early beginning of culture and society
TRANSCRIPT
The Beginning of Culture
and Society
• Charles Darwin– “Origin of the
Species” (1859)– “Descent of Man”
(1871)
• Man descended from lower simpler forms of being.
Early Beginnings of Culture and Society
• Human Evolution–Paleontology (a
branch of anthropology) examines the apes as immediate descendant of human species (7,000,000 years ago).
Fossils
• Pithecanthropus erectus (erect ape man)–Earliest known
Hominids–Java fossils
50,000,000 and 800,00 years ago.
Fossils
• Sinanthropus–More advanced
than Pithecanthropus–Northern China
Fossils
• Anthropoidea –Primates such
as gorilla, orangutan and chimpanzees–Family of
Pongidae
• Hominidae–Primates such
as early man
GENUS: HOMO
CLASS: MAMMALIA
Fossils of the Early Men
• Taung, South Africa• Earliest known man-
like fossil• Australopithecines
(southern ape)• Prof. Raymond Dart,
1925
Fossils of the Early Men
• East Africa• Zinjathropus
boisei• L.S. Leakey and
wife, 1959
Fossils of the Early Men• Java Indonesia• Pithecanthropus erectus
(“erect ape man”)• Eugene Dubois, 1891• Bone skull thick• Forehead receding• Broad eyebrows• Power of speech
Fossils of the Early Men
• Choukoutien, Peking, China
• Pithecanthropus pekinensis
• 1927• Similar to Java
Man
Fossils of the Early Men
• Melbourne, Australia
• Talgai man• 1940• Similar to Java
man
Fossils of the Early Men• Niah Cave, Sarawak
Borneo• Asian types indicate
that Tasmanian and Australian Borneo are closer to Niah skull
• 1958
Fossils of the Early Men
• Tabon Cave, Palawan Philippines
• Latest fossil evidence prehistoric Southeast Asian men from Pleistocene period
• Skull existed 22,000 years ago
• 1962
Tool Tradition of the Early Men• Artifacts of pre
human primates used animal bones, broken pebbles and river stones.
• Used for hunting food• Ex. Abbevillian, hand
ax, flake tools.
Tool Tradition of the Early Men• The second wave of
development of tool is known as MOUSTERIAN flake tools
• Careful RETOUCHING of technique of flaking
• INNOVATIONS also took place such cave as shelter, massive use of fire, bones for tools and burial of the dead.
• However, superseded by blade technology
The New Stone Age (Neolithic)
The New Stone Age (Early Period)
• 6000-7000 years ago• Period of flaked and
polished stone tools.• Ground blades and
cutting edges• Axes and adzes of
oval form• pottery
The New Stone Age (Middle)
• 4000-7000 years ago.• Axes, adzes, ridged
back types and tangled butt tool
• Domesticated plant and animals intensified
The New Stone Age (Late)• 2000BC-100AD years
ago.• Materials polish
capable• Sawing, drilling• Polished trapezoidal
tools• Jade implements
Human Races
Human Races
• History of CIVILIZATION is a history of MIGRATIOn.
• MIGRATION implies mingling of people
• Resulting to GENETIC INHERITANCE and effect on cultural and PHYSICAL FEATURE.
Human Races
• Misconceptions about human races1. Undesirable
DISHARMONY OF ANATOMICAl features
2. Hybrid VIGOR in physique and mentality
3. Physical and psychological INFERIORITy
4. Personality is a PRODUCT of human race
11 Major Racial Categories
11 Major Racial Categories1. Caucasoid–Light to dark brown–White race–Thick head hair–Narrow and
projecting nose–Lips average to thin–Tall to short stature
11 Major Racial Categories
2. Mongoloids–Yellowish to light
brown–Black straight hair –Lips medium
thinness–Cheek bones
projected forward
11 Major Racial Categories
3. African Negroid–Yellowish or dark brown
to almost black–Very curly, woolly,
frizzly and little body hair.–Nose wide– Ears small– Lips thick
11 Major Racial Categories
4. Melanesians –Deeply pigmented
skin and eyes–Tightly curled hair–New Guinea to Fiji
11 Major Racial Categories5. Micronesian
Polynesians–Body hair slight–Skin is light–Head hair from
straight to frizzly but mostly wavy –Islands of Hawaii to
New Zealand
11 Major Racial Categories
6. Congo/ Central African Pygmies–Genetically Negroid– Less than 5 ft tall–Not as dark as African
Negroids and Melanesians but more bodily hair than the two
11 Major Racial Categories
7. Far Eastern Pygmies–Malay peninsula
(Indonesians, Luzon and Mindanao Islands)– Lips fairly thick–Head hair woolly– Skin color very dark,
slight bodily hair– 5 ft tall
11 Major Racial Categories
8. Australoids–Head hair nearly
straight to frizzly but mostly heavy–Much bodily hair– Features the same
with Caucasoid except the color of skin
11 Major Racial Categories
9. Bushman Hottentot– Eyelids epicanthic
folds similar with the Mongoloids
– Body hair is thin– Skin color not dark– Sport fat thighs and
buttocks– 5 ft tall
11 Major Racial Categories10. Ainus–Wavy hair–Lips thin–Bodily hair heavy–Hokkaido, Japan
11 Major Racial Categories11. Veddoid–Wavy to curly
hair–Some bodily
hair –Chocolate
brown skin
• Negroid– Forest Negro (Guinea Cost)– Melanesia (From Southern Asia
to Africa and Oceania)– Negrito (Central African
Pygmies/Negrillos and Far Eastern Pygmies)
– Bushman (Bantu, Forest negro, Sudanese and Bushman-Boskop)
– Sudanese (Nilotic Negroes/Nilotes)
– Hamite (East Africa, Sudan Mediterranean in built)
• Polynesians• Ladino (Latin Americans)• Neo Hawaiian (Hybrid of
Hawaiian, European and Polynesian)
Sub races