Early Battles and Early Battles and leadersleaders

11stst Bull Run/ Manassas Bull Run/ Manassas

►First Battle of Bull RunFirst Battle of Bull Run, also known , also known as as First ManassasFirst Manassas (the name used by (the name used by Confederate forces), was fought on Confederate forces), was fought on July 21, 1861, in July 21, 1861, in Prince William County, VirginiaPrince William County, Virginia, near , near the City of the City of ManassasManassas. It was the first . It was the first major land battle of the major land battle of the American Civil WarAmerican Civil War..

►the the NorthernNorthern public clamored for a march public clamored for a march against the against the ConfederateConfederate capital of capital of Richmond, VirginiaRichmond, Virginia, which could bring an , which could bring an early end to the war. Yielding to this early end to the war. Yielding to this political pressure, unseasoned political pressure, unseasoned Union ArmyUnion Army troops under troops under Brig. Gen.Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowellIrvin McDowell advanced across advanced across Bull RunBull Run against the equally unseasoned against the equally unseasoned Confederate Army under Brig. Gen. Confederate Army under Brig. Gen. P.G.T. BeauregardP.G.T. Beauregard near Manassas near Manassas Junction Junction

►Confederate Confederate reinforcements under reinforcements under the command of Brig. the command of Brig. Gen. Gen. Joseph E. JohnstonJoseph E. Johnston arrived from the arrived from the Shenandoah ValleyShenandoah Valley by by railroad and the course railroad and the course of the battle changed of the battle changed

► A A brigade of Virginiansbrigade of Virginians under a under a relatively unknown colonel relatively unknown colonel from the from the Virginia Military InstituteVirginia Military Institute, , Thomas J. JacksonThomas J. Jackson, stood their , stood their ground and Jackson received ground and Jackson received his famous nickname, his famous nickname, "Stonewall Jackson". The "Stonewall Jackson". The Confederates launched a Confederates launched a strong counterattack and as strong counterattack and as the Union troops began the Union troops began withdrawing under pressure, withdrawing under pressure, many panicked and it turned many panicked and it turned into a rout as they frantically into a rout as they frantically ran in the direction of nearby ran in the direction of nearby Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.

►Both sides were sobered by the violence Both sides were sobered by the violence and casualties of the battle, and they and casualties of the battle, and they realized that the war would potentially realized that the war would potentially be much longer and bloodier than they be much longer and bloodier than they had originally anticipated.had originally anticipated.

►DateDateJuly 21, 1861) July 21, 1861) ►ResultResultConfederateConfederate victory victory

BelligerentsBelligerentsUnitedUnited States States ( (UnionUnion))CSACSA (Confederacy) (Confederacy)

►Commanders and leadersCommanders and leadersIrvinIrvin McDowellMcDowellJosephJoseph E. Johnston E. JohnstonP.G.T. BeauregardP.G.T. Beauregard

North-SouthNorth-South

►28–35,000 (18,000 engaged)28–35,000 (18,000 engaged)►32–34,000 (18,000 engaged)32–34,000 (18,000 engaged)►Casualties and lossesCasualties and losses►N 2,896N 2,896 (460 killed (460 killed

 1,124 wounded 1,124 wounded 1,312 captured/missing) 1,312 captured/missing)

►S 1,982S 1,982 (387 killed (387 killed 1,582 wounded 1,582 wounded 13 missing) 13 missing)

First Bull RunFirst Bull Run

Battle of Fort Donelson Battle of Fort Donelson

► The The Battle of Fort DonelsonBattle of Fort Donelson was fought was fought from February 11 to February 16, 1862, in from February 11 to February 16, 1862, in the the Western TheaterWestern Theater of the of the American Civil WarAmerican Civil War. The capture of the fort by . The capture of the fort by UnionUnion forces opened the forces opened the Cumberland RiverCumberland River as as an avenue for the invasion of the an avenue for the invasion of the SouthSouth. The . The success elevated success elevated Brig. Gen.Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant from an obscure and largely unproven leader from an obscure and largely unproven leader to the rank of to the rank of major generalmajor general, earning him the , earning him the nickname "Unconditional Surrender" Grant in nickname "Unconditional Surrender" Grant in the process the process

