early childhood srbi - · pdf fileearly childhood srbi embedded strategies manual connecticut...
TRANSCRIPT
Embedded Strategies Manual
Connecticut State Department of Education ndash 2011
Early Childhood SRBI
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
CONNECTICUT STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
George A Coleman Acting Commissioner of Education
Division of Teaching Learning and Instructional Leadership
Marion H Martinez Associate Commissioner
Bureau of Teaching and Learning
Harriet FeldlauferBureau Chief
Michelle LevyEducation Consultant
Office of Planning Media and Constituent Services
Matthew J FalconerAssociate Education Consultant
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | contents i
Contents
Acknowledgments ii
Background 1
Structures to Support Implementation of Strategies 4
Selecting Evidence-based Strategies 4
Fidelity of Implementation 6
Additional Considerations 7
Children with disabilities 7
English language learners 7
Children with challenging behaviors 7
Strategies 9
Section 1 Continuum of Teaching Behaviors with Related Evidence-based Teaching Strategies 10
Section 2 Strategies by Selected Connecticut Preschool Assessment Framework Performance Standards 15
Personal amp Social 2 Sustains attention to taskgoal that the child has set out to accomplish 16
Personal amp Social 4 Manages transitions follows routines and rules 18
Personal amp Social 7 Interacts cooperatively with peers 20
Physical 2 Uses coordinated small-muscle movements 22
Cognitive 2 Uses a variety of strategies to solve problems 24
Cognitive 4 Recognizes and makes patterns 26
Cognitive 5 Compares and orders objects and events 28
Cognitive 6 Relates number to quantity 30
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences 32
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories 34
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech 36
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas 38
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pre-tend play 40
Appendix A Blank Planning Forms 42
Appendix B Evidence Base of Selected Strategies 47
References 49
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | acknowledgments ii
Acknowledgments The Early Childhood SRBI Strategies Manual was made possible through the hard work and dedication of numerous individuals The Connecticut Department of Education (CSDE) would like to extend appreciation to all who contributed to the development and review of this document
Writing Team Elizabeth Aschenbrenner Anne Marie Davidson Michelle Levy Teresa Surprenant
Recognition and Response Initiative Through generous funding from the Emily Hall Tremaine Foundation the CSDE in collaboration with the State Education Resource Center (SERC) and EASTCONN provided coaching to multiple preschool programs in the use of the Connecticut Preschool Curriculum Framework and the Preschool Assessment Framework as a basis for differentiating instruc-tion and providing support to students in need The hard work of coaches and preschool programs involved in this initiative guided the developmentof this publication
Recognition and Response Coaches Anne Mead Elsa Jones Conni Smith Paquita Jarman-Smith Cindy Smernoff Judith Bronson Debra Stipe Michele Pearson Julie Coakley Sue Vivian Anne Marie Davidson
Document Review and FeedbackDeb Adams Andrea Brinnel Roseanne Daigneault Marie Salazar Glowski Perri Murdica Charlene Tate-Nichols Gerri Rowell Training Wheels Coaches
1early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | background
Background
Early childhood SRBI (offers a system to determine whether the current curriculum and instruction is effective by examining data about wheth-
er children are making appropriate progress toward learning goals It also provides a system for determining who is not making progress and might need additional support Finally early childhood SRBI includes a system for monitoring the effectiveness of the supports that are put in place
Many of the key components articulated in the publication Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for All Students (2008) are appropriate for children throughout PreK-12 education In fact many aspects of SRBI are already present in high-quality preschool settings However several subtle differences exist in the implementation of SRBI in early childhood settings Some adjustments are necessary due to varia-tions in the delivery systems for preschool education while other adjust-ments are necessary due to the nature of young childrenrsquos development
In Connecticut 797 percent of students entering kindergarten in 2008 were reported to have had a preschool experience These experiences vary widely as to the amount of time spent in preschool and the type of set-ting in which the program is provided Possible preschool settings include state-funded preschool programs (School Readiness) Head Start local board of education programs and privately operated preschools One ex-ample of how the preschool setting may affect the implementation of SRBI is related to the differing staffing patterns A local board of education pro-gram may have credentialed teachers with planning time and access to specialists such as literacy coaches special educators or speech and lan-guage pathologists who may provide consultation on individual children A privately operated preschool program might have qualified teachers but no regularly scheduled planning time and no access to specialists to sup-port collaborative problem solving Such differences will have a significant impact on how early childhood SRBI might be structured in any given program
Consideration must be also given to what is known about child devel-opment when implementing this model in preschool and kindergarten
Developmental differences are especially important to consider when making decisions about assessment and strategies for support In Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How the National Research Council (2008) includes the following statement ldquoThe developmental and experiential variation in young children presents challenges for the strict application of RTIrsquos prescribed universal screening identification of low-performing children and tiered interventionrdquo Additionally the council states ldquomuch more research is needed on how to apply the assess-ment and intervention practices of multi-tiered models in a way that is consistent with what is known about young childrenrsquos developmentrdquo The Connecticut State Department of Educationrsquos (CSDE) guidance around early childhood SRBI combines current best practice in early childhood with the SRBI framework thereby working to ensure that all children re-ceive the support they need to benefit from their early childhood program while maintaining developmentally appropriate and effective practices
Assessment Information gathered through the use of standardized assessments in early childhood has some limitations due to the variation in childrenrsquos development childrenrsquos limited ability to express their knowledge and skills and the lack of familiarity and comfort with the testing situation Studies have shown that assessment measures in early childhood have lim-ited predictive value (LaParo and Pianta 2000 and Kim and Suen 2003) While these studies primarily considered aggregate data used for purposes of accountability the issues related to child development also mean that standardized assessment procedures are likely to offer limited informa-tion about individual children If programs select norm-referenced tools with standardized protocols they must be aware of the limitation of this information and find alternative ways to gain the additional information necessary to make sound decisions about instructional strategies and sup-ports for individual children
An alternative to standardized norm-referenced tools is the use of ob-servational criterion-referenced tools such as Connecticutrsquos Preschool Assessment Framework (PAF) Providing tiered interventions within the general classroom is a formalized method of modifying instructional practices Therefore the use of tools designed for the purposes of guiding
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | background 2
instruction such as the PAF would be appropriate One trade-off of choos-ing a criterion-referenced tool is that such tools typically rely on observa-tion over time and therefore do not provide for early identification of stu-dents in need of support However monitoring progress during childrenrsquos initial months in preschool allows children an opportunity to adjust to a new setting and to respond to the basic curriculum prior to determining if additional support is necessary
Supplemental supportAnother consideration must be made when planning for supports or in-terventions to be implemented in early childhood classrooms To foster engagement and self-direction early childhood classrooms are typical-ly set up to allow for a significant child choice resulting in a numerous center-based learning opportunities These structures designed to meet the needs of this developmental period lend themselves to interventions embedded in the context of the classroom instead of homogeneous small-group interventions common in older elementary grades Research sup-ports the use of embedded interventions (defined as ldquothe use of intentional teaching strategies to address a specific learning goal within the context of everyday activities routines and transitions at home at school or in the communityrdquo) with students ages 2 to 7 years with disabilities (Snyer etal 2007) Further research on the use of embedded strategies with non-disabled children would provide additional support for the use of such strategies in early childhood SRBI
When implementing early childhood SRBI issues related to child devel-opment and systems differences must be compared to the current models being implemented in higher grades and a continuum of practices ap-propriate for children across the years should be implemented The CSDE document Supporting All Children Early Childhood SRBI A Guide for Preschool Programs offers guidance to programs considering implanta-tion of SRBI in early childhood settings
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
CONNECTICUT STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
George A Coleman Acting Commissioner of Education
Division of Teaching Learning and Instructional Leadership
Marion H Martinez Associate Commissioner
Bureau of Teaching and Learning
Harriet FeldlauferBureau Chief
Michelle LevyEducation Consultant
Office of Planning Media and Constituent Services
Matthew J FalconerAssociate Education Consultant
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | contents i
Contents
Acknowledgments ii
Background 1
Structures to Support Implementation of Strategies 4
Selecting Evidence-based Strategies 4
Fidelity of Implementation 6
Additional Considerations 7
Children with disabilities 7
English language learners 7
Children with challenging behaviors 7
Strategies 9
Section 1 Continuum of Teaching Behaviors with Related Evidence-based Teaching Strategies 10
Section 2 Strategies by Selected Connecticut Preschool Assessment Framework Performance Standards 15
Personal amp Social 2 Sustains attention to taskgoal that the child has set out to accomplish 16
Personal amp Social 4 Manages transitions follows routines and rules 18
Personal amp Social 7 Interacts cooperatively with peers 20
Physical 2 Uses coordinated small-muscle movements 22
Cognitive 2 Uses a variety of strategies to solve problems 24
Cognitive 4 Recognizes and makes patterns 26
Cognitive 5 Compares and orders objects and events 28
Cognitive 6 Relates number to quantity 30
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences 32
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories 34
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech 36
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas 38
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pre-tend play 40
Appendix A Blank Planning Forms 42
Appendix B Evidence Base of Selected Strategies 47
References 49
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | acknowledgments ii
Acknowledgments The Early Childhood SRBI Strategies Manual was made possible through the hard work and dedication of numerous individuals The Connecticut Department of Education (CSDE) would like to extend appreciation to all who contributed to the development and review of this document
Writing Team Elizabeth Aschenbrenner Anne Marie Davidson Michelle Levy Teresa Surprenant
Recognition and Response Initiative Through generous funding from the Emily Hall Tremaine Foundation the CSDE in collaboration with the State Education Resource Center (SERC) and EASTCONN provided coaching to multiple preschool programs in the use of the Connecticut Preschool Curriculum Framework and the Preschool Assessment Framework as a basis for differentiating instruc-tion and providing support to students in need The hard work of coaches and preschool programs involved in this initiative guided the developmentof this publication
Recognition and Response Coaches Anne Mead Elsa Jones Conni Smith Paquita Jarman-Smith Cindy Smernoff Judith Bronson Debra Stipe Michele Pearson Julie Coakley Sue Vivian Anne Marie Davidson
Document Review and FeedbackDeb Adams Andrea Brinnel Roseanne Daigneault Marie Salazar Glowski Perri Murdica Charlene Tate-Nichols Gerri Rowell Training Wheels Coaches
1early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | background
Background
Early childhood SRBI (offers a system to determine whether the current curriculum and instruction is effective by examining data about wheth-
er children are making appropriate progress toward learning goals It also provides a system for determining who is not making progress and might need additional support Finally early childhood SRBI includes a system for monitoring the effectiveness of the supports that are put in place
Many of the key components articulated in the publication Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for All Students (2008) are appropriate for children throughout PreK-12 education In fact many aspects of SRBI are already present in high-quality preschool settings However several subtle differences exist in the implementation of SRBI in early childhood settings Some adjustments are necessary due to varia-tions in the delivery systems for preschool education while other adjust-ments are necessary due to the nature of young childrenrsquos development
In Connecticut 797 percent of students entering kindergarten in 2008 were reported to have had a preschool experience These experiences vary widely as to the amount of time spent in preschool and the type of set-ting in which the program is provided Possible preschool settings include state-funded preschool programs (School Readiness) Head Start local board of education programs and privately operated preschools One ex-ample of how the preschool setting may affect the implementation of SRBI is related to the differing staffing patterns A local board of education pro-gram may have credentialed teachers with planning time and access to specialists such as literacy coaches special educators or speech and lan-guage pathologists who may provide consultation on individual children A privately operated preschool program might have qualified teachers but no regularly scheduled planning time and no access to specialists to sup-port collaborative problem solving Such differences will have a significant impact on how early childhood SRBI might be structured in any given program
Consideration must be also given to what is known about child devel-opment when implementing this model in preschool and kindergarten
Developmental differences are especially important to consider when making decisions about assessment and strategies for support In Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How the National Research Council (2008) includes the following statement ldquoThe developmental and experiential variation in young children presents challenges for the strict application of RTIrsquos prescribed universal screening identification of low-performing children and tiered interventionrdquo Additionally the council states ldquomuch more research is needed on how to apply the assess-ment and intervention practices of multi-tiered models in a way that is consistent with what is known about young childrenrsquos developmentrdquo The Connecticut State Department of Educationrsquos (CSDE) guidance around early childhood SRBI combines current best practice in early childhood with the SRBI framework thereby working to ensure that all children re-ceive the support they need to benefit from their early childhood program while maintaining developmentally appropriate and effective practices
Assessment Information gathered through the use of standardized assessments in early childhood has some limitations due to the variation in childrenrsquos development childrenrsquos limited ability to express their knowledge and skills and the lack of familiarity and comfort with the testing situation Studies have shown that assessment measures in early childhood have lim-ited predictive value (LaParo and Pianta 2000 and Kim and Suen 2003) While these studies primarily considered aggregate data used for purposes of accountability the issues related to child development also mean that standardized assessment procedures are likely to offer limited informa-tion about individual children If programs select norm-referenced tools with standardized protocols they must be aware of the limitation of this information and find alternative ways to gain the additional information necessary to make sound decisions about instructional strategies and sup-ports for individual children
An alternative to standardized norm-referenced tools is the use of ob-servational criterion-referenced tools such as Connecticutrsquos Preschool Assessment Framework (PAF) Providing tiered interventions within the general classroom is a formalized method of modifying instructional practices Therefore the use of tools designed for the purposes of guiding
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | background 2
instruction such as the PAF would be appropriate One trade-off of choos-ing a criterion-referenced tool is that such tools typically rely on observa-tion over time and therefore do not provide for early identification of stu-dents in need of support However monitoring progress during childrenrsquos initial months in preschool allows children an opportunity to adjust to a new setting and to respond to the basic curriculum prior to determining if additional support is necessary
Supplemental supportAnother consideration must be made when planning for supports or in-terventions to be implemented in early childhood classrooms To foster engagement and self-direction early childhood classrooms are typical-ly set up to allow for a significant child choice resulting in a numerous center-based learning opportunities These structures designed to meet the needs of this developmental period lend themselves to interventions embedded in the context of the classroom instead of homogeneous small-group interventions common in older elementary grades Research sup-ports the use of embedded interventions (defined as ldquothe use of intentional teaching strategies to address a specific learning goal within the context of everyday activities routines and transitions at home at school or in the communityrdquo) with students ages 2 to 7 years with disabilities (Snyer etal 2007) Further research on the use of embedded strategies with non-disabled children would provide additional support for the use of such strategies in early childhood SRBI
When implementing early childhood SRBI issues related to child devel-opment and systems differences must be compared to the current models being implemented in higher grades and a continuum of practices ap-propriate for children across the years should be implemented The CSDE document Supporting All Children Early Childhood SRBI A Guide for Preschool Programs offers guidance to programs considering implanta-tion of SRBI in early childhood settings
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | contents i
Contents
Acknowledgments ii
Background 1
Structures to Support Implementation of Strategies 4
Selecting Evidence-based Strategies 4
Fidelity of Implementation 6
Additional Considerations 7
Children with disabilities 7
English language learners 7
Children with challenging behaviors 7
Strategies 9
Section 1 Continuum of Teaching Behaviors with Related Evidence-based Teaching Strategies 10
Section 2 Strategies by Selected Connecticut Preschool Assessment Framework Performance Standards 15
Personal amp Social 2 Sustains attention to taskgoal that the child has set out to accomplish 16
Personal amp Social 4 Manages transitions follows routines and rules 18
Personal amp Social 7 Interacts cooperatively with peers 20
Physical 2 Uses coordinated small-muscle movements 22
Cognitive 2 Uses a variety of strategies to solve problems 24
Cognitive 4 Recognizes and makes patterns 26
Cognitive 5 Compares and orders objects and events 28
Cognitive 6 Relates number to quantity 30
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences 32
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories 34
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech 36
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas 38
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pre-tend play 40
Appendix A Blank Planning Forms 42
Appendix B Evidence Base of Selected Strategies 47
References 49
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | acknowledgments ii
Acknowledgments The Early Childhood SRBI Strategies Manual was made possible through the hard work and dedication of numerous individuals The Connecticut Department of Education (CSDE) would like to extend appreciation to all who contributed to the development and review of this document
Writing Team Elizabeth Aschenbrenner Anne Marie Davidson Michelle Levy Teresa Surprenant
Recognition and Response Initiative Through generous funding from the Emily Hall Tremaine Foundation the CSDE in collaboration with the State Education Resource Center (SERC) and EASTCONN provided coaching to multiple preschool programs in the use of the Connecticut Preschool Curriculum Framework and the Preschool Assessment Framework as a basis for differentiating instruc-tion and providing support to students in need The hard work of coaches and preschool programs involved in this initiative guided the developmentof this publication
Recognition and Response Coaches Anne Mead Elsa Jones Conni Smith Paquita Jarman-Smith Cindy Smernoff Judith Bronson Debra Stipe Michele Pearson Julie Coakley Sue Vivian Anne Marie Davidson
Document Review and FeedbackDeb Adams Andrea Brinnel Roseanne Daigneault Marie Salazar Glowski Perri Murdica Charlene Tate-Nichols Gerri Rowell Training Wheels Coaches
1early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | background
Background
Early childhood SRBI (offers a system to determine whether the current curriculum and instruction is effective by examining data about wheth-
er children are making appropriate progress toward learning goals It also provides a system for determining who is not making progress and might need additional support Finally early childhood SRBI includes a system for monitoring the effectiveness of the supports that are put in place
Many of the key components articulated in the publication Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for All Students (2008) are appropriate for children throughout PreK-12 education In fact many aspects of SRBI are already present in high-quality preschool settings However several subtle differences exist in the implementation of SRBI in early childhood settings Some adjustments are necessary due to varia-tions in the delivery systems for preschool education while other adjust-ments are necessary due to the nature of young childrenrsquos development
In Connecticut 797 percent of students entering kindergarten in 2008 were reported to have had a preschool experience These experiences vary widely as to the amount of time spent in preschool and the type of set-ting in which the program is provided Possible preschool settings include state-funded preschool programs (School Readiness) Head Start local board of education programs and privately operated preschools One ex-ample of how the preschool setting may affect the implementation of SRBI is related to the differing staffing patterns A local board of education pro-gram may have credentialed teachers with planning time and access to specialists such as literacy coaches special educators or speech and lan-guage pathologists who may provide consultation on individual children A privately operated preschool program might have qualified teachers but no regularly scheduled planning time and no access to specialists to sup-port collaborative problem solving Such differences will have a significant impact on how early childhood SRBI might be structured in any given program
Consideration must be also given to what is known about child devel-opment when implementing this model in preschool and kindergarten
Developmental differences are especially important to consider when making decisions about assessment and strategies for support In Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How the National Research Council (2008) includes the following statement ldquoThe developmental and experiential variation in young children presents challenges for the strict application of RTIrsquos prescribed universal screening identification of low-performing children and tiered interventionrdquo Additionally the council states ldquomuch more research is needed on how to apply the assess-ment and intervention practices of multi-tiered models in a way that is consistent with what is known about young childrenrsquos developmentrdquo The Connecticut State Department of Educationrsquos (CSDE) guidance around early childhood SRBI combines current best practice in early childhood with the SRBI framework thereby working to ensure that all children re-ceive the support they need to benefit from their early childhood program while maintaining developmentally appropriate and effective practices
Assessment Information gathered through the use of standardized assessments in early childhood has some limitations due to the variation in childrenrsquos development childrenrsquos limited ability to express their knowledge and skills and the lack of familiarity and comfort with the testing situation Studies have shown that assessment measures in early childhood have lim-ited predictive value (LaParo and Pianta 2000 and Kim and Suen 2003) While these studies primarily considered aggregate data used for purposes of accountability the issues related to child development also mean that standardized assessment procedures are likely to offer limited informa-tion about individual children If programs select norm-referenced tools with standardized protocols they must be aware of the limitation of this information and find alternative ways to gain the additional information necessary to make sound decisions about instructional strategies and sup-ports for individual children
An alternative to standardized norm-referenced tools is the use of ob-servational criterion-referenced tools such as Connecticutrsquos Preschool Assessment Framework (PAF) Providing tiered interventions within the general classroom is a formalized method of modifying instructional practices Therefore the use of tools designed for the purposes of guiding
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | background 2
instruction such as the PAF would be appropriate One trade-off of choos-ing a criterion-referenced tool is that such tools typically rely on observa-tion over time and therefore do not provide for early identification of stu-dents in need of support However monitoring progress during childrenrsquos initial months in preschool allows children an opportunity to adjust to a new setting and to respond to the basic curriculum prior to determining if additional support is necessary
Supplemental supportAnother consideration must be made when planning for supports or in-terventions to be implemented in early childhood classrooms To foster engagement and self-direction early childhood classrooms are typical-ly set up to allow for a significant child choice resulting in a numerous center-based learning opportunities These structures designed to meet the needs of this developmental period lend themselves to interventions embedded in the context of the classroom instead of homogeneous small-group interventions common in older elementary grades Research sup-ports the use of embedded interventions (defined as ldquothe use of intentional teaching strategies to address a specific learning goal within the context of everyday activities routines and transitions at home at school or in the communityrdquo) with students ages 2 to 7 years with disabilities (Snyer etal 2007) Further research on the use of embedded strategies with non-disabled children would provide additional support for the use of such strategies in early childhood SRBI
When implementing early childhood SRBI issues related to child devel-opment and systems differences must be compared to the current models being implemented in higher grades and a continuum of practices ap-propriate for children across the years should be implemented The CSDE document Supporting All Children Early Childhood SRBI A Guide for Preschool Programs offers guidance to programs considering implanta-tion of SRBI in early childhood settings
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | acknowledgments ii
Acknowledgments The Early Childhood SRBI Strategies Manual was made possible through the hard work and dedication of numerous individuals The Connecticut Department of Education (CSDE) would like to extend appreciation to all who contributed to the development and review of this document
Writing Team Elizabeth Aschenbrenner Anne Marie Davidson Michelle Levy Teresa Surprenant
Recognition and Response Initiative Through generous funding from the Emily Hall Tremaine Foundation the CSDE in collaboration with the State Education Resource Center (SERC) and EASTCONN provided coaching to multiple preschool programs in the use of the Connecticut Preschool Curriculum Framework and the Preschool Assessment Framework as a basis for differentiating instruc-tion and providing support to students in need The hard work of coaches and preschool programs involved in this initiative guided the developmentof this publication
Recognition and Response Coaches Anne Mead Elsa Jones Conni Smith Paquita Jarman-Smith Cindy Smernoff Judith Bronson Debra Stipe Michele Pearson Julie Coakley Sue Vivian Anne Marie Davidson
Document Review and FeedbackDeb Adams Andrea Brinnel Roseanne Daigneault Marie Salazar Glowski Perri Murdica Charlene Tate-Nichols Gerri Rowell Training Wheels Coaches
1early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | background
Background
Early childhood SRBI (offers a system to determine whether the current curriculum and instruction is effective by examining data about wheth-
er children are making appropriate progress toward learning goals It also provides a system for determining who is not making progress and might need additional support Finally early childhood SRBI includes a system for monitoring the effectiveness of the supports that are put in place
Many of the key components articulated in the publication Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for All Students (2008) are appropriate for children throughout PreK-12 education In fact many aspects of SRBI are already present in high-quality preschool settings However several subtle differences exist in the implementation of SRBI in early childhood settings Some adjustments are necessary due to varia-tions in the delivery systems for preschool education while other adjust-ments are necessary due to the nature of young childrenrsquos development
In Connecticut 797 percent of students entering kindergarten in 2008 were reported to have had a preschool experience These experiences vary widely as to the amount of time spent in preschool and the type of set-ting in which the program is provided Possible preschool settings include state-funded preschool programs (School Readiness) Head Start local board of education programs and privately operated preschools One ex-ample of how the preschool setting may affect the implementation of SRBI is related to the differing staffing patterns A local board of education pro-gram may have credentialed teachers with planning time and access to specialists such as literacy coaches special educators or speech and lan-guage pathologists who may provide consultation on individual children A privately operated preschool program might have qualified teachers but no regularly scheduled planning time and no access to specialists to sup-port collaborative problem solving Such differences will have a significant impact on how early childhood SRBI might be structured in any given program
Consideration must be also given to what is known about child devel-opment when implementing this model in preschool and kindergarten
Developmental differences are especially important to consider when making decisions about assessment and strategies for support In Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How the National Research Council (2008) includes the following statement ldquoThe developmental and experiential variation in young children presents challenges for the strict application of RTIrsquos prescribed universal screening identification of low-performing children and tiered interventionrdquo Additionally the council states ldquomuch more research is needed on how to apply the assess-ment and intervention practices of multi-tiered models in a way that is consistent with what is known about young childrenrsquos developmentrdquo The Connecticut State Department of Educationrsquos (CSDE) guidance around early childhood SRBI combines current best practice in early childhood with the SRBI framework thereby working to ensure that all children re-ceive the support they need to benefit from their early childhood program while maintaining developmentally appropriate and effective practices
Assessment Information gathered through the use of standardized assessments in early childhood has some limitations due to the variation in childrenrsquos development childrenrsquos limited ability to express their knowledge and skills and the lack of familiarity and comfort with the testing situation Studies have shown that assessment measures in early childhood have lim-ited predictive value (LaParo and Pianta 2000 and Kim and Suen 2003) While these studies primarily considered aggregate data used for purposes of accountability the issues related to child development also mean that standardized assessment procedures are likely to offer limited informa-tion about individual children If programs select norm-referenced tools with standardized protocols they must be aware of the limitation of this information and find alternative ways to gain the additional information necessary to make sound decisions about instructional strategies and sup-ports for individual children
An alternative to standardized norm-referenced tools is the use of ob-servational criterion-referenced tools such as Connecticutrsquos Preschool Assessment Framework (PAF) Providing tiered interventions within the general classroom is a formalized method of modifying instructional practices Therefore the use of tools designed for the purposes of guiding
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | background 2
instruction such as the PAF would be appropriate One trade-off of choos-ing a criterion-referenced tool is that such tools typically rely on observa-tion over time and therefore do not provide for early identification of stu-dents in need of support However monitoring progress during childrenrsquos initial months in preschool allows children an opportunity to adjust to a new setting and to respond to the basic curriculum prior to determining if additional support is necessary
Supplemental supportAnother consideration must be made when planning for supports or in-terventions to be implemented in early childhood classrooms To foster engagement and self-direction early childhood classrooms are typical-ly set up to allow for a significant child choice resulting in a numerous center-based learning opportunities These structures designed to meet the needs of this developmental period lend themselves to interventions embedded in the context of the classroom instead of homogeneous small-group interventions common in older elementary grades Research sup-ports the use of embedded interventions (defined as ldquothe use of intentional teaching strategies to address a specific learning goal within the context of everyday activities routines and transitions at home at school or in the communityrdquo) with students ages 2 to 7 years with disabilities (Snyer etal 2007) Further research on the use of embedded strategies with non-disabled children would provide additional support for the use of such strategies in early childhood SRBI
When implementing early childhood SRBI issues related to child devel-opment and systems differences must be compared to the current models being implemented in higher grades and a continuum of practices ap-propriate for children across the years should be implemented The CSDE document Supporting All Children Early Childhood SRBI A Guide for Preschool Programs offers guidance to programs considering implanta-tion of SRBI in early childhood settings
1early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | background
Background
Early childhood SRBI (offers a system to determine whether the current curriculum and instruction is effective by examining data about wheth-
er children are making appropriate progress toward learning goals It also provides a system for determining who is not making progress and might need additional support Finally early childhood SRBI includes a system for monitoring the effectiveness of the supports that are put in place
Many of the key components articulated in the publication Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for All Students (2008) are appropriate for children throughout PreK-12 education In fact many aspects of SRBI are already present in high-quality preschool settings However several subtle differences exist in the implementation of SRBI in early childhood settings Some adjustments are necessary due to varia-tions in the delivery systems for preschool education while other adjust-ments are necessary due to the nature of young childrenrsquos development
In Connecticut 797 percent of students entering kindergarten in 2008 were reported to have had a preschool experience These experiences vary widely as to the amount of time spent in preschool and the type of set-ting in which the program is provided Possible preschool settings include state-funded preschool programs (School Readiness) Head Start local board of education programs and privately operated preschools One ex-ample of how the preschool setting may affect the implementation of SRBI is related to the differing staffing patterns A local board of education pro-gram may have credentialed teachers with planning time and access to specialists such as literacy coaches special educators or speech and lan-guage pathologists who may provide consultation on individual children A privately operated preschool program might have qualified teachers but no regularly scheduled planning time and no access to specialists to sup-port collaborative problem solving Such differences will have a significant impact on how early childhood SRBI might be structured in any given program
Consideration must be also given to what is known about child devel-opment when implementing this model in preschool and kindergarten
Developmental differences are especially important to consider when making decisions about assessment and strategies for support In Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How the National Research Council (2008) includes the following statement ldquoThe developmental and experiential variation in young children presents challenges for the strict application of RTIrsquos prescribed universal screening identification of low-performing children and tiered interventionrdquo Additionally the council states ldquomuch more research is needed on how to apply the assess-ment and intervention practices of multi-tiered models in a way that is consistent with what is known about young childrenrsquos developmentrdquo The Connecticut State Department of Educationrsquos (CSDE) guidance around early childhood SRBI combines current best practice in early childhood with the SRBI framework thereby working to ensure that all children re-ceive the support they need to benefit from their early childhood program while maintaining developmentally appropriate and effective practices
Assessment Information gathered through the use of standardized assessments in early childhood has some limitations due to the variation in childrenrsquos development childrenrsquos limited ability to express their knowledge and skills and the lack of familiarity and comfort with the testing situation Studies have shown that assessment measures in early childhood have lim-ited predictive value (LaParo and Pianta 2000 and Kim and Suen 2003) While these studies primarily considered aggregate data used for purposes of accountability the issues related to child development also mean that standardized assessment procedures are likely to offer limited informa-tion about individual children If programs select norm-referenced tools with standardized protocols they must be aware of the limitation of this information and find alternative ways to gain the additional information necessary to make sound decisions about instructional strategies and sup-ports for individual children
An alternative to standardized norm-referenced tools is the use of ob-servational criterion-referenced tools such as Connecticutrsquos Preschool Assessment Framework (PAF) Providing tiered interventions within the general classroom is a formalized method of modifying instructional practices Therefore the use of tools designed for the purposes of guiding
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | background 2
instruction such as the PAF would be appropriate One trade-off of choos-ing a criterion-referenced tool is that such tools typically rely on observa-tion over time and therefore do not provide for early identification of stu-dents in need of support However monitoring progress during childrenrsquos initial months in preschool allows children an opportunity to adjust to a new setting and to respond to the basic curriculum prior to determining if additional support is necessary
Supplemental supportAnother consideration must be made when planning for supports or in-terventions to be implemented in early childhood classrooms To foster engagement and self-direction early childhood classrooms are typical-ly set up to allow for a significant child choice resulting in a numerous center-based learning opportunities These structures designed to meet the needs of this developmental period lend themselves to interventions embedded in the context of the classroom instead of homogeneous small-group interventions common in older elementary grades Research sup-ports the use of embedded interventions (defined as ldquothe use of intentional teaching strategies to address a specific learning goal within the context of everyday activities routines and transitions at home at school or in the communityrdquo) with students ages 2 to 7 years with disabilities (Snyer etal 2007) Further research on the use of embedded strategies with non-disabled children would provide additional support for the use of such strategies in early childhood SRBI
When implementing early childhood SRBI issues related to child devel-opment and systems differences must be compared to the current models being implemented in higher grades and a continuum of practices ap-propriate for children across the years should be implemented The CSDE document Supporting All Children Early Childhood SRBI A Guide for Preschool Programs offers guidance to programs considering implanta-tion of SRBI in early childhood settings
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | background 2
instruction such as the PAF would be appropriate One trade-off of choos-ing a criterion-referenced tool is that such tools typically rely on observa-tion over time and therefore do not provide for early identification of stu-dents in need of support However monitoring progress during childrenrsquos initial months in preschool allows children an opportunity to adjust to a new setting and to respond to the basic curriculum prior to determining if additional support is necessary
Supplemental supportAnother consideration must be made when planning for supports or in-terventions to be implemented in early childhood classrooms To foster engagement and self-direction early childhood classrooms are typical-ly set up to allow for a significant child choice resulting in a numerous center-based learning opportunities These structures designed to meet the needs of this developmental period lend themselves to interventions embedded in the context of the classroom instead of homogeneous small-group interventions common in older elementary grades Research sup-ports the use of embedded interventions (defined as ldquothe use of intentional teaching strategies to address a specific learning goal within the context of everyday activities routines and transitions at home at school or in the communityrdquo) with students ages 2 to 7 years with disabilities (Snyer etal 2007) Further research on the use of embedded strategies with non-disabled children would provide additional support for the use of such strategies in early childhood SRBI
When implementing early childhood SRBI issues related to child devel-opment and systems differences must be compared to the current models being implemented in higher grades and a continuum of practices ap-propriate for children across the years should be implemented The CSDE document Supporting All Children Early Childhood SRBI A Guide for Preschool Programs offers guidance to programs considering implanta-tion of SRBI in early childhood settings
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | structures to support implementation of strategies 4
Selecting Evidence-based Strategies At the heart of early childhood SRBI are curriculum and instructional strategies proven effective for the population to be served The gold stan-dard of evidence is typically considered to be rigorous scientific research However it is often challenging to find intervention strategies that have undergone rigorous scientific study in early childhood and indeed the limitations associated with assessment in early childhood often hinder research in this area as well Therefore it is appropriate to consider strategies for which rigorous research exists to support their use as well as practices for which you have first-hand knowledge of their effectiveness
Many general strategies have a basis of em-pirical evidence and may be easily adapted to multiple standards settings and interven-tionists These types of strategies often are easily embedded within the context of the early childhood classroom and do not require a significant investment on the part of pre-school programs Instead resources may be devoted to promoting the intentional use of these strategies collecting data on the success of these strategies and collaboration in meet-ing the needs of individual children
Structures to Support Implementation of Strategies
Supporting All Children Early Childhood SRBI A Guide for Preschool Programs offers information and guiding questions regarding the imple-mentation of early childhood SRBI Additional questions may need to be asked when considering strategies for support While specific strategies for individual children are decided as a part of collaborative problem solv-ing programs need to consider several general issues related to providing support to children
bull What types of intervention strategies can be implemented appropri-ately given current staffing patterns Is there a potential for changing staffing patterns to allow for additional individualized support
bull How will strategies be embedded within the daily routine
bull If similar embedded strategies are used across all tiers what will look different at Tier II and Tier III Will we change strategies increase the frequency or continue to focus on specific performance standards for children who have not made significant progress
bull How will the implementation of strategies at Tier II and Tier III be documented
Creativity and flexibility in staffing patterns and classroom routines can go a long way in implementing Early Childhood SRBI however programs need to be realistic about available resources to ensure that supports are manageable and are integrated into the program in a meaningful pur-poseful and sustainable way
ldquohellip evidence-based practice draws on research knowledge craft knowledge (also known as professional wisdom) and the values and beliefs of practitioners and those of the families and communities they serverdquo mdash Jack Shonkoff From Evidence-Based Practice in Early Childhood
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | selecting evidence-based strategies 5
for at least one improvement outcomerdquo After considering the evidence available programs may opt to select strategies outlined on this Web site however these interventions are not considered in depth in this manual
It is important to remember that a key component of early childhood SRBI is examining the data available on childrenrsquos skills and progress and using this information to guide adjustments to curriculum and instruction The results of the data collected provide the ldquoevidencerdquo that a particular prac-tice is effective for this classroom or a particular child This component is critical whether or not rigorous scientific research on this practice exists
When selecting strategies to use with children who need additional sup-port the key curriculum components considered for Tier 1 provide a help-ful framework for decision-making Below are the essential components of curriculum with special considerations for Tier II and Tier III support
Performance standardsStrategies are determined by considering childrenrsquos progress across the benchmarks and identifying targeted strategies based on information about their skills needs and learning styles
AssessmentDecisions must be made about how to assess student progress and how to determine if a particular strategy or set of strategies is working Progress monitoring in early childhood may be embedded within the intervention and simply consist of the teacher documenting a childrsquos response to strate-gies on a regular basis
ContentDevelopmental skills and knowledge across content areas are highly in-terrelated in the early childhood years When planning for supplemental supports one should look for opportunities to integrate learning across developmental domains and content areas while still implementing strat-egies intentionally targeting a particular skill
Processes and experiencesIncreasing the number of opportunities and experiences to address a par-ticular standard is a key strategy to support students Including families in the problem-solving team allows them the opportunity to include experi-ences aimed at increasing a particular skill at home
Note Families are not required to implement supports andor strategies If they wish to be involved and are able to support skill acquisition at home these strategies would not replace the implementation of supplemental sup-ports in an educational setting
Teacher interaction Teacher behaviors (the words and actions that support childrenrsquos learn-ing) are a critical piece of intentionally planning intervention strategies Planning for the types of questions and prompts that promote childrenrsquos growth and learning across the benchmarks is an important teaching strat-egy However fully scripted lessons are not appropriate for early child-hood and teachers should be able to respond to changing variables in any situation
Environment materials and schedulingIt is important to explore how the organization of the environment sched-ule and materials support learning Altering the environment materials andor schedule can provide for increased opportunities to address a skill within the context of the daily routine or may provide a more conducive learning environment for students
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | fidelity of implementation 6
Fidelity of Implementation
The term ldquofidelity of implementationrdquo refers to the extent to which a curriculum or instructional practice is done in the way it was intended Determining the fidelity of implementation of strategies that are embed-ded within the context of a preschool classroom is particularly challeng-ing Therefore ongoing communication reflection a system for docu-mentation and ample time for group meetings is critical to ensure that implementation of strategies to support learners is effective
Here are some key points to consider when working to ensure fidelity of implementation
Is the intervention being provided When embedding interventions in the daily routine it is especially im-portant to have a system for recording the frequency of the intervention Consider the following scenario
Juan is able to recite numbers and identify numerals in both Spanish and English however he continues to struggle with the concept of numeracy and does not demonstrate one-to-one correspondence Therefore after reviewing the data related to his skills the teachers plan to target instruction toward the per-formance standard ldquoRelates number to quantityrdquo Program staff members have created new routines to allow additional oppor-tunities to address this skill For example they have incorporat-ed opportunities for Juan to count classmates during transitions and have discussed in depth the type of guidance (modeling prompting strategies etc) They will provide to support Juan They will also use these strategies with Juan when opportunities arise in centers
In this scenario it is important that the teacher and assistant teacher have a process for recording how many times a day they provide this support to Juan A simple tally sheet may prove to be a useful strategy in this instance
Does everyone providing the intervention understand the tar-geted skill and the corresponding strategies Many of the strategies outlined in this manual rely on teacher language behavior and guidance tailored to a particular circumstance When in-terventions are individualized and provided in a natural context there is typically not a specific script and may not be a specific protocol to follow Therefore ensuring fidelity of implementation requires a great deal of on-going communication Any individual who is implementing an interven-tion strategy should understand the targeted skills the specific strengths and areas of needs for the child and understand the specific strategies for support selected for this child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | additional considerations 7
Maintaining environments that build strong relation-ships with children and families supporting childrenrsquos emotional well-be-ing through a positive environment and building critical personal-social skills will help to prevent many challenging behaviors However some
Additional Considerations Children with disabilities Children with disabilities may receive services from a special education teacher or other specialist as indicated in an Individualized Education Program (IEP) Regular communication will help to ensure that services and strategies provided by specialists will complement the interventions implemented as part of the early childhood SRBI process
If possible including specialists from the Planning and Placement Team (PPT) in the collaborative problem-solving process may help promote consistency and communication regarding a childrsquos needs and progress It is important to remember that if a student is receiv-ing special education services he or she still partici-pates in core curriculum and instruction and may also receive supplemental supports within the classroom for skill areas impacted by their disability The student may also require supports in other domains
Finally you may need to consider a childrsquos disability when determining if supplemental supports are war-ranted For example if a child has a speech and lan-guage delay he or she may be able to demonstrate an ability to relate number to quantity in a nonverbal fash-ion in which case an intervention related to relating number to quantity would not currently be warranted
English language learnersSpecial considerations arise when using this frame-work with children who are dual language learners Assessment of skills and knowledge must be done with an understanding of a childrsquos language development in both English and hisher first language Practitioners who are making decisions regarding interventions should understand dual language development and appropriate ways to support students who are learning multiple languages at a young age
Children with challenging behaviorsIn 2005 Walter Gilliam reported expulsion rates in preschool that were three times higher than those in K-12 education This report highlights the need for supports to address challenging behaviors within the pre-school classroom Therefore the application of a model of tiered supports to address behavior andor mental health needs is a critical component of early childhood SRBI While this manual includes examples of strategies to support the development of selected personal-social skills it does not fully address supporting children with challenging behaviors Because of the multitude of resources already available related to supporting children with challenging behaviors this manual instead focuses on teaching strat-egies for which there are fewer resources available
ldquohellip When RTI is implemented with culturally and linguistically diverse learners it is critical that the pre-referral intervention process is culturally and linguistically responsive that is educators must ensure that studentsrsquo socio-cultural linguistic racialethnic and other relevant background characteristics are addressed at all stages including reviewing student performance considering reasons for student difficulty or failure designing alternative interventions and interpreting assessment resultsrdquo mdash Ortiz 2002
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | additional considerations 8
children will require additional supports and strategies Accessing the re-sources available from organizations such as TACSEI can help determine appropriate strategies Drawing upon the expertise of professionals avail-able within an organization such as a school psychologist or mental health coordinator can also be instrumental in determining appropriate sup-ports to meet childrenrsquos needs In addition various programs throughout Connecticut also offer early childhood mental health consultation or refer-rals that may be useful in meeting the needs of those children who exhibit challenging behaviors (eg Early Childhood Consultation Partnership Building Blocks)
Acknowledge Model Facilitate Support Scaffold Co-construct Demonstrate DirectTeachers attend
to children by placing
themselves at an activity and demonstrating interest They
focus attention on childrenrsquos
behaviors They provide positive encouragement
listen well and watch
carefully and thoughtfully
For example sitting with a
child while they make something out of playdough
and talking about what the
child is doing in a positive tone
Teachers display for
children a skill or
desirable way of
behaving in the
classroom through
actions only or with cues prompts or comments
For example suggesting to a child to say ldquoMay I have a turn nextrdquowhen they seem
interested in an item in the possession of another child
Teachers offer short-term
assistance to help a child achieve the next level of functioning
For example holding a
childrsquos paper as heshe cuts with scissors
Teachers provide a
fixed form of assistance to help a child achieve the next level of functioning
For example labeling the
backs of puzzle pieces to
indicate which puzzle they belong to
Teachers set up
challenges or assist
children to work ldquoon
the edgerdquo of their current competence
For example after a child has created a simple AB
patterns ask him
her to add additional
items in order to make a
more complex pattern
ABB or ABC pattern
Teachers learn or work
collaboratively with children on a problem or task such as building
a model or block
structure
For example working side-by-side with a child to build
a model or block structure
with both teacher and
child actively participating
in building and problem
solving
Teachers actively
display a behavior or engage in an activity
