out.


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EVERY NOT USED WITH DETERMINERS

We can use all (of), but not normally every, with certain determiners (articles, possessives or demonstratives). Compare:

All (of) the plates were broken. Every plate was broken. (NOT Every the plate / The every plate...) I've written to all (of) my friends. I’ve written to every friend I have. (NOT every my friend / my every friend )

ALL WITH UNCOUNTABLES

We can use all, but not every, with uncountable nouns. I like all music. (NOT .every music)

ALL DAY AND EVERY DAY ETC

Note the difference between all day/week etc. and every day/week etc. She was here all day. (= from morning to night) She was here every day. (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, . . .)

Either: determiner EITHER + SINGULAR

We use either with a singular noun to mean “one or the other” of two. Come on Tuesday or Thursday. Either day is OK. (NOT Either days.) She didn’t get on with either parent. (NOT either parents )

EITHER OF

We use either of before a determiner (for example the, my, these) or a pronoun. A following noun is plural.

You can use either of the bathrooms. I don’t like either of my maths teachers. I don't like either of them.

A verb after either of is more often singular, but it can sometimes be plural in an informal style.

Either of the children is perfectly capable of looking after the baby. She just doesn’t care what either of her parents say(s).

WITHOUT A NOUN

We can use either alone if the meaning is clear. Would you like tea or coffee? ~I don’t mind. Either.

PRONOUNS

When a pronoun is used later in a clause to refer back to either + noun / pronoun, the later pronoun can be singular (more formal) or plural (more informal).If either of the boys phones, tell him/them I’ll be in this evening.


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EITHER SIDE/END

In these expressions, either sometimes means «each». There are roses on either side of the door.

EITHER ... OR

We use either… or to talk about a choice between two possibilities (and sometimes more than two).

I don’t speak either French or German. You can either come with me now or walk home. If you want ice-cream there’s either raspberry, lemon or vanilla.

We often balance this structure, so that the same kind of words or expressions follow either and or.

You can have either tea or coffee. (nouns) He’s either in London or in New York. (Prepositional expressions) Either you'll leave this house or I’ll call the police. (Clauses)

However, unbalanced sentences with either… or are common. Some people prefer to avoid them.

You can either have tea or coffee. He's either in London or New York. You’ll either leave this house or I’ll call the police.

Neither, nor and not…either NEITHER AND NOR

We can use neither and nor as adverbs to mean ‘also not’. Neither and nor come at the beginning of a clause, and are followed by inverted word order: auxiliary verb + subject.

I can’t swim. ~Neither/nor can I. (NOT I also can’t.) Ruth didn't turn up, and neither nor did Kate. (NOT …and Kate didn’t too.)

In American English, nor is not normally used after and. NOT EITHER

We can also use not … either with the same meaning and normal word order. I can’t swim. ~I can’t either. Ruth didn't turn up, and Kate didn’t either.

In very informal speech, me neither (and occasionally me either, especially in AmE1) can be used instead of I …n’t either.

I can't swim. ~Me neither. ONE NEGATIVE

Only one negative word (not or neither) is necessary to give a negative meaning. Neither did Kate on Kate didn’t either. (NOT Neither didn’t Kate OR Kate didn’t

neither)

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All THREE OR MORE ITEMS

All refers to three or more items. Compare: I'll take all three shirts, please. I'll take both shirts. (NOT all two shirts.)

ALL (OF) WITH NOUNS AND PRONOUNS

All modifies nouns or pronouns. All (of) the people were singing. Give my love to them all. I haven't read all of it.

WITH THE SUBJECT OR THE VERB

When all modifies the subject, it can go either with the subject or with the verb. All the people were singing. The people were all singing.

ALL WITHOUT A NOUN

All can sometimes be used without a noun to mean ‘everything’ but only in certain structures (see below).

All that matters is to be happy. That’s all.

ALL WITH ADJECTIVES, ADVERBS ETC.All can be used to emphasise some adjectives, prepositions and adverbs.

You're all wet. She walked all round the town. I was all alone. Tell me all about your holiday. It’s all because of you. I looked all round, but I couldn't see anything.

All, both and half follow similar grammar rules. ALL (OF) WITH NOUNS AND PRONOUNS

ALL AND ALL OFAll (of) can modify nouns and pronouns.Before a noun with a determiner (for example the, my, this), all and all of are both possible. All is more common than all of

She's eaten all (of) the cake. All (of) my friends like riding.

Before a noun with no determiner, we do not normally use of. All children can be difficult. (NOT all of children…)

ALL OF+ PERSONAL PRONOUN

With personal pronouns, we use all of+ us/you/them.All of us/you/them can be a subject or object.