►The battle followed the capture of The battle followed the capture of Fort HenryFort Henry on February 6. Grant on February 6. Grant moved his army 12 miles overland to moved his army 12 miles overland to Fort Donelson on February 12 through Fort Donelson on February 12 through February 13 and conducted several February 13 and conducted several small probing attacks. small probing attacks.

►On February 14, On February 14, U.S. NavyU.S. Navy gunboats gunboats under under Flag OfficerFlag Officer Andrew H. FooteAndrew H. Foote attempted to reduce the fort with attempted to reduce the fort with naval gunfire, but were forced to naval gunfire, but were forced to withdraw after sustaining heavy withdraw after sustaining heavy damage from Donelson's water damage from Donelson's water batteries.batteries.

► On February 15, with their fort surrounded, On February 15, with their fort surrounded, the the ConfederatesConfederates, commanded by Brig. Gen. , commanded by Brig. Gen. John B. FloydJohn B. Floyd, launched a surprise attack , launched a surprise attack against Grant's army, attempting to open an against Grant's army, attempting to open an avenue of escape. Grant, who was away from avenue of escape. Grant, who was away from the battlefield at the start of the attack, the battlefield at the start of the attack, arrived to rally his men and counterattack. arrived to rally his men and counterattack. Despite achieving a partial success and Despite achieving a partial success and opening the way for a retreat, Floyd lost his opening the way for a retreat, Floyd lost his nerve and ordered his men back to the fort.nerve and ordered his men back to the fort.

►On the following morning, Floyd and On the following morning, Floyd and his second-in-command, Brig. Gen. his second-in-command, Brig. Gen. Gideon J. PillowGideon J. Pillow, completely panicked , completely panicked and both turned over their command and both turned over their command to Brig. Gen. to Brig. Gen. Simon Bolivar BucknerSimon Bolivar Buckner (later Governor of the Commonwealth (later Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky), who agreed to accept of Kentucky), who agreed to accept the the unconditional surrenderunconditional surrender terms terms offered by Grant.offered by Grant.

►Date Date February 11, 1862)–February 11, 1862)–February 16, 1862)February 16, 1862)

►ResultResultUnionUnion victory victory►BelligerentsBelligerentsUnitedUnited States States ( (UnionUnion))CSACSA

(Confederacy) (Confederacy)► Commanders and leadersCommanders and leaders► Union Union Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant

Andrew H. Andrew H. Foote Foote ► ConfConfJohnJohn B. Floyd B. Floyd

Gideon J. PillowGideon J. PillowSimon B. BucknerSimon B. Buckner

StatsStats

► StrengthStrength► N 24,5312N 24,5312► S 16,1712S 16,1712► Casualties and lossesCasualties and losses

N 2,691 totalN 2,691 total507 killed507 killed1,976 wounded1,976 wounded208 captured/missing 208 captured/missing

► S 13,846 totalS 13,846 total327 killed327 killed1,127 wounded1,127 wounded12,392 captured/missing 12,392 captured/missing

Shiloh/Pittsburg LandingShiloh/Pittsburg Landing

Shiloh/Pittsburg LandingShiloh/Pittsburg Landing

►The The Battle of ShilohBattle of Shiloh, also known as , also known as the the Battle of Pittsburg LandingBattle of Pittsburg Landing, , was a major battle in the was a major battle in the Western TheaterWestern Theater of the of the American Civil WarAmerican Civil War, fought April 6–7, , fought April 6–7, 1862, in southwestern 1862, in southwestern TennesseeTennessee