while having children
observe the outcome
For example showing a child how
to arrange 3 blocks in order
of size and have a figure ldquowalk up the
stairsrdquo
Teachers provide specific
directions andor
physical help to direct childrenrsquos behavior
For example telling a child to put the red
item in the red bowl during
a learning experience
that involves sorting
EXAMPLES
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | strategies 9
In Reaching Potentials Transforming Early Childhood Curriculum and Assessment Vol2 (1995) Sue Bredekamp and Teresa Rosegrant describe the dif-ferent levels of assistance that teachers provide as they support childrenrsquos learning The chart below is adapted from this publication to include example for each level of assistance
Strategies
Chart 1 Continuum of Teaching Behaviors
NONDIRECTIVE MEDIATING DIRECTIVE
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | selecting evidence-based strategies 5
for at least one improvement outcomerdquo After considering the evidence available programs may opt to select strategies outlined on this Web site however these interventions are not considered in depth in this manual
It is important to remember that a key component of early childhood SRBI is examining the data available on childrenrsquos skills and progress and using this information to guide adjustments to curriculum and instruction The results of the data collected provide the ldquoevidencerdquo that a particular prac-tice is effective for this classroom or a particular child This component is critical whether or not rigorous scientific research on this practice exists
When selecting strategies to use with children who need additional sup-port the key curriculum components considered for Tier 1 provide a help-ful framework for decision-making Below are the essential components of curriculum with special considerations for Tier II and Tier III support
Performance standardsStrategies are determined by considering childrenrsquos progress across the benchmarks and identifying targeted strategies based on information about their skills needs and learning styles
AssessmentDecisions must be made about how to assess student progress and how to determine if a particular strategy or set of strategies is working Progress monitoring in early childhood may be embedded within the intervention and simply consist of the teacher documenting a childrsquos response to strate-gies on a regular basis
ContentDevelopmental skills and knowledge across content areas are highly in-terrelated in the early childhood years When planning for supplemental supports one should look for opportunities to integrate learning across developmental domains and content areas while still implementing strat-egies intentionally targeting a particular skill
Processes and experiencesIncreasing the number of opportunities and experiences to address a par-ticular standard is a key strategy to support students Including families in the problem-solving team allows them the opportunity to include experi-ences aimed at increasing a particular skill at home
Note Families are not required to implement supports andor strategies If they wish to be involved and are able to support skill acquisition at home these strategies would not replace the implementation of supplemental sup-ports in an educational setting
Teacher interaction Teacher behaviors (the words and actions that support childrenrsquos learn-ing) are a critical piece of intentionally planning intervention strategies Planning for the types of questions and prompts that promote childrenrsquos growth and learning across the benchmarks is an important teaching strat-egy However fully scripted lessons are not appropriate for early child-hood and teachers should be able to respond to changing variables in any situation
Environment materials and schedulingIt is important to explore how the organization of the environment sched-ule and materials support learning Altering the environment materials andor schedule can provide for increased opportunities to address a skill within the context of the daily routine or may provide a more conducive learning environment for students
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | fidelity of implementation 6
Fidelity of Implementation
The term ldquofidelity of implementationrdquo refers to the extent to which a curriculum or instructional practice is done in the way it was intended Determining the fidelity of implementation of strategies that are embed-ded within the context of a preschool classroom is particularly challeng-ing Therefore ongoing communication reflection a system for docu-mentation and ample time for group meetings is critical to ensure that implementation of strategies to support learners is effective
Here are some key points to consider when working to ensure fidelity of implementation
Is the intervention being provided When embedding interventions in the daily routine it is especially im-portant to have a system for recording the frequency of the intervention Consider the following scenario
Juan is able to recite numbers and identify numerals in both Spanish and English however he continues to struggle with the concept of numeracy and does not demonstrate one-to-one correspondence Therefore after reviewing the data related to his skills the teachers plan to target instruction toward the per-formance standard ldquoRelates number to quantityrdquo Program staff members have created new routines to allow additional oppor-tunities to address this skill For example they have incorporat-ed opportunities for Juan to count classmates during transitions and have discussed in depth the type of guidance (modeling prompting strategies etc) They will provide to support Juan They will also use these strategies with Juan when opportunities arise in centers
In this scenario it is important that the teacher and assistant teacher have a process for recording how many times a day they provide this support to Juan A simple tally sheet may prove to be a useful strategy in this instance
Does everyone providing the intervention understand the tar-geted skill and the corresponding strategies Many of the strategies outlined in this manual rely on teacher language behavior and guidance tailored to a particular circumstance When in-terventions are individualized and provided in a natural context there is typically not a specific script and may not be a specific protocol to follow Therefore ensuring fidelity of implementation requires a great deal of on-going communication Any individual who is implementing an interven-tion strategy should understand the targeted skills the specific strengths and areas of needs for the child and understand the specific strategies for support selected for this child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | additional considerations 7
Maintaining environments that build strong relation-ships with children and families supporting childrenrsquos emotional well-be-ing through a positive environment and building critical personal-social skills will help to prevent many challenging behaviors However some
Additional Considerations Children with disabilities Children with disabilities may receive services from a special education teacher or other specialist as indicated in an Individualized Education Program (IEP) Regular communication will help to ensure that services and strategies provided by specialists will complement the interventions implemented as part of the early childhood SRBI process
If possible including specialists from the Planning and Placement Team (PPT) in the collaborative problem-solving process may help promote consistency and communication regarding a childrsquos needs and progress It is important to remember that if a student is receiv-ing special education services he or she still partici-pates in core curriculum and instruction and may also receive supplemental supports within the classroom for skill areas impacted by their disability The student may also require supports in other domains
Finally you may need to consider a childrsquos disability when determining if supplemental supports are war-ranted For example if a child has a speech and lan-guage delay he or she may be able to demonstrate an ability to relate number to quantity in a nonverbal fash-ion in which case an intervention related to relating number to quantity would not currently be warranted
English language learnersSpecial considerations arise when using this frame-work with children who are dual language learners Assessment of skills and knowledge must be done with an understanding of a childrsquos language development in both English and hisher first language Practitioners who are making decisions regarding interventions should understand dual language development and appropriate ways to support students who are learning multiple languages at a young age
Children with challenging behaviorsIn 2005 Walter Gilliam reported expulsion rates in preschool that were three times higher than those in K-12 education This report highlights the need for supports to address challenging behaviors within the pre-school classroom Therefore the application of a model of tiered supports to address behavior andor mental health needs is a critical component of early childhood SRBI While this manual includes examples of strategies to support the development of selected personal-social skills it does not fully address supporting children with challenging behaviors Because of the multitude of resources already available related to supporting children with challenging behaviors this manual instead focuses on teaching strat-egies for which there are fewer resources available
ldquohellip When RTI is implemented with culturally and linguistically diverse learners it is critical that the pre-referral intervention process is culturally and linguistically responsive that is educators must ensure that studentsrsquo socio-cultural linguistic racialethnic and other relevant background characteristics are addressed at all stages including reviewing student performance considering reasons for student difficulty or failure designing alternative interventions and interpreting assessment resultsrdquo mdash Ortiz 2002
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | additional considerations 8
children will require additional supports and strategies Accessing the re-sources available from organizations such as TACSEI can help determine appropriate strategies Drawing upon the expertise of professionals avail-able within an organization such as a school psychologist or mental health coordinator can also be instrumental in determining appropriate sup-ports to meet childrenrsquos needs In addition various programs throughout Connecticut also offer early childhood mental health consultation or refer-rals that may be useful in meeting the needs of those children who exhibit challenging behaviors (eg Early Childhood Consultation Partnership Building Blocks)
Acknowledge Model Facilitate Support Scaffold Co-construct Demonstrate DirectTeachers attend
to children by placing
themselves at an activity and demonstrating interest They
focus attention on childrenrsquos
behaviors They provide positive encouragement
listen well and watch
carefully and thoughtfully
For example sitting with a
child while they make something out of playdough
and talking about what the
child is doing in a positive tone
Teachers display for
children a skill or
desirable way of
behaving in the
classroom through
actions only or with cues prompts or comments
For example suggesting to a child to say ldquoMay I have a turn nextrdquowhen they seem
interested in an item in the possession of another child
Teachers offer short-term
assistance to help a child achieve the next level of functioning
For example holding a
childrsquos paper as heshe cuts with scissors
Teachers provide a
fixed form of assistance to help a child achieve the next level of functioning
For example labeling the
backs of puzzle pieces to
indicate which puzzle they belong to
Teachers set up
challenges or assist
children to work ldquoon
the edgerdquo of their current competence
For example after a child has created a simple AB
patterns ask him
her to add additional
items in order to make a
more complex pattern
ABB or ABC pattern
Teachers learn or work
collaboratively with children on a problem or task such as building
a model or block
structure
For example working side-by-side with a child to build
a model or block structure
with both teacher and
child actively participating
in building and problem
solving
Teachers actively
display a behavior or engage in an activity
while having children
observe the outcome
For example showing a child how
to arrange 3 blocks in order
of size and have a figure ldquowalk up the
stairsrdquo
Teachers provide specific
directions andor
physical help to direct childrenrsquos behavior
For example telling a child to put the red
item in the red bowl during
a learning experience
that involves sorting
EXAMPLES
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | strategies 9
In Reaching Potentials Transforming Early Childhood Curriculum and Assessment Vol2 (1995) Sue Bredekamp and Teresa Rosegrant describe the dif-ferent levels of assistance that teachers provide as they support childrenrsquos learning The chart below is adapted from this publication to include example for each level of assistance
Strategies
Chart 1 Continuum of Teaching Behaviors
NONDIRECTIVE MEDIATING DIRECTIVE
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | fidelity of implementation 6
Fidelity of Implementation
The term ldquofidelity of implementationrdquo refers to the extent to which a curriculum or instructional practice is done in the way it was intended Determining the fidelity of implementation of strategies that are embed-ded within the context of a preschool classroom is particularly challeng-ing Therefore ongoing communication reflection a system for docu-mentation and ample time for group meetings is critical to ensure that implementation of strategies to support learners is effective
Here are some key points to consider when working to ensure fidelity of implementation
Is the intervention being provided When embedding interventions in the daily routine it is especially im-portant to have a system for recording the frequency of the intervention Consider the following scenario
Juan is able to recite numbers and identify numerals in both Spanish and English however he continues to struggle with the concept of numeracy and does not demonstrate one-to-one correspondence Therefore after reviewing the data related to his skills the teachers plan to target instruction toward the per-formance standard ldquoRelates number to quantityrdquo Program staff members have created new routines to allow additional oppor-tunities to address this skill For example they have incorporat-ed opportunities for Juan to count classmates during transitions and have discussed in depth the type of guidance (modeling prompting strategies etc) They will provide to support Juan They will also use these strategies with Juan when opportunities arise in centers
In this scenario it is important that the teacher and assistant teacher have a process for recording how many times a day they provide this support to Juan A simple tally sheet may prove to be a useful strategy in this instance
Does everyone providing the intervention understand the tar-geted skill and the corresponding strategies Many of the strategies outlined in this manual rely on teacher language behavior and guidance tailored to a particular circumstance When in-terventions are individualized and provided in a natural context there is typically not a specific script and may not be a specific protocol to follow Therefore ensuring fidelity of implementation requires a great deal of on-going communication Any individual who is implementing an interven-tion strategy should understand the targeted skills the specific strengths and areas of needs for the child and understand the specific strategies for support selected for this child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | additional considerations 7
Maintaining environments that build strong relation-ships with children and families supporting childrenrsquos emotional well-be-ing through a positive environment and building critical personal-social skills will help to prevent many challenging behaviors However some
Additional Considerations Children with disabilities Children with disabilities may receive services from a special education teacher or other specialist as indicated in an Individualized Education Program (IEP) Regular communication will help to ensure that services and strategies provided by specialists will complement the interventions implemented as part of the early childhood SRBI process
If possible including specialists from the Planning and Placement Team (PPT) in the collaborative problem-solving process may help promote consistency and communication regarding a childrsquos needs and progress It is important to remember that if a student is receiv-ing special education services he or she still partici-pates in core curriculum and instruction and may also receive supplemental supports within the classroom for skill areas impacted by their disability The student may also require supports in other domains
Finally you may need to consider a childrsquos disability when determining if supplemental supports are war-ranted For example if a child has a speech and lan-guage delay he or she may be able to demonstrate an ability to relate number to quantity in a nonverbal fash-ion in which case an intervention related to relating number to quantity would not currently be warranted
English language learnersSpecial considerations arise when using this frame-work with children who are dual language learners Assessment of skills and knowledge must be done with an understanding of a childrsquos language development in both English and hisher first language Practitioners who are making decisions regarding interventions should understand dual language development and appropriate ways to support students who are learning multiple languages at a young age
Children with challenging behaviorsIn 2005 Walter Gilliam reported expulsion rates in preschool that were three times higher than those in K-12 education This report highlights the need for supports to address challenging behaviors within the pre-school classroom Therefore the application of a model of tiered supports to address behavior andor mental health needs is a critical component of early childhood SRBI While this manual includes examples of strategies to support the development of selected personal-social skills it does not fully address supporting children with challenging behaviors Because of the multitude of resources already available related to supporting children with challenging behaviors this manual instead focuses on teaching strat-egies for which there are fewer resources available
ldquohellip When RTI is implemented with culturally and linguistically diverse learners it is critical that the pre-referral intervention process is culturally and linguistically responsive that is educators must ensure that studentsrsquo socio-cultural linguistic racialethnic and other relevant background characteristics are addressed at all stages including reviewing student performance considering reasons for student difficulty or failure designing alternative interventions and interpreting assessment resultsrdquo mdash Ortiz 2002
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | additional considerations 8
children will require additional supports and strategies Accessing the re-sources available from organizations such as TACSEI can help determine appropriate strategies Drawing upon the expertise of professionals avail-able within an organization such as a school psychologist or mental health coordinator can also be instrumental in determining appropriate sup-ports to meet childrenrsquos needs In addition various programs throughout Connecticut also offer early childhood mental health consultation or refer-rals that may be useful in meeting the needs of those children who exhibit challenging behaviors (eg Early Childhood Consultation Partnership Building Blocks)
Acknowledge Model Facilitate Support Scaffold Co-construct Demonstrate DirectTeachers attend
to children by placing
themselves at an activity and demonstrating interest They
focus attention on childrenrsquos
behaviors They provide positive encouragement
listen well and watch
carefully and thoughtfully
For example sitting with a
child while they make something out of playdough
and talking about what the
child is doing in a positive tone
Teachers display for
children a skill or
desirable way of
behaving in the
classroom through
actions only or with cues prompts or comments
For example suggesting to a child to say ldquoMay I have a turn nextrdquowhen they seem
interested in an item in the possession of another child
Teachers offer short-term
assistance to help a child achieve the next level of functioning
For example holding a
childrsquos paper as heshe cuts with scissors
Teachers provide a
fixed form of assistance to help a child achieve the next level of functioning
For example labeling the
backs of puzzle pieces to
indicate which puzzle they belong to
Teachers set up
challenges or assist
children to work ldquoon
the edgerdquo of their current competence
For example after a child has created a simple AB
patterns ask him
her to add additional
items in order to make a
more complex pattern
ABB or ABC pattern
Teachers learn or work
collaboratively with children on a problem or task such as building
a model or block
structure
For example working side-by-side with a child to build
a model or block structure
with both teacher and
child actively participating
in building and problem
solving
Teachers actively
display a behavior or engage in an activity
while having children
observe the outcome
For example showing a child how
to arrange 3 blocks in order
of size and have a figure ldquowalk up the
stairsrdquo
Teachers provide specific
directions andor
physical help to direct childrenrsquos behavior
For example telling a child to put the red
item in the red bowl during
a learning experience
that involves sorting
EXAMPLES
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | strategies 9
In Reaching Potentials Transforming Early Childhood Curriculum and Assessment Vol2 (1995) Sue Bredekamp and Teresa Rosegrant describe the dif-ferent levels of assistance that teachers provide as they support childrenrsquos learning The chart below is adapted from this publication to include example for each level of assistance
Strategies
Chart 1 Continuum of Teaching Behaviors
NONDIRECTIVE MEDIATING DIRECTIVE
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | additional considerations 7
Maintaining environments that build strong relation-ships with children and families supporting childrenrsquos emotional well-be-ing through a positive environment and building critical personal-social skills will help to prevent many challenging behaviors However some
Additional Considerations Children with disabilities Children with disabilities may receive services from a special education teacher or other specialist as indicated in an Individualized Education Program (IEP) Regular communication will help to ensure that services and strategies provided by specialists will complement the interventions implemented as part of the early childhood SRBI process
If possible including specialists from the Planning and Placement Team (PPT) in the collaborative problem-solving process may help promote consistency and communication regarding a childrsquos needs and progress It is important to remember that if a student is receiv-ing special education services he or she still partici-pates in core curriculum and instruction and may also receive supplemental supports within the classroom for skill areas impacted by their disability The student may also require supports in other domains
Finally you may need to consider a childrsquos disability when determining if supplemental supports are war-ranted For example if a child has a speech and lan-guage delay he or she may be able to demonstrate an ability to relate number to quantity in a nonverbal fash-ion in which case an intervention related to relating number to quantity would not currently be warranted
English language learnersSpecial considerations arise when using this frame-work with children who are dual language learners Assessment of skills and knowledge must be done with an understanding of a childrsquos language development in both English and hisher first language Practitioners who are making decisions regarding interventions should understand dual language development and appropriate ways to support students who are learning multiple languages at a young age
Children with challenging behaviorsIn 2005 Walter Gilliam reported expulsion rates in preschool that were three times higher than those in K-12 education This report highlights the need for supports to address challenging behaviors within the pre-school classroom Therefore the application of a model of tiered supports to address behavior andor mental health needs is a critical component of early childhood SRBI While this manual includes examples of strategies to support the development of selected personal-social skills it does not fully address supporting children with challenging behaviors Because of the multitude of resources already available related to supporting children with challenging behaviors this manual instead focuses on teaching strat-egies for which there are fewer resources available
ldquohellip When RTI is implemented with culturally and linguistically diverse learners it is critical that the pre-referral intervention process is culturally and linguistically responsive that is educators must ensure that studentsrsquo socio-cultural linguistic racialethnic and other relevant background characteristics are addressed at all stages including reviewing student performance considering reasons for student difficulty or failure designing alternative interventions and interpreting assessment resultsrdquo mdash Ortiz 2002
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | additional considerations 8
children will require additional supports and strategies Accessing the re-sources available from organizations such as TACSEI can help determine appropriate strategies Drawing upon the expertise of professionals avail-able within an organization such as a school psychologist or mental health coordinator can also be instrumental in determining appropriate sup-ports to meet childrenrsquos needs In addition various programs throughout Connecticut also offer early childhood mental health consultation or refer-rals that may be useful in meeting the needs of those children who exhibit challenging behaviors (eg Early Childhood Consultation Partnership Building Blocks)
Acknowledge Model Facilitate Support Scaffold Co-construct Demonstrate DirectTeachers attend
to children by placing
themselves at an activity and demonstrating interest They
focus attention on childrenrsquos
behaviors They provide positive encouragement
listen well and watch
carefully and thoughtfully
For example sitting with a
child while they make something out of playdough
and talking about what the
child is doing in a positive tone
Teachers display for
children a skill or
desirable way of
behaving in the
classroom through
actions only or with cues prompts or comments
For example suggesting to a child to say ldquoMay I have a turn nextrdquowhen they seem
interested in an item in the possession of another child
Teachers offer short-term
assistance to help a child achieve the next level of functioning
For example holding a
childrsquos paper as heshe cuts with scissors
Teachers provide a
fixed form of assistance to help a child achieve the next level of functioning
For example labeling the
backs of puzzle pieces to
indicate which puzzle they belong to
Teachers set up
challenges or assist
children to work ldquoon
the edgerdquo of their current competence
For example after a child has created a simple AB
patterns ask him
her to add additional
items in order to make a
more complex pattern
ABB or ABC pattern
Teachers learn or work
collaboratively with children on a problem or task such as building
a model or block
structure
For example working side-by-side with a child to build
a model or block structure
with both teacher and
child actively participating
in building and problem
solving
Teachers actively
display a behavior or engage in an activity
while having children
observe the outcome
For example showing a child how
to arrange 3 blocks in order
of size and have a figure ldquowalk up the
stairsrdquo
Teachers provide specific
directions andor
physical help to direct childrenrsquos behavior
For example telling a child to put the red
item in the red bowl during
a learning experience
that involves sorting
EXAMPLES
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | strategies 9
In Reaching Potentials Transforming Early Childhood Curriculum and Assessment Vol2 (1995) Sue Bredekamp and Teresa Rosegrant describe the dif-ferent levels of assistance that teachers provide as they support childrenrsquos learning The chart below is adapted from this publication to include example for each level of assistance
Strategies
Chart 1 Continuum of Teaching Behaviors
NONDIRECTIVE MEDIATING DIRECTIVE
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | additional considerations 8
children will require additional supports and strategies Accessing the re-sources available from organizations such as TACSEI can help determine appropriate strategies Drawing upon the expertise of professionals avail-able within an organization such as a school psychologist or mental health coordinator can also be instrumental in determining appropriate sup-ports to meet childrenrsquos needs In addition various programs throughout Connecticut also offer early childhood mental health consultation or refer-rals that may be useful in meeting the needs of those children who exhibit challenging behaviors (eg Early Childhood Consultation Partnership Building Blocks)
Acknowledge Model Facilitate Support Scaffold Co-construct Demonstrate DirectTeachers attend
to children by placing
themselves at an activity and demonstrating interest They
focus attention on childrenrsquos
behaviors They provide positive encouragement
listen well and watch
carefully and thoughtfully
For example sitting with a
child while they make something out of playdough
and talking about what the
child is doing in a positive tone
Teachers display for
children a skill or
desirable way of
behaving in the
classroom through
actions only or with cues prompts or comments
For example suggesting to a child to say ldquoMay I have a turn nextrdquowhen they seem
interested in an item in the possession of another child
Teachers offer short-term
assistance to help a child achieve the next level of functioning
For example holding a
childrsquos paper as heshe cuts with scissors
Teachers provide a
fixed form of assistance to help a child achieve the next level of functioning
For example labeling the
backs of puzzle pieces to
indicate which puzzle they belong to
Teachers set up
challenges or assist
children to work ldquoon
the edgerdquo of their current competence
For example after a child has created a simple AB
patterns ask him
her to add additional
items in order to make a
more complex pattern
ABB or ABC pattern
Teachers learn or work
collaboratively with children on a problem or task such as building
a model or block
structure
For example working side-by-side with a child to build
a model or block structure
with both teacher and
child actively participating
in building and problem
solving
Teachers actively
display a behavior or engage in an activity
while having children
observe the outcome
For example showing a child how
to arrange 3 blocks in order
of size and have a figure ldquowalk up the
stairsrdquo
Teachers provide specific
directions andor
physical help to direct childrenrsquos behavior
For example telling a child to put the red
item in the red bowl during
a learning experience
that involves sorting
EXAMPLES
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | strategies 9
In Reaching Potentials Transforming Early Childhood Curriculum and Assessment Vol2 (1995) Sue Bredekamp and Teresa Rosegrant describe the dif-ferent levels of assistance that teachers provide as they support childrenrsquos learning The chart below is adapted from this publication to include example for each level of assistance
Strategies
Chart 1 Continuum of Teaching Behaviors
NONDIRECTIVE MEDIATING DIRECTIVE
Acknowledge Model Facilitate Support Scaffold Co-construct Demonstrate DirectTeachers attend
to children by placing
themselves at an activity and demonstrating interest They
focus attention on childrenrsquos
behaviors They provide positive encouragement
listen well and watch
carefully and thoughtfully
For example sitting with a
child while they make something out of playdough
and talking about what the
child is doing in a positive tone
Teachers display for
children a skill or
desirable way of
behaving in the
classroom through
actions only or with cues prompts or comments
For example suggesting to a child to say ldquoMay I have a turn nextrdquowhen they seem
interested in an item in the possession of another child
Teachers offer short-term
assistance to help a child achieve the next level of functioning
For example holding a
childrsquos paper as heshe cuts with scissors
Teachers provide a
fixed form of assistance to help a child achieve the next level of functioning
For example labeling the
backs of puzzle pieces to
indicate which puzzle they belong to
Teachers set up
challenges or assist
children to work ldquoon
the edgerdquo of their current competence
For example after a child has created a simple AB
patterns ask him
her to add additional
items in order to make a
more complex pattern
ABB or ABC pattern
Teachers learn or work
collaboratively with children on a problem or task such as building
a model or block
structure
For example working side-by-side with a child to build
a model or block structure
with both teacher and
child actively participating
in building and problem
solving
Teachers actively
display a behavior or engage in an activity
while having children
observe the outcome
For example showing a child how
to arrange 3 blocks in order
of size and have a figure ldquowalk up the
stairsrdquo
Teachers provide specific
directions andor
physical help to direct childrenrsquos behavior
For example telling a child to put the red
item in the red bowl during
a learning experience
that involves sorting
EXAMPLES
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | strategies 9
In Reaching Potentials Transforming Early Childhood Curriculum and Assessment Vol2 (1995) Sue Bredekamp and Teresa Rosegrant describe the dif-ferent levels of assistance that teachers provide as they support childrenrsquos learning The chart below is adapted from this publication to include example for each level of assistance
Strategies
Chart 1 Continuum of Teaching Behaviors
NONDIRECTIVE MEDIATING DIRECTIVE
Section 1 Continuum of Teaching Behaviors with Related Evidence-based Teaching Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | NON-DIRECTIVE 11
Continuum of Teaching Behaviors with Related Evidence-Based Teaching Strategies
NON-DIRECTIVE
AcknowledgeTeaching Strategies Examples
Nonverbal helping strategies
Indirect nonverbal help Provide psychological support through proximity to encourage and sustain childrsquos efforts
A teacher notices that a child is wandering she decides to join him in the housekeeping area - to which he has just arrived - in order to help him sustain play there
Gestures Use pointing to direct childrsquos attention
A child is frustrated because she canrsquot get the play dough flattened out The teacher points to a nearby rolling pin which the child readily tries
Expectant looks Look at child in a way that indicates there is an expectation that the child has something to say
A child is quietly excited when an attempt to blow a bubble is successful A nearby teacher looks expectantly at the child indicating interest The child proudly shares her experience
ModelTeaching Strategies Examples
Modeling ModelingTeacher models a desired skill
A teacher sits beside a child who is having difficulty lacing beads The teacher picks up a string and begins lacing beside the child thus providing a model that the child might observe
Peer modeling One child models a skill for another
A teacher notices that a child is trying to stack blocks with limited success The teacher invites a peer who is an experienced builder to join them in the block area and asks that child to make a very tall tower
Use language Describe childrsquos action Teacher maps childrsquos actions with rich verbal descriptions
A child is pretending to feed his baby with a toy bottle The teacher comments ldquoYou are being very gentle as you feed your baby I see that you are holding the bottle up so he can get all the milk helliprdquo
Describe own actionsTeacher maps own actions with rich verbal descriptions
A teacher wants to bring a childrsquos attention to her use of writing for meaning She comments out loud ldquoI had better write this note for myself so I wonrsquot forget to stop at the library on my way home after school todayrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | MEDIATING 12
MEDIATING
Facilitate SupportTeaching Strategies Examples
Verbal helping Indirect verbal helpGive a child a hint about how to do something
A child is trying to button her coat The teacher observes that she is unable to pull the button through the hole The teacher comments ldquomaybe if you pull the button with your other hand helliprdquo
Make suggestionsProvide ideas that children might try
Two children are in disagreement about their roles in play and come to the teacher for help The teacher suggests ldquoMaybe there could be two construction workersrdquo
Incidental teaching
A teacher interacts with a child during unstructured activities by following the childrsquos lead When the child initiates a comment the teacher repeats and extends the idea
During snack a child comments ldquoI donrsquot like itrdquo The teacher replies ldquoOh you donrsquot like hummus I think it has an interesting flavor Have you ever tried itrdquo
Mand model Use questioning that requires a specific response When interacting with a young child who is exploring a new textured paint a teacher asks ldquoDo you think it feels smooth or lumpyrdquo
Naturalistic time delay
Provide a time delay (at least three to five seconds) and wait attentively for childrsquos response
A teacher asks a child about a story that they have just read together He provides the child enough time to think it about and formulate a response
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | MEDIATING 13
ScaffoldTeaching Strategies Examples
Use shared activities
Using peer interactions to further learning goals A teacher structures a cooperative small-group art activity In addition to providing large paper and a variety of tools she facilitates the childrenrsquos planning for how they will work together before they start The teacher checks in with the group often and talks to them about their process
Use language Encourage and model use of public and private speech Talking aloud helps children master cognitive learning tasks
A child is trying to figure out how to assemble a challenging puzzle The teacher invites the child to talk about his thinking ldquoHow did you figure out where to put this piece What did you notice about itrdquo hellip
Use language Represent childrenrsquos actions through language drawing photos and symbols to enhance their ability to communicate about and extend their thinking
After a few children have worked together to construct a hospital in the block center the teacher invites them to share their project with the rest of the class The teacher takes photos and helps them create a slideshow on the classroom computer She writes their words as they describe what they built and its meaning to them
Use mediators Provide a tangible external structure for children to use to solve a problem and act with increasing independence Contributes to higher mental functioning
A teacher includes the children when making an ldquoArrivalrdquo poster that describes with words and photos the tasks that children need to do when they first enter the room each day Thereafter the children refer to the poster instead of requiring reminders from the teacher When all children have internalized the routine the poster is removed
Use language Provide specific feedback to help increase childrenrsquos metacognition
When a child is inconsistent counting the rocks in his collection the teacher points out ldquoWhen you touched each rock as you counted it it helped you to keep track and not count them more than oncerdquo
Teach through conversations While outside on the playground a teacher engages a child in a conversation about a worm that the child is observing on the ground Instead of lecturing the child about ldquoworm factsrdquo or asking the child a list of questions the teacher makes comments related to the childrsquos and expresses wonder They agree to research together to learn more back in the classroom
Ask open-ended questions A child is reviewing a piece of artwork The teacher asks ldquoWhat do you think of this painting Can you describe it helliprdquo
Engage children in educational dialogue As part of a larger topic of study a teacher engages a small group of children in a discussion about metamorphosis The teacher guides the discussion responding to childrenrsquos comments and answering their questions while also incorporating new vocabulary and concepts in a way that they can comprehend
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | DIRECTIVE 14
Co-constructTeaching Strategies Examples
Use shared activities
Engage in activities collaboratively with children as a learning partner
A teacher works with children to research simple machines They learn together as they experiment with a variety of materials
DIRECTIVE
DemonstrateTeaching Strategies Examples
Nonverbal helping strategies
Partial-modelShow child how to do something without performing the full action
While helping a child to master pouring liquid from a pitcher into a cup a teacher models holding the cup with one hand and holding the handle of the pitcher with the other The teacher pauses and allows the child to imitate those actions and then lift and attempt to pour on his own
Full-modeled helpDemonstrate for a child how to do something
While teaching a child to tie her shoes the teacher has the child watch as the teacher slowly and deliberately ties the shoe
DirectTeaching Strategies Examples
Direct verbal help
Give instructionsTell a child exactly how to do something Break tasks down into manageable chunks by providing simple step-by-step directions
To help a child learn to wash her hands the teacher describes each task in the order that it needs to occur The teacher waits until she completes a step before telling what to do next
Nonverbal helping strategy
Physical helpProvide hand-over-hand assistance so the child will perform a target behavior
A teacher uses a pair of dual-control training scissors with a child to assist him in learning to cut paper
For the purpose of describing each the above strategies are listed separately To be most effective teachers often combine more than one strategy For example demonstrating a task while also describing what is being done or asking open-ended questions while facilitating the shared activities of children
Section 2
Strategies by Selected Connecticut Preschool Assessment Framework Performance Standards
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 2 16
Personal amp Social 2 Sustains attention to taskgoal that the child has set out to accomplish
PampS 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Sustains attention primarily to self-selected high-interest tasks
Sustains attention to high-interest self-selected task until complete or reaches frustration level
Sustains attention to variety of self-selected tasks until complete despite some frustration
Persists with both self-selected and teacher-directed tasks until task completed
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and experiences including experiences that provide sensory input open-ended materials opportunities for discovery etc
bullMaintain similar materials and experiences over time
bullStructure classroom so that there are areas for individual small and large group-play
bullAllow children to continue projects over multiple days
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and experiences
bullProvide materials with increasing difficulty level such as single piece and interlocking puzzles large and small building materials wordless books and early readers etc
bullProvide materials that allow children to scaffold their participation such as colored bowls to guide sorting
bullAdjust the schedule to shorten activities that are frustrating to children to encourage them to participate in the entire experience
bull Embed materials of interest to children within multiple areas in the classroom
bull Provide materials for children to chart the experiences that they participate in throughout the day or week
bull Provide materials for children to plan their play within a center include problem-solving steps in the plan
bullProvide lengthy child choice time in the class schedule
bullProvide a balance of teacher-directed and child-directed activities
bullProvide clearly defined interest areas in the classroombullBe sure some interest areas allow an individual child small numbers of children (two to three) to participatebullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate amounts of child-directed timebullGive children many opportunities to make choicesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn and practice problem-solving strategiesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn to ask their peers open-ended questions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 2 17
PampS 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Sustains attention primarily to self-selected high-interest tasks
Sustains attention to high-interest self-selected task until complete or reaches frustration level
Sustains attention to variety of self-selected tasks until complete despite some frustration
Persists with both self-selected and teacher-directed tasks until task completed
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
Go to area where child has chosen to play andbullUse proximity to maintain a
childrsquos attentionbullDescribe what a child is doing
with materialsbullModel use of the same
materials that child is using
bullEnthusiastically talk about own interest and engagement with the same task child is doing
bullIf child seems frustrated acknowledge and label the feeling
bullInvite child to explore new materials Allow to gain familiarity through open-ended use then model task
bullPair child with familiar peer to attempt new task
bullModel completion of task and describe own thinking while doing so
bullObserve child engaged in a task and provide specific verbal feedback
Med
iate
bullRespond to and expand childrsquos ideas if she asks how to do something
bullInvite a child to help you with a task
bullDescribe what a peer is doing with a similar material ldquoDo you see Manny He is putting the blocks in the bucketrdquo Encourage child to try also
bullModify a task so it will be achievable
bullComplete a portion of the task allowing child to finish it
bullProvide verbal hints to scaffold childrsquos ability to succeed
bullAsk questions to lead child toward success ldquoDo you think it might fit hererdquo
bullEncourage child to ask a peer for help
bullProvide directions verbally and with visual cues
bullAsk open-ended questions and prompt child to describe own thought process as he is engaged in a task
bullRemind a child of previous success on a similar task
bullUse childrsquos ideas and preferred materials for teacher-directed tasks
bullAsk child to identify a goal and make a plan for how she will proceed before beginning to work
bullInvite a child to demonstrate a mastered skill for peers
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to complete the task step-by-step
bullBreak task down into manageable steps providing verbal directions for each
bullPhysically help a child to complete a task working together until it is completed
bullAssign a small group of children a multistep task to complete before the end of the day
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 4 18
Personal amp Social 4 Manages transitions follows routines and rules
PampS 4Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with teacher supervision
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with occasional reminders
Makes transitions and usually follows routines and rules when given signal
Anticipates transitions and usually follows routines and rules independently
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide a predictable consistent daily schedule including transition times
bullProvide pictures to support the main components of the day include pictures of the transition steps
bullReview transition steps during small group as a game
bullBreak transitions down into steps
bullProvide adequate time in the schedule for the routine or transition
bullDevise a schedule that limits the number of transitions in a day
bullReview transition steps prior to transitions
bullTeach transition signals to children
bullProvide adequate time in the schedule for experiences so that children are not frustrated by the transition
bullProvide visual cues to complete routines such as clean up (labeled shelves) and washing hands (picture steps) or setting the table (picture checklist)
bullMove closer to groups of children and repeat directions
bullBreak children up into small groups to complete routines
bullUse different transition signals for each transition
bullAllow adequate time between transition warning and transition
bullInform children of the next experience
bullPlace picture schedules including pictures of routines throughout the room
bullCover experiences that have already occurred on each schedule
bullQuestion children during the current experience about the next part of the day
bullUse a choice boardbullCreate posters with pictures for typical classroom routinesbullProvide a sign-in chart for childrenbullLabel shelves with words and picturesbullPlace pictures of children on chairsbullTeach routines
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 4 19
PampS 4Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with teacher supervision
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with occasional reminders
Makes transitions and usually follows routines and rules when given signal
Anticipates transitions and usually follows routines and rules independently
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullProvide proximity and physical contact to support children throughout the day
bullProvide advance notice about what is going to happen next
bullDescribe what a peer is doing so child will notice expected behaviors
bullUse self-talk as indirect signal of what is coming ldquoI think I will get the napkins out itrsquos almost time for snackrdquo
bullGet childrsquos attention then point to visual timer or daily schedule to indicate that itrsquos time to move on
bullPlace items in an area as a prompt for whatrsquos about to happen (children know itrsquos time for meeting when they see teacher setting up carpet squares on the floor)
bullRefer child to posted classroom rules if there is a question about an expectation
bullMention to another adult in the room so child will hear an observation about a childrsquos independence ldquoJulio set the table for snack without being askedrdquo
Med
iate
bullGive child an object to move from one place to the next when they need to transition ldquoAlex please bring this paper to the table for our art projectrdquo
bullHelp children by participating with them to clean up or prepare the room
bullSuggest that child look to see what peers are doing
bullRefer to the visual poster of the daily schedule and describe ldquoSee we just finished reading a story the next picture shows that it is time for snackrdquo
bullProvide a visual andor auditory signal when a transition is approaching
bullHelp child recall expected behavior when signal is used ldquoWhat do we do when we hear the bellrdquo
bullInclude children as helpers to set up room and prepare for classroom experiences
bullAsk a child ldquoWhat should we be doing nowrdquo
bullSuggest that child describe to parent or classroom visitor what comes next in the daily routine
bullReflect with children about the day mdash recount what happened from beginning to end
Dire
ct
bullTell child what he needs to do while helping with the task if necessary ldquoHere you go Irsquoll hold the bucket while you put the blocks back inrdquo
bullRemind a child what she needs to do ldquoRebecca please get your coat wersquore getting ready to go outrdquo
bullDemonstrate the tasks needed when teaching a child how to complete a class job
bullAssign child the task of reminding peers of a rule or transition
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 7 20
Personal amp Social 7 Interacts cooperatively with peers
PampS 7Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Worksplays alongside others Worksplays in association with another child
Worksplays cooperatively with a few others
Sustains cooperative activities with a range of children
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullMaintain materials as a choice for an extended period of time
bullProvide enough materials in an interest area so that a few children can play with the same items
bullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate outdoor play time
bullGive children classroom jobs
bullProvide materials that can be used by more than one child at the same time eglarge box that is used as a bus a see saw a wagon balls play telephones etc
bullInclude a small-group time in the daily schedule and rotate children in the groups
bullProvide interest areas that allow larger groups of children (four to five) to participate
bullProvide books that describe roles and sequences of activities such as books about taking a bus ride or going grocery shopping
bullCreate play experiences that provide opportunities for children to take on roles such as designer of a water wall data collector picture taker
bullUse childrenrsquos common interests to plan play themes to increase opportunities for cooperative play
bullAllow children to transport materials from one center to another to allow for increases in the number and types of interactions
bullProvide dress-up clothes that can allow children to develop group role-play
bullPlan large- and small-group activities that naturally involve working in groups such as dancing or building
bullMake class books about all the children with photos interests likes dislikes Read them often so that children get to know one another
bullProvide clearly defined interest areas in the classroombullBe sure some interest areas allow small numbers of children (two to three) to participatebullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate amounts of child-directed timebullGive children many opportunities to make choicesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn and practice problem-solving strategiesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn to ask their peers open-ended questions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 7 21
PampS 7Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Worksplays alongside others Worksplays in association with another child
Worksplays cooperatively with a few others
Sustains cooperative activities with a range of children
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullComment about what another child is doing in order to bring the childrsquos attention to the peer ldquoLook Mario is pushing a truck toordquo
bullUse proximity to support a child to feel more comfortable playing near a less familiar peer
bullPoint out opportunities for play with peers ldquoI see the children are building a house with the big blocks over there (pointing)rdquo
bullModel interactive play and comment for child to hear ldquoIt really is fun when we splash in the water togetherrdquo
bullDescribe what children are doing in order to direct other childrenrsquos attention to them ldquoJoey Tia is asking you to be a passenger on her busrdquo (as Tia is looking at him and patting the seat next to her)
bullRead a story about cooperation
bullModel cooperative efforts as a member of a teaching team
bullComment to children about the contributions of the members of the larger school community
bullProvide support in the form of proximity when a child begins an interaction with a new peer Be ready to facilitate if not initially successful
Med
iate
bullPlay alongside a child and encourage interactions between self and child with common materials
bullSuggest to two children playing with same material ldquoMaybe you can make one huge pile of sand if you pour your sand togetherrdquo
bullComment when children are playing in proximity ldquoYou and Jenny are both playing with the puppetsrdquo
bullInvite the child to watch a peer who is more competent with a desired toy or material Suggest that the peer show the child how to use it
bullHelp child to enter into another childrsquos play with suggestions such as ldquoHere are some square blocks Maybe you could make a road How about telling her you are a road builder and see if she would like you to build a road to her houserdquo
bullDiscuss with small group of children the benefits of cooperation
bullJoin children in their play taking on a role along with the child Help to engage and then gradually withdraw from the activity maintaining proximity for support
bullAs children work together make connections by referring to concepts in book read earlier
bullWhen children want the same role suggest for example ldquoWe can have two crane operatorsrdquo
bullHelp the child identify a role for himher self ldquoWhat other jobs do people do in a restaurantrdquo
bullAsk willing peers to invite the child to join in their play Remain nearby to support the interaction
bullAsk questions to extend and encourage continued participation between a few children ldquoWhat is going to happen nextrdquo
bullStructure opportunities that require children to work together to achieve a meaningful outcome For example include children in a plan to move the block area so it is located closer to the dramatic play center Have them sketch a drawing of where things will go Make a list of needed materials etc
bullMake suggestions for the various roles that children can take as they enter into an ongoing play scenario
Dire
ct
bullTake the child by the hand and walk about the classroom describing the choices for play
bullInstruct children to include the child in their play and help negotiate roles for each
bullStructure activities for teamwork and assign small groups to work together on a task
bullWhen engaging in a cooking activity with a small group give each child a specific role and describe the tasks that they need to accomplish Include visuals also
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 22
Physical 2 Uses coordinated small-muscle movements
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for children to build strength in their hands by including objects such as bubble wrap tongs tweezers hole punch squirt bottles and turkey basters
bullEncourage children to rip paper as part of an activity
bullBe sure children are seated in a stable chair when completing fine motor activities and that their feet can be flat on the floor
bullHave children make large arm movements during music and movement
bullProvide animal grabbers bug catchers and wooden tongs for children to pick up objects
bullPlay games that allow children to crawl and creep on the floor Bearing weight on their hands and arms will help them develop the arches and muscles needed to write and manipulate objects
bullProvide stiff materials to practice cutting such as index cards sandpaper or magazine inserts
bullProvide non-paper items to cut such as straws or play dough
bullUse upright working surfaces to build strength such as easels vertical chalkboards flannel boards and Lite Brite
bullEncourage children to fold paper
bullTape paper to edge of a table when children are learning to cut Have them snip the end to make fringe
bullProvide a variety of types of scissors such as spring loaded
bullPlay games that involve eye hand coordination such as rolling a ball back and forth or catch magnetic fishing games pounding bench or bead frames
bullProvide small collage materials bullProvide lacing cards peg
boards toothpicks plastic knives to use with play dough screwdrivers stringing beads eye droppers stickers buttons
bullProvide many opportunities for using scissors
bullProvide pencils and fine line markers
bullProvide bean bags Koosh balls and hula hoops for tossing games