All of us can come tomorrow. (NOT All we …) She's invited all of you. Mary sent all of them her love.


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PRONOUN + ALL

We can put all after pronouns used as objects. She’s invited you all. Mary sent her love to them all. I've made us all something to eat.

This does not happen with complement pronouns (after be) or in short answers. I think that’s all of them. (NOT I think that’s them all.) Who did she invite? ~ All of us. (NOT Us all.)

All can follow a subject pronoun (e.g. They all went home), but in this case it belongs grammatically with the verb and may be separated from the pronoun (e.g. They have all gone home). TYPES OF NOUN

All is used mostly before uncountable and plural nouns. all the water all my friends

However, all can be used before some singular countable nouns referring to things that can naturally be divided into parts.

all that week all my family all the way

We can also use all (of) before proper nouns (e.g. the names of places or writers). All (of) London knew about her affairs. I’ve read all (of) Shakespeare.

With other singular countable nouns, it is more natural to use whole (eg. The whole story). LEAVING OUT THE

After all, we sometimes leave out the before numbers. all (the) three brothers

And we usually leave out the in all day, all night, all week, all year, all winter and all summer.

She stayed here all day. (NOT … all the day). NOT ALL …

It is not very common to use all + noun as the subject of a negative verb (e.g. All Americans don’t like hamburgers). We more often use not all + noun + affirmative verb.

Not all Americans like hamburgers.Note the difference between not all and no. Compare:

Not all birds can fly. No birds can play chess.


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ALL: WITH THE VERB

When all refers to the subject of a clause, it can go with the verb, in “mid- position”. We can all swim. Those apples were all bad. The guests have all arrived. My family all work in education.

Note that these meanings can also be expressed by using all (of) with the subject. All of us can swim. All (of) the guests have arrived.

ALL, EVERYBODY/EVERYONE AND EVERYTHING ALL AND EVERYBODY/EVERYONE

We do not normally use all without a noun to mean “everybody”. Compare: All the people stood up. Everybody/Everyone stood up. (NOT All stood up.)

ALL AND EVERYTHING

All can mean “everything”, but usually only in the structure all + relative clause (all that ...). Compare:

- All (that) I have is yours. (NOT All what I have …) Everything is yours. (NOT All is yours …) - She lost all (that) she owned. She lost everything. (NOT She lost all.)

This structure often has a rather negative meaning, expressing ideas like “nothing more” or “the only thing(s)”.

This is all I’ve got. All I want is a place to sit down. All that happened was that he went to sleep.

Note also That’s all (= lt’s finished; There’s no more). OLDER ENGLISH

In older English, all could be used alone to mean “everybody” or “everything” (e.g. Tell me all; All is lost; All are dead). This only happens regularly in modern English in dramatic contexts like newspaper headlines (e.g. SPY TELLS ALL). ALL AND EVERY

All and every can both be used to talk about people or things in general, or about all the members of a group. There is little difference of meaning; every often suggests ‘without exception’. The two words are used in different structures. EVERY WITH SINGULAR NOUNS; ALL WITH PLURALS

Every is used with a singular noun. To give the same meaning, all is used with a plural noun. Compare:

- Every child needs love. (NOT All child needs love.) All children need love. - Every light was out. All (of) the lights were out.


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ALL AND WHOLE WORD ORDER

All (of) and whole can both be used with singular nouns to mean “complete”, “every part of”. The word order is different.

All (of) + determiner + nounDeterminer + whole + noun

- Julie spent all (of) the summer at home. Julie spent the whole summer at home. - all (of) my life my whole life

INDEFINITE REFERENCE

All is not generally used before indefinite articles. She's eaten a whole loaf (NOT … all a loaf.)

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

With most uncountable nouns we prefer all (of). I've drunk all (of) the milk. (NOT … the whole milk.)

THE WHOLE OF

Instead of whole we can generally use the whole of

Julie spent the whole of the summer at home. the whole of my life

Before proper nouns (names) and pronouns we always use the whole of, not whole. All (of) is also possible.

The whole of / All of Venice was under water. (Not Whole Venice…) I've just read the whole of / all of “War and Peace”. I've read the whole of/ all of it.

PLURAL NOUNS

With plural nouns, all and whole have different meanings. All is like every; whole means “complete”, “entire”. Compare:

All Indian tribes suffered from white settlement in America. (= Every Indian tribe suffered …)

Whole Indian tribes were killed off (= Complete tribes were killed off; nobody was left alive in these tribes.)


