eage seg geoengineering at different scales … · modelling capillary pressure present simulation...

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DISC 2009 Petroleum GeoengineeringEAGE

SEG

Course Outline

• Background

• Definition of geoengineering

• Geoengineering challenge

• Core skills of a geoengineer

• Geoengineering examples

• Objectives/rewards

• The Future


SEGPetroleum Geoengineering Examples• Systematic approach across the scales

– Pore scale (capillary pressure)

– Laminascale (relative permeability)

– Bedset (effective permeability)

– Geobody scale (well test buildup)

– Flow unit (flow and seismic)

– Formation (seismic)

• Interpret dynamic data

• Validate Geological models

• Provide improved performance prediction


SEGGeoengineering at different scales


SEGClastic examples


SEGClastic examples

Pore

Scale

Plug

Scale

MDT

Scale

Well

Test

Scale

Flow

Unit

Scale

Form-

ation

Scale


SEGClastic examples

Pore

Scale

2


SEG

Example 1: Pore scale modelling

simulated cube (PAM), extracted pore network,20 mD

1 voxel length = 1.33 micron Connected pore porosity: 15%

porosity: 21% Nodes: 1374, Bonds: 1808

Connection: 2.53

Binary SEM images

Wu et al, 2006


SEG

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020

0.025

0.030

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50

frequency

Pore diameter (microns)

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.03

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

shape factor (A/L^2)

frequency

Modelling capillary pressure

Present simulation capability up to plug scale

Calibration by laboratory experiment


SEGClastic examples

Plug

Scale


SEG

Example 2: Laminaset scale

• Thistle Field

• Northern North Sea

• Jurassic, Rannoch FormationCorbett et al., 1992 (SPE 24699)

Water Oil

100md

5000mdETIVE

RANNOCH

?

?


SEG

Geological and petrophysical model

1cm

Probe Perms

Hummocky cross-stratification

Upper shoreface

Middle shoreface


SEGSimulation and upscaling (1)

Millimetre - centimetre grid

Probe permeability

grid

Lo HiPermeability

REPRESENTATIVE

LAMINASET

ELEMENT

Simulator grid

Rock curves

krPc

Laminaset Geopseudos

kr

Pc

Sw

Sw

hv

mm

cm

3


SEGSimulation and upscaling (2)

Laminaset Geopseudos

kr

Pc

Sw

hv

REPRESENTATIVE BEDSET ELEMENT

cm

Regular arrangement of three laminaset types

kr

Pc

Sw

h

v

cm

Bedset Geopseudos

m

v = vertical flow directionh = horizontal flow direction

Centimetre grid Metre grid


SEGCross-sectional model and history

match

Bedset

Geopseudos

m

Time

Water cut

Data

Model


SEGThe GeoFlow Atlas - an atlas of

templates and upscaling examples

Heterogeneity

Project

Geopseudo

methodology

Pickup et al.


SEGReservoir simulation

• Architecture - Layercake

• Properties - Probe, Pc and kr functions

• Modelling - Lamina and bed stratal

elements

• Simulation - FD/Upscaling Pc

(Geopseudos)

• Management - Rannoch swept eventually


SEGClastic examples

MDT

Scale


SEGExample 3: Bedset scale

Ringrose et al., 2005

Laminaset

Ebb Mud

Ebb Sand

Flood Mud

Flood Sand

4


SEGEffective heterolithic properties

0

20

40

60

80

100

Perm

eability (md)

Kx Kz Ky

Lenticular \ Wavy \ Flaser

z

x

A B C

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Sd

Perm

eability (md)

Kx Kz Ky


SEG

0.0001

0.01 1

Kv/kh

Heterolithic

Tidal Point Bar

Accretionary

Channel Bank

Laminated

Delta Front

Distal Delta Lobe

(with HCS)

Core log

Wireline

Depth (m)

Wireline

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

2595

2600

2605

2610

2615

2620

Vm

Core log

Wireline


SEGClastic examples

Well

Test

ScaleDISC 2009 Petroleum Geoengineering

EAGE

SEGExample 4: Well test interpretation

example

• North Sea study

• Jurassic fluvial sandstones (Ness Fm)

Zheng et al., 2000, AAPG Bulletin (Dec)

3m

Gamma Ray

Test perm (kt)

Core perm (kc)

(kt = kc)


SEGPetrophysical evaluation

Too few plugs - great uncertainty in k core

Lorenz plot

Transmissivity

Storativity

Modified Lorenz plot

Homogeneous

Effective flowing interval

(20% Storativity)