bullProvide a bowling setbullPlay catch with increasingly
smaller ballsbullEmbed writing materials into all
interest areas
bullComplete cooking activities with childrenbullEmbed fine motor materials in childrenrsquos areas of interestbullEncourage children to sort objects when cleaning upbullEmbed fine motor tools and materials that will help children develop a variety of skills and allow children at a variety of skill levels to
participate in a learning center eg large crayons and pencils and standard crayons and pencils
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 23
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullModel use of materials such as Duplos while in close proximity to child Describe own actions ldquoI am pulling really hard with both of my hands to get these two blocks apartrdquo
bullWrite in the mud with a stick Offer it to a child to try
bullSit with children during mealtimes Model and encourage use of tongs pitchers for pouring and safe knives for spreading and cutting
bullDescribe childrsquos actions ldquoYou fastened three snaps and put the doll clothes on all by yourselfrdquo
bullAcknowledge childrsquos effort as he tries to operate new puppet with limbs Sit quietly nearby and watch being available if he should decide to ask for support
bullPoint to bring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is capable of modeling a fine motor skill
bullModel writing and cutting often so children will see the proper form and technique
Med
iate
bullAsk two children to work together to remove the cover from a bin of toys
bullSuggest ldquoMaybe if you squeeze with both hands the glue will come outrdquo Later relate this to use of ketchup bottle
bullAssist by holding block tower stable while child adds one more
bullAsk children to scrunch material such as scarves used for music and movement
bullAsk children to crumble newspaper as part of a project (stuffing for a scarecrow snowman or 3D art project)
bullInvite a child to use a marker and paper to ldquodrawrdquo or ldquowriterdquo about an experience or observation
bullEngage children to play clapping games like ldquoMiss Mary Mackrdquo with a partner
bullConverse with a small group of children while cooking Comment on use of hands to pour sift stir
bullDraw thick straight lines with marker for child to cut on
bullHold paper while child practices cutting it in half
bullDraw a square around a complex picture for a child to cut it out
bullHave two children work collectively on a lacing or weaving activity
bullGive children real work to do within the classroom to further refine their motor skills They can replace marker caps disassemble small Lego structures etc
bullProvide pre-drawn shapes numerals and letters for child to look at when they want to copy for their own use
bullWhile watching a child cut or draw give a hint (if necessary) to help the child increase efficiency For example ldquoTry to lift the scissors off the table while you cutrdquo
bullAsk questions about childrsquos use of computer mouse ldquoHow do you get the arrow to go up Could you teach me how to move itrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate then have child imitate use of finger paint to make vertical lines at the easel while crossing the midline Provide finger tip brushes if tactile sensitive
bullGuide child to cut strip of stiff paper with dual-control training scissors
bullWhen child shows frustration with a task encourage her to talk about it ldquoTell me what yoursquore trying to dordquo
bullWhen teaching scissor skills teach each task in a sequential order and have child practice before moving to the next stage
bullDraw a simple shape while child watches then have child imitate
bullCreate a poster with printed words and pictures that show the steps to put on and zipper a jacket Discuss with children then post where they can observe when getting dressed to go outdoors
Use the book Red Lace Yellow Lace to help a child learn to tie shoes Use rhyming verse and illustrations to teach each step of the processTeach children how to use
leading hand (operating scissors) and support hand (holding and moving paper) in order to cut out shapes
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 24
Cognitive 2 Uses a variety of strategies to solve problems
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problems independently
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange room so children have defined spaces that support focus persistence and ongoing interactions with peers
bullArrange environment and materials to support cooperative play and small group so children observe others solving problems
bullAlter the schedule andor arrange the environment so that children have opportunities for small-group experiences with children who create and use alternative strategies to solve problems
bullIntroduce a new material that could be used to solve a problem after a child has successfully or unsuccessfully attempted to solve a problem
bullProvide multiple materials that can be used in a similar way to promote alternative strategies
bullArrange materials so there are increased opportunities for solving problems (limit materials remove paint brushes for easel remove one puzzle piece etc)
bullProvide materials that promote problem solving (eg gears marble works turkey basters and funnels for water play)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 25
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problemsindependently
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullTell child ldquoI notice you got frustrated and gave uprdquo
bullModify or provide a simpler task
bullModel private speech ldquoLet me see Whenever I try to do this it doesnrsquot seem to work I think I will try something differentrdquo
bullComment ldquoOh you did that just like Juan I bet therersquos another wayhelliprdquo Provide time for child to think and provide an expectant look
bullModel a new strategy Describe what is being tried and the outcome
bullComment ldquoI notice that you made a change It looks like this idea is workingrdquo
bullCreate a chart by taking pictures of a child successfully completing a common but difficult task Refer another child to it when she encounters the same challenge
bullModel thinking aloud when presented with a problem in the classroom For example ldquoI wonder how I am going to fit six children at this table I think I will move this shelf and add a chair here That should workrdquo
Med
iate
bullEncourage child to try again this time providing support to ensure success
bullAssist partially with the task and let child do the part that he or she is capable of
bullProvide two possible solutions and let child pick one
bullOffer to help the child solve a problem at hand
bullWait until the next time the child encounters the same problem and be prepared to co-construct for success (Child gets frustrated because block tower falls down The next time he enters block area join him and build it together)
bullSuggest an alternative strategy for a child to try
bullInvite the child to assist peer or teacher in solving the problem together
bullSuggest that child observe a peer who is using a successful strategy Encourage the peer to describe what is being done
bullAsk a child to explain his or her thinking Use writing or drawing as a way to capture the childrsquos ideas Expand on comments
bullWhen a child can almost get a puzzle piece to fit but begins to give up provide a hint for what to try
bullRemind child of a strategy he or she has used in a different situation Suggest trying that again to solve current problem
bullEngage in a back and forth exchange with a child about the problem-solving process ldquoDo you think that might work Tell me how Why do you think helliprdquo
bullStructure a task that allows for multiple approaches Identify possible solutions with children and write them down Have each child try one strategy while peers observe and comment
bullAsk children for their ideas to help the teacher figure out how to approach a challenge or problem in the classroom
bullEngage a small group of children in a dialogue about differing perspectives Ask a series of questions to encourage children to describe their thinking Help children come to an understanding that there is more than one ldquoright wayrdquo to approach a problem
bullCreate an ldquoAsk the Expertsrdquo class book or poster Identify with children those things that they are each good at Can be used as a reference when a child needs help with a task
Dire
ct
bullDo the task for the child while showing how and describing each step
bullDemonstrate a different strategy and ask the child to try it
bullDescribe an alternative strategy and direct child to try it
bullHave a child teach a skill to a peer Coach her how to give step-by-step directions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 26
Cognitive 4 Recognizes and makes patterns
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullCreate patterns using pieces of the environment egpull up one window shade leave the next one down etc alternate chair colors at tablesmdashred blue red
bullProvide materials that can be used to create patterns through the use of sound vision and touch
bullBring in materials that have patterns in them display items and allow children to explore eg woven baskets dish towels pieces of cloth
bullCreate patterns using childrenrsquos clothing or physical characteristics take photos of the pattern so children can observe and repeat it
bullUse morning meeting time to identify patterns in the daily or weekly schedule
bullEmbed pattern activities into small group
bullAllow children to create patterns across a large space the entire block rug or the whole room
bullEncourage children to use outdoor play as an opportunity to create a pattern
bullProvide materials that have several characteristics that can be used to create a pattern such as cars that are various sizes and colors
bullProvide writing materials so that children can record their patterns through pictures or words
bullProvide patterning materials in multiple areas of the classroombullProvide items that have similar and different characteristics in multiple interest areas in the classroom
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 27
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe ldquoYou chose a blue crayon That is the same color as your pantsrdquo
bullComment ldquoI notice that you have two bears They look different One is yellow and one is purplerdquo
bullModel placing items into an AB pattern near where a child is using the same materials Name the pattern
bullComment ldquoYou found all the cars and planes that are the same as mine I lined these up in a pattern car plane car plane hellip You lined yours up differentlyrdquo
bullComment ldquoYou made a pattern just like my model You are able to continue and describe a simple pattern I bet you can create one of your ownrdquo
bullModel and name movement patterns when singing or chanting with children (clap and tap)
bullProvide a variety of natural materials for children to observe near the art area Watch to see if they incorporate the idea of pattern into their work
bullModel using a musical instrument to create an ABB pattern Describe it ldquoLoud soft soft helliprdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoSee this round pasta ldquoCan you find one that is the same shapehellip a different kindrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoYou choose the color that you like best and I will help you find some more that are the samerdquo
bullUse descriptive language when talking to a child about attributes of objects in the immediate environment Provide experiences for children to practice identifying things that are alike (match games finding pairs)
bullProbe ldquoCould you try to copy my patternrdquo
bullRecommend ldquoWhat if you match them up side by side Letrsquos name them out loud so you can hear the pattern mdash circle star circle star helliprdquo
bullEngage children in conversations about the patterns in their environment While walking outside point out patterns in the sidewalk fences and brick walls
bullAs child is trying to repeat a model pattern provide a hint if needed ldquoLook here you put the blue one lastrdquo
bullEncourage ldquoWhat if you pick two items and make a unit Next Irsquoll copy yours When we put them together wersquoll have a pattern Now keep extending it You did itrdquo
bullPrompt ldquoCan you describe your arrangementrdquo
bullHave two children work together to create a pattern with dot markers They take turns making their marks on a paper strip and notice that a pattern occurs Discuss with them the importance of placement on the paper and the order of their marksrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoDo you think that you could create a new pattern for someone to duplicate You could tell her about it then ask her to copy itrdquo
bullAfter a child creates a movement pattern (hop clap spin) represent the idea by writing the words on chart paper Help the child read the words Add pictures or the childrsquos drawings to go with the words Encourage other children to try Have them use the chart and demonstrate their movements to teach peers
Dire
ct
bullTell ldquoWatch me slide all of these green beads onto this string You can do it too What color do you want to userdquo
bullldquoFind all the seeds that look like this (show one) and put them together into this bowlrdquo
bullShow then tell ldquoFirst I put all the cows here and the pigs here next watch how I alternate them as I line them up cow pig cow pig hellip Can you do the samerdquo
bullDemonstrate and explain ldquoWhen making a repeating pattern use two shapesmdashplace the first here then put the one that is different after it hellip Now lsquoreadrsquo the pattern with me helliprdquo
bullTeach about a variety of complex patterns ABB ABC patterns with items that have more than one attribute (yellow cube blue sphere hellip) and growing patterns Name the pattern and units
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 28
Cognitive 5 Compares and orders objects and events
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullIntentionally vary materials in the classroom and discuss differences (eg different color pitchers for juice walls that are different colors etc)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by one attribute (color or size) providing only two examples of that attribute (eg small and large)
bullProvide opportunities for children to share describe and compare familiar objects from home in one-on-one and small-group settings (eg all children bring in their favorite item related to a particular unit of study or project)
bullProvide materials to promote observation skills such as bookspictures in which you locate items in a group (eg ldquoI Spyrdquo books)
bullProvide visual sequence for familiar stories and allow children to manipulate and order plot sequence
bullProvide materials that vary by one attribute providing three to four graduated examples (eg small medium and large)
bullPost visual schedules for daily routines and refer to these throughout the day (schedule of the dayrsquos activities steps involved for cleaning up from snack)
bullProvide visual displays that promote comparisons (three bears that vary in size)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by visual attributes (such as length width gradations of color) providing five to 10 graduated examples
bullProvide more detailed visual sequences for daily learning experiences and facilitate the childrenrsquos involvement in ordering the process (eg ldquoAre these in the right order Do we water the plant first or do we put the seed in the dirt firstrdquo)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by nonvisible attributes such as time and weight sound
bullVary the classroom schedule to provide opportunities to compare time (eg provide a longer time outside on a sunny day and a short walk in drizzly weather)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 29
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullPrint a set of pictures of the children in the class and display near the classroom computer Show a duplicate set as a slideshow on the monitor Sit nearby and listen to childrenrsquos comments Point to matching pictures to prompt them to find the matches
bullAcknowledge when children spontaneously show order in their work ldquoThe lines on your painting start out long on this side and get gradually smaller as they move across the paperrdquo
bullTalk aloud about own reason for ordering something
bullMake verbal comparisons about objects or people ldquoJulio when I look at this photograph I can see that you and Desiree are the same height Rosa is shorter and Mia is the tallest
bullComment ldquoAlly you sequenced all the pictures to retell the storyrdquo
bullOrder blocks by weight Use comparison words to describemdashheavy heavier heaviest
bullldquoLetrsquos see how long it takes to put the blocks away todayrdquo Do this for several days and compare time
Med
iate
bullModel use of vocabulary mdash same and different
bullPrompt children to identify pairs of items that match or do not ldquoJulie can you help find Mariarsquos mitten It is red like this onerdquo
bullAsk children to find items in the classroom that are biglittle etc
bullUse musical instruments with children to explore concepts such as loudsoft and slowfast
bullTeach about opposites using a song and gestures to indicate updown overunder etc
bullAsk questions to get children to identify the smallest biggest etc
bullTake photographs of children engaging in a three step processes (Pouring milk drinking it and showing the empty glass) Make several sets and print Have children work in pairs They take turns ordering and then describing their reasoning to the peer
bullRead and have children act out stories such as The Three Bears that contain items that can be ordered
bullUse daily schedule chart to talk with a few children about the order of the daily routine Ask one child to describe what comes next to a peer who is new to the class
bullWhen asking a child ldquowhat comes nextrdquo allow sufficient time for the child to think about it and respond If needed give a hint ldquoItrsquos something we do when we are hungryrdquo
bullAsk questions to get a child to describe what he or she remembers about the order of events in a story
bullInvite children to draw representations of their family members Then ask them to order them from the smallest to largest Talk about the ages of these people Are they also in order from youngest to oldest Why do they think this is so
bullProvide feedback ldquoYou know that there is no school tomorrow How did you figure it outrdquo
bullHelp children to make connections to their own experiencesmdashldquoHave you ever tried to lift something very heavyrdquo
Dire
ct
bullUse a memory game with matching picture cards Demonstrate placing pictures in pairs Describe own actions ldquoI am placing these two cards together they have the same picture Thatrsquos a matchrdquo Have child help
bullDuring movement activities demonstrate moving your body from crouching low to the ground to a squat to standing to reaching up Have children imitate these movements Ask them to describe them as well
bullWhen child is playing with a group of nature items provide an ordering mat and request that the child arrange from longest to shortest If needed break task down ldquoFind the smallest item rdquo
bullProvide pictures of objects and have children compare them with regard to nonvisible attributes (A lion and a cat) mdashldquoWhich is louderrdquo (A brick and a balloon) mdash ldquoWhich is lighterrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 30
Cognitive 6 Relates number to quantity
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullIncorporate materials with numerals throughout the classroom (eg add footprints with numerals on the floor in high traffic areas)
bullUse number-related vocabulary when talking about the daily schedule For example ldquoWe have one minute until snack timerdquo
bullHand materials to students one at a time while counting instead of providing them with all materials at once
bullProvide sets of five to 10 objects similar objects
bullProvide multiple natural opportunities for counting during the daily routine (ldquoLetrsquos start with 10 raisins Help me countrdquo)
bullIncorporate songs that include counting
bullProvide opportunities within classroom routine for 1-to-1 correspondence (setting snack table with one napkin and one cup at each chair passing out materials to each child etc)
bullProvide materials to include opportunities for 1-to-1 correspondence (provide 20 cards and 20 envelopes 20 cars and 20 boxes that could be used as garages)
bullProvide sets of different materials with varying quantities (12 bears three horses three pigs and 20 chickens)
bullVary classroom arrangement to include opportunities to compare quantities (have more chairs at one table than another areas that accommodate more children etc)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 31
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe how many whenever the opportunity arises ldquoYou have two crackers mdash one in each handrdquo
bullModel use of number-related vocabulary as appropriate ldquoI need three cups at this table helliprdquo
bullComment ldquoMaria just counted to five There are five flowers in the vaserdquo
bullModel counting throughout the day and talk out loud about why ldquoI need to figure out how many muffins to make for snack tomorrow helliprdquo
bullModel counting children each day before going outside etc
bullDescribe the childrsquos actions ldquoYou used all the double-unit blocks to make this road I wonder how many it took 1 2 3hellip18rdquo
bullComment ldquoWe will need one smock for each child who is going to paintrdquo
bullProvide opportunities for children to be responsible for classroom duties that involve counting (While setting table for snack independently child will need to figure out how many cups are needed by counting children) Remain available if they need support
Med
iate
bullAsk child to give one more of something ldquoLily would you please hand me one more paintbrushrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into simple songs and finger-plays
bullTalk to child about number of body parts One nose two eyes hellip Expand childrsquos comments ldquoYes you have two eyes and many eyelashesrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into routines and games (Count each step as ascending stairs Count up to 10 while rolling a ball back and forth) Take turns counting
bullTeach strategies mdash ldquoLine up the cars as you count themrdquo ldquoTouch each chip as you say the numberrdquo
bullHave two children count together while they test their predictions of how many marbles are in the jar
bullInvite children to help set the tables for meals ldquoHow many plates are on the table How many cups will you need rdquo
bullEngage in play with children and incorporate counting into the play ldquoHow many chairs do we need for the babies Letrsquos make a garage for each of these cars helliprdquo
bullHave children draw objects to represent numbers
bullAsk a ldquoQuestion of the Dayrdquo (on any topic) and create a graph of childrenrsquos responses Then ask them to identify which is more or less
bullReflect with children after they engage in an activity Have them describe their process Ask questions to prompt their thinking ldquoHow did you come up with that numberrdquo ldquoHow do you know there are morerdquo
Dire
ct
bullHave child repeat numbers as you count something out loud
bullHold childrsquos hands and count as she jumps up and down
bullProvide cards with numerals to indicate serving size at snack ldquoSee the three You may start with three crackersrdquo
bullTell child ldquoWersquore going to count the shells to find out how many there are all together When we count we always start with the number onehelliprdquo
bullAssign a helper to count the number of children present each day
bullProvide a collection of objects to be counted Direct the child to count how many there are Listen for accuracy If the child gets to a point where he canrsquot go further model saying the remaining numbers
bullHave a child help gather materials for a project Give them instructions ldquoPlease go get 15 straws and five pieces of red paperrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 32
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage communication (such as two toy telephones)
bullAllow time during teacher-directed activities for children to comment and share
bullChange something in the environment
bullProvide materials that produce a wide variety of sounds
bullCreate small-group opportunities with peers who have a variety of language levels
bullSing songs with children especially repetitive songs like Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed or Old MacDonald had a Farm
bullUse nursery rhymes
bullProvide opportunities for children to pretend to be someone else This encourages children to mimic the vocabulary facial expressions and body language that they see and hear from others These types of experiences encourage oral language interactions
bullPlay games such as I Spy Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar and Guess Who I Am
bullProvide story cards of a familiar story
bullProvide journals for children to record their experiences
bullProvide opportunities for children to have conversations with each other
bullProvide many opportunities for children to explain what they are doing tell others about their experiences and feelings and to share their thoughts
bullProvide tape recorders for children to record their own voices and stories
bullPlay games with rules and have children explain the rules to their peers
bullRead stories multiple timesbullInclude microphones old telephones puppets flannel boards and paper towel tubes in multiple play areasbullProvide picture books for children to tell their own storiesbullProvide props for role-playing and pretending
In any language
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 33
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullUse descriptive language when describing a childrsquos actions
bullModel target vocabulary while labeling items
bullUse pointing to bring childrsquos attention to what is being talked about
bullModel increasingly more advanced language
bullRepeat a comment made by a peer to increase childrsquos attention to what was said
bullProvide expectant looks to encourage a child to make a comment
bullModel conversations between adults or adult and a child Do so in close proximity to identified child
bullCreate opportunities for children to be engaged with peers on projects of mutual interest that require verbal communication
bullTake digital photos of children engaging in the classroom Create a slide-show to prompt a small group of viewers to reflect on and describe their experiences
Med
iate
bullFollow the childrsquos lead Comment on hisher actions
bullTalk with a child about objects and happenings in the here-and-now
bullWhen asking a question allow sufficient wait time (at least three to five seconds) for a response
bullUse gestures and facial expression while talking to give more clues to the meaning of a communication
bullRespond verbally to childrsquos nonverbal communications
bullRepeat and expand childrsquos comments
bullEncourage social interactions between identified children and more proficient peers
bullTalk about topics that children are presently engaged in and those that are of special interest
bullAsk an open-ended question allow wait time acknowledge and expand the childrsquos response
bullAsk children about recent experiences with their families Prompt them to tell more and help make connections to something going on at school
bullDuring unstructured activities be available and demonstrate interest in what the child is doing When the child initiates an interaction ask to elaborate (ldquoTell me more rdquo) When a follow up comment is made expand the statement and respond to the content of what the child has said
bullEngage a small group of children in educational dialogue Use the opportunity to build their understanding of a concept introduce advanced language promote high order thinking and make connections to their lives
bullConduct class meetings during which time children have opportunities to share their ideas and opinionsmdashand listen to their peersmdashon a topic that is important to the group
Dire
ct
bullModel short simple sentences when giving directions
bullWhen a child wants or needs something provide the words and encourage the child to repeat them
bullProvide the words for a child to use to communicate a need to a peer Instruct the child to repeat the words
bullCoach a child on important skills needed for effective communication ldquoLook at his face when you ask him hellip Give him time to answer you hellip Acknowledge that you are listening helliprdquo
bullProvide a prompt photograph or interesting object and have a child describe it Write the childrsquos words Ask open-ended questions to elicit increased use of descriptors
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 34
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullEnsure access to booksbullProvide books puppets felt
board materialsbullProvide small people houses
cars for pretend playbullAllow children to tell stories
and read to adults and peersbullProvide a consistent
predictable schedule with pictures and refer to it regularly use words like ldquofirst we did this and then we did this now we are doing thisrdquo
bullRead stories that reflect childrenrsquos cultural linguistic familial backgrounds and experiences
bullProvide books and materials that are linked to childrenrsquos interests and personal experiences
bullMatch dramatic play materials to stories being read
bullProvide materials linked to recently read books
bullCreate and display classroom-created books related to classroom experiences
bullAdjust the schedule to allow for a book reading that supports an unexpected experience children have just had eg observing a butterfly on the playground
bullIntroduce story-related vocabulary terms such as character and event during book readings
bullUse the words at other times such as when a child is telling a story explain that they are the character
bullProvide story-making materials to children have them read the stories to you listen for evidence of characters plot etc
bullEnsure that there is time and space for reading to children throughout the day
bullProvide wordless books that children can tell their story from
bullProvide materials such as flannel board pieces that reflect familiar stories
bullProvide opportunities for children to retell stories
bullRead stories over and over againbullProvide opportunities for children to have frequent conversation with adults and peersbullEncourage children to represent stories through a variety of materials art movement outdoor play etc
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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-
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-
- Button 3
- PRevious view 7
- Next view 7
- PRevious 6
- Next view 10
- p4Link
- p7Link
- Direct 3
- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
- PRevious view 9
-
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-
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-
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-
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | NON-DIRECTIVE 11
Continuum of Teaching Behaviors with Related Evidence-Based Teaching Strategies
NON-DIRECTIVE
AcknowledgeTeaching Strategies Examples
Nonverbal helping strategies
Indirect nonverbal help Provide psychological support through proximity to encourage and sustain childrsquos efforts
A teacher notices that a child is wandering she decides to join him in the housekeeping area - to which he has just arrived - in order to help him sustain play there
Gestures Use pointing to direct childrsquos attention
A child is frustrated because she canrsquot get the play dough flattened out The teacher points to a nearby rolling pin which the child readily tries
Expectant looks Look at child in a way that indicates there is an expectation that the child has something to say
A child is quietly excited when an attempt to blow a bubble is successful A nearby teacher looks expectantly at the child indicating interest The child proudly shares her experience
ModelTeaching Strategies Examples
Modeling ModelingTeacher models a desired skill
A teacher sits beside a child who is having difficulty lacing beads The teacher picks up a string and begins lacing beside the child thus providing a model that the child might observe
Peer modeling One child models a skill for another
A teacher notices that a child is trying to stack blocks with limited success The teacher invites a peer who is an experienced builder to join them in the block area and asks that child to make a very tall tower
Use language Describe childrsquos action Teacher maps childrsquos actions with rich verbal descriptions
A child is pretending to feed his baby with a toy bottle The teacher comments ldquoYou are being very gentle as you feed your baby I see that you are holding the bottle up so he can get all the milk helliprdquo
Describe own actionsTeacher maps own actions with rich verbal descriptions
A teacher wants to bring a childrsquos attention to her use of writing for meaning She comments out loud ldquoI had better write this note for myself so I wonrsquot forget to stop at the library on my way home after school todayrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | MEDIATING 12
MEDIATING
Facilitate SupportTeaching Strategies Examples
Verbal helping Indirect verbal helpGive a child a hint about how to do something
A child is trying to button her coat The teacher observes that she is unable to pull the button through the hole The teacher comments ldquomaybe if you pull the button with your other hand helliprdquo
Make suggestionsProvide ideas that children might try
Two children are in disagreement about their roles in play and come to the teacher for help The teacher suggests ldquoMaybe there could be two construction workersrdquo
Incidental teaching
A teacher interacts with a child during unstructured activities by following the childrsquos lead When the child initiates a comment the teacher repeats and extends the idea
During snack a child comments ldquoI donrsquot like itrdquo The teacher replies ldquoOh you donrsquot like hummus I think it has an interesting flavor Have you ever tried itrdquo
Mand model Use questioning that requires a specific response When interacting with a young child who is exploring a new textured paint a teacher asks ldquoDo you think it feels smooth or lumpyrdquo
Naturalistic time delay
Provide a time delay (at least three to five seconds) and wait attentively for childrsquos response
A teacher asks a child about a story that they have just read together He provides the child enough time to think it about and formulate a response
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | MEDIATING 13
ScaffoldTeaching Strategies Examples
Use shared activities
Using peer interactions to further learning goals A teacher structures a cooperative small-group art activity In addition to providing large paper and a variety of tools she facilitates the childrenrsquos planning for how they will work together before they start The teacher checks in with the group often and talks to them about their process
Use language Encourage and model use of public and private speech Talking aloud helps children master cognitive learning tasks
A child is trying to figure out how to assemble a challenging puzzle The teacher invites the child to talk about his thinking ldquoHow did you figure out where to put this piece What did you notice about itrdquo hellip
Use language Represent childrenrsquos actions through language drawing photos and symbols to enhance their ability to communicate about and extend their thinking
After a few children have worked together to construct a hospital in the block center the teacher invites them to share their project with the rest of the class The teacher takes photos and helps them create a slideshow on the classroom computer She writes their words as they describe what they built and its meaning to them
Use mediators Provide a tangible external structure for children to use to solve a problem and act with increasing independence Contributes to higher mental functioning
A teacher includes the children when making an ldquoArrivalrdquo poster that describes with words and photos the tasks that children need to do when they first enter the room each day Thereafter the children refer to the poster instead of requiring reminders from the teacher When all children have internalized the routine the poster is removed
Use language Provide specific feedback to help increase childrenrsquos metacognition
When a child is inconsistent counting the rocks in his collection the teacher points out ldquoWhen you touched each rock as you counted it it helped you to keep track and not count them more than oncerdquo
Teach through conversations While outside on the playground a teacher engages a child in a conversation about a worm that the child is observing on the ground Instead of lecturing the child about ldquoworm factsrdquo or asking the child a list of questions the teacher makes comments related to the childrsquos and expresses wonder They agree to research together to learn more back in the classroom
Ask open-ended questions A child is reviewing a piece of artwork The teacher asks ldquoWhat do you think of this painting Can you describe it helliprdquo
Engage children in educational dialogue As part of a larger topic of study a teacher engages a small group of children in a discussion about metamorphosis The teacher guides the discussion responding to childrenrsquos comments and answering their questions while also incorporating new vocabulary and concepts in a way that they can comprehend
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | DIRECTIVE 14
Co-constructTeaching Strategies Examples
Use shared activities
Engage in activities collaboratively with children as a learning partner
A teacher works with children to research simple machines They learn together as they experiment with a variety of materials
DIRECTIVE
DemonstrateTeaching Strategies Examples
Nonverbal helping strategies
Partial-modelShow child how to do something without performing the full action
While helping a child to master pouring liquid from a pitcher into a cup a teacher models holding the cup with one hand and holding the handle of the pitcher with the other The teacher pauses and allows the child to imitate those actions and then lift and attempt to pour on his own
Full-modeled helpDemonstrate for a child how to do something
While teaching a child to tie her shoes the teacher has the child watch as the teacher slowly and deliberately ties the shoe
DirectTeaching Strategies Examples
Direct verbal help
Give instructionsTell a child exactly how to do something Break tasks down into manageable chunks by providing simple step-by-step directions
To help a child learn to wash her hands the teacher describes each task in the order that it needs to occur The teacher waits until she completes a step before telling what to do next
Nonverbal helping strategy
Physical helpProvide hand-over-hand assistance so the child will perform a target behavior
A teacher uses a pair of dual-control training scissors with a child to assist him in learning to cut paper
For the purpose of describing each the above strategies are listed separately To be most effective teachers often combine more than one strategy For example demonstrating a task while also describing what is being done or asking open-ended questions while facilitating the shared activities of children
Section 2
Strategies by Selected Connecticut Preschool Assessment Framework Performance Standards
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 2 16
Personal amp Social 2 Sustains attention to taskgoal that the child has set out to accomplish
PampS 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Sustains attention primarily to self-selected high-interest tasks
Sustains attention to high-interest self-selected task until complete or reaches frustration level
Sustains attention to variety of self-selected tasks until complete despite some frustration
Persists with both self-selected and teacher-directed tasks until task completed
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and experiences including experiences that provide sensory input open-ended materials opportunities for discovery etc
bullMaintain similar materials and experiences over time
bullStructure classroom so that there are areas for individual small and large group-play
bullAllow children to continue projects over multiple days
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and experiences
bullProvide materials with increasing difficulty level such as single piece and interlocking puzzles large and small building materials wordless books and early readers etc
bullProvide materials that allow children to scaffold their participation such as colored bowls to guide sorting
bullAdjust the schedule to shorten activities that are frustrating to children to encourage them to participate in the entire experience
bull Embed materials of interest to children within multiple areas in the classroom
bull Provide materials for children to chart the experiences that they participate in throughout the day or week
bull Provide materials for children to plan their play within a center include problem-solving steps in the plan
bullProvide lengthy child choice time in the class schedule
bullProvide a balance of teacher-directed and child-directed activities
bullProvide clearly defined interest areas in the classroombullBe sure some interest areas allow an individual child small numbers of children (two to three) to participatebullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate amounts of child-directed timebullGive children many opportunities to make choicesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn and practice problem-solving strategiesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn to ask their peers open-ended questions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 2 17
PampS 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Sustains attention primarily to self-selected high-interest tasks
Sustains attention to high-interest self-selected task until complete or reaches frustration level
Sustains attention to variety of self-selected tasks until complete despite some frustration
Persists with both self-selected and teacher-directed tasks until task completed
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
Go to area where child has chosen to play andbullUse proximity to maintain a
childrsquos attentionbullDescribe what a child is doing
with materialsbullModel use of the same
materials that child is using
bullEnthusiastically talk about own interest and engagement with the same task child is doing
bullIf child seems frustrated acknowledge and label the feeling
bullInvite child to explore new materials Allow to gain familiarity through open-ended use then model task
bullPair child with familiar peer to attempt new task
bullModel completion of task and describe own thinking while doing so
bullObserve child engaged in a task and provide specific verbal feedback
Med
iate
bullRespond to and expand childrsquos ideas if she asks how to do something
bullInvite a child to help you with a task
bullDescribe what a peer is doing with a similar material ldquoDo you see Manny He is putting the blocks in the bucketrdquo Encourage child to try also
bullModify a task so it will be achievable
bullComplete a portion of the task allowing child to finish it
bullProvide verbal hints to scaffold childrsquos ability to succeed
bullAsk questions to lead child toward success ldquoDo you think it might fit hererdquo
bullEncourage child to ask a peer for help
bullProvide directions verbally and with visual cues
bullAsk open-ended questions and prompt child to describe own thought process as he is engaged in a task
bullRemind a child of previous success on a similar task
bullUse childrsquos ideas and preferred materials for teacher-directed tasks
bullAsk child to identify a goal and make a plan for how she will proceed before beginning to work
bullInvite a child to demonstrate a mastered skill for peers
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to complete the task step-by-step
bullBreak task down into manageable steps providing verbal directions for each
bullPhysically help a child to complete a task working together until it is completed
bullAssign a small group of children a multistep task to complete before the end of the day
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 4 18
Personal amp Social 4 Manages transitions follows routines and rules
PampS 4Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with teacher supervision
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with occasional reminders
Makes transitions and usually follows routines and rules when given signal
Anticipates transitions and usually follows routines and rules independently
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide a predictable consistent daily schedule including transition times
bullProvide pictures to support the main components of the day include pictures of the transition steps
bullReview transition steps during small group as a game
bullBreak transitions down into steps
bullProvide adequate time in the schedule for the routine or transition
bullDevise a schedule that limits the number of transitions in a day
bullReview transition steps prior to transitions
bullTeach transition signals to children
bullProvide adequate time in the schedule for experiences so that children are not frustrated by the transition
bullProvide visual cues to complete routines such as clean up (labeled shelves) and washing hands (picture steps) or setting the table (picture checklist)
bullMove closer to groups of children and repeat directions
bullBreak children up into small groups to complete routines
bullUse different transition signals for each transition
bullAllow adequate time between transition warning and transition
bullInform children of the next experience
bullPlace picture schedules including pictures of routines throughout the room
bullCover experiences that have already occurred on each schedule
bullQuestion children during the current experience about the next part of the day
bullUse a choice boardbullCreate posters with pictures for typical classroom routinesbullProvide a sign-in chart for childrenbullLabel shelves with words and picturesbullPlace pictures of children on chairsbullTeach routines
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 4 19
PampS 4Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with teacher supervision
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with occasional reminders
Makes transitions and usually follows routines and rules when given signal
Anticipates transitions and usually follows routines and rules independently
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullProvide proximity and physical contact to support children throughout the day
bullProvide advance notice about what is going to happen next
bullDescribe what a peer is doing so child will notice expected behaviors
bullUse self-talk as indirect signal of what is coming ldquoI think I will get the napkins out itrsquos almost time for snackrdquo
bullGet childrsquos attention then point to visual timer or daily schedule to indicate that itrsquos time to move on
bullPlace items in an area as a prompt for whatrsquos about to happen (children know itrsquos time for meeting when they see teacher setting up carpet squares on the floor)
bullRefer child to posted classroom rules if there is a question about an expectation
bullMention to another adult in the room so child will hear an observation about a childrsquos independence ldquoJulio set the table for snack without being askedrdquo
Med
iate
bullGive child an object to move from one place to the next when they need to transition ldquoAlex please bring this paper to the table for our art projectrdquo
bullHelp children by participating with them to clean up or prepare the room
bullSuggest that child look to see what peers are doing
bullRefer to the visual poster of the daily schedule and describe ldquoSee we just finished reading a story the next picture shows that it is time for snackrdquo
bullProvide a visual andor auditory signal when a transition is approaching
bullHelp child recall expected behavior when signal is used ldquoWhat do we do when we hear the bellrdquo
bullInclude children as helpers to set up room and prepare for classroom experiences
bullAsk a child ldquoWhat should we be doing nowrdquo
bullSuggest that child describe to parent or classroom visitor what comes next in the daily routine
bullReflect with children about the day mdash recount what happened from beginning to end
Dire
ct
bullTell child what he needs to do while helping with the task if necessary ldquoHere you go Irsquoll hold the bucket while you put the blocks back inrdquo
bullRemind a child what she needs to do ldquoRebecca please get your coat wersquore getting ready to go outrdquo
bullDemonstrate the tasks needed when teaching a child how to complete a class job
bullAssign child the task of reminding peers of a rule or transition
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 7 20
Personal amp Social 7 Interacts cooperatively with peers
PampS 7Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Worksplays alongside others Worksplays in association with another child
Worksplays cooperatively with a few others
Sustains cooperative activities with a range of children
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullMaintain materials as a choice for an extended period of time
bullProvide enough materials in an interest area so that a few children can play with the same items
bullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate outdoor play time
bullGive children classroom jobs
bullProvide materials that can be used by more than one child at the same time eglarge box that is used as a bus a see saw a wagon balls play telephones etc
bullInclude a small-group time in the daily schedule and rotate children in the groups
bullProvide interest areas that allow larger groups of children (four to five) to participate
bullProvide books that describe roles and sequences of activities such as books about taking a bus ride or going grocery shopping
bullCreate play experiences that provide opportunities for children to take on roles such as designer of a water wall data collector picture taker
bullUse childrenrsquos common interests to plan play themes to increase opportunities for cooperative play
bullAllow children to transport materials from one center to another to allow for increases in the number and types of interactions
bullProvide dress-up clothes that can allow children to develop group role-play
bullPlan large- and small-group activities that naturally involve working in groups such as dancing or building
bullMake class books about all the children with photos interests likes dislikes Read them often so that children get to know one another
bullProvide clearly defined interest areas in the classroombullBe sure some interest areas allow small numbers of children (two to three) to participatebullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate amounts of child-directed timebullGive children many opportunities to make choicesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn and practice problem-solving strategiesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn to ask their peers open-ended questions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 7 21
PampS 7Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Worksplays alongside others Worksplays in association with another child
Worksplays cooperatively with a few others
Sustains cooperative activities with a range of children
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullComment about what another child is doing in order to bring the childrsquos attention to the peer ldquoLook Mario is pushing a truck toordquo
bullUse proximity to support a child to feel more comfortable playing near a less familiar peer
bullPoint out opportunities for play with peers ldquoI see the children are building a house with the big blocks over there (pointing)rdquo
bullModel interactive play and comment for child to hear ldquoIt really is fun when we splash in the water togetherrdquo
bullDescribe what children are doing in order to direct other childrenrsquos attention to them ldquoJoey Tia is asking you to be a passenger on her busrdquo (as Tia is looking at him and patting the seat next to her)
bullRead a story about cooperation
bullModel cooperative efforts as a member of a teaching team
bullComment to children about the contributions of the members of the larger school community
bullProvide support in the form of proximity when a child begins an interaction with a new peer Be ready to facilitate if not initially successful
Med
iate
bullPlay alongside a child and encourage interactions between self and child with common materials
bullSuggest to two children playing with same material ldquoMaybe you can make one huge pile of sand if you pour your sand togetherrdquo
bullComment when children are playing in proximity ldquoYou and Jenny are both playing with the puppetsrdquo
bullInvite the child to watch a peer who is more competent with a desired toy or material Suggest that the peer show the child how to use it
bullHelp child to enter into another childrsquos play with suggestions such as ldquoHere are some square blocks Maybe you could make a road How about telling her you are a road builder and see if she would like you to build a road to her houserdquo
bullDiscuss with small group of children the benefits of cooperation
bullJoin children in their play taking on a role along with the child Help to engage and then gradually withdraw from the activity maintaining proximity for support
bullAs children work together make connections by referring to concepts in book read earlier
bullWhen children want the same role suggest for example ldquoWe can have two crane operatorsrdquo
bullHelp the child identify a role for himher self ldquoWhat other jobs do people do in a restaurantrdquo
bullAsk willing peers to invite the child to join in their play Remain nearby to support the interaction
bullAsk questions to extend and encourage continued participation between a few children ldquoWhat is going to happen nextrdquo
bullStructure opportunities that require children to work together to achieve a meaningful outcome For example include children in a plan to move the block area so it is located closer to the dramatic play center Have them sketch a drawing of where things will go Make a list of needed materials etc
bullMake suggestions for the various roles that children can take as they enter into an ongoing play scenario
Dire
ct
bullTake the child by the hand and walk about the classroom describing the choices for play
bullInstruct children to include the child in their play and help negotiate roles for each
bullStructure activities for teamwork and assign small groups to work together on a task
bullWhen engaging in a cooking activity with a small group give each child a specific role and describe the tasks that they need to accomplish Include visuals also
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 22
Physical 2 Uses coordinated small-muscle movements
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for children to build strength in their hands by including objects such as bubble wrap tongs tweezers hole punch squirt bottles and turkey basters
bullEncourage children to rip paper as part of an activity
bullBe sure children are seated in a stable chair when completing fine motor activities and that their feet can be flat on the floor
bullHave children make large arm movements during music and movement
bullProvide animal grabbers bug catchers and wooden tongs for children to pick up objects
bullPlay games that allow children to crawl and creep on the floor Bearing weight on their hands and arms will help them develop the arches and muscles needed to write and manipulate objects
bullProvide stiff materials to practice cutting such as index cards sandpaper or magazine inserts
bullProvide non-paper items to cut such as straws or play dough
bullUse upright working surfaces to build strength such as easels vertical chalkboards flannel boards and Lite Brite
bullEncourage children to fold paper
bullTape paper to edge of a table when children are learning to cut Have them snip the end to make fringe
bullProvide a variety of types of scissors such as spring loaded
bullPlay games that involve eye hand coordination such as rolling a ball back and forth or catch magnetic fishing games pounding bench or bead frames
bullProvide small collage materials bullProvide lacing cards peg
boards toothpicks plastic knives to use with play dough screwdrivers stringing beads eye droppers stickers buttons
bullProvide many opportunities for using scissors
bullProvide pencils and fine line markers
bullProvide bean bags Koosh balls and hula hoops for tossing games
bullProvide a bowling setbullPlay catch with increasingly
smaller ballsbullEmbed writing materials into all
interest areas
bullComplete cooking activities with childrenbullEmbed fine motor materials in childrenrsquos areas of interestbullEncourage children to sort objects when cleaning upbullEmbed fine motor tools and materials that will help children develop a variety of skills and allow children at a variety of skill levels to
participate in a learning center eg large crayons and pencils and standard crayons and pencils
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 23
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullModel use of materials such as Duplos while in close proximity to child Describe own actions ldquoI am pulling really hard with both of my hands to get these two blocks apartrdquo
bullWrite in the mud with a stick Offer it to a child to try
bullSit with children during mealtimes Model and encourage use of tongs pitchers for pouring and safe knives for spreading and cutting
bullDescribe childrsquos actions ldquoYou fastened three snaps and put the doll clothes on all by yourselfrdquo
bullAcknowledge childrsquos effort as he tries to operate new puppet with limbs Sit quietly nearby and watch being available if he should decide to ask for support
bullPoint to bring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is capable of modeling a fine motor skill
bullModel writing and cutting often so children will see the proper form and technique
Med
iate
bullAsk two children to work together to remove the cover from a bin of toys
bullSuggest ldquoMaybe if you squeeze with both hands the glue will come outrdquo Later relate this to use of ketchup bottle
bullAssist by holding block tower stable while child adds one more
bullAsk children to scrunch material such as scarves used for music and movement
bullAsk children to crumble newspaper as part of a project (stuffing for a scarecrow snowman or 3D art project)
bullInvite a child to use a marker and paper to ldquodrawrdquo or ldquowriterdquo about an experience or observation
bullEngage children to play clapping games like ldquoMiss Mary Mackrdquo with a partner
bullConverse with a small group of children while cooking Comment on use of hands to pour sift stir
bullDraw thick straight lines with marker for child to cut on
bullHold paper while child practices cutting it in half
bullDraw a square around a complex picture for a child to cut it out
bullHave two children work collectively on a lacing or weaving activity
bullGive children real work to do within the classroom to further refine their motor skills They can replace marker caps disassemble small Lego structures etc
bullProvide pre-drawn shapes numerals and letters for child to look at when they want to copy for their own use
bullWhile watching a child cut or draw give a hint (if necessary) to help the child increase efficiency For example ldquoTry to lift the scissors off the table while you cutrdquo
bullAsk questions about childrsquos use of computer mouse ldquoHow do you get the arrow to go up Could you teach me how to move itrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate then have child imitate use of finger paint to make vertical lines at the easel while crossing the midline Provide finger tip brushes if tactile sensitive
bullGuide child to cut strip of stiff paper with dual-control training scissors
bullWhen child shows frustration with a task encourage her to talk about it ldquoTell me what yoursquore trying to dordquo
bullWhen teaching scissor skills teach each task in a sequential order and have child practice before moving to the next stage
bullDraw a simple shape while child watches then have child imitate
bullCreate a poster with printed words and pictures that show the steps to put on and zipper a jacket Discuss with children then post where they can observe when getting dressed to go outdoors