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NO, NONE AND NOT A /ANY NO: EMPHATIC

No can be used instead of not a or not any when we want to emphasise a negative idea. Would you believe it? There’s no wardrobe in the bedroom.’

(More emphatic than … There isn't a wardrobe . . .) Sorry I can't stop. I've got no time.

(More emphatic than … I haven’t got any time.) There were no letters for you this morning, I 'm afraid.

(More emphatic than There weren't any letters …)After no, countable nouns are usually plural unless the sense makes a singular noun necessary. Compare:

He's got no children. (More natural than He’s got no child.) He’s got no wife. (More normal than He's got no wives.)

NONE OF

Before a determiner (e.g. the, my, this) or a pronoun, we use none of

She's done none of the work. (NOT … no of the work.) We understood none of his arguments. I’ve been to none of those places. None of us speaks French.

When we use none of with a plural noun or pronoun, the Verb can be singular (a little more formal) or plural (a little more informal).

None of my friends is interested. (more formal) None of my friends are interested. (more informal)

We can use none alone if the meaning is clear. How many of the books have you read? ~None.

NOT A/ANY

We prefer not a/any in objects and complements when the sense is not emphatic. Compare:

He’s no fool. (= He’s not a fool at all. - emphatic negative) A whale is not a fish. (NOT A whale is no fish) - The sense is not emphatic.)

SUBJECTS

Not any cannot normally be used with subjects. No and none of are used instead. No brand of cigarette is completely harmless. [NOT Not any brand …) No tourists ever came to our village. (NOT Not any tourists …) None of my friends lives near me. (Not Not any of my friends …)

NOT USED TO TALK ABOUT TWO

We use neither, not no or none, to talk about two people or things. Neither of my parents could be there. (NOT None of my parents … .)


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NOBODY ETC

Nobody, nothing, no one and nowhere are used in similar ways to no. I saw nobody. (More emphatic than I didn't see anybody.) Nobody spoke. (NOT Not anybody spoke.)

NO DOUBT

No doubt means ‘probably’ or ‘l suppose’, not ‘certainly’. No doubt it’ll rain soon. You're tired, no doubt. I’ll make you a cup of tea.

To say that something is certain, we can use there is no doubt that (formal), without any doubt (formal), certainly, definitely.

There is no doubt that the world is getting warmer. (NOT No doubt the world is getting warmer.)

Cycling is certainly healthier than driving. (NOT No doubt cycling is healthier than driving.)

Doubtless is similar to no doubt (but more formal); undoubtedly is similar to there is no doubt that. NO MATTER

CONJUNCTIONNo matter can be used with who, whose, what, which, where, when and how. These expressions are conjunctions, used to join clauses together. The meaning is similar to “it is not important who/what etc”.

I'll love you no matter what you do. No matter where you go, I'll follow you.

We use a present tense with a future meaning after no matter. No matter where you go, you’ll find Coca-Cola. You'll be welcome no matter when you come.

NO MATTER WHO ETC AND WHOEVER ETC

The conjunctions no matter who! what etc are used rather like whoever, whatever etc. Compare:

- No matter what you say, I won’t believe you. Whatever you say, I won’t believe you. - Phone me when you arrive, no matter how late it is. Phone me when you arrive, however late it is.

However, clauses with whoever / whatever / whichever can be used as subjects or objects. Clauses with no matter who etc. cannot be used in this way.

Whatever you do is fine with me. (BUT NOT No matter what you do is fine with me.)

You can have whichever you like. (BUT NOT You can have no matter which you like.)


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NO MORE, NOT ANY MORE, NO LONGER, NOT ANY LONGER

We use no more with nouns to talk about quantity or degree — to say how much. There's no more bread.

We do not use no more in standard modern English as an adverb to express the idea of actions and situations stopping. Instead, we use no longer (usually before the verb), not … any longer or not … any more.

I no longer support the Conservative party. (NOT I no more support …) This can’t go on any longer. I’m not helping you any more.

Anymore may be written as one word, especially in American English. Annie doesn't live here anymore.

NO MATTER AND IT DOESN'T MATTER

Because no matter … is a conjunction, it must be used with two clauses. No matter when you come, you’ll be welcome. [BUT NOT No matter when you

come.) To introduce just one clause, we can use It doesn't matter.

It doesn’t matter when you come. USE WITHOUT A VERB

However, no matter what can be used at the end of a clause, without a following verb. I’ll always love you, no matter what. (= no matter what happens.)

Source:


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each - every - either - neither - all - no - none

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