Single high perm streak

k ordered unordered

Plug

Probe

kh

φh


SEGWell test model and interpretation

Pressure Derivative

Time function

Model

Data

Well test kh from radial flow period

Negative skin (geoskin) due to streak

Expanding flow in channel

NB: Downhole shut-in

High permeability streak

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SEG

Synthetic well test

Geotipe

Curves


SEGWell test interpretation

• Architecture – Marginal Fluvial Channel

• Properties - Probe data identify speed

zone

• Modelling - Channel geobody thickening

• Simulation - Matched negative skin and

expanding flow

• Management - Confidence in permeability

and varying thickness away from the well


SEGClastic examples

Flow

Unit

ScaleDISC 2009 Petroleum Geoengineering

EAGE

SEGExample 5a: Flow Unit Scale

• SAIGUP Study (Manzocchi et al., 2008)

• Ca. 35000 flow simulation models

• Range of shallow marine models

– Varying parasequence set numbers

– Varying aggradation rate (stacking pattern)

– Varying cement distributions

– Varying waterflood direction

• Correlation between recovery and heterogeneity


SEG

(Manzocchi et al., 2008)


SEG

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SEGLink between recovery and

heterogeneity

Influential parameters

Recovery vs Heterogeneity(Manzocchi et al., 2008)


SEGExample 5b: Flow Unit Scale

From geological models

through seismic to property

modelling

Rowbotham et al., 2003


SEGExample 5c: Flow Unit Scale

• Outcrop study (Kirstetter et al., 2006)

• Patchy saturation at the flow unit (i.e., sub-

seismic) scale

• Various drive mechanisms

– Water injection

– Gas depletion

– Gas injection


SEGModel

Blaze Canyon

Utah

Kirstetter et al., 2006


SEGFlow simulation

Water saturation after 7 yrs Gas saturation after 34 years


Patchy Saturation – saturation variations at sub-seismic scales


SEGRock Physics

Lochaline shallow marine analogue


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SEGAcoustic impedance simulation


Water Injection

Pressure DepletionDISC 2009 Petroleum Geoengineering

EAGE

SEGComparison models

Fine grid model

Coarse grid model

WATER INJECTION



SEGComparison models

Fine grid model

Coarse grid model

GAS DEPLETION



SEGScaling the bulk modulus

Pressure depletion

Water Injection

Bounds

Ruess – uniform

Voight - patchy



SEGGas injection

Scale up – 4 locations



SEGConclusions

• Can model attribute changes at the larger

scale

– Water injection

– Gas depletion

• Empirical scale up of the bulk moduli

• Fine scale models have to be used for gas

injection

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SEGClastic examples

Form-

ation

Scale


SEGExample 3: Time lapse seismic

example

• ‘GUMPA B’ Field

• Southern North Sea

• Permian RotliegendOlden et al., 1998: Anderson and Corbett, EAGE, 1998

Rotliegendes reservoirGas

Triassic shales

Salt

Anhydrite

Gas platforms


SEGReservoir simulation

Reservoir Model

Pressure Depletion

1yr

t=0

10yr

20yr


SEGCoupled simulation

t=0

20yr

Add over/under/side burden

Effective stress

lowlow

high


SEGLab measurement and seismic

modelling

Effective stress

Velocity

Effective stress

Vp Vs

Anhydrite

Sandstone

Sonic Density Impedance

Synthetic Seismic

t=0 20yrs


SEGMean effective stress distribution at the end of the simulation

Localized effects

at faultsPerturbed stress field

above and below reservoir

Unperturbed stress field

(constant gradient)Apparent deepening of reservoir

due to decreasing pore pressure

Gumpa Project(Olden, 2000)

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SEG

Pseudo-seismic

(Olden, 2000)


SEG

(Olden, 2000)


SEG

(Olden, 2000)


SEG

Reflector at

top of

caprock

Reservoir

base

Reservoir

top

Time-lapsed seismic trace model

Pull-up in reflector event

due to stress change

effects

Perturbations at reflector

event due to fluid change

effects

(Olden, 2000)


SEGTime-lapse seismic

• Architecture - layering, faults

• Properties - Core Vp, Vs (∆Sw, ∆σ)

• Modelling - reservoir + over/underburden

• Simulation - flow coupled to stress

• Management - think again about 4-D


SEGTime-lapse seismic

• Architecture - layering, faults

• Properties - Core Vp, Vs (∆Sw, ∆σ)

• Modelling - reservoir + over/underburden

• Simulation - flow coupled to stress

• Management - think again about 4-D

..and Gumpa B operator and others now are..

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SEGClastic examples

Systematic approach at each scale

Geological modelling, geophysical and dynamic simulation,

model calibration at each step DISC 2009 Petroleum GeoengineeringEAGE

SEGClastic examples

Ideally need to do this for every reservoir !!!

Extend to probabalistic approach at each step

eage seg geoengineering at different scales … · modelling capillary pressure present simulation...

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