Use the book Red Lace Yellow Lace to help a child learn to tie shoes Use rhyming verse and illustrations to teach each step of the processTeach children how to use
leading hand (operating scissors) and support hand (holding and moving paper) in order to cut out shapes
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 24
Cognitive 2 Uses a variety of strategies to solve problems
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problems independently
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange room so children have defined spaces that support focus persistence and ongoing interactions with peers
bullArrange environment and materials to support cooperative play and small group so children observe others solving problems
bullAlter the schedule andor arrange the environment so that children have opportunities for small-group experiences with children who create and use alternative strategies to solve problems
bullIntroduce a new material that could be used to solve a problem after a child has successfully or unsuccessfully attempted to solve a problem
bullProvide multiple materials that can be used in a similar way to promote alternative strategies
bullArrange materials so there are increased opportunities for solving problems (limit materials remove paint brushes for easel remove one puzzle piece etc)
bullProvide materials that promote problem solving (eg gears marble works turkey basters and funnels for water play)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 25
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problemsindependently
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullTell child ldquoI notice you got frustrated and gave uprdquo
bullModify or provide a simpler task
bullModel private speech ldquoLet me see Whenever I try to do this it doesnrsquot seem to work I think I will try something differentrdquo
bullComment ldquoOh you did that just like Juan I bet therersquos another wayhelliprdquo Provide time for child to think and provide an expectant look
bullModel a new strategy Describe what is being tried and the outcome
bullComment ldquoI notice that you made a change It looks like this idea is workingrdquo
bullCreate a chart by taking pictures of a child successfully completing a common but difficult task Refer another child to it when she encounters the same challenge
bullModel thinking aloud when presented with a problem in the classroom For example ldquoI wonder how I am going to fit six children at this table I think I will move this shelf and add a chair here That should workrdquo
Med
iate
bullEncourage child to try again this time providing support to ensure success
bullAssist partially with the task and let child do the part that he or she is capable of
bullProvide two possible solutions and let child pick one
bullOffer to help the child solve a problem at hand
bullWait until the next time the child encounters the same problem and be prepared to co-construct for success (Child gets frustrated because block tower falls down The next time he enters block area join him and build it together)
bullSuggest an alternative strategy for a child to try
bullInvite the child to assist peer or teacher in solving the problem together
bullSuggest that child observe a peer who is using a successful strategy Encourage the peer to describe what is being done
bullAsk a child to explain his or her thinking Use writing or drawing as a way to capture the childrsquos ideas Expand on comments
bullWhen a child can almost get a puzzle piece to fit but begins to give up provide a hint for what to try
bullRemind child of a strategy he or she has used in a different situation Suggest trying that again to solve current problem
bullEngage in a back and forth exchange with a child about the problem-solving process ldquoDo you think that might work Tell me how Why do you think helliprdquo
bullStructure a task that allows for multiple approaches Identify possible solutions with children and write them down Have each child try one strategy while peers observe and comment
bullAsk children for their ideas to help the teacher figure out how to approach a challenge or problem in the classroom
bullEngage a small group of children in a dialogue about differing perspectives Ask a series of questions to encourage children to describe their thinking Help children come to an understanding that there is more than one ldquoright wayrdquo to approach a problem
bullCreate an ldquoAsk the Expertsrdquo class book or poster Identify with children those things that they are each good at Can be used as a reference when a child needs help with a task
Dire
ct
bullDo the task for the child while showing how and describing each step
bullDemonstrate a different strategy and ask the child to try it
bullDescribe an alternative strategy and direct child to try it
bullHave a child teach a skill to a peer Coach her how to give step-by-step directions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 26
Cognitive 4 Recognizes and makes patterns
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullCreate patterns using pieces of the environment egpull up one window shade leave the next one down etc alternate chair colors at tablesmdashred blue red
bullProvide materials that can be used to create patterns through the use of sound vision and touch
bullBring in materials that have patterns in them display items and allow children to explore eg woven baskets dish towels pieces of cloth
bullCreate patterns using childrenrsquos clothing or physical characteristics take photos of the pattern so children can observe and repeat it
bullUse morning meeting time to identify patterns in the daily or weekly schedule
bullEmbed pattern activities into small group
bullAllow children to create patterns across a large space the entire block rug or the whole room
bullEncourage children to use outdoor play as an opportunity to create a pattern
bullProvide materials that have several characteristics that can be used to create a pattern such as cars that are various sizes and colors
bullProvide writing materials so that children can record their patterns through pictures or words
bullProvide patterning materials in multiple areas of the classroombullProvide items that have similar and different characteristics in multiple interest areas in the classroom
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 27
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe ldquoYou chose a blue crayon That is the same color as your pantsrdquo
bullComment ldquoI notice that you have two bears They look different One is yellow and one is purplerdquo
bullModel placing items into an AB pattern near where a child is using the same materials Name the pattern
bullComment ldquoYou found all the cars and planes that are the same as mine I lined these up in a pattern car plane car plane hellip You lined yours up differentlyrdquo
bullComment ldquoYou made a pattern just like my model You are able to continue and describe a simple pattern I bet you can create one of your ownrdquo
bullModel and name movement patterns when singing or chanting with children (clap and tap)
bullProvide a variety of natural materials for children to observe near the art area Watch to see if they incorporate the idea of pattern into their work
bullModel using a musical instrument to create an ABB pattern Describe it ldquoLoud soft soft helliprdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoSee this round pasta ldquoCan you find one that is the same shapehellip a different kindrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoYou choose the color that you like best and I will help you find some more that are the samerdquo
bullUse descriptive language when talking to a child about attributes of objects in the immediate environment Provide experiences for children to practice identifying things that are alike (match games finding pairs)
bullProbe ldquoCould you try to copy my patternrdquo
bullRecommend ldquoWhat if you match them up side by side Letrsquos name them out loud so you can hear the pattern mdash circle star circle star helliprdquo
bullEngage children in conversations about the patterns in their environment While walking outside point out patterns in the sidewalk fences and brick walls
bullAs child is trying to repeat a model pattern provide a hint if needed ldquoLook here you put the blue one lastrdquo
bullEncourage ldquoWhat if you pick two items and make a unit Next Irsquoll copy yours When we put them together wersquoll have a pattern Now keep extending it You did itrdquo
bullPrompt ldquoCan you describe your arrangementrdquo
bullHave two children work together to create a pattern with dot markers They take turns making their marks on a paper strip and notice that a pattern occurs Discuss with them the importance of placement on the paper and the order of their marksrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoDo you think that you could create a new pattern for someone to duplicate You could tell her about it then ask her to copy itrdquo
bullAfter a child creates a movement pattern (hop clap spin) represent the idea by writing the words on chart paper Help the child read the words Add pictures or the childrsquos drawings to go with the words Encourage other children to try Have them use the chart and demonstrate their movements to teach peers
Dire
ct
bullTell ldquoWatch me slide all of these green beads onto this string You can do it too What color do you want to userdquo
bullldquoFind all the seeds that look like this (show one) and put them together into this bowlrdquo
bullShow then tell ldquoFirst I put all the cows here and the pigs here next watch how I alternate them as I line them up cow pig cow pig hellip Can you do the samerdquo
bullDemonstrate and explain ldquoWhen making a repeating pattern use two shapesmdashplace the first here then put the one that is different after it hellip Now lsquoreadrsquo the pattern with me helliprdquo
bullTeach about a variety of complex patterns ABB ABC patterns with items that have more than one attribute (yellow cube blue sphere hellip) and growing patterns Name the pattern and units
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 28
Cognitive 5 Compares and orders objects and events
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullIntentionally vary materials in the classroom and discuss differences (eg different color pitchers for juice walls that are different colors etc)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by one attribute (color or size) providing only two examples of that attribute (eg small and large)
bullProvide opportunities for children to share describe and compare familiar objects from home in one-on-one and small-group settings (eg all children bring in their favorite item related to a particular unit of study or project)
bullProvide materials to promote observation skills such as bookspictures in which you locate items in a group (eg ldquoI Spyrdquo books)
bullProvide visual sequence for familiar stories and allow children to manipulate and order plot sequence
bullProvide materials that vary by one attribute providing three to four graduated examples (eg small medium and large)
bullPost visual schedules for daily routines and refer to these throughout the day (schedule of the dayrsquos activities steps involved for cleaning up from snack)
bullProvide visual displays that promote comparisons (three bears that vary in size)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by visual attributes (such as length width gradations of color) providing five to 10 graduated examples
bullProvide more detailed visual sequences for daily learning experiences and facilitate the childrenrsquos involvement in ordering the process (eg ldquoAre these in the right order Do we water the plant first or do we put the seed in the dirt firstrdquo)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by nonvisible attributes such as time and weight sound
bullVary the classroom schedule to provide opportunities to compare time (eg provide a longer time outside on a sunny day and a short walk in drizzly weather)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 29
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullPrint a set of pictures of the children in the class and display near the classroom computer Show a duplicate set as a slideshow on the monitor Sit nearby and listen to childrenrsquos comments Point to matching pictures to prompt them to find the matches
bullAcknowledge when children spontaneously show order in their work ldquoThe lines on your painting start out long on this side and get gradually smaller as they move across the paperrdquo
bullTalk aloud about own reason for ordering something
bullMake verbal comparisons about objects or people ldquoJulio when I look at this photograph I can see that you and Desiree are the same height Rosa is shorter and Mia is the tallest
bullComment ldquoAlly you sequenced all the pictures to retell the storyrdquo
bullOrder blocks by weight Use comparison words to describemdashheavy heavier heaviest
bullldquoLetrsquos see how long it takes to put the blocks away todayrdquo Do this for several days and compare time
Med
iate
bullModel use of vocabulary mdash same and different
bullPrompt children to identify pairs of items that match or do not ldquoJulie can you help find Mariarsquos mitten It is red like this onerdquo
bullAsk children to find items in the classroom that are biglittle etc
bullUse musical instruments with children to explore concepts such as loudsoft and slowfast
bullTeach about opposites using a song and gestures to indicate updown overunder etc
bullAsk questions to get children to identify the smallest biggest etc
bullTake photographs of children engaging in a three step processes (Pouring milk drinking it and showing the empty glass) Make several sets and print Have children work in pairs They take turns ordering and then describing their reasoning to the peer
bullRead and have children act out stories such as The Three Bears that contain items that can be ordered
bullUse daily schedule chart to talk with a few children about the order of the daily routine Ask one child to describe what comes next to a peer who is new to the class
bullWhen asking a child ldquowhat comes nextrdquo allow sufficient time for the child to think about it and respond If needed give a hint ldquoItrsquos something we do when we are hungryrdquo
bullAsk questions to get a child to describe what he or she remembers about the order of events in a story
bullInvite children to draw representations of their family members Then ask them to order them from the smallest to largest Talk about the ages of these people Are they also in order from youngest to oldest Why do they think this is so
bullProvide feedback ldquoYou know that there is no school tomorrow How did you figure it outrdquo
bullHelp children to make connections to their own experiencesmdashldquoHave you ever tried to lift something very heavyrdquo
Dire
ct
bullUse a memory game with matching picture cards Demonstrate placing pictures in pairs Describe own actions ldquoI am placing these two cards together they have the same picture Thatrsquos a matchrdquo Have child help
bullDuring movement activities demonstrate moving your body from crouching low to the ground to a squat to standing to reaching up Have children imitate these movements Ask them to describe them as well
bullWhen child is playing with a group of nature items provide an ordering mat and request that the child arrange from longest to shortest If needed break task down ldquoFind the smallest item rdquo
bullProvide pictures of objects and have children compare them with regard to nonvisible attributes (A lion and a cat) mdashldquoWhich is louderrdquo (A brick and a balloon) mdash ldquoWhich is lighterrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 30
Cognitive 6 Relates number to quantity
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullIncorporate materials with numerals throughout the classroom (eg add footprints with numerals on the floor in high traffic areas)
bullUse number-related vocabulary when talking about the daily schedule For example ldquoWe have one minute until snack timerdquo
bullHand materials to students one at a time while counting instead of providing them with all materials at once
bullProvide sets of five to 10 objects similar objects
bullProvide multiple natural opportunities for counting during the daily routine (ldquoLetrsquos start with 10 raisins Help me countrdquo)
bullIncorporate songs that include counting
bullProvide opportunities within classroom routine for 1-to-1 correspondence (setting snack table with one napkin and one cup at each chair passing out materials to each child etc)
bullProvide materials to include opportunities for 1-to-1 correspondence (provide 20 cards and 20 envelopes 20 cars and 20 boxes that could be used as garages)
bullProvide sets of different materials with varying quantities (12 bears three horses three pigs and 20 chickens)
bullVary classroom arrangement to include opportunities to compare quantities (have more chairs at one table than another areas that accommodate more children etc)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 31
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe how many whenever the opportunity arises ldquoYou have two crackers mdash one in each handrdquo
bullModel use of number-related vocabulary as appropriate ldquoI need three cups at this table helliprdquo
bullComment ldquoMaria just counted to five There are five flowers in the vaserdquo
bullModel counting throughout the day and talk out loud about why ldquoI need to figure out how many muffins to make for snack tomorrow helliprdquo
bullModel counting children each day before going outside etc
bullDescribe the childrsquos actions ldquoYou used all the double-unit blocks to make this road I wonder how many it took 1 2 3hellip18rdquo
bullComment ldquoWe will need one smock for each child who is going to paintrdquo
bullProvide opportunities for children to be responsible for classroom duties that involve counting (While setting table for snack independently child will need to figure out how many cups are needed by counting children) Remain available if they need support
Med
iate
bullAsk child to give one more of something ldquoLily would you please hand me one more paintbrushrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into simple songs and finger-plays
bullTalk to child about number of body parts One nose two eyes hellip Expand childrsquos comments ldquoYes you have two eyes and many eyelashesrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into routines and games (Count each step as ascending stairs Count up to 10 while rolling a ball back and forth) Take turns counting
bullTeach strategies mdash ldquoLine up the cars as you count themrdquo ldquoTouch each chip as you say the numberrdquo
bullHave two children count together while they test their predictions of how many marbles are in the jar
bullInvite children to help set the tables for meals ldquoHow many plates are on the table How many cups will you need rdquo
bullEngage in play with children and incorporate counting into the play ldquoHow many chairs do we need for the babies Letrsquos make a garage for each of these cars helliprdquo
bullHave children draw objects to represent numbers
bullAsk a ldquoQuestion of the Dayrdquo (on any topic) and create a graph of childrenrsquos responses Then ask them to identify which is more or less
bullReflect with children after they engage in an activity Have them describe their process Ask questions to prompt their thinking ldquoHow did you come up with that numberrdquo ldquoHow do you know there are morerdquo
Dire
ct
bullHave child repeat numbers as you count something out loud
bullHold childrsquos hands and count as she jumps up and down
bullProvide cards with numerals to indicate serving size at snack ldquoSee the three You may start with three crackersrdquo
bullTell child ldquoWersquore going to count the shells to find out how many there are all together When we count we always start with the number onehelliprdquo
bullAssign a helper to count the number of children present each day
bullProvide a collection of objects to be counted Direct the child to count how many there are Listen for accuracy If the child gets to a point where he canrsquot go further model saying the remaining numbers
bullHave a child help gather materials for a project Give them instructions ldquoPlease go get 15 straws and five pieces of red paperrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 32
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage communication (such as two toy telephones)
bullAllow time during teacher-directed activities for children to comment and share
bullChange something in the environment
bullProvide materials that produce a wide variety of sounds
bullCreate small-group opportunities with peers who have a variety of language levels
bullSing songs with children especially repetitive songs like Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed or Old MacDonald had a Farm
bullUse nursery rhymes
bullProvide opportunities for children to pretend to be someone else This encourages children to mimic the vocabulary facial expressions and body language that they see and hear from others These types of experiences encourage oral language interactions
bullPlay games such as I Spy Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar and Guess Who I Am
bullProvide story cards of a familiar story
bullProvide journals for children to record their experiences
bullProvide opportunities for children to have conversations with each other
bullProvide many opportunities for children to explain what they are doing tell others about their experiences and feelings and to share their thoughts
bullProvide tape recorders for children to record their own voices and stories
bullPlay games with rules and have children explain the rules to their peers
bullRead stories multiple timesbullInclude microphones old telephones puppets flannel boards and paper towel tubes in multiple play areasbullProvide picture books for children to tell their own storiesbullProvide props for role-playing and pretending
In any language
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 33
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullUse descriptive language when describing a childrsquos actions
bullModel target vocabulary while labeling items
bullUse pointing to bring childrsquos attention to what is being talked about
bullModel increasingly more advanced language
bullRepeat a comment made by a peer to increase childrsquos attention to what was said
bullProvide expectant looks to encourage a child to make a comment
bullModel conversations between adults or adult and a child Do so in close proximity to identified child
bullCreate opportunities for children to be engaged with peers on projects of mutual interest that require verbal communication
bullTake digital photos of children engaging in the classroom Create a slide-show to prompt a small group of viewers to reflect on and describe their experiences
Med
iate
bullFollow the childrsquos lead Comment on hisher actions
bullTalk with a child about objects and happenings in the here-and-now
bullWhen asking a question allow sufficient wait time (at least three to five seconds) for a response
bullUse gestures and facial expression while talking to give more clues to the meaning of a communication
bullRespond verbally to childrsquos nonverbal communications
bullRepeat and expand childrsquos comments
bullEncourage social interactions between identified children and more proficient peers
bullTalk about topics that children are presently engaged in and those that are of special interest
bullAsk an open-ended question allow wait time acknowledge and expand the childrsquos response
bullAsk children about recent experiences with their families Prompt them to tell more and help make connections to something going on at school
bullDuring unstructured activities be available and demonstrate interest in what the child is doing When the child initiates an interaction ask to elaborate (ldquoTell me more rdquo) When a follow up comment is made expand the statement and respond to the content of what the child has said
bullEngage a small group of children in educational dialogue Use the opportunity to build their understanding of a concept introduce advanced language promote high order thinking and make connections to their lives
bullConduct class meetings during which time children have opportunities to share their ideas and opinionsmdashand listen to their peersmdashon a topic that is important to the group
Dire
ct
bullModel short simple sentences when giving directions
bullWhen a child wants or needs something provide the words and encourage the child to repeat them
bullProvide the words for a child to use to communicate a need to a peer Instruct the child to repeat the words
bullCoach a child on important skills needed for effective communication ldquoLook at his face when you ask him hellip Give him time to answer you hellip Acknowledge that you are listening helliprdquo
bullProvide a prompt photograph or interesting object and have a child describe it Write the childrsquos words Ask open-ended questions to elicit increased use of descriptors
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 34
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullEnsure access to booksbullProvide books puppets felt
board materialsbullProvide small people houses
cars for pretend playbullAllow children to tell stories
and read to adults and peersbullProvide a consistent
predictable schedule with pictures and refer to it regularly use words like ldquofirst we did this and then we did this now we are doing thisrdquo
bullRead stories that reflect childrenrsquos cultural linguistic familial backgrounds and experiences
bullProvide books and materials that are linked to childrenrsquos interests and personal experiences
bullMatch dramatic play materials to stories being read
bullProvide materials linked to recently read books
bullCreate and display classroom-created books related to classroom experiences
bullAdjust the schedule to allow for a book reading that supports an unexpected experience children have just had eg observing a butterfly on the playground
bullIntroduce story-related vocabulary terms such as character and event during book readings
bullUse the words at other times such as when a child is telling a story explain that they are the character
bullProvide story-making materials to children have them read the stories to you listen for evidence of characters plot etc
bullEnsure that there is time and space for reading to children throughout the day
bullProvide wordless books that children can tell their story from
bullProvide materials such as flannel board pieces that reflect familiar stories
bullProvide opportunities for children to retell stories
bullRead stories over and over againbullProvide opportunities for children to have frequent conversation with adults and peersbullEncourage children to represent stories through a variety of materials art movement outdoor play etc
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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- Demonstrate 3
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- Scaffold 3
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- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | MEDIATING 12
MEDIATING
Facilitate SupportTeaching Strategies Examples
Verbal helping Indirect verbal helpGive a child a hint about how to do something
A child is trying to button her coat The teacher observes that she is unable to pull the button through the hole The teacher comments ldquomaybe if you pull the button with your other hand helliprdquo
Make suggestionsProvide ideas that children might try
Two children are in disagreement about their roles in play and come to the teacher for help The teacher suggests ldquoMaybe there could be two construction workersrdquo
Incidental teaching
A teacher interacts with a child during unstructured activities by following the childrsquos lead When the child initiates a comment the teacher repeats and extends the idea
During snack a child comments ldquoI donrsquot like itrdquo The teacher replies ldquoOh you donrsquot like hummus I think it has an interesting flavor Have you ever tried itrdquo
Mand model Use questioning that requires a specific response When interacting with a young child who is exploring a new textured paint a teacher asks ldquoDo you think it feels smooth or lumpyrdquo
Naturalistic time delay
Provide a time delay (at least three to five seconds) and wait attentively for childrsquos response
A teacher asks a child about a story that they have just read together He provides the child enough time to think it about and formulate a response
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | MEDIATING 13
ScaffoldTeaching Strategies Examples
Use shared activities
Using peer interactions to further learning goals A teacher structures a cooperative small-group art activity In addition to providing large paper and a variety of tools she facilitates the childrenrsquos planning for how they will work together before they start The teacher checks in with the group often and talks to them about their process
Use language Encourage and model use of public and private speech Talking aloud helps children master cognitive learning tasks
A child is trying to figure out how to assemble a challenging puzzle The teacher invites the child to talk about his thinking ldquoHow did you figure out where to put this piece What did you notice about itrdquo hellip
Use language Represent childrenrsquos actions through language drawing photos and symbols to enhance their ability to communicate about and extend their thinking
After a few children have worked together to construct a hospital in the block center the teacher invites them to share their project with the rest of the class The teacher takes photos and helps them create a slideshow on the classroom computer She writes their words as they describe what they built and its meaning to them
Use mediators Provide a tangible external structure for children to use to solve a problem and act with increasing independence Contributes to higher mental functioning
A teacher includes the children when making an ldquoArrivalrdquo poster that describes with words and photos the tasks that children need to do when they first enter the room each day Thereafter the children refer to the poster instead of requiring reminders from the teacher When all children have internalized the routine the poster is removed
Use language Provide specific feedback to help increase childrenrsquos metacognition
When a child is inconsistent counting the rocks in his collection the teacher points out ldquoWhen you touched each rock as you counted it it helped you to keep track and not count them more than oncerdquo
Teach through conversations While outside on the playground a teacher engages a child in a conversation about a worm that the child is observing on the ground Instead of lecturing the child about ldquoworm factsrdquo or asking the child a list of questions the teacher makes comments related to the childrsquos and expresses wonder They agree to research together to learn more back in the classroom
Ask open-ended questions A child is reviewing a piece of artwork The teacher asks ldquoWhat do you think of this painting Can you describe it helliprdquo
Engage children in educational dialogue As part of a larger topic of study a teacher engages a small group of children in a discussion about metamorphosis The teacher guides the discussion responding to childrenrsquos comments and answering their questions while also incorporating new vocabulary and concepts in a way that they can comprehend
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | DIRECTIVE 14
Co-constructTeaching Strategies Examples
Use shared activities
Engage in activities collaboratively with children as a learning partner
A teacher works with children to research simple machines They learn together as they experiment with a variety of materials
DIRECTIVE
DemonstrateTeaching Strategies Examples
Nonverbal helping strategies
Partial-modelShow child how to do something without performing the full action
While helping a child to master pouring liquid from a pitcher into a cup a teacher models holding the cup with one hand and holding the handle of the pitcher with the other The teacher pauses and allows the child to imitate those actions and then lift and attempt to pour on his own
Full-modeled helpDemonstrate for a child how to do something
While teaching a child to tie her shoes the teacher has the child watch as the teacher slowly and deliberately ties the shoe
DirectTeaching Strategies Examples
Direct verbal help
Give instructionsTell a child exactly how to do something Break tasks down into manageable chunks by providing simple step-by-step directions
To help a child learn to wash her hands the teacher describes each task in the order that it needs to occur The teacher waits until she completes a step before telling what to do next
Nonverbal helping strategy
Physical helpProvide hand-over-hand assistance so the child will perform a target behavior
A teacher uses a pair of dual-control training scissors with a child to assist him in learning to cut paper
For the purpose of describing each the above strategies are listed separately To be most effective teachers often combine more than one strategy For example demonstrating a task while also describing what is being done or asking open-ended questions while facilitating the shared activities of children
Section 2
Strategies by Selected Connecticut Preschool Assessment Framework Performance Standards
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 2 16
Personal amp Social 2 Sustains attention to taskgoal that the child has set out to accomplish
PampS 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Sustains attention primarily to self-selected high-interest tasks
Sustains attention to high-interest self-selected task until complete or reaches frustration level
Sustains attention to variety of self-selected tasks until complete despite some frustration
Persists with both self-selected and teacher-directed tasks until task completed
Envi
ronm
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bullProvide a wide variety of materials and experiences including experiences that provide sensory input open-ended materials opportunities for discovery etc
bullMaintain similar materials and experiences over time
bullStructure classroom so that there are areas for individual small and large group-play
bullAllow children to continue projects over multiple days
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and experiences
bullProvide materials with increasing difficulty level such as single piece and interlocking puzzles large and small building materials wordless books and early readers etc
bullProvide materials that allow children to scaffold their participation such as colored bowls to guide sorting
bullAdjust the schedule to shorten activities that are frustrating to children to encourage them to participate in the entire experience
bull Embed materials of interest to children within multiple areas in the classroom
bull Provide materials for children to chart the experiences that they participate in throughout the day or week
bull Provide materials for children to plan their play within a center include problem-solving steps in the plan
bullProvide lengthy child choice time in the class schedule
bullProvide a balance of teacher-directed and child-directed activities
bullProvide clearly defined interest areas in the classroombullBe sure some interest areas allow an individual child small numbers of children (two to three) to participatebullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate amounts of child-directed timebullGive children many opportunities to make choicesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn and practice problem-solving strategiesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn to ask their peers open-ended questions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 2 17
PampS 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Sustains attention primarily to self-selected high-interest tasks
Sustains attention to high-interest self-selected task until complete or reaches frustration level
Sustains attention to variety of self-selected tasks until complete despite some frustration
Persists with both self-selected and teacher-directed tasks until task completed
Teac
hing
Beh
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vide
Non
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rt
Go to area where child has chosen to play andbullUse proximity to maintain a
childrsquos attentionbullDescribe what a child is doing
with materialsbullModel use of the same
materials that child is using
bullEnthusiastically talk about own interest and engagement with the same task child is doing
bullIf child seems frustrated acknowledge and label the feeling
bullInvite child to explore new materials Allow to gain familiarity through open-ended use then model task
bullPair child with familiar peer to attempt new task
bullModel completion of task and describe own thinking while doing so
bullObserve child engaged in a task and provide specific verbal feedback
Med
iate
bullRespond to and expand childrsquos ideas if she asks how to do something
bullInvite a child to help you with a task
bullDescribe what a peer is doing with a similar material ldquoDo you see Manny He is putting the blocks in the bucketrdquo Encourage child to try also
bullModify a task so it will be achievable
bullComplete a portion of the task allowing child to finish it
bullProvide verbal hints to scaffold childrsquos ability to succeed
bullAsk questions to lead child toward success ldquoDo you think it might fit hererdquo
bullEncourage child to ask a peer for help
bullProvide directions verbally and with visual cues
bullAsk open-ended questions and prompt child to describe own thought process as he is engaged in a task
bullRemind a child of previous success on a similar task
bullUse childrsquos ideas and preferred materials for teacher-directed tasks
bullAsk child to identify a goal and make a plan for how she will proceed before beginning to work
bullInvite a child to demonstrate a mastered skill for peers
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to complete the task step-by-step
bullBreak task down into manageable steps providing verbal directions for each
bullPhysically help a child to complete a task working together until it is completed
bullAssign a small group of children a multistep task to complete before the end of the day
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 4 18
Personal amp Social 4 Manages transitions follows routines and rules
PampS 4Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with teacher supervision
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with occasional reminders
Makes transitions and usually follows routines and rules when given signal
Anticipates transitions and usually follows routines and rules independently
Envi
ronm
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bullProvide a predictable consistent daily schedule including transition times
bullProvide pictures to support the main components of the day include pictures of the transition steps
bullReview transition steps during small group as a game
bullBreak transitions down into steps
bullProvide adequate time in the schedule for the routine or transition
bullDevise a schedule that limits the number of transitions in a day
bullReview transition steps prior to transitions
bullTeach transition signals to children
bullProvide adequate time in the schedule for experiences so that children are not frustrated by the transition
bullProvide visual cues to complete routines such as clean up (labeled shelves) and washing hands (picture steps) or setting the table (picture checklist)
bullMove closer to groups of children and repeat directions
bullBreak children up into small groups to complete routines
bullUse different transition signals for each transition
bullAllow adequate time between transition warning and transition
bullInform children of the next experience
bullPlace picture schedules including pictures of routines throughout the room
bullCover experiences that have already occurred on each schedule
bullQuestion children during the current experience about the next part of the day
bullUse a choice boardbullCreate posters with pictures for typical classroom routinesbullProvide a sign-in chart for childrenbullLabel shelves with words and picturesbullPlace pictures of children on chairsbullTeach routines
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 4 19
PampS 4Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with teacher supervision
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with occasional reminders
Makes transitions and usually follows routines and rules when given signal
Anticipates transitions and usually follows routines and rules independently
Teac
hing
Beh
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rect
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Sup
port
bullProvide proximity and physical contact to support children throughout the day
bullProvide advance notice about what is going to happen next
bullDescribe what a peer is doing so child will notice expected behaviors
bullUse self-talk as indirect signal of what is coming ldquoI think I will get the napkins out itrsquos almost time for snackrdquo
bullGet childrsquos attention then point to visual timer or daily schedule to indicate that itrsquos time to move on
bullPlace items in an area as a prompt for whatrsquos about to happen (children know itrsquos time for meeting when they see teacher setting up carpet squares on the floor)
bullRefer child to posted classroom rules if there is a question about an expectation
bullMention to another adult in the room so child will hear an observation about a childrsquos independence ldquoJulio set the table for snack without being askedrdquo
Med
iate
bullGive child an object to move from one place to the next when they need to transition ldquoAlex please bring this paper to the table for our art projectrdquo
bullHelp children by participating with them to clean up or prepare the room
bullSuggest that child look to see what peers are doing
bullRefer to the visual poster of the daily schedule and describe ldquoSee we just finished reading a story the next picture shows that it is time for snackrdquo
bullProvide a visual andor auditory signal when a transition is approaching
bullHelp child recall expected behavior when signal is used ldquoWhat do we do when we hear the bellrdquo
bullInclude children as helpers to set up room and prepare for classroom experiences
bullAsk a child ldquoWhat should we be doing nowrdquo
bullSuggest that child describe to parent or classroom visitor what comes next in the daily routine
bullReflect with children about the day mdash recount what happened from beginning to end
Dire
ct
bullTell child what he needs to do while helping with the task if necessary ldquoHere you go Irsquoll hold the bucket while you put the blocks back inrdquo
bullRemind a child what she needs to do ldquoRebecca please get your coat wersquore getting ready to go outrdquo
bullDemonstrate the tasks needed when teaching a child how to complete a class job
bullAssign child the task of reminding peers of a rule or transition
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 7 20
Personal amp Social 7 Interacts cooperatively with peers
PampS 7Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Worksplays alongside others Worksplays in association with another child
Worksplays cooperatively with a few others
Sustains cooperative activities with a range of children
Envi
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bullMaintain materials as a choice for an extended period of time
bullProvide enough materials in an interest area so that a few children can play with the same items
bullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate outdoor play time
bullGive children classroom jobs
bullProvide materials that can be used by more than one child at the same time eglarge box that is used as a bus a see saw a wagon balls play telephones etc
bullInclude a small-group time in the daily schedule and rotate children in the groups
bullProvide interest areas that allow larger groups of children (four to five) to participate
bullProvide books that describe roles and sequences of activities such as books about taking a bus ride or going grocery shopping
bullCreate play experiences that provide opportunities for children to take on roles such as designer of a water wall data collector picture taker
bullUse childrenrsquos common interests to plan play themes to increase opportunities for cooperative play
bullAllow children to transport materials from one center to another to allow for increases in the number and types of interactions
bullProvide dress-up clothes that can allow children to develop group role-play
bullPlan large- and small-group activities that naturally involve working in groups such as dancing or building
bullMake class books about all the children with photos interests likes dislikes Read them often so that children get to know one another
bullProvide clearly defined interest areas in the classroombullBe sure some interest areas allow small numbers of children (two to three) to participatebullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate amounts of child-directed timebullGive children many opportunities to make choicesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn and practice problem-solving strategiesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn to ask their peers open-ended questions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 7 21
PampS 7Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Worksplays alongside others Worksplays in association with another child
Worksplays cooperatively with a few others
Sustains cooperative activities with a range of children
Teac
hing
Beh
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rect
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Sup
port
bullComment about what another child is doing in order to bring the childrsquos attention to the peer ldquoLook Mario is pushing a truck toordquo
bullUse proximity to support a child to feel more comfortable playing near a less familiar peer
bullPoint out opportunities for play with peers ldquoI see the children are building a house with the big blocks over there (pointing)rdquo
bullModel interactive play and comment for child to hear ldquoIt really is fun when we splash in the water togetherrdquo
bullDescribe what children are doing in order to direct other childrenrsquos attention to them ldquoJoey Tia is asking you to be a passenger on her busrdquo (as Tia is looking at him and patting the seat next to her)
bullRead a story about cooperation
bullModel cooperative efforts as a member of a teaching team
bullComment to children about the contributions of the members of the larger school community
bullProvide support in the form of proximity when a child begins an interaction with a new peer Be ready to facilitate if not initially successful
Med
iate
bullPlay alongside a child and encourage interactions between self and child with common materials
bullSuggest to two children playing with same material ldquoMaybe you can make one huge pile of sand if you pour your sand togetherrdquo
bullComment when children are playing in proximity ldquoYou and Jenny are both playing with the puppetsrdquo
bullInvite the child to watch a peer who is more competent with a desired toy or material Suggest that the peer show the child how to use it
bullHelp child to enter into another childrsquos play with suggestions such as ldquoHere are some square blocks Maybe you could make a road How about telling her you are a road builder and see if she would like you to build a road to her houserdquo
bullDiscuss with small group of children the benefits of cooperation
bullJoin children in their play taking on a role along with the child Help to engage and then gradually withdraw from the activity maintaining proximity for support
bullAs children work together make connections by referring to concepts in book read earlier
bullWhen children want the same role suggest for example ldquoWe can have two crane operatorsrdquo
bullHelp the child identify a role for himher self ldquoWhat other jobs do people do in a restaurantrdquo
bullAsk willing peers to invite the child to join in their play Remain nearby to support the interaction
bullAsk questions to extend and encourage continued participation between a few children ldquoWhat is going to happen nextrdquo
bullStructure opportunities that require children to work together to achieve a meaningful outcome For example include children in a plan to move the block area so it is located closer to the dramatic play center Have them sketch a drawing of where things will go Make a list of needed materials etc
bullMake suggestions for the various roles that children can take as they enter into an ongoing play scenario
Dire
ct
bullTake the child by the hand and walk about the classroom describing the choices for play
bullInstruct children to include the child in their play and help negotiate roles for each
bullStructure activities for teamwork and assign small groups to work together on a task
bullWhen engaging in a cooking activity with a small group give each child a specific role and describe the tasks that they need to accomplish Include visuals also
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 22
Physical 2 Uses coordinated small-muscle movements
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Envi
ronm
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Mat
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ls a
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ulin
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bullProvide opportunities for children to build strength in their hands by including objects such as bubble wrap tongs tweezers hole punch squirt bottles and turkey basters
bullEncourage children to rip paper as part of an activity
bullBe sure children are seated in a stable chair when completing fine motor activities and that their feet can be flat on the floor
bullHave children make large arm movements during music and movement
bullProvide animal grabbers bug catchers and wooden tongs for children to pick up objects
bullPlay games that allow children to crawl and creep on the floor Bearing weight on their hands and arms will help them develop the arches and muscles needed to write and manipulate objects
bullProvide stiff materials to practice cutting such as index cards sandpaper or magazine inserts
bullProvide non-paper items to cut such as straws or play dough
bullUse upright working surfaces to build strength such as easels vertical chalkboards flannel boards and Lite Brite
bullEncourage children to fold paper
bullTape paper to edge of a table when children are learning to cut Have them snip the end to make fringe
bullProvide a variety of types of scissors such as spring loaded
bullPlay games that involve eye hand coordination such as rolling a ball back and forth or catch magnetic fishing games pounding bench or bead frames
bullProvide small collage materials bullProvide lacing cards peg
boards toothpicks plastic knives to use with play dough screwdrivers stringing beads eye droppers stickers buttons
bullProvide many opportunities for using scissors
bullProvide pencils and fine line markers
bullProvide bean bags Koosh balls and hula hoops for tossing games
bullProvide a bowling setbullPlay catch with increasingly
smaller ballsbullEmbed writing materials into all
interest areas
bullComplete cooking activities with childrenbullEmbed fine motor materials in childrenrsquos areas of interestbullEncourage children to sort objects when cleaning upbullEmbed fine motor tools and materials that will help children develop a variety of skills and allow children at a variety of skill levels to
participate in a learning center eg large crayons and pencils and standard crayons and pencils
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 23
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Teac
hing
Beh
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Supp
ort
bullModel use of materials such as Duplos while in close proximity to child Describe own actions ldquoI am pulling really hard with both of my hands to get these two blocks apartrdquo
bullWrite in the mud with a stick Offer it to a child to try
bullSit with children during mealtimes Model and encourage use of tongs pitchers for pouring and safe knives for spreading and cutting
bullDescribe childrsquos actions ldquoYou fastened three snaps and put the doll clothes on all by yourselfrdquo
bullAcknowledge childrsquos effort as he tries to operate new puppet with limbs Sit quietly nearby and watch being available if he should decide to ask for support
bullPoint to bring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is capable of modeling a fine motor skill
bullModel writing and cutting often so children will see the proper form and technique
Med
iate
bullAsk two children to work together to remove the cover from a bin of toys
bullSuggest ldquoMaybe if you squeeze with both hands the glue will come outrdquo Later relate this to use of ketchup bottle
bullAssist by holding block tower stable while child adds one more
bullAsk children to scrunch material such as scarves used for music and movement
bullAsk children to crumble newspaper as part of a project (stuffing for a scarecrow snowman or 3D art project)
bullInvite a child to use a marker and paper to ldquodrawrdquo or ldquowriterdquo about an experience or observation
bullEngage children to play clapping games like ldquoMiss Mary Mackrdquo with a partner
bullConverse with a small group of children while cooking Comment on use of hands to pour sift stir
bullDraw thick straight lines with marker for child to cut on
bullHold paper while child practices cutting it in half
bullDraw a square around a complex picture for a child to cut it out
bullHave two children work collectively on a lacing or weaving activity
bullGive children real work to do within the classroom to further refine their motor skills They can replace marker caps disassemble small Lego structures etc
bullProvide pre-drawn shapes numerals and letters for child to look at when they want to copy for their own use
bullWhile watching a child cut or draw give a hint (if necessary) to help the child increase efficiency For example ldquoTry to lift the scissors off the table while you cutrdquo
bullAsk questions about childrsquos use of computer mouse ldquoHow do you get the arrow to go up Could you teach me how to move itrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate then have child imitate use of finger paint to make vertical lines at the easel while crossing the midline Provide finger tip brushes if tactile sensitive
bullGuide child to cut strip of stiff paper with dual-control training scissors
bullWhen child shows frustration with a task encourage her to talk about it ldquoTell me what yoursquore trying to dordquo
bullWhen teaching scissor skills teach each task in a sequential order and have child practice before moving to the next stage
bullDraw a simple shape while child watches then have child imitate
bullCreate a poster with printed words and pictures that show the steps to put on and zipper a jacket Discuss with children then post where they can observe when getting dressed to go outdoors
Use the book Red Lace Yellow Lace to help a child learn to tie shoes Use rhyming verse and illustrations to teach each step of the processTeach children how to use
leading hand (operating scissors) and support hand (holding and moving paper) in order to cut out shapes
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 24
Cognitive 2 Uses a variety of strategies to solve problems
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problems independently
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
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ls a
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g bullArrange room so children have defined spaces that support focus persistence and ongoing interactions with peers
bullArrange environment and materials to support cooperative play and small group so children observe others solving problems
bullAlter the schedule andor arrange the environment so that children have opportunities for small-group experiences with children who create and use alternative strategies to solve problems
bullIntroduce a new material that could be used to solve a problem after a child has successfully or unsuccessfully attempted to solve a problem
bullProvide multiple materials that can be used in a similar way to promote alternative strategies
bullArrange materials so there are increased opportunities for solving problems (limit materials remove paint brushes for easel remove one puzzle piece etc)
bullProvide materials that promote problem solving (eg gears marble works turkey basters and funnels for water play)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 25
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problemsindependently
Teac
hing
Beh
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bullTell child ldquoI notice you got frustrated and gave uprdquo
bullModify or provide a simpler task
bullModel private speech ldquoLet me see Whenever I try to do this it doesnrsquot seem to work I think I will try something differentrdquo
bullComment ldquoOh you did that just like Juan I bet therersquos another wayhelliprdquo Provide time for child to think and provide an expectant look
bullModel a new strategy Describe what is being tried and the outcome
bullComment ldquoI notice that you made a change It looks like this idea is workingrdquo
bullCreate a chart by taking pictures of a child successfully completing a common but difficult task Refer another child to it when she encounters the same challenge
bullModel thinking aloud when presented with a problem in the classroom For example ldquoI wonder how I am going to fit six children at this table I think I will move this shelf and add a chair here That should workrdquo
Med
iate
bullEncourage child to try again this time providing support to ensure success
bullAssist partially with the task and let child do the part that he or she is capable of
bullProvide two possible solutions and let child pick one
bullOffer to help the child solve a problem at hand
bullWait until the next time the child encounters the same problem and be prepared to co-construct for success (Child gets frustrated because block tower falls down The next time he enters block area join him and build it together)
bullSuggest an alternative strategy for a child to try
bullInvite the child to assist peer or teacher in solving the problem together
bullSuggest that child observe a peer who is using a successful strategy Encourage the peer to describe what is being done
bullAsk a child to explain his or her thinking Use writing or drawing as a way to capture the childrsquos ideas Expand on comments
bullWhen a child can almost get a puzzle piece to fit but begins to give up provide a hint for what to try
bullRemind child of a strategy he or she has used in a different situation Suggest trying that again to solve current problem
bullEngage in a back and forth exchange with a child about the problem-solving process ldquoDo you think that might work Tell me how Why do you think helliprdquo
bullStructure a task that allows for multiple approaches Identify possible solutions with children and write them down Have each child try one strategy while peers observe and comment
bullAsk children for their ideas to help the teacher figure out how to approach a challenge or problem in the classroom
bullEngage a small group of children in a dialogue about differing perspectives Ask a series of questions to encourage children to describe their thinking Help children come to an understanding that there is more than one ldquoright wayrdquo to approach a problem
bullCreate an ldquoAsk the Expertsrdquo class book or poster Identify with children those things that they are each good at Can be used as a reference when a child needs help with a task
Dire
ct
bullDo the task for the child while showing how and describing each step
bullDemonstrate a different strategy and ask the child to try it
bullDescribe an alternative strategy and direct child to try it
bullHave a child teach a skill to a peer Coach her how to give step-by-step directions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 26
Cognitive 4 Recognizes and makes patterns
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullCreate patterns using pieces of the environment egpull up one window shade leave the next one down etc alternate chair colors at tablesmdashred blue red
bullProvide materials that can be used to create patterns through the use of sound vision and touch