► DateDateApril 6, 1862) – April 7, 1862)April 6, 1862) – April 7, 1862) ► ResultResultUnionUnion victory victory► BelligerentsBelligerentsUnitedUnited States States ( (UnionUnion))CSACSA (Confederacy) (Confederacy)► Commanders and leadersCommanders and leaders► North North Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant

Don Carlos Don Carlos BuellBuell► South South Albert Sidney JohnstonAlbert Sidney Johnston  ††

P. G. T. BeauregardP. G. T. Beauregard► Units involvedUnits involved► Army of the TennesseeArmy of the Tennessee

Army of the OhioArmy of the Ohio► Army of Mississippi1Army of Mississippi1► Strength N Strength N 66,812 66,812 ► S 44,699S 44,699► Casualties and lossesCasualties and losses► N 13,047N 13,0472 (1,754 killed2 (1,754 killed

 8,408 wounded 8,408 wounded 2,885 captured/missing) 2,885 captured/missing)

► S 10,699S 10,6993 (1,728 killed3 (1,728 killed 8,012 wounded 8,012 wounded 959 captured/missing) 959 captured/missing)

►A A UnionUnion army under army under Maj. Gen.Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant had moved via the had moved via the Tennessee RiverTennessee River deep into Tennessee and deep into Tennessee and was encamped principally at Pittsburg was encamped principally at Pittsburg Landing on the west bank of the river. Landing on the west bank of the river. ConfederateConfederate forces under forces under GeneralsGenerals Albert Sidney JohnstonAlbert Sidney Johnston and and P. G. T. BeauregardP. G. T. Beauregard launched a surprise launched a surprise attack on Grant there. The Confederates attack on Grant there. The Confederates achieved considerable success on the first achieved considerable success on the first day, but were ultimately defeated on the day, but were ultimately defeated on the second day.second day.

►On the first day of the battle, the On the first day of the battle, the Confederates struck with the intention Confederates struck with the intention of driving the Union defenders away of driving the Union defenders away from the river and into the swamps of from the river and into the swamps of Owl Creek to the west, hoping to Owl Creek to the west, hoping to defeat Grant's defeat Grant's Army of the TennesseeArmy of the Tennessee before the anticipated arrival of Maj. before the anticipated arrival of Maj. Gen. Gen. Don Carlos Don Carlos BuellBuell's 's Army of the OhioArmy of the Ohio. .

► The Confederate battle lines became The Confederate battle lines became confused during the fierce fighting, and confused during the fierce fighting, and Grant's men instead fell back to the Grant's men instead fell back to the northeast, in the direction of Pittsburg northeast, in the direction of Pittsburg Landing. A position on a slightly sunken road, Landing. A position on a slightly sunken road, nicknamed the "Hornet's Nest", defended by nicknamed the "Hornet's Nest", defended by the men of the men of Brig. Brig. GensGens.. Benjamin M. PrentissBenjamin M. Prentiss's 's and and W. H. L. WallaceW. H. L. Wallace's divisions, provided 's divisions, provided critical time for the rest of the Union line to critical time for the rest of the Union line to stabilize under the protection of numerous stabilize under the protection of numerous artillery batteries artillery batteries

Death of JohnstonDeath of Johnston

►Gen. Johnston was Gen. Johnston was killed during the first killed during the first day of fighting, and day of fighting, and Beauregard, his second Beauregard, his second in command, decided in command, decided against assaulting the against assaulting the final Union position final Union position that night.that night.

Union VictoryUnion Victory

► Reinforcements from Gen. Buell Reinforcements from Gen. Buell and from Grant's own army and from Grant's own army arrived in the evening and arrived in the evening and turned the tide the next turned the tide the next morning, when the Union morning, when the Union commanders launched a commanders launched a counterattack along the entire counterattack along the entire line. The Confederates were line. The Confederates were forced to retreat from the forced to retreat from the bloodiest battle in United States bloodiest battle in United States History up to that time, ending History up to that time, ending their hopes that they could their hopes that they could block the Union advance into block the Union advance into northern Mississippi.northern Mississippi.