bullBring in materials that have patterns in them display items and allow children to explore eg woven baskets dish towels pieces of cloth
bullCreate patterns using childrenrsquos clothing or physical characteristics take photos of the pattern so children can observe and repeat it
bullUse morning meeting time to identify patterns in the daily or weekly schedule
bullEmbed pattern activities into small group
bullAllow children to create patterns across a large space the entire block rug or the whole room
bullEncourage children to use outdoor play as an opportunity to create a pattern
bullProvide materials that have several characteristics that can be used to create a pattern such as cars that are various sizes and colors
bullProvide writing materials so that children can record their patterns through pictures or words
bullProvide patterning materials in multiple areas of the classroombullProvide items that have similar and different characteristics in multiple interest areas in the classroom
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 27
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
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Sup
port
bullDescribe ldquoYou chose a blue crayon That is the same color as your pantsrdquo
bullComment ldquoI notice that you have two bears They look different One is yellow and one is purplerdquo
bullModel placing items into an AB pattern near where a child is using the same materials Name the pattern
bullComment ldquoYou found all the cars and planes that are the same as mine I lined these up in a pattern car plane car plane hellip You lined yours up differentlyrdquo
bullComment ldquoYou made a pattern just like my model You are able to continue and describe a simple pattern I bet you can create one of your ownrdquo
bullModel and name movement patterns when singing or chanting with children (clap and tap)
bullProvide a variety of natural materials for children to observe near the art area Watch to see if they incorporate the idea of pattern into their work
bullModel using a musical instrument to create an ABB pattern Describe it ldquoLoud soft soft helliprdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoSee this round pasta ldquoCan you find one that is the same shapehellip a different kindrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoYou choose the color that you like best and I will help you find some more that are the samerdquo
bullUse descriptive language when talking to a child about attributes of objects in the immediate environment Provide experiences for children to practice identifying things that are alike (match games finding pairs)
bullProbe ldquoCould you try to copy my patternrdquo
bullRecommend ldquoWhat if you match them up side by side Letrsquos name them out loud so you can hear the pattern mdash circle star circle star helliprdquo
bullEngage children in conversations about the patterns in their environment While walking outside point out patterns in the sidewalk fences and brick walls
bullAs child is trying to repeat a model pattern provide a hint if needed ldquoLook here you put the blue one lastrdquo
bullEncourage ldquoWhat if you pick two items and make a unit Next Irsquoll copy yours When we put them together wersquoll have a pattern Now keep extending it You did itrdquo
bullPrompt ldquoCan you describe your arrangementrdquo
bullHave two children work together to create a pattern with dot markers They take turns making their marks on a paper strip and notice that a pattern occurs Discuss with them the importance of placement on the paper and the order of their marksrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoDo you think that you could create a new pattern for someone to duplicate You could tell her about it then ask her to copy itrdquo
bullAfter a child creates a movement pattern (hop clap spin) represent the idea by writing the words on chart paper Help the child read the words Add pictures or the childrsquos drawings to go with the words Encourage other children to try Have them use the chart and demonstrate their movements to teach peers
Dire
ct
bullTell ldquoWatch me slide all of these green beads onto this string You can do it too What color do you want to userdquo
bullldquoFind all the seeds that look like this (show one) and put them together into this bowlrdquo
bullShow then tell ldquoFirst I put all the cows here and the pigs here next watch how I alternate them as I line them up cow pig cow pig hellip Can you do the samerdquo
bullDemonstrate and explain ldquoWhen making a repeating pattern use two shapesmdashplace the first here then put the one that is different after it hellip Now lsquoreadrsquo the pattern with me helliprdquo
bullTeach about a variety of complex patterns ABB ABC patterns with items that have more than one attribute (yellow cube blue sphere hellip) and growing patterns Name the pattern and units
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 28
Cognitive 5 Compares and orders objects and events
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullIntentionally vary materials in the classroom and discuss differences (eg different color pitchers for juice walls that are different colors etc)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by one attribute (color or size) providing only two examples of that attribute (eg small and large)
bullProvide opportunities for children to share describe and compare familiar objects from home in one-on-one and small-group settings (eg all children bring in their favorite item related to a particular unit of study or project)
bullProvide materials to promote observation skills such as bookspictures in which you locate items in a group (eg ldquoI Spyrdquo books)
bullProvide visual sequence for familiar stories and allow children to manipulate and order plot sequence
bullProvide materials that vary by one attribute providing three to four graduated examples (eg small medium and large)
bullPost visual schedules for daily routines and refer to these throughout the day (schedule of the dayrsquos activities steps involved for cleaning up from snack)
bullProvide visual displays that promote comparisons (three bears that vary in size)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by visual attributes (such as length width gradations of color) providing five to 10 graduated examples
bullProvide more detailed visual sequences for daily learning experiences and facilitate the childrenrsquos involvement in ordering the process (eg ldquoAre these in the right order Do we water the plant first or do we put the seed in the dirt firstrdquo)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by nonvisible attributes such as time and weight sound
bullVary the classroom schedule to provide opportunities to compare time (eg provide a longer time outside on a sunny day and a short walk in drizzly weather)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 29
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Teac
hing
Beh
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port
bullPrint a set of pictures of the children in the class and display near the classroom computer Show a duplicate set as a slideshow on the monitor Sit nearby and listen to childrenrsquos comments Point to matching pictures to prompt them to find the matches
bullAcknowledge when children spontaneously show order in their work ldquoThe lines on your painting start out long on this side and get gradually smaller as they move across the paperrdquo
bullTalk aloud about own reason for ordering something
bullMake verbal comparisons about objects or people ldquoJulio when I look at this photograph I can see that you and Desiree are the same height Rosa is shorter and Mia is the tallest
bullComment ldquoAlly you sequenced all the pictures to retell the storyrdquo
bullOrder blocks by weight Use comparison words to describemdashheavy heavier heaviest
bullldquoLetrsquos see how long it takes to put the blocks away todayrdquo Do this for several days and compare time
Med
iate
bullModel use of vocabulary mdash same and different
bullPrompt children to identify pairs of items that match or do not ldquoJulie can you help find Mariarsquos mitten It is red like this onerdquo
bullAsk children to find items in the classroom that are biglittle etc
bullUse musical instruments with children to explore concepts such as loudsoft and slowfast
bullTeach about opposites using a song and gestures to indicate updown overunder etc
bullAsk questions to get children to identify the smallest biggest etc
bullTake photographs of children engaging in a three step processes (Pouring milk drinking it and showing the empty glass) Make several sets and print Have children work in pairs They take turns ordering and then describing their reasoning to the peer
bullRead and have children act out stories such as The Three Bears that contain items that can be ordered
bullUse daily schedule chart to talk with a few children about the order of the daily routine Ask one child to describe what comes next to a peer who is new to the class
bullWhen asking a child ldquowhat comes nextrdquo allow sufficient time for the child to think about it and respond If needed give a hint ldquoItrsquos something we do when we are hungryrdquo
bullAsk questions to get a child to describe what he or she remembers about the order of events in a story
bullInvite children to draw representations of their family members Then ask them to order them from the smallest to largest Talk about the ages of these people Are they also in order from youngest to oldest Why do they think this is so
bullProvide feedback ldquoYou know that there is no school tomorrow How did you figure it outrdquo
bullHelp children to make connections to their own experiencesmdashldquoHave you ever tried to lift something very heavyrdquo
Dire
ct
bullUse a memory game with matching picture cards Demonstrate placing pictures in pairs Describe own actions ldquoI am placing these two cards together they have the same picture Thatrsquos a matchrdquo Have child help
bullDuring movement activities demonstrate moving your body from crouching low to the ground to a squat to standing to reaching up Have children imitate these movements Ask them to describe them as well
bullWhen child is playing with a group of nature items provide an ordering mat and request that the child arrange from longest to shortest If needed break task down ldquoFind the smallest item rdquo
bullProvide pictures of objects and have children compare them with regard to nonvisible attributes (A lion and a cat) mdashldquoWhich is louderrdquo (A brick and a balloon) mdash ldquoWhich is lighterrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 30
Cognitive 6 Relates number to quantity
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullIncorporate materials with numerals throughout the classroom (eg add footprints with numerals on the floor in high traffic areas)
bullUse number-related vocabulary when talking about the daily schedule For example ldquoWe have one minute until snack timerdquo
bullHand materials to students one at a time while counting instead of providing them with all materials at once
bullProvide sets of five to 10 objects similar objects
bullProvide multiple natural opportunities for counting during the daily routine (ldquoLetrsquos start with 10 raisins Help me countrdquo)
bullIncorporate songs that include counting
bullProvide opportunities within classroom routine for 1-to-1 correspondence (setting snack table with one napkin and one cup at each chair passing out materials to each child etc)
bullProvide materials to include opportunities for 1-to-1 correspondence (provide 20 cards and 20 envelopes 20 cars and 20 boxes that could be used as garages)
bullProvide sets of different materials with varying quantities (12 bears three horses three pigs and 20 chickens)
bullVary classroom arrangement to include opportunities to compare quantities (have more chairs at one table than another areas that accommodate more children etc)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 31
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
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ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe how many whenever the opportunity arises ldquoYou have two crackers mdash one in each handrdquo
bullModel use of number-related vocabulary as appropriate ldquoI need three cups at this table helliprdquo
bullComment ldquoMaria just counted to five There are five flowers in the vaserdquo
bullModel counting throughout the day and talk out loud about why ldquoI need to figure out how many muffins to make for snack tomorrow helliprdquo
bullModel counting children each day before going outside etc
bullDescribe the childrsquos actions ldquoYou used all the double-unit blocks to make this road I wonder how many it took 1 2 3hellip18rdquo
bullComment ldquoWe will need one smock for each child who is going to paintrdquo
bullProvide opportunities for children to be responsible for classroom duties that involve counting (While setting table for snack independently child will need to figure out how many cups are needed by counting children) Remain available if they need support
Med
iate
bullAsk child to give one more of something ldquoLily would you please hand me one more paintbrushrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into simple songs and finger-plays
bullTalk to child about number of body parts One nose two eyes hellip Expand childrsquos comments ldquoYes you have two eyes and many eyelashesrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into routines and games (Count each step as ascending stairs Count up to 10 while rolling a ball back and forth) Take turns counting
bullTeach strategies mdash ldquoLine up the cars as you count themrdquo ldquoTouch each chip as you say the numberrdquo
bullHave two children count together while they test their predictions of how many marbles are in the jar
bullInvite children to help set the tables for meals ldquoHow many plates are on the table How many cups will you need rdquo
bullEngage in play with children and incorporate counting into the play ldquoHow many chairs do we need for the babies Letrsquos make a garage for each of these cars helliprdquo
bullHave children draw objects to represent numbers
bullAsk a ldquoQuestion of the Dayrdquo (on any topic) and create a graph of childrenrsquos responses Then ask them to identify which is more or less
bullReflect with children after they engage in an activity Have them describe their process Ask questions to prompt their thinking ldquoHow did you come up with that numberrdquo ldquoHow do you know there are morerdquo
Dire
ct
bullHave child repeat numbers as you count something out loud
bullHold childrsquos hands and count as she jumps up and down
bullProvide cards with numerals to indicate serving size at snack ldquoSee the three You may start with three crackersrdquo
bullTell child ldquoWersquore going to count the shells to find out how many there are all together When we count we always start with the number onehelliprdquo
bullAssign a helper to count the number of children present each day
bullProvide a collection of objects to be counted Direct the child to count how many there are Listen for accuracy If the child gets to a point where he canrsquot go further model saying the remaining numbers
bullHave a child help gather materials for a project Give them instructions ldquoPlease go get 15 straws and five pieces of red paperrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 32
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage communication (such as two toy telephones)
bullAllow time during teacher-directed activities for children to comment and share
bullChange something in the environment
bullProvide materials that produce a wide variety of sounds
bullCreate small-group opportunities with peers who have a variety of language levels
bullSing songs with children especially repetitive songs like Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed or Old MacDonald had a Farm
bullUse nursery rhymes
bullProvide opportunities for children to pretend to be someone else This encourages children to mimic the vocabulary facial expressions and body language that they see and hear from others These types of experiences encourage oral language interactions
bullPlay games such as I Spy Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar and Guess Who I Am
bullProvide story cards of a familiar story
bullProvide journals for children to record their experiences
bullProvide opportunities for children to have conversations with each other
bullProvide many opportunities for children to explain what they are doing tell others about their experiences and feelings and to share their thoughts
bullProvide tape recorders for children to record their own voices and stories
bullPlay games with rules and have children explain the rules to their peers
bullRead stories multiple timesbullInclude microphones old telephones puppets flannel boards and paper towel tubes in multiple play areasbullProvide picture books for children to tell their own storiesbullProvide props for role-playing and pretending
In any language
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 33
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullUse descriptive language when describing a childrsquos actions
bullModel target vocabulary while labeling items
bullUse pointing to bring childrsquos attention to what is being talked about
bullModel increasingly more advanced language
bullRepeat a comment made by a peer to increase childrsquos attention to what was said
bullProvide expectant looks to encourage a child to make a comment
bullModel conversations between adults or adult and a child Do so in close proximity to identified child
bullCreate opportunities for children to be engaged with peers on projects of mutual interest that require verbal communication
bullTake digital photos of children engaging in the classroom Create a slide-show to prompt a small group of viewers to reflect on and describe their experiences
Med
iate
bullFollow the childrsquos lead Comment on hisher actions
bullTalk with a child about objects and happenings in the here-and-now
bullWhen asking a question allow sufficient wait time (at least three to five seconds) for a response
bullUse gestures and facial expression while talking to give more clues to the meaning of a communication
bullRespond verbally to childrsquos nonverbal communications
bullRepeat and expand childrsquos comments
bullEncourage social interactions between identified children and more proficient peers
bullTalk about topics that children are presently engaged in and those that are of special interest
bullAsk an open-ended question allow wait time acknowledge and expand the childrsquos response
bullAsk children about recent experiences with their families Prompt them to tell more and help make connections to something going on at school
bullDuring unstructured activities be available and demonstrate interest in what the child is doing When the child initiates an interaction ask to elaborate (ldquoTell me more rdquo) When a follow up comment is made expand the statement and respond to the content of what the child has said
bullEngage a small group of children in educational dialogue Use the opportunity to build their understanding of a concept introduce advanced language promote high order thinking and make connections to their lives
bullConduct class meetings during which time children have opportunities to share their ideas and opinionsmdashand listen to their peersmdashon a topic that is important to the group
Dire
ct
bullModel short simple sentences when giving directions
bullWhen a child wants or needs something provide the words and encourage the child to repeat them
bullProvide the words for a child to use to communicate a need to a peer Instruct the child to repeat the words
bullCoach a child on important skills needed for effective communication ldquoLook at his face when you ask him hellip Give him time to answer you hellip Acknowledge that you are listening helliprdquo
bullProvide a prompt photograph or interesting object and have a child describe it Write the childrsquos words Ask open-ended questions to elicit increased use of descriptors
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 34
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullEnsure access to booksbullProvide books puppets felt
board materialsbullProvide small people houses
cars for pretend playbullAllow children to tell stories
and read to adults and peersbullProvide a consistent
predictable schedule with pictures and refer to it regularly use words like ldquofirst we did this and then we did this now we are doing thisrdquo
bullRead stories that reflect childrenrsquos cultural linguistic familial backgrounds and experiences
bullProvide books and materials that are linked to childrenrsquos interests and personal experiences
bullMatch dramatic play materials to stories being read
bullProvide materials linked to recently read books
bullCreate and display classroom-created books related to classroom experiences
bullAdjust the schedule to allow for a book reading that supports an unexpected experience children have just had eg observing a butterfly on the playground
bullIntroduce story-related vocabulary terms such as character and event during book readings
bullUse the words at other times such as when a child is telling a story explain that they are the character
bullProvide story-making materials to children have them read the stories to you listen for evidence of characters plot etc
bullEnsure that there is time and space for reading to children throughout the day
bullProvide wordless books that children can tell their story from
bullProvide materials such as flannel board pieces that reflect familiar stories
bullProvide opportunities for children to retell stories
bullRead stories over and over againbullProvide opportunities for children to have frequent conversation with adults and peersbullEncourage children to represent stories through a variety of materials art movement outdoor play etc
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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- p7Link
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- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | MEDIATING 13
ScaffoldTeaching Strategies Examples
Use shared activities
Using peer interactions to further learning goals A teacher structures a cooperative small-group art activity In addition to providing large paper and a variety of tools she facilitates the childrenrsquos planning for how they will work together before they start The teacher checks in with the group often and talks to them about their process
Use language Encourage and model use of public and private speech Talking aloud helps children master cognitive learning tasks
A child is trying to figure out how to assemble a challenging puzzle The teacher invites the child to talk about his thinking ldquoHow did you figure out where to put this piece What did you notice about itrdquo hellip
Use language Represent childrenrsquos actions through language drawing photos and symbols to enhance their ability to communicate about and extend their thinking
After a few children have worked together to construct a hospital in the block center the teacher invites them to share their project with the rest of the class The teacher takes photos and helps them create a slideshow on the classroom computer She writes their words as they describe what they built and its meaning to them
Use mediators Provide a tangible external structure for children to use to solve a problem and act with increasing independence Contributes to higher mental functioning
A teacher includes the children when making an ldquoArrivalrdquo poster that describes with words and photos the tasks that children need to do when they first enter the room each day Thereafter the children refer to the poster instead of requiring reminders from the teacher When all children have internalized the routine the poster is removed
Use language Provide specific feedback to help increase childrenrsquos metacognition
When a child is inconsistent counting the rocks in his collection the teacher points out ldquoWhen you touched each rock as you counted it it helped you to keep track and not count them more than oncerdquo
Teach through conversations While outside on the playground a teacher engages a child in a conversation about a worm that the child is observing on the ground Instead of lecturing the child about ldquoworm factsrdquo or asking the child a list of questions the teacher makes comments related to the childrsquos and expresses wonder They agree to research together to learn more back in the classroom
Ask open-ended questions A child is reviewing a piece of artwork The teacher asks ldquoWhat do you think of this painting Can you describe it helliprdquo
Engage children in educational dialogue As part of a larger topic of study a teacher engages a small group of children in a discussion about metamorphosis The teacher guides the discussion responding to childrenrsquos comments and answering their questions while also incorporating new vocabulary and concepts in a way that they can comprehend
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | DIRECTIVE 14
Co-constructTeaching Strategies Examples
Use shared activities
Engage in activities collaboratively with children as a learning partner
A teacher works with children to research simple machines They learn together as they experiment with a variety of materials
DIRECTIVE
DemonstrateTeaching Strategies Examples
Nonverbal helping strategies
Partial-modelShow child how to do something without performing the full action
While helping a child to master pouring liquid from a pitcher into a cup a teacher models holding the cup with one hand and holding the handle of the pitcher with the other The teacher pauses and allows the child to imitate those actions and then lift and attempt to pour on his own
Full-modeled helpDemonstrate for a child how to do something
While teaching a child to tie her shoes the teacher has the child watch as the teacher slowly and deliberately ties the shoe
DirectTeaching Strategies Examples
Direct verbal help
Give instructionsTell a child exactly how to do something Break tasks down into manageable chunks by providing simple step-by-step directions
To help a child learn to wash her hands the teacher describes each task in the order that it needs to occur The teacher waits until she completes a step before telling what to do next
Nonverbal helping strategy
Physical helpProvide hand-over-hand assistance so the child will perform a target behavior
A teacher uses a pair of dual-control training scissors with a child to assist him in learning to cut paper
For the purpose of describing each the above strategies are listed separately To be most effective teachers often combine more than one strategy For example demonstrating a task while also describing what is being done or asking open-ended questions while facilitating the shared activities of children
Section 2
Strategies by Selected Connecticut Preschool Assessment Framework Performance Standards
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 2 16
Personal amp Social 2 Sustains attention to taskgoal that the child has set out to accomplish
PampS 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Sustains attention primarily to self-selected high-interest tasks
Sustains attention to high-interest self-selected task until complete or reaches frustration level
Sustains attention to variety of self-selected tasks until complete despite some frustration
Persists with both self-selected and teacher-directed tasks until task completed
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and experiences including experiences that provide sensory input open-ended materials opportunities for discovery etc
bullMaintain similar materials and experiences over time
bullStructure classroom so that there are areas for individual small and large group-play
bullAllow children to continue projects over multiple days
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and experiences
bullProvide materials with increasing difficulty level such as single piece and interlocking puzzles large and small building materials wordless books and early readers etc
bullProvide materials that allow children to scaffold their participation such as colored bowls to guide sorting
bullAdjust the schedule to shorten activities that are frustrating to children to encourage them to participate in the entire experience
bull Embed materials of interest to children within multiple areas in the classroom
bull Provide materials for children to chart the experiences that they participate in throughout the day or week
bull Provide materials for children to plan their play within a center include problem-solving steps in the plan
bullProvide lengthy child choice time in the class schedule
bullProvide a balance of teacher-directed and child-directed activities
bullProvide clearly defined interest areas in the classroombullBe sure some interest areas allow an individual child small numbers of children (two to three) to participatebullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate amounts of child-directed timebullGive children many opportunities to make choicesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn and practice problem-solving strategiesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn to ask their peers open-ended questions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 2 17
PampS 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Sustains attention primarily to self-selected high-interest tasks
Sustains attention to high-interest self-selected task until complete or reaches frustration level
Sustains attention to variety of self-selected tasks until complete despite some frustration
Persists with both self-selected and teacher-directed tasks until task completed
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
Go to area where child has chosen to play andbullUse proximity to maintain a
childrsquos attentionbullDescribe what a child is doing
with materialsbullModel use of the same
materials that child is using
bullEnthusiastically talk about own interest and engagement with the same task child is doing
bullIf child seems frustrated acknowledge and label the feeling
bullInvite child to explore new materials Allow to gain familiarity through open-ended use then model task
bullPair child with familiar peer to attempt new task
bullModel completion of task and describe own thinking while doing so
bullObserve child engaged in a task and provide specific verbal feedback
Med
iate
bullRespond to and expand childrsquos ideas if she asks how to do something
bullInvite a child to help you with a task
bullDescribe what a peer is doing with a similar material ldquoDo you see Manny He is putting the blocks in the bucketrdquo Encourage child to try also
bullModify a task so it will be achievable
bullComplete a portion of the task allowing child to finish it
bullProvide verbal hints to scaffold childrsquos ability to succeed
bullAsk questions to lead child toward success ldquoDo you think it might fit hererdquo
bullEncourage child to ask a peer for help
bullProvide directions verbally and with visual cues
bullAsk open-ended questions and prompt child to describe own thought process as he is engaged in a task
bullRemind a child of previous success on a similar task
bullUse childrsquos ideas and preferred materials for teacher-directed tasks
bullAsk child to identify a goal and make a plan for how she will proceed before beginning to work
bullInvite a child to demonstrate a mastered skill for peers
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to complete the task step-by-step
bullBreak task down into manageable steps providing verbal directions for each
bullPhysically help a child to complete a task working together until it is completed
bullAssign a small group of children a multistep task to complete before the end of the day
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 4 18
Personal amp Social 4 Manages transitions follows routines and rules
PampS 4Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with teacher supervision
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with occasional reminders
Makes transitions and usually follows routines and rules when given signal
Anticipates transitions and usually follows routines and rules independently
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide a predictable consistent daily schedule including transition times
bullProvide pictures to support the main components of the day include pictures of the transition steps
bullReview transition steps during small group as a game
bullBreak transitions down into steps
bullProvide adequate time in the schedule for the routine or transition
bullDevise a schedule that limits the number of transitions in a day
bullReview transition steps prior to transitions
bullTeach transition signals to children
bullProvide adequate time in the schedule for experiences so that children are not frustrated by the transition
bullProvide visual cues to complete routines such as clean up (labeled shelves) and washing hands (picture steps) or setting the table (picture checklist)
bullMove closer to groups of children and repeat directions
bullBreak children up into small groups to complete routines
bullUse different transition signals for each transition
bullAllow adequate time between transition warning and transition
bullInform children of the next experience
bullPlace picture schedules including pictures of routines throughout the room
bullCover experiences that have already occurred on each schedule
bullQuestion children during the current experience about the next part of the day
bullUse a choice boardbullCreate posters with pictures for typical classroom routinesbullProvide a sign-in chart for childrenbullLabel shelves with words and picturesbullPlace pictures of children on chairsbullTeach routines
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 4 19
PampS 4Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with teacher supervision
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with occasional reminders
Makes transitions and usually follows routines and rules when given signal
Anticipates transitions and usually follows routines and rules independently
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullProvide proximity and physical contact to support children throughout the day
bullProvide advance notice about what is going to happen next
bullDescribe what a peer is doing so child will notice expected behaviors
bullUse self-talk as indirect signal of what is coming ldquoI think I will get the napkins out itrsquos almost time for snackrdquo
bullGet childrsquos attention then point to visual timer or daily schedule to indicate that itrsquos time to move on
bullPlace items in an area as a prompt for whatrsquos about to happen (children know itrsquos time for meeting when they see teacher setting up carpet squares on the floor)
bullRefer child to posted classroom rules if there is a question about an expectation
bullMention to another adult in the room so child will hear an observation about a childrsquos independence ldquoJulio set the table for snack without being askedrdquo
Med
iate
bullGive child an object to move from one place to the next when they need to transition ldquoAlex please bring this paper to the table for our art projectrdquo
bullHelp children by participating with them to clean up or prepare the room
bullSuggest that child look to see what peers are doing
bullRefer to the visual poster of the daily schedule and describe ldquoSee we just finished reading a story the next picture shows that it is time for snackrdquo
bullProvide a visual andor auditory signal when a transition is approaching
bullHelp child recall expected behavior when signal is used ldquoWhat do we do when we hear the bellrdquo
bullInclude children as helpers to set up room and prepare for classroom experiences
bullAsk a child ldquoWhat should we be doing nowrdquo
bullSuggest that child describe to parent or classroom visitor what comes next in the daily routine
bullReflect with children about the day mdash recount what happened from beginning to end
Dire
ct
bullTell child what he needs to do while helping with the task if necessary ldquoHere you go Irsquoll hold the bucket while you put the blocks back inrdquo
bullRemind a child what she needs to do ldquoRebecca please get your coat wersquore getting ready to go outrdquo
bullDemonstrate the tasks needed when teaching a child how to complete a class job
bullAssign child the task of reminding peers of a rule or transition
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 7 20
Personal amp Social 7 Interacts cooperatively with peers
PampS 7Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Worksplays alongside others Worksplays in association with another child
Worksplays cooperatively with a few others
Sustains cooperative activities with a range of children
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullMaintain materials as a choice for an extended period of time
bullProvide enough materials in an interest area so that a few children can play with the same items
bullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate outdoor play time
bullGive children classroom jobs
bullProvide materials that can be used by more than one child at the same time eglarge box that is used as a bus a see saw a wagon balls play telephones etc
bullInclude a small-group time in the daily schedule and rotate children in the groups
bullProvide interest areas that allow larger groups of children (four to five) to participate
bullProvide books that describe roles and sequences of activities such as books about taking a bus ride or going grocery shopping
bullCreate play experiences that provide opportunities for children to take on roles such as designer of a water wall data collector picture taker
bullUse childrenrsquos common interests to plan play themes to increase opportunities for cooperative play
bullAllow children to transport materials from one center to another to allow for increases in the number and types of interactions
bullProvide dress-up clothes that can allow children to develop group role-play
bullPlan large- and small-group activities that naturally involve working in groups such as dancing or building
bullMake class books about all the children with photos interests likes dislikes Read them often so that children get to know one another
bullProvide clearly defined interest areas in the classroombullBe sure some interest areas allow small numbers of children (two to three) to participatebullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate amounts of child-directed timebullGive children many opportunities to make choicesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn and practice problem-solving strategiesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn to ask their peers open-ended questions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 7 21
PampS 7Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Worksplays alongside others Worksplays in association with another child
Worksplays cooperatively with a few others
Sustains cooperative activities with a range of children
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
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ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullComment about what another child is doing in order to bring the childrsquos attention to the peer ldquoLook Mario is pushing a truck toordquo
bullUse proximity to support a child to feel more comfortable playing near a less familiar peer
bullPoint out opportunities for play with peers ldquoI see the children are building a house with the big blocks over there (pointing)rdquo
bullModel interactive play and comment for child to hear ldquoIt really is fun when we splash in the water togetherrdquo
bullDescribe what children are doing in order to direct other childrenrsquos attention to them ldquoJoey Tia is asking you to be a passenger on her busrdquo (as Tia is looking at him and patting the seat next to her)
bullRead a story about cooperation
bullModel cooperative efforts as a member of a teaching team
bullComment to children about the contributions of the members of the larger school community
bullProvide support in the form of proximity when a child begins an interaction with a new peer Be ready to facilitate if not initially successful
Med
iate
bullPlay alongside a child and encourage interactions between self and child with common materials
bullSuggest to two children playing with same material ldquoMaybe you can make one huge pile of sand if you pour your sand togetherrdquo
bullComment when children are playing in proximity ldquoYou and Jenny are both playing with the puppetsrdquo
bullInvite the child to watch a peer who is more competent with a desired toy or material Suggest that the peer show the child how to use it
bullHelp child to enter into another childrsquos play with suggestions such as ldquoHere are some square blocks Maybe you could make a road How about telling her you are a road builder and see if she would like you to build a road to her houserdquo
bullDiscuss with small group of children the benefits of cooperation
bullJoin children in their play taking on a role along with the child Help to engage and then gradually withdraw from the activity maintaining proximity for support
bullAs children work together make connections by referring to concepts in book read earlier
bullWhen children want the same role suggest for example ldquoWe can have two crane operatorsrdquo
bullHelp the child identify a role for himher self ldquoWhat other jobs do people do in a restaurantrdquo
bullAsk willing peers to invite the child to join in their play Remain nearby to support the interaction
bullAsk questions to extend and encourage continued participation between a few children ldquoWhat is going to happen nextrdquo
bullStructure opportunities that require children to work together to achieve a meaningful outcome For example include children in a plan to move the block area so it is located closer to the dramatic play center Have them sketch a drawing of where things will go Make a list of needed materials etc
bullMake suggestions for the various roles that children can take as they enter into an ongoing play scenario
Dire
ct
bullTake the child by the hand and walk about the classroom describing the choices for play
bullInstruct children to include the child in their play and help negotiate roles for each
bullStructure activities for teamwork and assign small groups to work together on a task
bullWhen engaging in a cooking activity with a small group give each child a specific role and describe the tasks that they need to accomplish Include visuals also
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 22
Physical 2 Uses coordinated small-muscle movements
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for children to build strength in their hands by including objects such as bubble wrap tongs tweezers hole punch squirt bottles and turkey basters
bullEncourage children to rip paper as part of an activity
bullBe sure children are seated in a stable chair when completing fine motor activities and that their feet can be flat on the floor
bullHave children make large arm movements during music and movement
bullProvide animal grabbers bug catchers and wooden tongs for children to pick up objects
bullPlay games that allow children to crawl and creep on the floor Bearing weight on their hands and arms will help them develop the arches and muscles needed to write and manipulate objects
bullProvide stiff materials to practice cutting such as index cards sandpaper or magazine inserts
bullProvide non-paper items to cut such as straws or play dough
bullUse upright working surfaces to build strength such as easels vertical chalkboards flannel boards and Lite Brite
bullEncourage children to fold paper
bullTape paper to edge of a table when children are learning to cut Have them snip the end to make fringe
bullProvide a variety of types of scissors such as spring loaded
bullPlay games that involve eye hand coordination such as rolling a ball back and forth or catch magnetic fishing games pounding bench or bead frames
bullProvide small collage materials bullProvide lacing cards peg
boards toothpicks plastic knives to use with play dough screwdrivers stringing beads eye droppers stickers buttons
bullProvide many opportunities for using scissors
bullProvide pencils and fine line markers
bullProvide bean bags Koosh balls and hula hoops for tossing games
bullProvide a bowling setbullPlay catch with increasingly
smaller ballsbullEmbed writing materials into all
interest areas
bullComplete cooking activities with childrenbullEmbed fine motor materials in childrenrsquos areas of interestbullEncourage children to sort objects when cleaning upbullEmbed fine motor tools and materials that will help children develop a variety of skills and allow children at a variety of skill levels to
participate in a learning center eg large crayons and pencils and standard crayons and pencils
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 23
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullModel use of materials such as Duplos while in close proximity to child Describe own actions ldquoI am pulling really hard with both of my hands to get these two blocks apartrdquo
bullWrite in the mud with a stick Offer it to a child to try
bullSit with children during mealtimes Model and encourage use of tongs pitchers for pouring and safe knives for spreading and cutting
bullDescribe childrsquos actions ldquoYou fastened three snaps and put the doll clothes on all by yourselfrdquo
bullAcknowledge childrsquos effort as he tries to operate new puppet with limbs Sit quietly nearby and watch being available if he should decide to ask for support
bullPoint to bring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is capable of modeling a fine motor skill
bullModel writing and cutting often so children will see the proper form and technique
Med
iate
bullAsk two children to work together to remove the cover from a bin of toys
bullSuggest ldquoMaybe if you squeeze with both hands the glue will come outrdquo Later relate this to use of ketchup bottle
bullAssist by holding block tower stable while child adds one more
bullAsk children to scrunch material such as scarves used for music and movement
bullAsk children to crumble newspaper as part of a project (stuffing for a scarecrow snowman or 3D art project)
bullInvite a child to use a marker and paper to ldquodrawrdquo or ldquowriterdquo about an experience or observation
bullEngage children to play clapping games like ldquoMiss Mary Mackrdquo with a partner
bullConverse with a small group of children while cooking Comment on use of hands to pour sift stir
bullDraw thick straight lines with marker for child to cut on
bullHold paper while child practices cutting it in half
bullDraw a square around a complex picture for a child to cut it out
bullHave two children work collectively on a lacing or weaving activity
bullGive children real work to do within the classroom to further refine their motor skills They can replace marker caps disassemble small Lego structures etc
bullProvide pre-drawn shapes numerals and letters for child to look at when they want to copy for their own use
bullWhile watching a child cut or draw give a hint (if necessary) to help the child increase efficiency For example ldquoTry to lift the scissors off the table while you cutrdquo
bullAsk questions about childrsquos use of computer mouse ldquoHow do you get the arrow to go up Could you teach me how to move itrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate then have child imitate use of finger paint to make vertical lines at the easel while crossing the midline Provide finger tip brushes if tactile sensitive
bullGuide child to cut strip of stiff paper with dual-control training scissors
bullWhen child shows frustration with a task encourage her to talk about it ldquoTell me what yoursquore trying to dordquo
bullWhen teaching scissor skills teach each task in a sequential order and have child practice before moving to the next stage
bullDraw a simple shape while child watches then have child imitate
bullCreate a poster with printed words and pictures that show the steps to put on and zipper a jacket Discuss with children then post where they can observe when getting dressed to go outdoors
Use the book Red Lace Yellow Lace to help a child learn to tie shoes Use rhyming verse and illustrations to teach each step of the processTeach children how to use
leading hand (operating scissors) and support hand (holding and moving paper) in order to cut out shapes
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 24
Cognitive 2 Uses a variety of strategies to solve problems
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problems independently
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange room so children have defined spaces that support focus persistence and ongoing interactions with peers
bullArrange environment and materials to support cooperative play and small group so children observe others solving problems
bullAlter the schedule andor arrange the environment so that children have opportunities for small-group experiences with children who create and use alternative strategies to solve problems
bullIntroduce a new material that could be used to solve a problem after a child has successfully or unsuccessfully attempted to solve a problem
bullProvide multiple materials that can be used in a similar way to promote alternative strategies
bullArrange materials so there are increased opportunities for solving problems (limit materials remove paint brushes for easel remove one puzzle piece etc)
bullProvide materials that promote problem solving (eg gears marble works turkey basters and funnels for water play)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 25
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problemsindependently
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullTell child ldquoI notice you got frustrated and gave uprdquo
bullModify or provide a simpler task
bullModel private speech ldquoLet me see Whenever I try to do this it doesnrsquot seem to work I think I will try something differentrdquo
bullComment ldquoOh you did that just like Juan I bet therersquos another wayhelliprdquo Provide time for child to think and provide an expectant look
bullModel a new strategy Describe what is being tried and the outcome
bullComment ldquoI notice that you made a change It looks like this idea is workingrdquo
bullCreate a chart by taking pictures of a child successfully completing a common but difficult task Refer another child to it when she encounters the same challenge
bullModel thinking aloud when presented with a problem in the classroom For example ldquoI wonder how I am going to fit six children at this table I think I will move this shelf and add a chair here That should workrdquo
Med
iate
bullEncourage child to try again this time providing support to ensure success
bullAssist partially with the task and let child do the part that he or she is capable of
bullProvide two possible solutions and let child pick one
bullOffer to help the child solve a problem at hand
bullWait until the next time the child encounters the same problem and be prepared to co-construct for success (Child gets frustrated because block tower falls down The next time he enters block area join him and build it together)
bullSuggest an alternative strategy for a child to try
bullInvite the child to assist peer or teacher in solving the problem together
bullSuggest that child observe a peer who is using a successful strategy Encourage the peer to describe what is being done
bullAsk a child to explain his or her thinking Use writing or drawing as a way to capture the childrsquos ideas Expand on comments
bullWhen a child can almost get a puzzle piece to fit but begins to give up provide a hint for what to try
bullRemind child of a strategy he or she has used in a different situation Suggest trying that again to solve current problem
bullEngage in a back and forth exchange with a child about the problem-solving process ldquoDo you think that might work Tell me how Why do you think helliprdquo
bullStructure a task that allows for multiple approaches Identify possible solutions with children and write them down Have each child try one strategy while peers observe and comment
bullAsk children for their ideas to help the teacher figure out how to approach a challenge or problem in the classroom
bullEngage a small group of children in a dialogue about differing perspectives Ask a series of questions to encourage children to describe their thinking Help children come to an understanding that there is more than one ldquoright wayrdquo to approach a problem
bullCreate an ldquoAsk the Expertsrdquo class book or poster Identify with children those things that they are each good at Can be used as a reference when a child needs help with a task
Dire
ct
bullDo the task for the child while showing how and describing each step
bullDemonstrate a different strategy and ask the child to try it
bullDescribe an alternative strategy and direct child to try it
bullHave a child teach a skill to a peer Coach her how to give step-by-step directions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 26
Cognitive 4 Recognizes and makes patterns
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullCreate patterns using pieces of the environment egpull up one window shade leave the next one down etc alternate chair colors at tablesmdashred blue red
bullProvide materials that can be used to create patterns through the use of sound vision and touch
bullBring in materials that have patterns in them display items and allow children to explore eg woven baskets dish towels pieces of cloth
bullCreate patterns using childrenrsquos clothing or physical characteristics take photos of the pattern so children can observe and repeat it
bullUse morning meeting time to identify patterns in the daily or weekly schedule
bullEmbed pattern activities into small group
bullAllow children to create patterns across a large space the entire block rug or the whole room
bullEncourage children to use outdoor play as an opportunity to create a pattern
bullProvide materials that have several characteristics that can be used to create a pattern such as cars that are various sizes and colors
bullProvide writing materials so that children can record their patterns through pictures or words
bullProvide patterning materials in multiple areas of the classroombullProvide items that have similar and different characteristics in multiple interest areas in the classroom
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 27
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe ldquoYou chose a blue crayon That is the same color as your pantsrdquo
bullComment ldquoI notice that you have two bears They look different One is yellow and one is purplerdquo
bullModel placing items into an AB pattern near where a child is using the same materials Name the pattern
bullComment ldquoYou found all the cars and planes that are the same as mine I lined these up in a pattern car plane car plane hellip You lined yours up differentlyrdquo
bullComment ldquoYou made a pattern just like my model You are able to continue and describe a simple pattern I bet you can create one of your ownrdquo
bullModel and name movement patterns when singing or chanting with children (clap and tap)
bullProvide a variety of natural materials for children to observe near the art area Watch to see if they incorporate the idea of pattern into their work
bullModel using a musical instrument to create an ABB pattern Describe it ldquoLoud soft soft helliprdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoSee this round pasta ldquoCan you find one that is the same shapehellip a different kindrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoYou choose the color that you like best and I will help you find some more that are the samerdquo
bullUse descriptive language when talking to a child about attributes of objects in the immediate environment Provide experiences for children to practice identifying things that are alike (match games finding pairs)
bullProbe ldquoCould you try to copy my patternrdquo
bullRecommend ldquoWhat if you match them up side by side Letrsquos name them out loud so you can hear the pattern mdash circle star circle star helliprdquo
bullEngage children in conversations about the patterns in their environment While walking outside point out patterns in the sidewalk fences and brick walls
bullAs child is trying to repeat a model pattern provide a hint if needed ldquoLook here you put the blue one lastrdquo
bullEncourage ldquoWhat if you pick two items and make a unit Next Irsquoll copy yours When we put them together wersquoll have a pattern Now keep extending it You did itrdquo
bullPrompt ldquoCan you describe your arrangementrdquo
bullHave two children work together to create a pattern with dot markers They take turns making their marks on a paper strip and notice that a pattern occurs Discuss with them the importance of placement on the paper and the order of their marksrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoDo you think that you could create a new pattern for someone to duplicate You could tell her about it then ask her to copy itrdquo
bullAfter a child creates a movement pattern (hop clap spin) represent the idea by writing the words on chart paper Help the child read the words Add pictures or the childrsquos drawings to go with the words Encourage other children to try Have them use the chart and demonstrate their movements to teach peers
Dire
ct
bullTell ldquoWatch me slide all of these green beads onto this string You can do it too What color do you want to userdquo
bullldquoFind all the seeds that look like this (show one) and put them together into this bowlrdquo
bullShow then tell ldquoFirst I put all the cows here and the pigs here next watch how I alternate them as I line them up cow pig cow pig hellip Can you do the samerdquo
bullDemonstrate and explain ldquoWhen making a repeating pattern use two shapesmdashplace the first here then put the one that is different after it hellip Now lsquoreadrsquo the pattern with me helliprdquo
bullTeach about a variety of complex patterns ABB ABC patterns with items that have more than one attribute (yellow cube blue sphere hellip) and growing patterns Name the pattern and units
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 28
Cognitive 5 Compares and orders objects and events
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullIntentionally vary materials in the classroom and discuss differences (eg different color pitchers for juice walls that are different colors etc)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by one attribute (color or size) providing only two examples of that attribute (eg small and large)
bullProvide opportunities for children to share describe and compare familiar objects from home in one-on-one and small-group settings (eg all children bring in their favorite item related to a particular unit of study or project)
bullProvide materials to promote observation skills such as bookspictures in which you locate items in a group (eg ldquoI Spyrdquo books)
bullProvide visual sequence for familiar stories and allow children to manipulate and order plot sequence
bullProvide materials that vary by one attribute providing three to four graduated examples (eg small medium and large)
bullPost visual schedules for daily routines and refer to these throughout the day (schedule of the dayrsquos activities steps involved for cleaning up from snack)
bullProvide visual displays that promote comparisons (three bears that vary in size)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by visual attributes (such as length width gradations of color) providing five to 10 graduated examples
bullProvide more detailed visual sequences for daily learning experiences and facilitate the childrenrsquos involvement in ordering the process (eg ldquoAre these in the right order Do we water the plant first or do we put the seed in the dirt firstrdquo)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by nonvisible attributes such as time and weight sound
bullVary the classroom schedule to provide opportunities to compare time (eg provide a longer time outside on a sunny day and a short walk in drizzly weather)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 29
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullPrint a set of pictures of the children in the class and display near the classroom computer Show a duplicate set as a slideshow on the monitor Sit nearby and listen to childrenrsquos comments Point to matching pictures to prompt them to find the matches
bullAcknowledge when children spontaneously show order in their work ldquoThe lines on your painting start out long on this side and get gradually smaller as they move across the paperrdquo
bullTalk aloud about own reason for ordering something
bullMake verbal comparisons about objects or people ldquoJulio when I look at this photograph I can see that you and Desiree are the same height Rosa is shorter and Mia is the tallest
bullComment ldquoAlly you sequenced all the pictures to retell the storyrdquo
bullOrder blocks by weight Use comparison words to describemdashheavy heavier heaviest
bullldquoLetrsquos see how long it takes to put the blocks away todayrdquo Do this for several days and compare time
Med
iate
bullModel use of vocabulary mdash same and different
bullPrompt children to identify pairs of items that match or do not ldquoJulie can you help find Mariarsquos mitten It is red like this onerdquo
bullAsk children to find items in the classroom that are biglittle etc
bullUse musical instruments with children to explore concepts such as loudsoft and slowfast
bullTeach about opposites using a song and gestures to indicate updown overunder etc
bullAsk questions to get children to identify the smallest biggest etc
bullTake photographs of children engaging in a three step processes (Pouring milk drinking it and showing the empty glass) Make several sets and print Have children work in pairs They take turns ordering and then describing their reasoning to the peer
bullRead and have children act out stories such as The Three Bears that contain items that can be ordered
bullUse daily schedule chart to talk with a few children about the order of the daily routine Ask one child to describe what comes next to a peer who is new to the class
bullWhen asking a child ldquowhat comes nextrdquo allow sufficient time for the child to think about it and respond If needed give a hint ldquoItrsquos something we do when we are hungryrdquo
bullAsk questions to get a child to describe what he or she remembers about the order of events in a story
bullInvite children to draw representations of their family members Then ask them to order them from the smallest to largest Talk about the ages of these people Are they also in order from youngest to oldest Why do they think this is so
bullProvide feedback ldquoYou know that there is no school tomorrow How did you figure it outrdquo
bullHelp children to make connections to their own experiencesmdashldquoHave you ever tried to lift something very heavyrdquo
Dire
ct
bullUse a memory game with matching picture cards Demonstrate placing pictures in pairs Describe own actions ldquoI am placing these two cards together they have the same picture Thatrsquos a matchrdquo Have child help
bullDuring movement activities demonstrate moving your body from crouching low to the ground to a squat to standing to reaching up Have children imitate these movements Ask them to describe them as well
bullWhen child is playing with a group of nature items provide an ordering mat and request that the child arrange from longest to shortest If needed break task down ldquoFind the smallest item rdquo
bullProvide pictures of objects and have children compare them with regard to nonvisible attributes (A lion and a cat) mdashldquoWhich is louderrdquo (A brick and a balloon) mdash ldquoWhich is lighterrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 30
Cognitive 6 Relates number to quantity
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullIncorporate materials with numerals throughout the classroom (eg add footprints with numerals on the floor in high traffic areas)
bullUse number-related vocabulary when talking about the daily schedule For example ldquoWe have one minute until snack timerdquo
bullHand materials to students one at a time while counting instead of providing them with all materials at once
bullProvide sets of five to 10 objects similar objects
bullProvide multiple natural opportunities for counting during the daily routine (ldquoLetrsquos start with 10 raisins Help me countrdquo)
bullIncorporate songs that include counting
bullProvide opportunities within classroom routine for 1-to-1 correspondence (setting snack table with one napkin and one cup at each chair passing out materials to each child etc)
bullProvide materials to include opportunities for 1-to-1 correspondence (provide 20 cards and 20 envelopes 20 cars and 20 boxes that could be used as garages)
bullProvide sets of different materials with varying quantities (12 bears three horses three pigs and 20 chickens)
bullVary classroom arrangement to include opportunities to compare quantities (have more chairs at one table than another areas that accommodate more children etc)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 31
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe how many whenever the opportunity arises ldquoYou have two crackers mdash one in each handrdquo
bullModel use of number-related vocabulary as appropriate ldquoI need three cups at this table helliprdquo
bullComment ldquoMaria just counted to five There are five flowers in the vaserdquo
bullModel counting throughout the day and talk out loud about why ldquoI need to figure out how many muffins to make for snack tomorrow helliprdquo
bullModel counting children each day before going outside etc
bullDescribe the childrsquos actions ldquoYou used all the double-unit blocks to make this road I wonder how many it took 1 2 3hellip18rdquo
bullComment ldquoWe will need one smock for each child who is going to paintrdquo
bullProvide opportunities for children to be responsible for classroom duties that involve counting (While setting table for snack independently child will need to figure out how many cups are needed by counting children) Remain available if they need support
Med
iate
bullAsk child to give one more of something ldquoLily would you please hand me one more paintbrushrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into simple songs and finger-plays
bullTalk to child about number of body parts One nose two eyes hellip Expand childrsquos comments ldquoYes you have two eyes and many eyelashesrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into routines and games (Count each step as ascending stairs Count up to 10 while rolling a ball back and forth) Take turns counting
bullTeach strategies mdash ldquoLine up the cars as you count themrdquo ldquoTouch each chip as you say the numberrdquo
bullHave two children count together while they test their predictions of how many marbles are in the jar
bullInvite children to help set the tables for meals ldquoHow many plates are on the table How many cups will you need rdquo
bullEngage in play with children and incorporate counting into the play ldquoHow many chairs do we need for the babies Letrsquos make a garage for each of these cars helliprdquo
bullHave children draw objects to represent numbers
bullAsk a ldquoQuestion of the Dayrdquo (on any topic) and create a graph of childrenrsquos responses Then ask them to identify which is more or less
bullReflect with children after they engage in an activity Have them describe their process Ask questions to prompt their thinking ldquoHow did you come up with that numberrdquo ldquoHow do you know there are morerdquo
Dire
ct
bullHave child repeat numbers as you count something out loud
bullHold childrsquos hands and count as she jumps up and down
bullProvide cards with numerals to indicate serving size at snack ldquoSee the three You may start with three crackersrdquo
bullTell child ldquoWersquore going to count the shells to find out how many there are all together When we count we always start with the number onehelliprdquo
bullAssign a helper to count the number of children present each day
bullProvide a collection of objects to be counted Direct the child to count how many there are Listen for accuracy If the child gets to a point where he canrsquot go further model saying the remaining numbers
bullHave a child help gather materials for a project Give them instructions ldquoPlease go get 15 straws and five pieces of red paperrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 32
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage communication (such as two toy telephones)
bullAllow time during teacher-directed activities for children to comment and share
bullChange something in the environment
bullProvide materials that produce a wide variety of sounds
bullCreate small-group opportunities with peers who have a variety of language levels
bullSing songs with children especially repetitive songs like Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed or Old MacDonald had a Farm
bullUse nursery rhymes
bullProvide opportunities for children to pretend to be someone else This encourages children to mimic the vocabulary facial expressions and body language that they see and hear from others These types of experiences encourage oral language interactions
bullPlay games such as I Spy Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar and Guess Who I Am
bullProvide story cards of a familiar story
bullProvide journals for children to record their experiences
bullProvide opportunities for children to have conversations with each other
bullProvide many opportunities for children to explain what they are doing tell others about their experiences and feelings and to share their thoughts
bullProvide tape recorders for children to record their own voices and stories
bullPlay games with rules and have children explain the rules to their peers
bullRead stories multiple timesbullInclude microphones old telephones puppets flannel boards and paper towel tubes in multiple play areasbullProvide picture books for children to tell their own storiesbullProvide props for role-playing and pretending
In any language
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 33
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullUse descriptive language when describing a childrsquos actions
bullModel target vocabulary while labeling items
bullUse pointing to bring childrsquos attention to what is being talked about
bullModel increasingly more advanced language
bullRepeat a comment made by a peer to increase childrsquos attention to what was said
bullProvide expectant looks to encourage a child to make a comment
bullModel conversations between adults or adult and a child Do so in close proximity to identified child
bullCreate opportunities for children to be engaged with peers on projects of mutual interest that require verbal communication
bullTake digital photos of children engaging in the classroom Create a slide-show to prompt a small group of viewers to reflect on and describe their experiences
Med
iate
bullFollow the childrsquos lead Comment on hisher actions
bullTalk with a child about objects and happenings in the here-and-now
bullWhen asking a question allow sufficient wait time (at least three to five seconds) for a response
bullUse gestures and facial expression while talking to give more clues to the meaning of a communication
bullRespond verbally to childrsquos nonverbal communications
bullRepeat and expand childrsquos comments
bullEncourage social interactions between identified children and more proficient peers
bullTalk about topics that children are presently engaged in and those that are of special interest
bullAsk an open-ended question allow wait time acknowledge and expand the childrsquos response
bullAsk children about recent experiences with their families Prompt them to tell more and help make connections to something going on at school
bullDuring unstructured activities be available and demonstrate interest in what the child is doing When the child initiates an interaction ask to elaborate (ldquoTell me more rdquo) When a follow up comment is made expand the statement and respond to the content of what the child has said
bullEngage a small group of children in educational dialogue Use the opportunity to build their understanding of a concept introduce advanced language promote high order thinking and make connections to their lives
bullConduct class meetings during which time children have opportunities to share their ideas and opinionsmdashand listen to their peersmdashon a topic that is important to the group
Dire
ct
bullModel short simple sentences when giving directions
bullWhen a child wants or needs something provide the words and encourage the child to repeat them
bullProvide the words for a child to use to communicate a need to a peer Instruct the child to repeat the words
bullCoach a child on important skills needed for effective communication ldquoLook at his face when you ask him hellip Give him time to answer you hellip Acknowledge that you are listening helliprdquo
bullProvide a prompt photograph or interesting object and have a child describe it Write the childrsquos words Ask open-ended questions to elicit increased use of descriptors
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 34
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullEnsure access to booksbullProvide books puppets felt
board materialsbullProvide small people houses
cars for pretend playbullAllow children to tell stories
and read to adults and peersbullProvide a consistent
predictable schedule with pictures and refer to it regularly use words like ldquofirst we did this and then we did this now we are doing thisrdquo
bullRead stories that reflect childrenrsquos cultural linguistic familial backgrounds and experiences
bullProvide books and materials that are linked to childrenrsquos interests and personal experiences
bullMatch dramatic play materials to stories being read
bullProvide materials linked to recently read books
bullCreate and display classroom-created books related to classroom experiences
bullAdjust the schedule to allow for a book reading that supports an unexpected experience children have just had eg observing a butterfly on the playground
bullIntroduce story-related vocabulary terms such as character and event during book readings
bullUse the words at other times such as when a child is telling a story explain that they are the character
bullProvide story-making materials to children have them read the stories to you listen for evidence of characters plot etc
bullEnsure that there is time and space for reading to children throughout the day
bullProvide wordless books that children can tell their story from
bullProvide materials such as flannel board pieces that reflect familiar stories
bullProvide opportunities for children to retell stories
bullRead stories over and over againbullProvide opportunities for children to have frequent conversation with adults and peersbullEncourage children to represent stories through a variety of materials art movement outdoor play etc
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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- Facilitaat 3
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | DIRECTIVE 14
Co-constructTeaching Strategies Examples
Use shared activities
Engage in activities collaboratively with children as a learning partner
A teacher works with children to research simple machines They learn together as they experiment with a variety of materials
DIRECTIVE
DemonstrateTeaching Strategies Examples
Nonverbal helping strategies
Partial-modelShow child how to do something without performing the full action
While helping a child to master pouring liquid from a pitcher into a cup a teacher models holding the cup with one hand and holding the handle of the pitcher with the other The teacher pauses and allows the child to imitate those actions and then lift and attempt to pour on his own
Full-modeled helpDemonstrate for a child how to do something
While teaching a child to tie her shoes the teacher has the child watch as the teacher slowly and deliberately ties the shoe
DirectTeaching Strategies Examples
Direct verbal help
Give instructionsTell a child exactly how to do something Break tasks down into manageable chunks by providing simple step-by-step directions
To help a child learn to wash her hands the teacher describes each task in the order that it needs to occur The teacher waits until she completes a step before telling what to do next
Nonverbal helping strategy
Physical helpProvide hand-over-hand assistance so the child will perform a target behavior
A teacher uses a pair of dual-control training scissors with a child to assist him in learning to cut paper
For the purpose of describing each the above strategies are listed separately To be most effective teachers often combine more than one strategy For example demonstrating a task while also describing what is being done or asking open-ended questions while facilitating the shared activities of children
Section 2
Strategies by Selected Connecticut Preschool Assessment Framework Performance Standards
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 2 16
Personal amp Social 2 Sustains attention to taskgoal that the child has set out to accomplish
PampS 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Sustains attention primarily to self-selected high-interest tasks
Sustains attention to high-interest self-selected task until complete or reaches frustration level
Sustains attention to variety of self-selected tasks until complete despite some frustration
Persists with both self-selected and teacher-directed tasks until task completed
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and experiences including experiences that provide sensory input open-ended materials opportunities for discovery etc
bullMaintain similar materials and experiences over time
bullStructure classroom so that there are areas for individual small and large group-play
bullAllow children to continue projects over multiple days
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and experiences
bullProvide materials with increasing difficulty level such as single piece and interlocking puzzles large and small building materials wordless books and early readers etc
bullProvide materials that allow children to scaffold their participation such as colored bowls to guide sorting
bullAdjust the schedule to shorten activities that are frustrating to children to encourage them to participate in the entire experience
bull Embed materials of interest to children within multiple areas in the classroom
bull Provide materials for children to chart the experiences that they participate in throughout the day or week
bull Provide materials for children to plan their play within a center include problem-solving steps in the plan
bullProvide lengthy child choice time in the class schedule
bullProvide a balance of teacher-directed and child-directed activities
bullProvide clearly defined interest areas in the classroombullBe sure some interest areas allow an individual child small numbers of children (two to three) to participatebullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate amounts of child-directed timebullGive children many opportunities to make choicesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn and practice problem-solving strategiesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn to ask their peers open-ended questions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 2 17
PampS 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Sustains attention primarily to self-selected high-interest tasks
Sustains attention to high-interest self-selected task until complete or reaches frustration level
Sustains attention to variety of self-selected tasks until complete despite some frustration
Persists with both self-selected and teacher-directed tasks until task completed
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
Go to area where child has chosen to play andbullUse proximity to maintain a
childrsquos attentionbullDescribe what a child is doing
with materialsbullModel use of the same
materials that child is using
bullEnthusiastically talk about own interest and engagement with the same task child is doing
bullIf child seems frustrated acknowledge and label the feeling
bullInvite child to explore new materials Allow to gain familiarity through open-ended use then model task
bullPair child with familiar peer to attempt new task
bullModel completion of task and describe own thinking while doing so
bullObserve child engaged in a task and provide specific verbal feedback
Med
iate
bullRespond to and expand childrsquos ideas if she asks how to do something
bullInvite a child to help you with a task
bullDescribe what a peer is doing with a similar material ldquoDo you see Manny He is putting the blocks in the bucketrdquo Encourage child to try also
bullModify a task so it will be achievable
bullComplete a portion of the task allowing child to finish it
bullProvide verbal hints to scaffold childrsquos ability to succeed
bullAsk questions to lead child toward success ldquoDo you think it might fit hererdquo
bullEncourage child to ask a peer for help
bullProvide directions verbally and with visual cues
bullAsk open-ended questions and prompt child to describe own thought process as he is engaged in a task
bullRemind a child of previous success on a similar task
bullUse childrsquos ideas and preferred materials for teacher-directed tasks
bullAsk child to identify a goal and make a plan for how she will proceed before beginning to work
bullInvite a child to demonstrate a mastered skill for peers
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to complete the task step-by-step
bullBreak task down into manageable steps providing verbal directions for each
bullPhysically help a child to complete a task working together until it is completed
bullAssign a small group of children a multistep task to complete before the end of the day
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 4 18
Personal amp Social 4 Manages transitions follows routines and rules
PampS 4Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with teacher supervision
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with occasional reminders
Makes transitions and usually follows routines and rules when given signal
Anticipates transitions and usually follows routines and rules independently
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide a predictable consistent daily schedule including transition times
bullProvide pictures to support the main components of the day include pictures of the transition steps
bullReview transition steps during small group as a game
bullBreak transitions down into steps
bullProvide adequate time in the schedule for the routine or transition
bullDevise a schedule that limits the number of transitions in a day
bullReview transition steps prior to transitions
bullTeach transition signals to children
bullProvide adequate time in the schedule for experiences so that children are not frustrated by the transition
bullProvide visual cues to complete routines such as clean up (labeled shelves) and washing hands (picture steps) or setting the table (picture checklist)
bullMove closer to groups of children and repeat directions
bullBreak children up into small groups to complete routines
bullUse different transition signals for each transition
bullAllow adequate time between transition warning and transition
bullInform children of the next experience
bullPlace picture schedules including pictures of routines throughout the room
bullCover experiences that have already occurred on each schedule
bullQuestion children during the current experience about the next part of the day
bullUse a choice boardbullCreate posters with pictures for typical classroom routinesbullProvide a sign-in chart for childrenbullLabel shelves with words and picturesbullPlace pictures of children on chairsbullTeach routines
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 4 19
PampS 4Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with teacher supervision
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with occasional reminders
Makes transitions and usually follows routines and rules when given signal
Anticipates transitions and usually follows routines and rules independently
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullProvide proximity and physical contact to support children throughout the day
bullProvide advance notice about what is going to happen next
bullDescribe what a peer is doing so child will notice expected behaviors
bullUse self-talk as indirect signal of what is coming ldquoI think I will get the napkins out itrsquos almost time for snackrdquo
bullGet childrsquos attention then point to visual timer or daily schedule to indicate that itrsquos time to move on
bullPlace items in an area as a prompt for whatrsquos about to happen (children know itrsquos time for meeting when they see teacher setting up carpet squares on the floor)
bullRefer child to posted classroom rules if there is a question about an expectation
bullMention to another adult in the room so child will hear an observation about a childrsquos independence ldquoJulio set the table for snack without being askedrdquo
Med
iate
bullGive child an object to move from one place to the next when they need to transition ldquoAlex please bring this paper to the table for our art projectrdquo
bullHelp children by participating with them to clean up or prepare the room
bullSuggest that child look to see what peers are doing
bullRefer to the visual poster of the daily schedule and describe ldquoSee we just finished reading a story the next picture shows that it is time for snackrdquo
bullProvide a visual andor auditory signal when a transition is approaching
bullHelp child recall expected behavior when signal is used ldquoWhat do we do when we hear the bellrdquo
bullInclude children as helpers to set up room and prepare for classroom experiences
bullAsk a child ldquoWhat should we be doing nowrdquo
bullSuggest that child describe to parent or classroom visitor what comes next in the daily routine
bullReflect with children about the day mdash recount what happened from beginning to end
Dire
ct
bullTell child what he needs to do while helping with the task if necessary ldquoHere you go Irsquoll hold the bucket while you put the blocks back inrdquo
bullRemind a child what she needs to do ldquoRebecca please get your coat wersquore getting ready to go outrdquo
bullDemonstrate the tasks needed when teaching a child how to complete a class job
bullAssign child the task of reminding peers of a rule or transition
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 7 20
Personal amp Social 7 Interacts cooperatively with peers
PampS 7Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Worksplays alongside others Worksplays in association with another child
Worksplays cooperatively with a few others
Sustains cooperative activities with a range of children
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullMaintain materials as a choice for an extended period of time
bullProvide enough materials in an interest area so that a few children can play with the same items
bullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate outdoor play time
bullGive children classroom jobs
bullProvide materials that can be used by more than one child at the same time eglarge box that is used as a bus a see saw a wagon balls play telephones etc
bullInclude a small-group time in the daily schedule and rotate children in the groups
bullProvide interest areas that allow larger groups of children (four to five) to participate
bullProvide books that describe roles and sequences of activities such as books about taking a bus ride or going grocery shopping
bullCreate play experiences that provide opportunities for children to take on roles such as designer of a water wall data collector picture taker
bullUse childrenrsquos common interests to plan play themes to increase opportunities for cooperative play
bullAllow children to transport materials from one center to another to allow for increases in the number and types of interactions
bullProvide dress-up clothes that can allow children to develop group role-play
bullPlan large- and small-group activities that naturally involve working in groups such as dancing or building
bullMake class books about all the children with photos interests likes dislikes Read them often so that children get to know one another
bullProvide clearly defined interest areas in the classroombullBe sure some interest areas allow small numbers of children (two to three) to participatebullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate amounts of child-directed timebullGive children many opportunities to make choicesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn and practice problem-solving strategiesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn to ask their peers open-ended questions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 7 21
PampS 7Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Worksplays alongside others Worksplays in association with another child
Worksplays cooperatively with a few others
Sustains cooperative activities with a range of children
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullComment about what another child is doing in order to bring the childrsquos attention to the peer ldquoLook Mario is pushing a truck toordquo
bullUse proximity to support a child to feel more comfortable playing near a less familiar peer
bullPoint out opportunities for play with peers ldquoI see the children are building a house with the big blocks over there (pointing)rdquo
bullModel interactive play and comment for child to hear ldquoIt really is fun when we splash in the water togetherrdquo
bullDescribe what children are doing in order to direct other childrenrsquos attention to them ldquoJoey Tia is asking you to be a passenger on her busrdquo (as Tia is looking at him and patting the seat next to her)
bullRead a story about cooperation
bullModel cooperative efforts as a member of a teaching team
bullComment to children about the contributions of the members of the larger school community
bullProvide support in the form of proximity when a child begins an interaction with a new peer Be ready to facilitate if not initially successful
Med
iate
bullPlay alongside a child and encourage interactions between self and child with common materials
bullSuggest to two children playing with same material ldquoMaybe you can make one huge pile of sand if you pour your sand togetherrdquo
bullComment when children are playing in proximity ldquoYou and Jenny are both playing with the puppetsrdquo
bullInvite the child to watch a peer who is more competent with a desired toy or material Suggest that the peer show the child how to use it
bullHelp child to enter into another childrsquos play with suggestions such as ldquoHere are some square blocks Maybe you could make a road How about telling her you are a road builder and see if she would like you to build a road to her houserdquo
bullDiscuss with small group of children the benefits of cooperation
bullJoin children in their play taking on a role along with the child Help to engage and then gradually withdraw from the activity maintaining proximity for support
bullAs children work together make connections by referring to concepts in book read earlier
bullWhen children want the same role suggest for example ldquoWe can have two crane operatorsrdquo
bullHelp the child identify a role for himher self ldquoWhat other jobs do people do in a restaurantrdquo
bullAsk willing peers to invite the child to join in their play Remain nearby to support the interaction
bullAsk questions to extend and encourage continued participation between a few children ldquoWhat is going to happen nextrdquo
bullStructure opportunities that require children to work together to achieve a meaningful outcome For example include children in a plan to move the block area so it is located closer to the dramatic play center Have them sketch a drawing of where things will go Make a list of needed materials etc
bullMake suggestions for the various roles that children can take as they enter into an ongoing play scenario
Dire
ct
bullTake the child by the hand and walk about the classroom describing the choices for play
bullInstruct children to include the child in their play and help negotiate roles for each
bullStructure activities for teamwork and assign small groups to work together on a task
bullWhen engaging in a cooking activity with a small group give each child a specific role and describe the tasks that they need to accomplish Include visuals also
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 22
Physical 2 Uses coordinated small-muscle movements
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for children to build strength in their hands by including objects such as bubble wrap tongs tweezers hole punch squirt bottles and turkey basters
bullEncourage children to rip paper as part of an activity
bullBe sure children are seated in a stable chair when completing fine motor activities and that their feet can be flat on the floor
bullHave children make large arm movements during music and movement
bullProvide animal grabbers bug catchers and wooden tongs for children to pick up objects
bullPlay games that allow children to crawl and creep on the floor Bearing weight on their hands and arms will help them develop the arches and muscles needed to write and manipulate objects
bullProvide stiff materials to practice cutting such as index cards sandpaper or magazine inserts
bullProvide non-paper items to cut such as straws or play dough
bullUse upright working surfaces to build strength such as easels vertical chalkboards flannel boards and Lite Brite
bullEncourage children to fold paper
bullTape paper to edge of a table when children are learning to cut Have them snip the end to make fringe
bullProvide a variety of types of scissors such as spring loaded
bullPlay games that involve eye hand coordination such as rolling a ball back and forth or catch magnetic fishing games pounding bench or bead frames
bullProvide small collage materials bullProvide lacing cards peg
boards toothpicks plastic knives to use with play dough screwdrivers stringing beads eye droppers stickers buttons
bullProvide many opportunities for using scissors
bullProvide pencils and fine line markers
bullProvide bean bags Koosh balls and hula hoops for tossing games
bullProvide a bowling setbullPlay catch with increasingly
smaller ballsbullEmbed writing materials into all
interest areas
bullComplete cooking activities with childrenbullEmbed fine motor materials in childrenrsquos areas of interestbullEncourage children to sort objects when cleaning upbullEmbed fine motor tools and materials that will help children develop a variety of skills and allow children at a variety of skill levels to
participate in a learning center eg large crayons and pencils and standard crayons and pencils
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 23
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullModel use of materials such as Duplos while in close proximity to child Describe own actions ldquoI am pulling really hard with both of my hands to get these two blocks apartrdquo
bullWrite in the mud with a stick Offer it to a child to try
bullSit with children during mealtimes Model and encourage use of tongs pitchers for pouring and safe knives for spreading and cutting
bullDescribe childrsquos actions ldquoYou fastened three snaps and put the doll clothes on all by yourselfrdquo
bullAcknowledge childrsquos effort as he tries to operate new puppet with limbs Sit quietly nearby and watch being available if he should decide to ask for support
bullPoint to bring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is capable of modeling a fine motor skill
bullModel writing and cutting often so children will see the proper form and technique
Med
iate
bullAsk two children to work together to remove the cover from a bin of toys
bullSuggest ldquoMaybe if you squeeze with both hands the glue will come outrdquo Later relate this to use of ketchup bottle
bullAssist by holding block tower stable while child adds one more
bullAsk children to scrunch material such as scarves used for music and movement
bullAsk children to crumble newspaper as part of a project (stuffing for a scarecrow snowman or 3D art project)
bullInvite a child to use a marker and paper to ldquodrawrdquo or ldquowriterdquo about an experience or observation
bullEngage children to play clapping games like ldquoMiss Mary Mackrdquo with a partner
bullConverse with a small group of children while cooking Comment on use of hands to pour sift stir
bullDraw thick straight lines with marker for child to cut on
bullHold paper while child practices cutting it in half
bullDraw a square around a complex picture for a child to cut it out
bullHave two children work collectively on a lacing or weaving activity
bullGive children real work to do within the classroom to further refine their motor skills They can replace marker caps disassemble small Lego structures etc
bullProvide pre-drawn shapes numerals and letters for child to look at when they want to copy for their own use
bullWhile watching a child cut or draw give a hint (if necessary) to help the child increase efficiency For example ldquoTry to lift the scissors off the table while you cutrdquo
bullAsk questions about childrsquos use of computer mouse ldquoHow do you get the arrow to go up Could you teach me how to move itrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate then have child imitate use of finger paint to make vertical lines at the easel while crossing the midline Provide finger tip brushes if tactile sensitive
bullGuide child to cut strip of stiff paper with dual-control training scissors
bullWhen child shows frustration with a task encourage her to talk about it ldquoTell me what yoursquore trying to dordquo
bullWhen teaching scissor skills teach each task in a sequential order and have child practice before moving to the next stage
bullDraw a simple shape while child watches then have child imitate
bullCreate a poster with printed words and pictures that show the steps to put on and zipper a jacket Discuss with children then post where they can observe when getting dressed to go outdoors
Use the book Red Lace Yellow Lace to help a child learn to tie shoes Use rhyming verse and illustrations to teach each step of the processTeach children how to use
leading hand (operating scissors) and support hand (holding and moving paper) in order to cut out shapes
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 24
Cognitive 2 Uses a variety of strategies to solve problems
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problems independently
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange room so children have defined spaces that support focus persistence and ongoing interactions with peers
bullArrange environment and materials to support cooperative play and small group so children observe others solving problems
bullAlter the schedule andor arrange the environment so that children have opportunities for small-group experiences with children who create and use alternative strategies to solve problems
bullIntroduce a new material that could be used to solve a problem after a child has successfully or unsuccessfully attempted to solve a problem
bullProvide multiple materials that can be used in a similar way to promote alternative strategies
bullArrange materials so there are increased opportunities for solving problems (limit materials remove paint brushes for easel remove one puzzle piece etc)
bullProvide materials that promote problem solving (eg gears marble works turkey basters and funnels for water play)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 25
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problemsindependently
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullTell child ldquoI notice you got frustrated and gave uprdquo
bullModify or provide a simpler task
bullModel private speech ldquoLet me see Whenever I try to do this it doesnrsquot seem to work I think I will try something differentrdquo
bullComment ldquoOh you did that just like Juan I bet therersquos another wayhelliprdquo Provide time for child to think and provide an expectant look
bullModel a new strategy Describe what is being tried and the outcome
bullComment ldquoI notice that you made a change It looks like this idea is workingrdquo
bullCreate a chart by taking pictures of a child successfully completing a common but difficult task Refer another child to it when she encounters the same challenge
bullModel thinking aloud when presented with a problem in the classroom For example ldquoI wonder how I am going to fit six children at this table I think I will move this shelf and add a chair here That should workrdquo
Med
iate
bullEncourage child to try again this time providing support to ensure success
bullAssist partially with the task and let child do the part that he or she is capable of
bullProvide two possible solutions and let child pick one
bullOffer to help the child solve a problem at hand
bullWait until the next time the child encounters the same problem and be prepared to co-construct for success (Child gets frustrated because block tower falls down The next time he enters block area join him and build it together)
bullSuggest an alternative strategy for a child to try
bullInvite the child to assist peer or teacher in solving the problem together
bullSuggest that child observe a peer who is using a successful strategy Encourage the peer to describe what is being done
bullAsk a child to explain his or her thinking Use writing or drawing as a way to capture the childrsquos ideas Expand on comments
bullWhen a child can almost get a puzzle piece to fit but begins to give up provide a hint for what to try
bullRemind child of a strategy he or she has used in a different situation Suggest trying that again to solve current problem
bullEngage in a back and forth exchange with a child about the problem-solving process ldquoDo you think that might work Tell me how Why do you think helliprdquo
bullStructure a task that allows for multiple approaches Identify possible solutions with children and write them down Have each child try one strategy while peers observe and comment
bullAsk children for their ideas to help the teacher figure out how to approach a challenge or problem in the classroom
bullEngage a small group of children in a dialogue about differing perspectives Ask a series of questions to encourage children to describe their thinking Help children come to an understanding that there is more than one ldquoright wayrdquo to approach a problem
bullCreate an ldquoAsk the Expertsrdquo class book or poster Identify with children those things that they are each good at Can be used as a reference when a child needs help with a task
Dire
ct
bullDo the task for the child while showing how and describing each step
bullDemonstrate a different strategy and ask the child to try it
bullDescribe an alternative strategy and direct child to try it
bullHave a child teach a skill to a peer Coach her how to give step-by-step directions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 26
Cognitive 4 Recognizes and makes patterns
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullCreate patterns using pieces of the environment egpull up one window shade leave the next one down etc alternate chair colors at tablesmdashred blue red
bullProvide materials that can be used to create patterns through the use of sound vision and touch
bullBring in materials that have patterns in them display items and allow children to explore eg woven baskets dish towels pieces of cloth
bullCreate patterns using childrenrsquos clothing or physical characteristics take photos of the pattern so children can observe and repeat it
bullUse morning meeting time to identify patterns in the daily or weekly schedule
bullEmbed pattern activities into small group
bullAllow children to create patterns across a large space the entire block rug or the whole room
bullEncourage children to use outdoor play as an opportunity to create a pattern
bullProvide materials that have several characteristics that can be used to create a pattern such as cars that are various sizes and colors
bullProvide writing materials so that children can record their patterns through pictures or words
bullProvide patterning materials in multiple areas of the classroombullProvide items that have similar and different characteristics in multiple interest areas in the classroom
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 27
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
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ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe ldquoYou chose a blue crayon That is the same color as your pantsrdquo
bullComment ldquoI notice that you have two bears They look different One is yellow and one is purplerdquo
bullModel placing items into an AB pattern near where a child is using the same materials Name the pattern
bullComment ldquoYou found all the cars and planes that are the same as mine I lined these up in a pattern car plane car plane hellip You lined yours up differentlyrdquo
bullComment ldquoYou made a pattern just like my model You are able to continue and describe a simple pattern I bet you can create one of your ownrdquo
bullModel and name movement patterns when singing or chanting with children (clap and tap)
bullProvide a variety of natural materials for children to observe near the art area Watch to see if they incorporate the idea of pattern into their work
bullModel using a musical instrument to create an ABB pattern Describe it ldquoLoud soft soft helliprdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoSee this round pasta ldquoCan you find one that is the same shapehellip a different kindrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoYou choose the color that you like best and I will help you find some more that are the samerdquo
bullUse descriptive language when talking to a child about attributes of objects in the immediate environment Provide experiences for children to practice identifying things that are alike (match games finding pairs)
bullProbe ldquoCould you try to copy my patternrdquo
bullRecommend ldquoWhat if you match them up side by side Letrsquos name them out loud so you can hear the pattern mdash circle star circle star helliprdquo
bullEngage children in conversations about the patterns in their environment While walking outside point out patterns in the sidewalk fences and brick walls
bullAs child is trying to repeat a model pattern provide a hint if needed ldquoLook here you put the blue one lastrdquo
bullEncourage ldquoWhat if you pick two items and make a unit Next Irsquoll copy yours When we put them together wersquoll have a pattern Now keep extending it You did itrdquo
bullPrompt ldquoCan you describe your arrangementrdquo
bullHave two children work together to create a pattern with dot markers They take turns making their marks on a paper strip and notice that a pattern occurs Discuss with them the importance of placement on the paper and the order of their marksrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoDo you think that you could create a new pattern for someone to duplicate You could tell her about it then ask her to copy itrdquo
bullAfter a child creates a movement pattern (hop clap spin) represent the idea by writing the words on chart paper Help the child read the words Add pictures or the childrsquos drawings to go with the words Encourage other children to try Have them use the chart and demonstrate their movements to teach peers
Dire
ct
bullTell ldquoWatch me slide all of these green beads onto this string You can do it too What color do you want to userdquo
bullldquoFind all the seeds that look like this (show one) and put them together into this bowlrdquo
bullShow then tell ldquoFirst I put all the cows here and the pigs here next watch how I alternate them as I line them up cow pig cow pig hellip Can you do the samerdquo
bullDemonstrate and explain ldquoWhen making a repeating pattern use two shapesmdashplace the first here then put the one that is different after it hellip Now lsquoreadrsquo the pattern with me helliprdquo
bullTeach about a variety of complex patterns ABB ABC patterns with items that have more than one attribute (yellow cube blue sphere hellip) and growing patterns Name the pattern and units
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 28
Cognitive 5 Compares and orders objects and events
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullIntentionally vary materials in the classroom and discuss differences (eg different color pitchers for juice walls that are different colors etc)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by one attribute (color or size) providing only two examples of that attribute (eg small and large)
bullProvide opportunities for children to share describe and compare familiar objects from home in one-on-one and small-group settings (eg all children bring in their favorite item related to a particular unit of study or project)
bullProvide materials to promote observation skills such as bookspictures in which you locate items in a group (eg ldquoI Spyrdquo books)
bullProvide visual sequence for familiar stories and allow children to manipulate and order plot sequence
bullProvide materials that vary by one attribute providing three to four graduated examples (eg small medium and large)
bullPost visual schedules for daily routines and refer to these throughout the day (schedule of the dayrsquos activities steps involved for cleaning up from snack)
bullProvide visual displays that promote comparisons (three bears that vary in size)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by visual attributes (such as length width gradations of color) providing five to 10 graduated examples
bullProvide more detailed visual sequences for daily learning experiences and facilitate the childrenrsquos involvement in ordering the process (eg ldquoAre these in the right order Do we water the plant first or do we put the seed in the dirt firstrdquo)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by nonvisible attributes such as time and weight sound
bullVary the classroom schedule to provide opportunities to compare time (eg provide a longer time outside on a sunny day and a short walk in drizzly weather)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 29
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullPrint a set of pictures of the children in the class and display near the classroom computer Show a duplicate set as a slideshow on the monitor Sit nearby and listen to childrenrsquos comments Point to matching pictures to prompt them to find the matches
bullAcknowledge when children spontaneously show order in their work ldquoThe lines on your painting start out long on this side and get gradually smaller as they move across the paperrdquo
bullTalk aloud about own reason for ordering something
bullMake verbal comparisons about objects or people ldquoJulio when I look at this photograph I can see that you and Desiree are the same height Rosa is shorter and Mia is the tallest
bullComment ldquoAlly you sequenced all the pictures to retell the storyrdquo
bullOrder blocks by weight Use comparison words to describemdashheavy heavier heaviest
bullldquoLetrsquos see how long it takes to put the blocks away todayrdquo Do this for several days and compare time
Med
iate
bullModel use of vocabulary mdash same and different
bullPrompt children to identify pairs of items that match or do not ldquoJulie can you help find Mariarsquos mitten It is red like this onerdquo
bullAsk children to find items in the classroom that are biglittle etc
bullUse musical instruments with children to explore concepts such as loudsoft and slowfast
bullTeach about opposites using a song and gestures to indicate updown overunder etc
bullAsk questions to get children to identify the smallest biggest etc
bullTake photographs of children engaging in a three step processes (Pouring milk drinking it and showing the empty glass) Make several sets and print Have children work in pairs They take turns ordering and then describing their reasoning to the peer
bullRead and have children act out stories such as The Three Bears that contain items that can be ordered
bullUse daily schedule chart to talk with a few children about the order of the daily routine Ask one child to describe what comes next to a peer who is new to the class
bullWhen asking a child ldquowhat comes nextrdquo allow sufficient time for the child to think about it and respond If needed give a hint ldquoItrsquos something we do when we are hungryrdquo
bullAsk questions to get a child to describe what he or she remembers about the order of events in a story
bullInvite children to draw representations of their family members Then ask them to order them from the smallest to largest Talk about the ages of these people Are they also in order from youngest to oldest Why do they think this is so
bullProvide feedback ldquoYou know that there is no school tomorrow How did you figure it outrdquo
bullHelp children to make connections to their own experiencesmdashldquoHave you ever tried to lift something very heavyrdquo
Dire
ct
bullUse a memory game with matching picture cards Demonstrate placing pictures in pairs Describe own actions ldquoI am placing these two cards together they have the same picture Thatrsquos a matchrdquo Have child help
bullDuring movement activities demonstrate moving your body from crouching low to the ground to a squat to standing to reaching up Have children imitate these movements Ask them to describe them as well
bullWhen child is playing with a group of nature items provide an ordering mat and request that the child arrange from longest to shortest If needed break task down ldquoFind the smallest item rdquo
bullProvide pictures of objects and have children compare them with regard to nonvisible attributes (A lion and a cat) mdashldquoWhich is louderrdquo (A brick and a balloon) mdash ldquoWhich is lighterrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 30
Cognitive 6 Relates number to quantity
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullIncorporate materials with numerals throughout the classroom (eg add footprints with numerals on the floor in high traffic areas)
bullUse number-related vocabulary when talking about the daily schedule For example ldquoWe have one minute until snack timerdquo
bullHand materials to students one at a time while counting instead of providing them with all materials at once
bullProvide sets of five to 10 objects similar objects
bullProvide multiple natural opportunities for counting during the daily routine (ldquoLetrsquos start with 10 raisins Help me countrdquo)
bullIncorporate songs that include counting
bullProvide opportunities within classroom routine for 1-to-1 correspondence (setting snack table with one napkin and one cup at each chair passing out materials to each child etc)
bullProvide materials to include opportunities for 1-to-1 correspondence (provide 20 cards and 20 envelopes 20 cars and 20 boxes that could be used as garages)
bullProvide sets of different materials with varying quantities (12 bears three horses three pigs and 20 chickens)
bullVary classroom arrangement to include opportunities to compare quantities (have more chairs at one table than another areas that accommodate more children etc)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 31
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe how many whenever the opportunity arises ldquoYou have two crackers mdash one in each handrdquo
bullModel use of number-related vocabulary as appropriate ldquoI need three cups at this table helliprdquo
bullComment ldquoMaria just counted to five There are five flowers in the vaserdquo
bullModel counting throughout the day and talk out loud about why ldquoI need to figure out how many muffins to make for snack tomorrow helliprdquo
bullModel counting children each day before going outside etc
bullDescribe the childrsquos actions ldquoYou used all the double-unit blocks to make this road I wonder how many it took 1 2 3hellip18rdquo
bullComment ldquoWe will need one smock for each child who is going to paintrdquo
bullProvide opportunities for children to be responsible for classroom duties that involve counting (While setting table for snack independently child will need to figure out how many cups are needed by counting children) Remain available if they need support
Med
iate
bullAsk child to give one more of something ldquoLily would you please hand me one more paintbrushrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into simple songs and finger-plays
bullTalk to child about number of body parts One nose two eyes hellip Expand childrsquos comments ldquoYes you have two eyes and many eyelashesrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into routines and games (Count each step as ascending stairs Count up to 10 while rolling a ball back and forth) Take turns counting
bullTeach strategies mdash ldquoLine up the cars as you count themrdquo ldquoTouch each chip as you say the numberrdquo
bullHave two children count together while they test their predictions of how many marbles are in the jar
bullInvite children to help set the tables for meals ldquoHow many plates are on the table How many cups will you need rdquo
bullEngage in play with children and incorporate counting into the play ldquoHow many chairs do we need for the babies Letrsquos make a garage for each of these cars helliprdquo
bullHave children draw objects to represent numbers
bullAsk a ldquoQuestion of the Dayrdquo (on any topic) and create a graph of childrenrsquos responses Then ask them to identify which is more or less
bullReflect with children after they engage in an activity Have them describe their process Ask questions to prompt their thinking ldquoHow did you come up with that numberrdquo ldquoHow do you know there are morerdquo
Dire
ct
bullHave child repeat numbers as you count something out loud
bullHold childrsquos hands and count as she jumps up and down
bullProvide cards with numerals to indicate serving size at snack ldquoSee the three You may start with three crackersrdquo
bullTell child ldquoWersquore going to count the shells to find out how many there are all together When we count we always start with the number onehelliprdquo
bullAssign a helper to count the number of children present each day
bullProvide a collection of objects to be counted Direct the child to count how many there are Listen for accuracy If the child gets to a point where he canrsquot go further model saying the remaining numbers
bullHave a child help gather materials for a project Give them instructions ldquoPlease go get 15 straws and five pieces of red paperrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 32
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage communication (such as two toy telephones)
bullAllow time during teacher-directed activities for children to comment and share
bullChange something in the environment
bullProvide materials that produce a wide variety of sounds
bullCreate small-group opportunities with peers who have a variety of language levels
bullSing songs with children especially repetitive songs like Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed or Old MacDonald had a Farm
bullUse nursery rhymes
bullProvide opportunities for children to pretend to be someone else This encourages children to mimic the vocabulary facial expressions and body language that they see and hear from others These types of experiences encourage oral language interactions
bullPlay games such as I Spy Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar and Guess Who I Am
bullProvide story cards of a familiar story
bullProvide journals for children to record their experiences
bullProvide opportunities for children to have conversations with each other
bullProvide many opportunities for children to explain what they are doing tell others about their experiences and feelings and to share their thoughts
bullProvide tape recorders for children to record their own voices and stories
bullPlay games with rules and have children explain the rules to their peers
bullRead stories multiple timesbullInclude microphones old telephones puppets flannel boards and paper towel tubes in multiple play areasbullProvide picture books for children to tell their own storiesbullProvide props for role-playing and pretending
In any language
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 33
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullUse descriptive language when describing a childrsquos actions
bullModel target vocabulary while labeling items
bullUse pointing to bring childrsquos attention to what is being talked about
bullModel increasingly more advanced language
bullRepeat a comment made by a peer to increase childrsquos attention to what was said
bullProvide expectant looks to encourage a child to make a comment
bullModel conversations between adults or adult and a child Do so in close proximity to identified child
bullCreate opportunities for children to be engaged with peers on projects of mutual interest that require verbal communication
bullTake digital photos of children engaging in the classroom Create a slide-show to prompt a small group of viewers to reflect on and describe their experiences
Med
iate
bullFollow the childrsquos lead Comment on hisher actions
bullTalk with a child about objects and happenings in the here-and-now
bullWhen asking a question allow sufficient wait time (at least three to five seconds) for a response
bullUse gestures and facial expression while talking to give more clues to the meaning of a communication
bullRespond verbally to childrsquos nonverbal communications
bullRepeat and expand childrsquos comments
bullEncourage social interactions between identified children and more proficient peers
bullTalk about topics that children are presently engaged in and those that are of special interest
bullAsk an open-ended question allow wait time acknowledge and expand the childrsquos response
bullAsk children about recent experiences with their families Prompt them to tell more and help make connections to something going on at school
bullDuring unstructured activities be available and demonstrate interest in what the child is doing When the child initiates an interaction ask to elaborate (ldquoTell me more rdquo) When a follow up comment is made expand the statement and respond to the content of what the child has said
bullEngage a small group of children in educational dialogue Use the opportunity to build their understanding of a concept introduce advanced language promote high order thinking and make connections to their lives
bullConduct class meetings during which time children have opportunities to share their ideas and opinionsmdashand listen to their peersmdashon a topic that is important to the group
Dire
ct
bullModel short simple sentences when giving directions
bullWhen a child wants or needs something provide the words and encourage the child to repeat them
bullProvide the words for a child to use to communicate a need to a peer Instruct the child to repeat the words
bullCoach a child on important skills needed for effective communication ldquoLook at his face when you ask him hellip Give him time to answer you hellip Acknowledge that you are listening helliprdquo
bullProvide a prompt photograph or interesting object and have a child describe it Write the childrsquos words Ask open-ended questions to elicit increased use of descriptors
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 34
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullEnsure access to booksbullProvide books puppets felt
board materialsbullProvide small people houses
cars for pretend playbullAllow children to tell stories
and read to adults and peersbullProvide a consistent
predictable schedule with pictures and refer to it regularly use words like ldquofirst we did this and then we did this now we are doing thisrdquo
bullRead stories that reflect childrenrsquos cultural linguistic familial backgrounds and experiences
bullProvide books and materials that are linked to childrenrsquos interests and personal experiences
bullMatch dramatic play materials to stories being read
bullProvide materials linked to recently read books
bullCreate and display classroom-created books related to classroom experiences
bullAdjust the schedule to allow for a book reading that supports an unexpected experience children have just had eg observing a butterfly on the playground
bullIntroduce story-related vocabulary terms such as character and event during book readings
bullUse the words at other times such as when a child is telling a story explain that they are the character
bullProvide story-making materials to children have them read the stories to you listen for evidence of characters plot etc
bullEnsure that there is time and space for reading to children throughout the day
bullProvide wordless books that children can tell their story from
bullProvide materials such as flannel board pieces that reflect familiar stories
bullProvide opportunities for children to retell stories
bullRead stories over and over againbullProvide opportunities for children to have frequent conversation with adults and peersbullEncourage children to represent stories through a variety of materials art movement outdoor play etc
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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- p7Link
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- Demonstrate 3
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- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
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Section 2
Strategies by Selected Connecticut Preschool Assessment Framework Performance Standards
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 2 16
Personal amp Social 2 Sustains attention to taskgoal that the child has set out to accomplish
PampS 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Sustains attention primarily to self-selected high-interest tasks
Sustains attention to high-interest self-selected task until complete or reaches frustration level
Sustains attention to variety of self-selected tasks until complete despite some frustration
Persists with both self-selected and teacher-directed tasks until task completed
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and experiences including experiences that provide sensory input open-ended materials opportunities for discovery etc
bullMaintain similar materials and experiences over time
bullStructure classroom so that there are areas for individual small and large group-play
bullAllow children to continue projects over multiple days
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and experiences
bullProvide materials with increasing difficulty level such as single piece and interlocking puzzles large and small building materials wordless books and early readers etc
bullProvide materials that allow children to scaffold their participation such as colored bowls to guide sorting
bullAdjust the schedule to shorten activities that are frustrating to children to encourage them to participate in the entire experience
bull Embed materials of interest to children within multiple areas in the classroom
bull Provide materials for children to chart the experiences that they participate in throughout the day or week
bull Provide materials for children to plan their play within a center include problem-solving steps in the plan
bullProvide lengthy child choice time in the class schedule
bullProvide a balance of teacher-directed and child-directed activities
bullProvide clearly defined interest areas in the classroombullBe sure some interest areas allow an individual child small numbers of children (two to three) to participatebullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate amounts of child-directed timebullGive children many opportunities to make choicesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn and practice problem-solving strategiesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn to ask their peers open-ended questions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 2 17
PampS 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Sustains attention primarily to self-selected high-interest tasks
Sustains attention to high-interest self-selected task until complete or reaches frustration level
Sustains attention to variety of self-selected tasks until complete despite some frustration
Persists with both self-selected and teacher-directed tasks until task completed
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
Go to area where child has chosen to play andbullUse proximity to maintain a
childrsquos attentionbullDescribe what a child is doing
with materialsbullModel use of the same
materials that child is using
bullEnthusiastically talk about own interest and engagement with the same task child is doing
bullIf child seems frustrated acknowledge and label the feeling
bullInvite child to explore new materials Allow to gain familiarity through open-ended use then model task
bullPair child with familiar peer to attempt new task
bullModel completion of task and describe own thinking while doing so
bullObserve child engaged in a task and provide specific verbal feedback
Med
iate
bullRespond to and expand childrsquos ideas if she asks how to do something
bullInvite a child to help you with a task
bullDescribe what a peer is doing with a similar material ldquoDo you see Manny He is putting the blocks in the bucketrdquo Encourage child to try also
bullModify a task so it will be achievable
bullComplete a portion of the task allowing child to finish it
bullProvide verbal hints to scaffold childrsquos ability to succeed
bullAsk questions to lead child toward success ldquoDo you think it might fit hererdquo
bullEncourage child to ask a peer for help
bullProvide directions verbally and with visual cues
bullAsk open-ended questions and prompt child to describe own thought process as he is engaged in a task
bullRemind a child of previous success on a similar task
bullUse childrsquos ideas and preferred materials for teacher-directed tasks
bullAsk child to identify a goal and make a plan for how she will proceed before beginning to work
bullInvite a child to demonstrate a mastered skill for peers
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to complete the task step-by-step
bullBreak task down into manageable steps providing verbal directions for each
bullPhysically help a child to complete a task working together until it is completed
bullAssign a small group of children a multistep task to complete before the end of the day
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 4 18
Personal amp Social 4 Manages transitions follows routines and rules
PampS 4Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with teacher supervision
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with occasional reminders
Makes transitions and usually follows routines and rules when given signal
Anticipates transitions and usually follows routines and rules independently
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide a predictable consistent daily schedule including transition times
bullProvide pictures to support the main components of the day include pictures of the transition steps
bullReview transition steps during small group as a game
bullBreak transitions down into steps
bullProvide adequate time in the schedule for the routine or transition
bullDevise a schedule that limits the number of transitions in a day
bullReview transition steps prior to transitions
bullTeach transition signals to children
bullProvide adequate time in the schedule for experiences so that children are not frustrated by the transition
bullProvide visual cues to complete routines such as clean up (labeled shelves) and washing hands (picture steps) or setting the table (picture checklist)
bullMove closer to groups of children and repeat directions
bullBreak children up into small groups to complete routines
bullUse different transition signals for each transition
bullAllow adequate time between transition warning and transition
bullInform children of the next experience
bullPlace picture schedules including pictures of routines throughout the room
bullCover experiences that have already occurred on each schedule
bullQuestion children during the current experience about the next part of the day
bullUse a choice boardbullCreate posters with pictures for typical classroom routinesbullProvide a sign-in chart for childrenbullLabel shelves with words and picturesbullPlace pictures of children on chairsbullTeach routines
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 4 19
PampS 4Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with teacher supervision
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with occasional reminders
Makes transitions and usually follows routines and rules when given signal
Anticipates transitions and usually follows routines and rules independently
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullProvide proximity and physical contact to support children throughout the day
bullProvide advance notice about what is going to happen next
bullDescribe what a peer is doing so child will notice expected behaviors
bullUse self-talk as indirect signal of what is coming ldquoI think I will get the napkins out itrsquos almost time for snackrdquo
bullGet childrsquos attention then point to visual timer or daily schedule to indicate that itrsquos time to move on
bullPlace items in an area as a prompt for whatrsquos about to happen (children know itrsquos time for meeting when they see teacher setting up carpet squares on the floor)
bullRefer child to posted classroom rules if there is a question about an expectation
bullMention to another adult in the room so child will hear an observation about a childrsquos independence ldquoJulio set the table for snack without being askedrdquo
Med
iate
bullGive child an object to move from one place to the next when they need to transition ldquoAlex please bring this paper to the table for our art projectrdquo
bullHelp children by participating with them to clean up or prepare the room
bullSuggest that child look to see what peers are doing
bullRefer to the visual poster of the daily schedule and describe ldquoSee we just finished reading a story the next picture shows that it is time for snackrdquo
bullProvide a visual andor auditory signal when a transition is approaching
bullHelp child recall expected behavior when signal is used ldquoWhat do we do when we hear the bellrdquo
bullInclude children as helpers to set up room and prepare for classroom experiences
bullAsk a child ldquoWhat should we be doing nowrdquo
bullSuggest that child describe to parent or classroom visitor what comes next in the daily routine
bullReflect with children about the day mdash recount what happened from beginning to end
Dire
ct
bullTell child what he needs to do while helping with the task if necessary ldquoHere you go Irsquoll hold the bucket while you put the blocks back inrdquo
bullRemind a child what she needs to do ldquoRebecca please get your coat wersquore getting ready to go outrdquo
bullDemonstrate the tasks needed when teaching a child how to complete a class job
bullAssign child the task of reminding peers of a rule or transition
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 7 20
Personal amp Social 7 Interacts cooperatively with peers
PampS 7Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Worksplays alongside others Worksplays in association with another child
Worksplays cooperatively with a few others
Sustains cooperative activities with a range of children
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullMaintain materials as a choice for an extended period of time
bullProvide enough materials in an interest area so that a few children can play with the same items
bullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate outdoor play time
bullGive children classroom jobs
bullProvide materials that can be used by more than one child at the same time eglarge box that is used as a bus a see saw a wagon balls play telephones etc
bullInclude a small-group time in the daily schedule and rotate children in the groups
bullProvide interest areas that allow larger groups of children (four to five) to participate
bullProvide books that describe roles and sequences of activities such as books about taking a bus ride or going grocery shopping
bullCreate play experiences that provide opportunities for children to take on roles such as designer of a water wall data collector picture taker
bullUse childrenrsquos common interests to plan play themes to increase opportunities for cooperative play
bullAllow children to transport materials from one center to another to allow for increases in the number and types of interactions
bullProvide dress-up clothes that can allow children to develop group role-play
bullPlan large- and small-group activities that naturally involve working in groups such as dancing or building
bullMake class books about all the children with photos interests likes dislikes Read them often so that children get to know one another
bullProvide clearly defined interest areas in the classroombullBe sure some interest areas allow small numbers of children (two to three) to participatebullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate amounts of child-directed timebullGive children many opportunities to make choicesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn and practice problem-solving strategiesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn to ask their peers open-ended questions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 7 21
PampS 7Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Worksplays alongside others Worksplays in association with another child
Worksplays cooperatively with a few others
Sustains cooperative activities with a range of children
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullComment about what another child is doing in order to bring the childrsquos attention to the peer ldquoLook Mario is pushing a truck toordquo
bullUse proximity to support a child to feel more comfortable playing near a less familiar peer
bullPoint out opportunities for play with peers ldquoI see the children are building a house with the big blocks over there (pointing)rdquo
bullModel interactive play and comment for child to hear ldquoIt really is fun when we splash in the water togetherrdquo
bullDescribe what children are doing in order to direct other childrenrsquos attention to them ldquoJoey Tia is asking you to be a passenger on her busrdquo (as Tia is looking at him and patting the seat next to her)
bullRead a story about cooperation
bullModel cooperative efforts as a member of a teaching team
bullComment to children about the contributions of the members of the larger school community
bullProvide support in the form of proximity when a child begins an interaction with a new peer Be ready to facilitate if not initially successful
Med
iate
bullPlay alongside a child and encourage interactions between self and child with common materials
bullSuggest to two children playing with same material ldquoMaybe you can make one huge pile of sand if you pour your sand togetherrdquo
bullComment when children are playing in proximity ldquoYou and Jenny are both playing with the puppetsrdquo
bullInvite the child to watch a peer who is more competent with a desired toy or material Suggest that the peer show the child how to use it
bullHelp child to enter into another childrsquos play with suggestions such as ldquoHere are some square blocks Maybe you could make a road How about telling her you are a road builder and see if she would like you to build a road to her houserdquo
bullDiscuss with small group of children the benefits of cooperation
bullJoin children in their play taking on a role along with the child Help to engage and then gradually withdraw from the activity maintaining proximity for support
bullAs children work together make connections by referring to concepts in book read earlier
bullWhen children want the same role suggest for example ldquoWe can have two crane operatorsrdquo
bullHelp the child identify a role for himher self ldquoWhat other jobs do people do in a restaurantrdquo
bullAsk willing peers to invite the child to join in their play Remain nearby to support the interaction
bullAsk questions to extend and encourage continued participation between a few children ldquoWhat is going to happen nextrdquo
bullStructure opportunities that require children to work together to achieve a meaningful outcome For example include children in a plan to move the block area so it is located closer to the dramatic play center Have them sketch a drawing of where things will go Make a list of needed materials etc
bullMake suggestions for the various roles that children can take as they enter into an ongoing play scenario
Dire
ct
bullTake the child by the hand and walk about the classroom describing the choices for play
bullInstruct children to include the child in their play and help negotiate roles for each
bullStructure activities for teamwork and assign small groups to work together on a task
bullWhen engaging in a cooking activity with a small group give each child a specific role and describe the tasks that they need to accomplish Include visuals also
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 22
Physical 2 Uses coordinated small-muscle movements
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for children to build strength in their hands by including objects such as bubble wrap tongs tweezers hole punch squirt bottles and turkey basters
bullEncourage children to rip paper as part of an activity
bullBe sure children are seated in a stable chair when completing fine motor activities and that their feet can be flat on the floor
bullHave children make large arm movements during music and movement
bullProvide animal grabbers bug catchers and wooden tongs for children to pick up objects
bullPlay games that allow children to crawl and creep on the floor Bearing weight on their hands and arms will help them develop the arches and muscles needed to write and manipulate objects
bullProvide stiff materials to practice cutting such as index cards sandpaper or magazine inserts
bullProvide non-paper items to cut such as straws or play dough
bullUse upright working surfaces to build strength such as easels vertical chalkboards flannel boards and Lite Brite
bullEncourage children to fold paper
bullTape paper to edge of a table when children are learning to cut Have them snip the end to make fringe
bullProvide a variety of types of scissors such as spring loaded
bullPlay games that involve eye hand coordination such as rolling a ball back and forth or catch magnetic fishing games pounding bench or bead frames
bullProvide small collage materials bullProvide lacing cards peg
boards toothpicks plastic knives to use with play dough screwdrivers stringing beads eye droppers stickers buttons
bullProvide many opportunities for using scissors
bullProvide pencils and fine line markers
bullProvide bean bags Koosh balls and hula hoops for tossing games
bullProvide a bowling setbullPlay catch with increasingly
smaller ballsbullEmbed writing materials into all
interest areas
bullComplete cooking activities with childrenbullEmbed fine motor materials in childrenrsquos areas of interestbullEncourage children to sort objects when cleaning upbullEmbed fine motor tools and materials that will help children develop a variety of skills and allow children at a variety of skill levels to
participate in a learning center eg large crayons and pencils and standard crayons and pencils
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 23
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullModel use of materials such as Duplos while in close proximity to child Describe own actions ldquoI am pulling really hard with both of my hands to get these two blocks apartrdquo
bullWrite in the mud with a stick Offer it to a child to try
bullSit with children during mealtimes Model and encourage use of tongs pitchers for pouring and safe knives for spreading and cutting
bullDescribe childrsquos actions ldquoYou fastened three snaps and put the doll clothes on all by yourselfrdquo
bullAcknowledge childrsquos effort as he tries to operate new puppet with limbs Sit quietly nearby and watch being available if he should decide to ask for support
bullPoint to bring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is capable of modeling a fine motor skill
bullModel writing and cutting often so children will see the proper form and technique
Med
iate
bullAsk two children to work together to remove the cover from a bin of toys
bullSuggest ldquoMaybe if you squeeze with both hands the glue will come outrdquo Later relate this to use of ketchup bottle
bullAssist by holding block tower stable while child adds one more
bullAsk children to scrunch material such as scarves used for music and movement
bullAsk children to crumble newspaper as part of a project (stuffing for a scarecrow snowman or 3D art project)
bullInvite a child to use a marker and paper to ldquodrawrdquo or ldquowriterdquo about an experience or observation
bullEngage children to play clapping games like ldquoMiss Mary Mackrdquo with a partner
bullConverse with a small group of children while cooking Comment on use of hands to pour sift stir
bullDraw thick straight lines with marker for child to cut on
bullHold paper while child practices cutting it in half
bullDraw a square around a complex picture for a child to cut it out
bullHave two children work collectively on a lacing or weaving activity
bullGive children real work to do within the classroom to further refine their motor skills They can replace marker caps disassemble small Lego structures etc
bullProvide pre-drawn shapes numerals and letters for child to look at when they want to copy for their own use
bullWhile watching a child cut or draw give a hint (if necessary) to help the child increase efficiency For example ldquoTry to lift the scissors off the table while you cutrdquo
bullAsk questions about childrsquos use of computer mouse ldquoHow do you get the arrow to go up Could you teach me how to move itrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate then have child imitate use of finger paint to make vertical lines at the easel while crossing the midline Provide finger tip brushes if tactile sensitive
bullGuide child to cut strip of stiff paper with dual-control training scissors
bullWhen child shows frustration with a task encourage her to talk about it ldquoTell me what yoursquore trying to dordquo
bullWhen teaching scissor skills teach each task in a sequential order and have child practice before moving to the next stage
bullDraw a simple shape while child watches then have child imitate
bullCreate a poster with printed words and pictures that show the steps to put on and zipper a jacket Discuss with children then post where they can observe when getting dressed to go outdoors
Use the book Red Lace Yellow Lace to help a child learn to tie shoes Use rhyming verse and illustrations to teach each step of the processTeach children how to use
leading hand (operating scissors) and support hand (holding and moving paper) in order to cut out shapes
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 24
Cognitive 2 Uses a variety of strategies to solve problems
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problems independently
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange room so children have defined spaces that support focus persistence and ongoing interactions with peers
bullArrange environment and materials to support cooperative play and small group so children observe others solving problems
bullAlter the schedule andor arrange the environment so that children have opportunities for small-group experiences with children who create and use alternative strategies to solve problems
bullIntroduce a new material that could be used to solve a problem after a child has successfully or unsuccessfully attempted to solve a problem
bullProvide multiple materials that can be used in a similar way to promote alternative strategies
bullArrange materials so there are increased opportunities for solving problems (limit materials remove paint brushes for easel remove one puzzle piece etc)
bullProvide materials that promote problem solving (eg gears marble works turkey basters and funnels for water play)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 25
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problemsindependently
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullTell child ldquoI notice you got frustrated and gave uprdquo
bullModify or provide a simpler task
bullModel private speech ldquoLet me see Whenever I try to do this it doesnrsquot seem to work I think I will try something differentrdquo
bullComment ldquoOh you did that just like Juan I bet therersquos another wayhelliprdquo Provide time for child to think and provide an expectant look
bullModel a new strategy Describe what is being tried and the outcome
bullComment ldquoI notice that you made a change It looks like this idea is workingrdquo
bullCreate a chart by taking pictures of a child successfully completing a common but difficult task Refer another child to it when she encounters the same challenge
bullModel thinking aloud when presented with a problem in the classroom For example ldquoI wonder how I am going to fit six children at this table I think I will move this shelf and add a chair here That should workrdquo
Med
iate
bullEncourage child to try again this time providing support to ensure success
bullAssist partially with the task and let child do the part that he or she is capable of
bullProvide two possible solutions and let child pick one
bullOffer to help the child solve a problem at hand
bullWait until the next time the child encounters the same problem and be prepared to co-construct for success (Child gets frustrated because block tower falls down The next time he enters block area join him and build it together)
bullSuggest an alternative strategy for a child to try
bullInvite the child to assist peer or teacher in solving the problem together
bullSuggest that child observe a peer who is using a successful strategy Encourage the peer to describe what is being done
bullAsk a child to explain his or her thinking Use writing or drawing as a way to capture the childrsquos ideas Expand on comments
bullWhen a child can almost get a puzzle piece to fit but begins to give up provide a hint for what to try
bullRemind child of a strategy he or she has used in a different situation Suggest trying that again to solve current problem
bullEngage in a back and forth exchange with a child about the problem-solving process ldquoDo you think that might work Tell me how Why do you think helliprdquo
bullStructure a task that allows for multiple approaches Identify possible solutions with children and write them down Have each child try one strategy while peers observe and comment
bullAsk children for their ideas to help the teacher figure out how to approach a challenge or problem in the classroom
bullEngage a small group of children in a dialogue about differing perspectives Ask a series of questions to encourage children to describe their thinking Help children come to an understanding that there is more than one ldquoright wayrdquo to approach a problem
bullCreate an ldquoAsk the Expertsrdquo class book or poster Identify with children those things that they are each good at Can be used as a reference when a child needs help with a task
Dire
ct
bullDo the task for the child while showing how and describing each step
bullDemonstrate a different strategy and ask the child to try it
bullDescribe an alternative strategy and direct child to try it
bullHave a child teach a skill to a peer Coach her how to give step-by-step directions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 26
Cognitive 4 Recognizes and makes patterns
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullCreate patterns using pieces of the environment egpull up one window shade leave the next one down etc alternate chair colors at tablesmdashred blue red
bullProvide materials that can be used to create patterns through the use of sound vision and touch
bullBring in materials that have patterns in them display items and allow children to explore eg woven baskets dish towels pieces of cloth
bullCreate patterns using childrenrsquos clothing or physical characteristics take photos of the pattern so children can observe and repeat it
bullUse morning meeting time to identify patterns in the daily or weekly schedule
bullEmbed pattern activities into small group
bullAllow children to create patterns across a large space the entire block rug or the whole room
bullEncourage children to use outdoor play as an opportunity to create a pattern
bullProvide materials that have several characteristics that can be used to create a pattern such as cars that are various sizes and colors
bullProvide writing materials so that children can record their patterns through pictures or words
bullProvide patterning materials in multiple areas of the classroombullProvide items that have similar and different characteristics in multiple interest areas in the classroom
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 27
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe ldquoYou chose a blue crayon That is the same color as your pantsrdquo
bullComment ldquoI notice that you have two bears They look different One is yellow and one is purplerdquo
bullModel placing items into an AB pattern near where a child is using the same materials Name the pattern
bullComment ldquoYou found all the cars and planes that are the same as mine I lined these up in a pattern car plane car plane hellip You lined yours up differentlyrdquo
bullComment ldquoYou made a pattern just like my model You are able to continue and describe a simple pattern I bet you can create one of your ownrdquo
bullModel and name movement patterns when singing or chanting with children (clap and tap)
bullProvide a variety of natural materials for children to observe near the art area Watch to see if they incorporate the idea of pattern into their work
bullModel using a musical instrument to create an ABB pattern Describe it ldquoLoud soft soft helliprdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoSee this round pasta ldquoCan you find one that is the same shapehellip a different kindrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoYou choose the color that you like best and I will help you find some more that are the samerdquo
bullUse descriptive language when talking to a child about attributes of objects in the immediate environment Provide experiences for children to practice identifying things that are alike (match games finding pairs)
bullProbe ldquoCould you try to copy my patternrdquo
bullRecommend ldquoWhat if you match them up side by side Letrsquos name them out loud so you can hear the pattern mdash circle star circle star helliprdquo
bullEngage children in conversations about the patterns in their environment While walking outside point out patterns in the sidewalk fences and brick walls
bullAs child is trying to repeat a model pattern provide a hint if needed ldquoLook here you put the blue one lastrdquo
bullEncourage ldquoWhat if you pick two items and make a unit Next Irsquoll copy yours When we put them together wersquoll have a pattern Now keep extending it You did itrdquo
bullPrompt ldquoCan you describe your arrangementrdquo
bullHave two children work together to create a pattern with dot markers They take turns making their marks on a paper strip and notice that a pattern occurs Discuss with them the importance of placement on the paper and the order of their marksrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoDo you think that you could create a new pattern for someone to duplicate You could tell her about it then ask her to copy itrdquo
bullAfter a child creates a movement pattern (hop clap spin) represent the idea by writing the words on chart paper Help the child read the words Add pictures or the childrsquos drawings to go with the words Encourage other children to try Have them use the chart and demonstrate their movements to teach peers
Dire
ct
bullTell ldquoWatch me slide all of these green beads onto this string You can do it too What color do you want to userdquo
bullldquoFind all the seeds that look like this (show one) and put them together into this bowlrdquo
bullShow then tell ldquoFirst I put all the cows here and the pigs here next watch how I alternate them as I line them up cow pig cow pig hellip Can you do the samerdquo
bullDemonstrate and explain ldquoWhen making a repeating pattern use two shapesmdashplace the first here then put the one that is different after it hellip Now lsquoreadrsquo the pattern with me helliprdquo
bullTeach about a variety of complex patterns ABB ABC patterns with items that have more than one attribute (yellow cube blue sphere hellip) and growing patterns Name the pattern and units
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 28
Cognitive 5 Compares and orders objects and events
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullIntentionally vary materials in the classroom and discuss differences (eg different color pitchers for juice walls that are different colors etc)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by one attribute (color or size) providing only two examples of that attribute (eg small and large)
bullProvide opportunities for children to share describe and compare familiar objects from home in one-on-one and small-group settings (eg all children bring in their favorite item related to a particular unit of study or project)
bullProvide materials to promote observation skills such as bookspictures in which you locate items in a group (eg ldquoI Spyrdquo books)
bullProvide visual sequence for familiar stories and allow children to manipulate and order plot sequence
bullProvide materials that vary by one attribute providing three to four graduated examples (eg small medium and large)
bullPost visual schedules for daily routines and refer to these throughout the day (schedule of the dayrsquos activities steps involved for cleaning up from snack)
bullProvide visual displays that promote comparisons (three bears that vary in size)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by visual attributes (such as length width gradations of color) providing five to 10 graduated examples
bullProvide more detailed visual sequences for daily learning experiences and facilitate the childrenrsquos involvement in ordering the process (eg ldquoAre these in the right order Do we water the plant first or do we put the seed in the dirt firstrdquo)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by nonvisible attributes such as time and weight sound
bullVary the classroom schedule to provide opportunities to compare time (eg provide a longer time outside on a sunny day and a short walk in drizzly weather)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 29
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullPrint a set of pictures of the children in the class and display near the classroom computer Show a duplicate set as a slideshow on the monitor Sit nearby and listen to childrenrsquos comments Point to matching pictures to prompt them to find the matches
bullAcknowledge when children spontaneously show order in their work ldquoThe lines on your painting start out long on this side and get gradually smaller as they move across the paperrdquo
bullTalk aloud about own reason for ordering something
bullMake verbal comparisons about objects or people ldquoJulio when I look at this photograph I can see that you and Desiree are the same height Rosa is shorter and Mia is the tallest
bullComment ldquoAlly you sequenced all the pictures to retell the storyrdquo
bullOrder blocks by weight Use comparison words to describemdashheavy heavier heaviest
bullldquoLetrsquos see how long it takes to put the blocks away todayrdquo Do this for several days and compare time
Med
iate
bullModel use of vocabulary mdash same and different
bullPrompt children to identify pairs of items that match or do not ldquoJulie can you help find Mariarsquos mitten It is red like this onerdquo
bullAsk children to find items in the classroom that are biglittle etc
bullUse musical instruments with children to explore concepts such as loudsoft and slowfast
bullTeach about opposites using a song and gestures to indicate updown overunder etc
bullAsk questions to get children to identify the smallest biggest etc
bullTake photographs of children engaging in a three step processes (Pouring milk drinking it and showing the empty glass) Make several sets and print Have children work in pairs They take turns ordering and then describing their reasoning to the peer
bullRead and have children act out stories such as The Three Bears that contain items that can be ordered
bullUse daily schedule chart to talk with a few children about the order of the daily routine Ask one child to describe what comes next to a peer who is new to the class
bullWhen asking a child ldquowhat comes nextrdquo allow sufficient time for the child to think about it and respond If needed give a hint ldquoItrsquos something we do when we are hungryrdquo
bullAsk questions to get a child to describe what he or she remembers about the order of events in a story
bullInvite children to draw representations of their family members Then ask them to order them from the smallest to largest Talk about the ages of these people Are they also in order from youngest to oldest Why do they think this is so
bullProvide feedback ldquoYou know that there is no school tomorrow How did you figure it outrdquo
bullHelp children to make connections to their own experiencesmdashldquoHave you ever tried to lift something very heavyrdquo
Dire
ct
bullUse a memory game with matching picture cards Demonstrate placing pictures in pairs Describe own actions ldquoI am placing these two cards together they have the same picture Thatrsquos a matchrdquo Have child help
bullDuring movement activities demonstrate moving your body from crouching low to the ground to a squat to standing to reaching up Have children imitate these movements Ask them to describe them as well
bullWhen child is playing with a group of nature items provide an ordering mat and request that the child arrange from longest to shortest If needed break task down ldquoFind the smallest item rdquo
bullProvide pictures of objects and have children compare them with regard to nonvisible attributes (A lion and a cat) mdashldquoWhich is louderrdquo (A brick and a balloon) mdash ldquoWhich is lighterrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 30
Cognitive 6 Relates number to quantity
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullIncorporate materials with numerals throughout the classroom (eg add footprints with numerals on the floor in high traffic areas)
bullUse number-related vocabulary when talking about the daily schedule For example ldquoWe have one minute until snack timerdquo
bullHand materials to students one at a time while counting instead of providing them with all materials at once
bullProvide sets of five to 10 objects similar objects
bullProvide multiple natural opportunities for counting during the daily routine (ldquoLetrsquos start with 10 raisins Help me countrdquo)
bullIncorporate songs that include counting
bullProvide opportunities within classroom routine for 1-to-1 correspondence (setting snack table with one napkin and one cup at each chair passing out materials to each child etc)
bullProvide materials to include opportunities for 1-to-1 correspondence (provide 20 cards and 20 envelopes 20 cars and 20 boxes that could be used as garages)
bullProvide sets of different materials with varying quantities (12 bears three horses three pigs and 20 chickens)
bullVary classroom arrangement to include opportunities to compare quantities (have more chairs at one table than another areas that accommodate more children etc)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 31
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe how many whenever the opportunity arises ldquoYou have two crackers mdash one in each handrdquo
bullModel use of number-related vocabulary as appropriate ldquoI need three cups at this table helliprdquo
bullComment ldquoMaria just counted to five There are five flowers in the vaserdquo
bullModel counting throughout the day and talk out loud about why ldquoI need to figure out how many muffins to make for snack tomorrow helliprdquo
bullModel counting children each day before going outside etc
bullDescribe the childrsquos actions ldquoYou used all the double-unit blocks to make this road I wonder how many it took 1 2 3hellip18rdquo
bullComment ldquoWe will need one smock for each child who is going to paintrdquo
bullProvide opportunities for children to be responsible for classroom duties that involve counting (While setting table for snack independently child will need to figure out how many cups are needed by counting children) Remain available if they need support
Med
iate
bullAsk child to give one more of something ldquoLily would you please hand me one more paintbrushrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into simple songs and finger-plays
bullTalk to child about number of body parts One nose two eyes hellip Expand childrsquos comments ldquoYes you have two eyes and many eyelashesrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into routines and games (Count each step as ascending stairs Count up to 10 while rolling a ball back and forth) Take turns counting
bullTeach strategies mdash ldquoLine up the cars as you count themrdquo ldquoTouch each chip as you say the numberrdquo
bullHave two children count together while they test their predictions of how many marbles are in the jar
bullInvite children to help set the tables for meals ldquoHow many plates are on the table How many cups will you need rdquo
bullEngage in play with children and incorporate counting into the play ldquoHow many chairs do we need for the babies Letrsquos make a garage for each of these cars helliprdquo
bullHave children draw objects to represent numbers
bullAsk a ldquoQuestion of the Dayrdquo (on any topic) and create a graph of childrenrsquos responses Then ask them to identify which is more or less
bullReflect with children after they engage in an activity Have them describe their process Ask questions to prompt their thinking ldquoHow did you come up with that numberrdquo ldquoHow do you know there are morerdquo
Dire
ct
bullHave child repeat numbers as you count something out loud
bullHold childrsquos hands and count as she jumps up and down
bullProvide cards with numerals to indicate serving size at snack ldquoSee the three You may start with three crackersrdquo
bullTell child ldquoWersquore going to count the shells to find out how many there are all together When we count we always start with the number onehelliprdquo
bullAssign a helper to count the number of children present each day
bullProvide a collection of objects to be counted Direct the child to count how many there are Listen for accuracy If the child gets to a point where he canrsquot go further model saying the remaining numbers
bullHave a child help gather materials for a project Give them instructions ldquoPlease go get 15 straws and five pieces of red paperrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 32
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage communication (such as two toy telephones)
bullAllow time during teacher-directed activities for children to comment and share
bullChange something in the environment
bullProvide materials that produce a wide variety of sounds
bullCreate small-group opportunities with peers who have a variety of language levels
bullSing songs with children especially repetitive songs like Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed or Old MacDonald had a Farm
bullUse nursery rhymes
bullProvide opportunities for children to pretend to be someone else This encourages children to mimic the vocabulary facial expressions and body language that they see and hear from others These types of experiences encourage oral language interactions
bullPlay games such as I Spy Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar and Guess Who I Am
bullProvide story cards of a familiar story
bullProvide journals for children to record their experiences
bullProvide opportunities for children to have conversations with each other
bullProvide many opportunities for children to explain what they are doing tell others about their experiences and feelings and to share their thoughts
bullProvide tape recorders for children to record their own voices and stories
bullPlay games with rules and have children explain the rules to their peers
bullRead stories multiple timesbullInclude microphones old telephones puppets flannel boards and paper towel tubes in multiple play areasbullProvide picture books for children to tell their own storiesbullProvide props for role-playing and pretending
In any language
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 33
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullUse descriptive language when describing a childrsquos actions
bullModel target vocabulary while labeling items
bullUse pointing to bring childrsquos attention to what is being talked about
bullModel increasingly more advanced language
bullRepeat a comment made by a peer to increase childrsquos attention to what was said
bullProvide expectant looks to encourage a child to make a comment
bullModel conversations between adults or adult and a child Do so in close proximity to identified child
bullCreate opportunities for children to be engaged with peers on projects of mutual interest that require verbal communication
bullTake digital photos of children engaging in the classroom Create a slide-show to prompt a small group of viewers to reflect on and describe their experiences
Med
iate
bullFollow the childrsquos lead Comment on hisher actions
bullTalk with a child about objects and happenings in the here-and-now
bullWhen asking a question allow sufficient wait time (at least three to five seconds) for a response
bullUse gestures and facial expression while talking to give more clues to the meaning of a communication
bullRespond verbally to childrsquos nonverbal communications
bullRepeat and expand childrsquos comments
bullEncourage social interactions between identified children and more proficient peers
bullTalk about topics that children are presently engaged in and those that are of special interest
bullAsk an open-ended question allow wait time acknowledge and expand the childrsquos response
bullAsk children about recent experiences with their families Prompt them to tell more and help make connections to something going on at school
bullDuring unstructured activities be available and demonstrate interest in what the child is doing When the child initiates an interaction ask to elaborate (ldquoTell me more rdquo) When a follow up comment is made expand the statement and respond to the content of what the child has said
bullEngage a small group of children in educational dialogue Use the opportunity to build their understanding of a concept introduce advanced language promote high order thinking and make connections to their lives
bullConduct class meetings during which time children have opportunities to share their ideas and opinionsmdashand listen to their peersmdashon a topic that is important to the group
Dire
ct
bullModel short simple sentences when giving directions
bullWhen a child wants or needs something provide the words and encourage the child to repeat them
bullProvide the words for a child to use to communicate a need to a peer Instruct the child to repeat the words
bullCoach a child on important skills needed for effective communication ldquoLook at his face when you ask him hellip Give him time to answer you hellip Acknowledge that you are listening helliprdquo
bullProvide a prompt photograph or interesting object and have a child describe it Write the childrsquos words Ask open-ended questions to elicit increased use of descriptors
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 34
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullEnsure access to booksbullProvide books puppets felt
board materialsbullProvide small people houses
cars for pretend playbullAllow children to tell stories
and read to adults and peersbullProvide a consistent
predictable schedule with pictures and refer to it regularly use words like ldquofirst we did this and then we did this now we are doing thisrdquo
bullRead stories that reflect childrenrsquos cultural linguistic familial backgrounds and experiences
bullProvide books and materials that are linked to childrenrsquos interests and personal experiences
bullMatch dramatic play materials to stories being read
bullProvide materials linked to recently read books
bullCreate and display classroom-created books related to classroom experiences
bullAdjust the schedule to allow for a book reading that supports an unexpected experience children have just had eg observing a butterfly on the playground
bullIntroduce story-related vocabulary terms such as character and event during book readings
bullUse the words at other times such as when a child is telling a story explain that they are the character
bullProvide story-making materials to children have them read the stories to you listen for evidence of characters plot etc
bullEnsure that there is time and space for reading to children throughout the day
bullProvide wordless books that children can tell their story from
bullProvide materials such as flannel board pieces that reflect familiar stories
bullProvide opportunities for children to retell stories
bullRead stories over and over againbullProvide opportunities for children to have frequent conversation with adults and peersbullEncourage children to represent stories through a variety of materials art movement outdoor play etc
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
- Button 3
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- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 2 16
Personal amp Social 2 Sustains attention to taskgoal that the child has set out to accomplish
PampS 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Sustains attention primarily to self-selected high-interest tasks
Sustains attention to high-interest self-selected task until complete or reaches frustration level
Sustains attention to variety of self-selected tasks until complete despite some frustration
Persists with both self-selected and teacher-directed tasks until task completed
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and experiences including experiences that provide sensory input open-ended materials opportunities for discovery etc
bullMaintain similar materials and experiences over time
bullStructure classroom so that there are areas for individual small and large group-play
bullAllow children to continue projects over multiple days
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and experiences
bullProvide materials with increasing difficulty level such as single piece and interlocking puzzles large and small building materials wordless books and early readers etc
bullProvide materials that allow children to scaffold their participation such as colored bowls to guide sorting
bullAdjust the schedule to shorten activities that are frustrating to children to encourage them to participate in the entire experience
bull Embed materials of interest to children within multiple areas in the classroom
bull Provide materials for children to chart the experiences that they participate in throughout the day or week
bull Provide materials for children to plan their play within a center include problem-solving steps in the plan
bullProvide lengthy child choice time in the class schedule
bullProvide a balance of teacher-directed and child-directed activities
bullProvide clearly defined interest areas in the classroombullBe sure some interest areas allow an individual child small numbers of children (two to three) to participatebullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate amounts of child-directed timebullGive children many opportunities to make choicesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn and practice problem-solving strategiesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn to ask their peers open-ended questions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 2 17
PampS 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Sustains attention primarily to self-selected high-interest tasks
Sustains attention to high-interest self-selected task until complete or reaches frustration level
Sustains attention to variety of self-selected tasks until complete despite some frustration
Persists with both self-selected and teacher-directed tasks until task completed
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
Go to area where child has chosen to play andbullUse proximity to maintain a
childrsquos attentionbullDescribe what a child is doing
with materialsbullModel use of the same
materials that child is using
bullEnthusiastically talk about own interest and engagement with the same task child is doing
bullIf child seems frustrated acknowledge and label the feeling
bullInvite child to explore new materials Allow to gain familiarity through open-ended use then model task
bullPair child with familiar peer to attempt new task
bullModel completion of task and describe own thinking while doing so
bullObserve child engaged in a task and provide specific verbal feedback
Med
iate
bullRespond to and expand childrsquos ideas if she asks how to do something
bullInvite a child to help you with a task
bullDescribe what a peer is doing with a similar material ldquoDo you see Manny He is putting the blocks in the bucketrdquo Encourage child to try also
bullModify a task so it will be achievable
bullComplete a portion of the task allowing child to finish it
bullProvide verbal hints to scaffold childrsquos ability to succeed
bullAsk questions to lead child toward success ldquoDo you think it might fit hererdquo
bullEncourage child to ask a peer for help
bullProvide directions verbally and with visual cues
bullAsk open-ended questions and prompt child to describe own thought process as he is engaged in a task
bullRemind a child of previous success on a similar task
bullUse childrsquos ideas and preferred materials for teacher-directed tasks
bullAsk child to identify a goal and make a plan for how she will proceed before beginning to work
bullInvite a child to demonstrate a mastered skill for peers
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to complete the task step-by-step
bullBreak task down into manageable steps providing verbal directions for each
bullPhysically help a child to complete a task working together until it is completed
bullAssign a small group of children a multistep task to complete before the end of the day
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 4 18
Personal amp Social 4 Manages transitions follows routines and rules
PampS 4Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with teacher supervision
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with occasional reminders
Makes transitions and usually follows routines and rules when given signal
Anticipates transitions and usually follows routines and rules independently
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide a predictable consistent daily schedule including transition times
bullProvide pictures to support the main components of the day include pictures of the transition steps
bullReview transition steps during small group as a game
bullBreak transitions down into steps
bullProvide adequate time in the schedule for the routine or transition
bullDevise a schedule that limits the number of transitions in a day
bullReview transition steps prior to transitions
bullTeach transition signals to children
bullProvide adequate time in the schedule for experiences so that children are not frustrated by the transition
bullProvide visual cues to complete routines such as clean up (labeled shelves) and washing hands (picture steps) or setting the table (picture checklist)
bullMove closer to groups of children and repeat directions
bullBreak children up into small groups to complete routines
bullUse different transition signals for each transition
bullAllow adequate time between transition warning and transition
bullInform children of the next experience
bullPlace picture schedules including pictures of routines throughout the room
bullCover experiences that have already occurred on each schedule
bullQuestion children during the current experience about the next part of the day
bullUse a choice boardbullCreate posters with pictures for typical classroom routinesbullProvide a sign-in chart for childrenbullLabel shelves with words and picturesbullPlace pictures of children on chairsbullTeach routines
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 4 19
PampS 4Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with teacher supervision
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with occasional reminders
Makes transitions and usually follows routines and rules when given signal
Anticipates transitions and usually follows routines and rules independently
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullProvide proximity and physical contact to support children throughout the day
bullProvide advance notice about what is going to happen next
bullDescribe what a peer is doing so child will notice expected behaviors
bullUse self-talk as indirect signal of what is coming ldquoI think I will get the napkins out itrsquos almost time for snackrdquo
bullGet childrsquos attention then point to visual timer or daily schedule to indicate that itrsquos time to move on
bullPlace items in an area as a prompt for whatrsquos about to happen (children know itrsquos time for meeting when they see teacher setting up carpet squares on the floor)
bullRefer child to posted classroom rules if there is a question about an expectation
bullMention to another adult in the room so child will hear an observation about a childrsquos independence ldquoJulio set the table for snack without being askedrdquo
Med
iate
bullGive child an object to move from one place to the next when they need to transition ldquoAlex please bring this paper to the table for our art projectrdquo
bullHelp children by participating with them to clean up or prepare the room
bullSuggest that child look to see what peers are doing
bullRefer to the visual poster of the daily schedule and describe ldquoSee we just finished reading a story the next picture shows that it is time for snackrdquo
bullProvide a visual andor auditory signal when a transition is approaching
bullHelp child recall expected behavior when signal is used ldquoWhat do we do when we hear the bellrdquo
bullInclude children as helpers to set up room and prepare for classroom experiences
bullAsk a child ldquoWhat should we be doing nowrdquo
bullSuggest that child describe to parent or classroom visitor what comes next in the daily routine
bullReflect with children about the day mdash recount what happened from beginning to end
Dire
ct
bullTell child what he needs to do while helping with the task if necessary ldquoHere you go Irsquoll hold the bucket while you put the blocks back inrdquo
bullRemind a child what she needs to do ldquoRebecca please get your coat wersquore getting ready to go outrdquo
bullDemonstrate the tasks needed when teaching a child how to complete a class job
bullAssign child the task of reminding peers of a rule or transition
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 7 20
Personal amp Social 7 Interacts cooperatively with peers
PampS 7Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Worksplays alongside others Worksplays in association with another child
Worksplays cooperatively with a few others
Sustains cooperative activities with a range of children
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullMaintain materials as a choice for an extended period of time
bullProvide enough materials in an interest area so that a few children can play with the same items
bullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate outdoor play time
bullGive children classroom jobs
bullProvide materials that can be used by more than one child at the same time eglarge box that is used as a bus a see saw a wagon balls play telephones etc
bullInclude a small-group time in the daily schedule and rotate children in the groups
bullProvide interest areas that allow larger groups of children (four to five) to participate
bullProvide books that describe roles and sequences of activities such as books about taking a bus ride or going grocery shopping
bullCreate play experiences that provide opportunities for children to take on roles such as designer of a water wall data collector picture taker
bullUse childrenrsquos common interests to plan play themes to increase opportunities for cooperative play
bullAllow children to transport materials from one center to another to allow for increases in the number and types of interactions
bullProvide dress-up clothes that can allow children to develop group role-play
bullPlan large- and small-group activities that naturally involve working in groups such as dancing or building
bullMake class books about all the children with photos interests likes dislikes Read them often so that children get to know one another
bullProvide clearly defined interest areas in the classroombullBe sure some interest areas allow small numbers of children (two to three) to participatebullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate amounts of child-directed timebullGive children many opportunities to make choicesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn and practice problem-solving strategiesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn to ask their peers open-ended questions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 7 21
PampS 7Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Worksplays alongside others Worksplays in association with another child
Worksplays cooperatively with a few others
Sustains cooperative activities with a range of children
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullComment about what another child is doing in order to bring the childrsquos attention to the peer ldquoLook Mario is pushing a truck toordquo
bullUse proximity to support a child to feel more comfortable playing near a less familiar peer
bullPoint out opportunities for play with peers ldquoI see the children are building a house with the big blocks over there (pointing)rdquo
bullModel interactive play and comment for child to hear ldquoIt really is fun when we splash in the water togetherrdquo
bullDescribe what children are doing in order to direct other childrenrsquos attention to them ldquoJoey Tia is asking you to be a passenger on her busrdquo (as Tia is looking at him and patting the seat next to her)
bullRead a story about cooperation
bullModel cooperative efforts as a member of a teaching team
bullComment to children about the contributions of the members of the larger school community
bullProvide support in the form of proximity when a child begins an interaction with a new peer Be ready to facilitate if not initially successful
Med
iate
bullPlay alongside a child and encourage interactions between self and child with common materials
bullSuggest to two children playing with same material ldquoMaybe you can make one huge pile of sand if you pour your sand togetherrdquo
bullComment when children are playing in proximity ldquoYou and Jenny are both playing with the puppetsrdquo
bullInvite the child to watch a peer who is more competent with a desired toy or material Suggest that the peer show the child how to use it
bullHelp child to enter into another childrsquos play with suggestions such as ldquoHere are some square blocks Maybe you could make a road How about telling her you are a road builder and see if she would like you to build a road to her houserdquo
bullDiscuss with small group of children the benefits of cooperation
bullJoin children in their play taking on a role along with the child Help to engage and then gradually withdraw from the activity maintaining proximity for support
bullAs children work together make connections by referring to concepts in book read earlier
bullWhen children want the same role suggest for example ldquoWe can have two crane operatorsrdquo
bullHelp the child identify a role for himher self ldquoWhat other jobs do people do in a restaurantrdquo
bullAsk willing peers to invite the child to join in their play Remain nearby to support the interaction
bullAsk questions to extend and encourage continued participation between a few children ldquoWhat is going to happen nextrdquo
bullStructure opportunities that require children to work together to achieve a meaningful outcome For example include children in a plan to move the block area so it is located closer to the dramatic play center Have them sketch a drawing of where things will go Make a list of needed materials etc
bullMake suggestions for the various roles that children can take as they enter into an ongoing play scenario
Dire
ct
bullTake the child by the hand and walk about the classroom describing the choices for play
bullInstruct children to include the child in their play and help negotiate roles for each
bullStructure activities for teamwork and assign small groups to work together on a task
bullWhen engaging in a cooking activity with a small group give each child a specific role and describe the tasks that they need to accomplish Include visuals also
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 22
Physical 2 Uses coordinated small-muscle movements
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for children to build strength in their hands by including objects such as bubble wrap tongs tweezers hole punch squirt bottles and turkey basters
bullEncourage children to rip paper as part of an activity
bullBe sure children are seated in a stable chair when completing fine motor activities and that their feet can be flat on the floor
bullHave children make large arm movements during music and movement
bullProvide animal grabbers bug catchers and wooden tongs for children to pick up objects
bullPlay games that allow children to crawl and creep on the floor Bearing weight on their hands and arms will help them develop the arches and muscles needed to write and manipulate objects
bullProvide stiff materials to practice cutting such as index cards sandpaper or magazine inserts
bullProvide non-paper items to cut such as straws or play dough
bullUse upright working surfaces to build strength such as easels vertical chalkboards flannel boards and Lite Brite
bullEncourage children to fold paper
bullTape paper to edge of a table when children are learning to cut Have them snip the end to make fringe
bullProvide a variety of types of scissors such as spring loaded
bullPlay games that involve eye hand coordination such as rolling a ball back and forth or catch magnetic fishing games pounding bench or bead frames
bullProvide small collage materials bullProvide lacing cards peg
boards toothpicks plastic knives to use with play dough screwdrivers stringing beads eye droppers stickers buttons
bullProvide many opportunities for using scissors
bullProvide pencils and fine line markers
bullProvide bean bags Koosh balls and hula hoops for tossing games
bullProvide a bowling setbullPlay catch with increasingly
smaller ballsbullEmbed writing materials into all
interest areas
bullComplete cooking activities with childrenbullEmbed fine motor materials in childrenrsquos areas of interestbullEncourage children to sort objects when cleaning upbullEmbed fine motor tools and materials that will help children develop a variety of skills and allow children at a variety of skill levels to
participate in a learning center eg large crayons and pencils and standard crayons and pencils
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 23
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullModel use of materials such as Duplos while in close proximity to child Describe own actions ldquoI am pulling really hard with both of my hands to get these two blocks apartrdquo
bullWrite in the mud with a stick Offer it to a child to try
bullSit with children during mealtimes Model and encourage use of tongs pitchers for pouring and safe knives for spreading and cutting
bullDescribe childrsquos actions ldquoYou fastened three snaps and put the doll clothes on all by yourselfrdquo
bullAcknowledge childrsquos effort as he tries to operate new puppet with limbs Sit quietly nearby and watch being available if he should decide to ask for support
bullPoint to bring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is capable of modeling a fine motor skill
bullModel writing and cutting often so children will see the proper form and technique
Med
iate
bullAsk two children to work together to remove the cover from a bin of toys
bullSuggest ldquoMaybe if you squeeze with both hands the glue will come outrdquo Later relate this to use of ketchup bottle
bullAssist by holding block tower stable while child adds one more
bullAsk children to scrunch material such as scarves used for music and movement
bullAsk children to crumble newspaper as part of a project (stuffing for a scarecrow snowman or 3D art project)
bullInvite a child to use a marker and paper to ldquodrawrdquo or ldquowriterdquo about an experience or observation
bullEngage children to play clapping games like ldquoMiss Mary Mackrdquo with a partner
bullConverse with a small group of children while cooking Comment on use of hands to pour sift stir
bullDraw thick straight lines with marker for child to cut on
bullHold paper while child practices cutting it in half
bullDraw a square around a complex picture for a child to cut it out
bullHave two children work collectively on a lacing or weaving activity
bullGive children real work to do within the classroom to further refine their motor skills They can replace marker caps disassemble small Lego structures etc
bullProvide pre-drawn shapes numerals and letters for child to look at when they want to copy for their own use
bullWhile watching a child cut or draw give a hint (if necessary) to help the child increase efficiency For example ldquoTry to lift the scissors off the table while you cutrdquo
bullAsk questions about childrsquos use of computer mouse ldquoHow do you get the arrow to go up Could you teach me how to move itrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate then have child imitate use of finger paint to make vertical lines at the easel while crossing the midline Provide finger tip brushes if tactile sensitive
bullGuide child to cut strip of stiff paper with dual-control training scissors
bullWhen child shows frustration with a task encourage her to talk about it ldquoTell me what yoursquore trying to dordquo
bullWhen teaching scissor skills teach each task in a sequential order and have child practice before moving to the next stage
bullDraw a simple shape while child watches then have child imitate
bullCreate a poster with printed words and pictures that show the steps to put on and zipper a jacket Discuss with children then post where they can observe when getting dressed to go outdoors
Use the book Red Lace Yellow Lace to help a child learn to tie shoes Use rhyming verse and illustrations to teach each step of the processTeach children how to use
leading hand (operating scissors) and support hand (holding and moving paper) in order to cut out shapes
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 24
Cognitive 2 Uses a variety of strategies to solve problems
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problems independently
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange room so children have defined spaces that support focus persistence and ongoing interactions with peers
bullArrange environment and materials to support cooperative play and small group so children observe others solving problems
bullAlter the schedule andor arrange the environment so that children have opportunities for small-group experiences with children who create and use alternative strategies to solve problems
bullIntroduce a new material that could be used to solve a problem after a child has successfully or unsuccessfully attempted to solve a problem
bullProvide multiple materials that can be used in a similar way to promote alternative strategies
bullArrange materials so there are increased opportunities for solving problems (limit materials remove paint brushes for easel remove one puzzle piece etc)
bullProvide materials that promote problem solving (eg gears marble works turkey basters and funnels for water play)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 25
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problemsindependently
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullTell child ldquoI notice you got frustrated and gave uprdquo
bullModify or provide a simpler task
bullModel private speech ldquoLet me see Whenever I try to do this it doesnrsquot seem to work I think I will try something differentrdquo
bullComment ldquoOh you did that just like Juan I bet therersquos another wayhelliprdquo Provide time for child to think and provide an expectant look
bullModel a new strategy Describe what is being tried and the outcome
bullComment ldquoI notice that you made a change It looks like this idea is workingrdquo
bullCreate a chart by taking pictures of a child successfully completing a common but difficult task Refer another child to it when she encounters the same challenge
bullModel thinking aloud when presented with a problem in the classroom For example ldquoI wonder how I am going to fit six children at this table I think I will move this shelf and add a chair here That should workrdquo
Med
iate
bullEncourage child to try again this time providing support to ensure success
bullAssist partially with the task and let child do the part that he or she is capable of
bullProvide two possible solutions and let child pick one
bullOffer to help the child solve a problem at hand
bullWait until the next time the child encounters the same problem and be prepared to co-construct for success (Child gets frustrated because block tower falls down The next time he enters block area join him and build it together)
bullSuggest an alternative strategy for a child to try
bullInvite the child to assist peer or teacher in solving the problem together
bullSuggest that child observe a peer who is using a successful strategy Encourage the peer to describe what is being done
bullAsk a child to explain his or her thinking Use writing or drawing as a way to capture the childrsquos ideas Expand on comments
bullWhen a child can almost get a puzzle piece to fit but begins to give up provide a hint for what to try
bullRemind child of a strategy he or she has used in a different situation Suggest trying that again to solve current problem
bullEngage in a back and forth exchange with a child about the problem-solving process ldquoDo you think that might work Tell me how Why do you think helliprdquo
bullStructure a task that allows for multiple approaches Identify possible solutions with children and write them down Have each child try one strategy while peers observe and comment
bullAsk children for their ideas to help the teacher figure out how to approach a challenge or problem in the classroom
bullEngage a small group of children in a dialogue about differing perspectives Ask a series of questions to encourage children to describe their thinking Help children come to an understanding that there is more than one ldquoright wayrdquo to approach a problem
bullCreate an ldquoAsk the Expertsrdquo class book or poster Identify with children those things that they are each good at Can be used as a reference when a child needs help with a task
Dire
ct
bullDo the task for the child while showing how and describing each step
bullDemonstrate a different strategy and ask the child to try it
bullDescribe an alternative strategy and direct child to try it
bullHave a child teach a skill to a peer Coach her how to give step-by-step directions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 26
Cognitive 4 Recognizes and makes patterns
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullCreate patterns using pieces of the environment egpull up one window shade leave the next one down etc alternate chair colors at tablesmdashred blue red
bullProvide materials that can be used to create patterns through the use of sound vision and touch
bullBring in materials that have patterns in them display items and allow children to explore eg woven baskets dish towels pieces of cloth
bullCreate patterns using childrenrsquos clothing or physical characteristics take photos of the pattern so children can observe and repeat it
bullUse morning meeting time to identify patterns in the daily or weekly schedule
bullEmbed pattern activities into small group
bullAllow children to create patterns across a large space the entire block rug or the whole room
bullEncourage children to use outdoor play as an opportunity to create a pattern
bullProvide materials that have several characteristics that can be used to create a pattern such as cars that are various sizes and colors
bullProvide writing materials so that children can record their patterns through pictures or words
bullProvide patterning materials in multiple areas of the classroombullProvide items that have similar and different characteristics in multiple interest areas in the classroom
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 27
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe ldquoYou chose a blue crayon That is the same color as your pantsrdquo
bullComment ldquoI notice that you have two bears They look different One is yellow and one is purplerdquo
bullModel placing items into an AB pattern near where a child is using the same materials Name the pattern
bullComment ldquoYou found all the cars and planes that are the same as mine I lined these up in a pattern car plane car plane hellip You lined yours up differentlyrdquo
bullComment ldquoYou made a pattern just like my model You are able to continue and describe a simple pattern I bet you can create one of your ownrdquo
bullModel and name movement patterns when singing or chanting with children (clap and tap)
bullProvide a variety of natural materials for children to observe near the art area Watch to see if they incorporate the idea of pattern into their work
bullModel using a musical instrument to create an ABB pattern Describe it ldquoLoud soft soft helliprdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoSee this round pasta ldquoCan you find one that is the same shapehellip a different kindrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoYou choose the color that you like best and I will help you find some more that are the samerdquo
bullUse descriptive language when talking to a child about attributes of objects in the immediate environment Provide experiences for children to practice identifying things that are alike (match games finding pairs)
bullProbe ldquoCould you try to copy my patternrdquo
bullRecommend ldquoWhat if you match them up side by side Letrsquos name them out loud so you can hear the pattern mdash circle star circle star helliprdquo
bullEngage children in conversations about the patterns in their environment While walking outside point out patterns in the sidewalk fences and brick walls
bullAs child is trying to repeat a model pattern provide a hint if needed ldquoLook here you put the blue one lastrdquo
bullEncourage ldquoWhat if you pick two items and make a unit Next Irsquoll copy yours When we put them together wersquoll have a pattern Now keep extending it You did itrdquo
bullPrompt ldquoCan you describe your arrangementrdquo
bullHave two children work together to create a pattern with dot markers They take turns making their marks on a paper strip and notice that a pattern occurs Discuss with them the importance of placement on the paper and the order of their marksrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoDo you think that you could create a new pattern for someone to duplicate You could tell her about it then ask her to copy itrdquo
bullAfter a child creates a movement pattern (hop clap spin) represent the idea by writing the words on chart paper Help the child read the words Add pictures or the childrsquos drawings to go with the words Encourage other children to try Have them use the chart and demonstrate their movements to teach peers
Dire
ct
bullTell ldquoWatch me slide all of these green beads onto this string You can do it too What color do you want to userdquo
bullldquoFind all the seeds that look like this (show one) and put them together into this bowlrdquo
bullShow then tell ldquoFirst I put all the cows here and the pigs here next watch how I alternate them as I line them up cow pig cow pig hellip Can you do the samerdquo
bullDemonstrate and explain ldquoWhen making a repeating pattern use two shapesmdashplace the first here then put the one that is different after it hellip Now lsquoreadrsquo the pattern with me helliprdquo
bullTeach about a variety of complex patterns ABB ABC patterns with items that have more than one attribute (yellow cube blue sphere hellip) and growing patterns Name the pattern and units
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 28
Cognitive 5 Compares and orders objects and events
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullIntentionally vary materials in the classroom and discuss differences (eg different color pitchers for juice walls that are different colors etc)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by one attribute (color or size) providing only two examples of that attribute (eg small and large)
bullProvide opportunities for children to share describe and compare familiar objects from home in one-on-one and small-group settings (eg all children bring in their favorite item related to a particular unit of study or project)
bullProvide materials to promote observation skills such as bookspictures in which you locate items in a group (eg ldquoI Spyrdquo books)
bullProvide visual sequence for familiar stories and allow children to manipulate and order plot sequence
bullProvide materials that vary by one attribute providing three to four graduated examples (eg small medium and large)
bullPost visual schedules for daily routines and refer to these throughout the day (schedule of the dayrsquos activities steps involved for cleaning up from snack)
bullProvide visual displays that promote comparisons (three bears that vary in size)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by visual attributes (such as length width gradations of color) providing five to 10 graduated examples
bullProvide more detailed visual sequences for daily learning experiences and facilitate the childrenrsquos involvement in ordering the process (eg ldquoAre these in the right order Do we water the plant first or do we put the seed in the dirt firstrdquo)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by nonvisible attributes such as time and weight sound
bullVary the classroom schedule to provide opportunities to compare time (eg provide a longer time outside on a sunny day and a short walk in drizzly weather)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 29
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullPrint a set of pictures of the children in the class and display near the classroom computer Show a duplicate set as a slideshow on the monitor Sit nearby and listen to childrenrsquos comments Point to matching pictures to prompt them to find the matches
bullAcknowledge when children spontaneously show order in their work ldquoThe lines on your painting start out long on this side and get gradually smaller as they move across the paperrdquo
bullTalk aloud about own reason for ordering something
bullMake verbal comparisons about objects or people ldquoJulio when I look at this photograph I can see that you and Desiree are the same height Rosa is shorter and Mia is the tallest
bullComment ldquoAlly you sequenced all the pictures to retell the storyrdquo
bullOrder blocks by weight Use comparison words to describemdashheavy heavier heaviest
bullldquoLetrsquos see how long it takes to put the blocks away todayrdquo Do this for several days and compare time
Med
iate
bullModel use of vocabulary mdash same and different
bullPrompt children to identify pairs of items that match or do not ldquoJulie can you help find Mariarsquos mitten It is red like this onerdquo
bullAsk children to find items in the classroom that are biglittle etc
bullUse musical instruments with children to explore concepts such as loudsoft and slowfast
bullTeach about opposites using a song and gestures to indicate updown overunder etc
bullAsk questions to get children to identify the smallest biggest etc
bullTake photographs of children engaging in a three step processes (Pouring milk drinking it and showing the empty glass) Make several sets and print Have children work in pairs They take turns ordering and then describing their reasoning to the peer
bullRead and have children act out stories such as The Three Bears that contain items that can be ordered
bullUse daily schedule chart to talk with a few children about the order of the daily routine Ask one child to describe what comes next to a peer who is new to the class
bullWhen asking a child ldquowhat comes nextrdquo allow sufficient time for the child to think about it and respond If needed give a hint ldquoItrsquos something we do when we are hungryrdquo
bullAsk questions to get a child to describe what he or she remembers about the order of events in a story
bullInvite children to draw representations of their family members Then ask them to order them from the smallest to largest Talk about the ages of these people Are they also in order from youngest to oldest Why do they think this is so
bullProvide feedback ldquoYou know that there is no school tomorrow How did you figure it outrdquo
bullHelp children to make connections to their own experiencesmdashldquoHave you ever tried to lift something very heavyrdquo
Dire
ct
bullUse a memory game with matching picture cards Demonstrate placing pictures in pairs Describe own actions ldquoI am placing these two cards together they have the same picture Thatrsquos a matchrdquo Have child help
bullDuring movement activities demonstrate moving your body from crouching low to the ground to a squat to standing to reaching up Have children imitate these movements Ask them to describe them as well
bullWhen child is playing with a group of nature items provide an ordering mat and request that the child arrange from longest to shortest If needed break task down ldquoFind the smallest item rdquo
bullProvide pictures of objects and have children compare them with regard to nonvisible attributes (A lion and a cat) mdashldquoWhich is louderrdquo (A brick and a balloon) mdash ldquoWhich is lighterrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 30
Cognitive 6 Relates number to quantity
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullIncorporate materials with numerals throughout the classroom (eg add footprints with numerals on the floor in high traffic areas)
bullUse number-related vocabulary when talking about the daily schedule For example ldquoWe have one minute until snack timerdquo
bullHand materials to students one at a time while counting instead of providing them with all materials at once
bullProvide sets of five to 10 objects similar objects
bullProvide multiple natural opportunities for counting during the daily routine (ldquoLetrsquos start with 10 raisins Help me countrdquo)
bullIncorporate songs that include counting
bullProvide opportunities within classroom routine for 1-to-1 correspondence (setting snack table with one napkin and one cup at each chair passing out materials to each child etc)
bullProvide materials to include opportunities for 1-to-1 correspondence (provide 20 cards and 20 envelopes 20 cars and 20 boxes that could be used as garages)
bullProvide sets of different materials with varying quantities (12 bears three horses three pigs and 20 chickens)
bullVary classroom arrangement to include opportunities to compare quantities (have more chairs at one table than another areas that accommodate more children etc)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 31
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe how many whenever the opportunity arises ldquoYou have two crackers mdash one in each handrdquo
bullModel use of number-related vocabulary as appropriate ldquoI need three cups at this table helliprdquo
bullComment ldquoMaria just counted to five There are five flowers in the vaserdquo
bullModel counting throughout the day and talk out loud about why ldquoI need to figure out how many muffins to make for snack tomorrow helliprdquo
bullModel counting children each day before going outside etc
bullDescribe the childrsquos actions ldquoYou used all the double-unit blocks to make this road I wonder how many it took 1 2 3hellip18rdquo
bullComment ldquoWe will need one smock for each child who is going to paintrdquo
bullProvide opportunities for children to be responsible for classroom duties that involve counting (While setting table for snack independently child will need to figure out how many cups are needed by counting children) Remain available if they need support
Med
iate
bullAsk child to give one more of something ldquoLily would you please hand me one more paintbrushrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into simple songs and finger-plays
bullTalk to child about number of body parts One nose two eyes hellip Expand childrsquos comments ldquoYes you have two eyes and many eyelashesrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into routines and games (Count each step as ascending stairs Count up to 10 while rolling a ball back and forth) Take turns counting
bullTeach strategies mdash ldquoLine up the cars as you count themrdquo ldquoTouch each chip as you say the numberrdquo
bullHave two children count together while they test their predictions of how many marbles are in the jar
bullInvite children to help set the tables for meals ldquoHow many plates are on the table How many cups will you need rdquo
bullEngage in play with children and incorporate counting into the play ldquoHow many chairs do we need for the babies Letrsquos make a garage for each of these cars helliprdquo
bullHave children draw objects to represent numbers
bullAsk a ldquoQuestion of the Dayrdquo (on any topic) and create a graph of childrenrsquos responses Then ask them to identify which is more or less
bullReflect with children after they engage in an activity Have them describe their process Ask questions to prompt their thinking ldquoHow did you come up with that numberrdquo ldquoHow do you know there are morerdquo
Dire
ct
bullHave child repeat numbers as you count something out loud
bullHold childrsquos hands and count as she jumps up and down
bullProvide cards with numerals to indicate serving size at snack ldquoSee the three You may start with three crackersrdquo
bullTell child ldquoWersquore going to count the shells to find out how many there are all together When we count we always start with the number onehelliprdquo
bullAssign a helper to count the number of children present each day
bullProvide a collection of objects to be counted Direct the child to count how many there are Listen for accuracy If the child gets to a point where he canrsquot go further model saying the remaining numbers
bullHave a child help gather materials for a project Give them instructions ldquoPlease go get 15 straws and five pieces of red paperrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 32
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage communication (such as two toy telephones)
bullAllow time during teacher-directed activities for children to comment and share
bullChange something in the environment
bullProvide materials that produce a wide variety of sounds
bullCreate small-group opportunities with peers who have a variety of language levels
bullSing songs with children especially repetitive songs like Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed or Old MacDonald had a Farm
bullUse nursery rhymes
bullProvide opportunities for children to pretend to be someone else This encourages children to mimic the vocabulary facial expressions and body language that they see and hear from others These types of experiences encourage oral language interactions
bullPlay games such as I Spy Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar and Guess Who I Am
bullProvide story cards of a familiar story
bullProvide journals for children to record their experiences
bullProvide opportunities for children to have conversations with each other
bullProvide many opportunities for children to explain what they are doing tell others about their experiences and feelings and to share their thoughts
bullProvide tape recorders for children to record their own voices and stories
bullPlay games with rules and have children explain the rules to their peers
bullRead stories multiple timesbullInclude microphones old telephones puppets flannel boards and paper towel tubes in multiple play areasbullProvide picture books for children to tell their own storiesbullProvide props for role-playing and pretending
In any language
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 33
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullUse descriptive language when describing a childrsquos actions
bullModel target vocabulary while labeling items
bullUse pointing to bring childrsquos attention to what is being talked about
bullModel increasingly more advanced language
bullRepeat a comment made by a peer to increase childrsquos attention to what was said
bullProvide expectant looks to encourage a child to make a comment
bullModel conversations between adults or adult and a child Do so in close proximity to identified child
bullCreate opportunities for children to be engaged with peers on projects of mutual interest that require verbal communication
bullTake digital photos of children engaging in the classroom Create a slide-show to prompt a small group of viewers to reflect on and describe their experiences
Med
iate
bullFollow the childrsquos lead Comment on hisher actions
bullTalk with a child about objects and happenings in the here-and-now
bullWhen asking a question allow sufficient wait time (at least three to five seconds) for a response
bullUse gestures and facial expression while talking to give more clues to the meaning of a communication
bullRespond verbally to childrsquos nonverbal communications
bullRepeat and expand childrsquos comments
bullEncourage social interactions between identified children and more proficient peers
bullTalk about topics that children are presently engaged in and those that are of special interest
bullAsk an open-ended question allow wait time acknowledge and expand the childrsquos response
bullAsk children about recent experiences with their families Prompt them to tell more and help make connections to something going on at school
bullDuring unstructured activities be available and demonstrate interest in what the child is doing When the child initiates an interaction ask to elaborate (ldquoTell me more rdquo) When a follow up comment is made expand the statement and respond to the content of what the child has said
bullEngage a small group of children in educational dialogue Use the opportunity to build their understanding of a concept introduce advanced language promote high order thinking and make connections to their lives
bullConduct class meetings during which time children have opportunities to share their ideas and opinionsmdashand listen to their peersmdashon a topic that is important to the group
Dire
ct
bullModel short simple sentences when giving directions
bullWhen a child wants or needs something provide the words and encourage the child to repeat them
bullProvide the words for a child to use to communicate a need to a peer Instruct the child to repeat the words
bullCoach a child on important skills needed for effective communication ldquoLook at his face when you ask him hellip Give him time to answer you hellip Acknowledge that you are listening helliprdquo
bullProvide a prompt photograph or interesting object and have a child describe it Write the childrsquos words Ask open-ended questions to elicit increased use of descriptors
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 34
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullEnsure access to booksbullProvide books puppets felt
board materialsbullProvide small people houses
cars for pretend playbullAllow children to tell stories
and read to adults and peersbullProvide a consistent
predictable schedule with pictures and refer to it regularly use words like ldquofirst we did this and then we did this now we are doing thisrdquo
bullRead stories that reflect childrenrsquos cultural linguistic familial backgrounds and experiences
bullProvide books and materials that are linked to childrenrsquos interests and personal experiences
bullMatch dramatic play materials to stories being read
bullProvide materials linked to recently read books
bullCreate and display classroom-created books related to classroom experiences
bullAdjust the schedule to allow for a book reading that supports an unexpected experience children have just had eg observing a butterfly on the playground
bullIntroduce story-related vocabulary terms such as character and event during book readings
bullUse the words at other times such as when a child is telling a story explain that they are the character
bullProvide story-making materials to children have them read the stories to you listen for evidence of characters plot etc
bullEnsure that there is time and space for reading to children throughout the day
bullProvide wordless books that children can tell their story from
bullProvide materials such as flannel board pieces that reflect familiar stories
bullProvide opportunities for children to retell stories
bullRead stories over and over againbullProvide opportunities for children to have frequent conversation with adults and peersbullEncourage children to represent stories through a variety of materials art movement outdoor play etc
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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- p7Link
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- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
- PRevious view 9
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- Page 14 Off
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 2 17
PampS 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Sustains attention primarily to self-selected high-interest tasks
Sustains attention to high-interest self-selected task until complete or reaches frustration level
Sustains attention to variety of self-selected tasks until complete despite some frustration
Persists with both self-selected and teacher-directed tasks until task completed
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
Go to area where child has chosen to play andbullUse proximity to maintain a
childrsquos attentionbullDescribe what a child is doing
with materialsbullModel use of the same
materials that child is using
bullEnthusiastically talk about own interest and engagement with the same task child is doing
bullIf child seems frustrated acknowledge and label the feeling
bullInvite child to explore new materials Allow to gain familiarity through open-ended use then model task
bullPair child with familiar peer to attempt new task
bullModel completion of task and describe own thinking while doing so
bullObserve child engaged in a task and provide specific verbal feedback
Med
iate
bullRespond to and expand childrsquos ideas if she asks how to do something
bullInvite a child to help you with a task
bullDescribe what a peer is doing with a similar material ldquoDo you see Manny He is putting the blocks in the bucketrdquo Encourage child to try also
bullModify a task so it will be achievable
bullComplete a portion of the task allowing child to finish it
bullProvide verbal hints to scaffold childrsquos ability to succeed
bullAsk questions to lead child toward success ldquoDo you think it might fit hererdquo
bullEncourage child to ask a peer for help
bullProvide directions verbally and with visual cues
bullAsk open-ended questions and prompt child to describe own thought process as he is engaged in a task
bullRemind a child of previous success on a similar task
bullUse childrsquos ideas and preferred materials for teacher-directed tasks
bullAsk child to identify a goal and make a plan for how she will proceed before beginning to work
bullInvite a child to demonstrate a mastered skill for peers
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to complete the task step-by-step
bullBreak task down into manageable steps providing verbal directions for each
bullPhysically help a child to complete a task working together until it is completed
bullAssign a small group of children a multistep task to complete before the end of the day
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 4 18
Personal amp Social 4 Manages transitions follows routines and rules
PampS 4Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with teacher supervision
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with occasional reminders
Makes transitions and usually follows routines and rules when given signal
Anticipates transitions and usually follows routines and rules independently
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide a predictable consistent daily schedule including transition times
bullProvide pictures to support the main components of the day include pictures of the transition steps
bullReview transition steps during small group as a game
bullBreak transitions down into steps
bullProvide adequate time in the schedule for the routine or transition
bullDevise a schedule that limits the number of transitions in a day
bullReview transition steps prior to transitions
bullTeach transition signals to children
bullProvide adequate time in the schedule for experiences so that children are not frustrated by the transition
bullProvide visual cues to complete routines such as clean up (labeled shelves) and washing hands (picture steps) or setting the table (picture checklist)
bullMove closer to groups of children and repeat directions
bullBreak children up into small groups to complete routines
bullUse different transition signals for each transition
bullAllow adequate time between transition warning and transition
bullInform children of the next experience
bullPlace picture schedules including pictures of routines throughout the room
bullCover experiences that have already occurred on each schedule
bullQuestion children during the current experience about the next part of the day
bullUse a choice boardbullCreate posters with pictures for typical classroom routinesbullProvide a sign-in chart for childrenbullLabel shelves with words and picturesbullPlace pictures of children on chairsbullTeach routines
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 4 19
PampS 4Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with teacher supervision
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with occasional reminders
Makes transitions and usually follows routines and rules when given signal
Anticipates transitions and usually follows routines and rules independently
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullProvide proximity and physical contact to support children throughout the day
bullProvide advance notice about what is going to happen next
bullDescribe what a peer is doing so child will notice expected behaviors
bullUse self-talk as indirect signal of what is coming ldquoI think I will get the napkins out itrsquos almost time for snackrdquo
bullGet childrsquos attention then point to visual timer or daily schedule to indicate that itrsquos time to move on
bullPlace items in an area as a prompt for whatrsquos about to happen (children know itrsquos time for meeting when they see teacher setting up carpet squares on the floor)
bullRefer child to posted classroom rules if there is a question about an expectation
bullMention to another adult in the room so child will hear an observation about a childrsquos independence ldquoJulio set the table for snack without being askedrdquo
Med
iate
bullGive child an object to move from one place to the next when they need to transition ldquoAlex please bring this paper to the table for our art projectrdquo
bullHelp children by participating with them to clean up or prepare the room
bullSuggest that child look to see what peers are doing
bullRefer to the visual poster of the daily schedule and describe ldquoSee we just finished reading a story the next picture shows that it is time for snackrdquo
bullProvide a visual andor auditory signal when a transition is approaching
bullHelp child recall expected behavior when signal is used ldquoWhat do we do when we hear the bellrdquo
bullInclude children as helpers to set up room and prepare for classroom experiences
bullAsk a child ldquoWhat should we be doing nowrdquo
bullSuggest that child describe to parent or classroom visitor what comes next in the daily routine
bullReflect with children about the day mdash recount what happened from beginning to end
Dire
ct
bullTell child what he needs to do while helping with the task if necessary ldquoHere you go Irsquoll hold the bucket while you put the blocks back inrdquo
bullRemind a child what she needs to do ldquoRebecca please get your coat wersquore getting ready to go outrdquo
bullDemonstrate the tasks needed when teaching a child how to complete a class job
bullAssign child the task of reminding peers of a rule or transition
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 7 20
Personal amp Social 7 Interacts cooperatively with peers
PampS 7Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Worksplays alongside others Worksplays in association with another child
Worksplays cooperatively with a few others
Sustains cooperative activities with a range of children
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullMaintain materials as a choice for an extended period of time
bullProvide enough materials in an interest area so that a few children can play with the same items
bullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate outdoor play time
bullGive children classroom jobs
bullProvide materials that can be used by more than one child at the same time eglarge box that is used as a bus a see saw a wagon balls play telephones etc
bullInclude a small-group time in the daily schedule and rotate children in the groups
bullProvide interest areas that allow larger groups of children (four to five) to participate
bullProvide books that describe roles and sequences of activities such as books about taking a bus ride or going grocery shopping
bullCreate play experiences that provide opportunities for children to take on roles such as designer of a water wall data collector picture taker
bullUse childrenrsquos common interests to plan play themes to increase opportunities for cooperative play
bullAllow children to transport materials from one center to another to allow for increases in the number and types of interactions
bullProvide dress-up clothes that can allow children to develop group role-play
bullPlan large- and small-group activities that naturally involve working in groups such as dancing or building
bullMake class books about all the children with photos interests likes dislikes Read them often so that children get to know one another
bullProvide clearly defined interest areas in the classroombullBe sure some interest areas allow small numbers of children (two to three) to participatebullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate amounts of child-directed timebullGive children many opportunities to make choicesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn and practice problem-solving strategiesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn to ask their peers open-ended questions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 7 21
PampS 7Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Worksplays alongside others Worksplays in association with another child
Worksplays cooperatively with a few others
Sustains cooperative activities with a range of children
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullComment about what another child is doing in order to bring the childrsquos attention to the peer ldquoLook Mario is pushing a truck toordquo
bullUse proximity to support a child to feel more comfortable playing near a less familiar peer
bullPoint out opportunities for play with peers ldquoI see the children are building a house with the big blocks over there (pointing)rdquo
bullModel interactive play and comment for child to hear ldquoIt really is fun when we splash in the water togetherrdquo
bullDescribe what children are doing in order to direct other childrenrsquos attention to them ldquoJoey Tia is asking you to be a passenger on her busrdquo (as Tia is looking at him and patting the seat next to her)
bullRead a story about cooperation
bullModel cooperative efforts as a member of a teaching team
bullComment to children about the contributions of the members of the larger school community
bullProvide support in the form of proximity when a child begins an interaction with a new peer Be ready to facilitate if not initially successful
Med
iate
bullPlay alongside a child and encourage interactions between self and child with common materials
bullSuggest to two children playing with same material ldquoMaybe you can make one huge pile of sand if you pour your sand togetherrdquo
bullComment when children are playing in proximity ldquoYou and Jenny are both playing with the puppetsrdquo
bullInvite the child to watch a peer who is more competent with a desired toy or material Suggest that the peer show the child how to use it
bullHelp child to enter into another childrsquos play with suggestions such as ldquoHere are some square blocks Maybe you could make a road How about telling her you are a road builder and see if she would like you to build a road to her houserdquo
bullDiscuss with small group of children the benefits of cooperation
bullJoin children in their play taking on a role along with the child Help to engage and then gradually withdraw from the activity maintaining proximity for support
bullAs children work together make connections by referring to concepts in book read earlier
bullWhen children want the same role suggest for example ldquoWe can have two crane operatorsrdquo
bullHelp the child identify a role for himher self ldquoWhat other jobs do people do in a restaurantrdquo
bullAsk willing peers to invite the child to join in their play Remain nearby to support the interaction
bullAsk questions to extend and encourage continued participation between a few children ldquoWhat is going to happen nextrdquo
bullStructure opportunities that require children to work together to achieve a meaningful outcome For example include children in a plan to move the block area so it is located closer to the dramatic play center Have them sketch a drawing of where things will go Make a list of needed materials etc
bullMake suggestions for the various roles that children can take as they enter into an ongoing play scenario
Dire
ct
bullTake the child by the hand and walk about the classroom describing the choices for play
bullInstruct children to include the child in their play and help negotiate roles for each
bullStructure activities for teamwork and assign small groups to work together on a task
bullWhen engaging in a cooking activity with a small group give each child a specific role and describe the tasks that they need to accomplish Include visuals also
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 22
Physical 2 Uses coordinated small-muscle movements
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for children to build strength in their hands by including objects such as bubble wrap tongs tweezers hole punch squirt bottles and turkey basters
bullEncourage children to rip paper as part of an activity
bullBe sure children are seated in a stable chair when completing fine motor activities and that their feet can be flat on the floor
bullHave children make large arm movements during music and movement
bullProvide animal grabbers bug catchers and wooden tongs for children to pick up objects
bullPlay games that allow children to crawl and creep on the floor Bearing weight on their hands and arms will help them develop the arches and muscles needed to write and manipulate objects
bullProvide stiff materials to practice cutting such as index cards sandpaper or magazine inserts
bullProvide non-paper items to cut such as straws or play dough
bullUse upright working surfaces to build strength such as easels vertical chalkboards flannel boards and Lite Brite
bullEncourage children to fold paper
bullTape paper to edge of a table when children are learning to cut Have them snip the end to make fringe
bullProvide a variety of types of scissors such as spring loaded
bullPlay games that involve eye hand coordination such as rolling a ball back and forth or catch magnetic fishing games pounding bench or bead frames
bullProvide small collage materials bullProvide lacing cards peg
boards toothpicks plastic knives to use with play dough screwdrivers stringing beads eye droppers stickers buttons
bullProvide many opportunities for using scissors
bullProvide pencils and fine line markers
bullProvide bean bags Koosh balls and hula hoops for tossing games
bullProvide a bowling setbullPlay catch with increasingly
smaller ballsbullEmbed writing materials into all
interest areas
bullComplete cooking activities with childrenbullEmbed fine motor materials in childrenrsquos areas of interestbullEncourage children to sort objects when cleaning upbullEmbed fine motor tools and materials that will help children develop a variety of skills and allow children at a variety of skill levels to
participate in a learning center eg large crayons and pencils and standard crayons and pencils
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 23
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullModel use of materials such as Duplos while in close proximity to child Describe own actions ldquoI am pulling really hard with both of my hands to get these two blocks apartrdquo
bullWrite in the mud with a stick Offer it to a child to try
bullSit with children during mealtimes Model and encourage use of tongs pitchers for pouring and safe knives for spreading and cutting
bullDescribe childrsquos actions ldquoYou fastened three snaps and put the doll clothes on all by yourselfrdquo
bullAcknowledge childrsquos effort as he tries to operate new puppet with limbs Sit quietly nearby and watch being available if he should decide to ask for support
bullPoint to bring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is capable of modeling a fine motor skill
bullModel writing and cutting often so children will see the proper form and technique
Med
iate
bullAsk two children to work together to remove the cover from a bin of toys
bullSuggest ldquoMaybe if you squeeze with both hands the glue will come outrdquo Later relate this to use of ketchup bottle
bullAssist by holding block tower stable while child adds one more
bullAsk children to scrunch material such as scarves used for music and movement
bullAsk children to crumble newspaper as part of a project (stuffing for a scarecrow snowman or 3D art project)
bullInvite a child to use a marker and paper to ldquodrawrdquo or ldquowriterdquo about an experience or observation
bullEngage children to play clapping games like ldquoMiss Mary Mackrdquo with a partner
bullConverse with a small group of children while cooking Comment on use of hands to pour sift stir
bullDraw thick straight lines with marker for child to cut on
bullHold paper while child practices cutting it in half
bullDraw a square around a complex picture for a child to cut it out
bullHave two children work collectively on a lacing or weaving activity
bullGive children real work to do within the classroom to further refine their motor skills They can replace marker caps disassemble small Lego structures etc
bullProvide pre-drawn shapes numerals and letters for child to look at when they want to copy for their own use
bullWhile watching a child cut or draw give a hint (if necessary) to help the child increase efficiency For example ldquoTry to lift the scissors off the table while you cutrdquo
bullAsk questions about childrsquos use of computer mouse ldquoHow do you get the arrow to go up Could you teach me how to move itrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate then have child imitate use of finger paint to make vertical lines at the easel while crossing the midline Provide finger tip brushes if tactile sensitive
bullGuide child to cut strip of stiff paper with dual-control training scissors
bullWhen child shows frustration with a task encourage her to talk about it ldquoTell me what yoursquore trying to dordquo
bullWhen teaching scissor skills teach each task in a sequential order and have child practice before moving to the next stage
bullDraw a simple shape while child watches then have child imitate
bullCreate a poster with printed words and pictures that show the steps to put on and zipper a jacket Discuss with children then post where they can observe when getting dressed to go outdoors
Use the book Red Lace Yellow Lace to help a child learn to tie shoes Use rhyming verse and illustrations to teach each step of the processTeach children how to use
leading hand (operating scissors) and support hand (holding and moving paper) in order to cut out shapes
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 24
Cognitive 2 Uses a variety of strategies to solve problems
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problems independently
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange room so children have defined spaces that support focus persistence and ongoing interactions with peers
bullArrange environment and materials to support cooperative play and small group so children observe others solving problems
bullAlter the schedule andor arrange the environment so that children have opportunities for small-group experiences with children who create and use alternative strategies to solve problems
bullIntroduce a new material that could be used to solve a problem after a child has successfully or unsuccessfully attempted to solve a problem
bullProvide multiple materials that can be used in a similar way to promote alternative strategies
bullArrange materials so there are increased opportunities for solving problems (limit materials remove paint brushes for easel remove one puzzle piece etc)
bullProvide materials that promote problem solving (eg gears marble works turkey basters and funnels for water play)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 25
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problemsindependently
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
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rect
ive
Sup
port
bullTell child ldquoI notice you got frustrated and gave uprdquo
bullModify or provide a simpler task
bullModel private speech ldquoLet me see Whenever I try to do this it doesnrsquot seem to work I think I will try something differentrdquo
bullComment ldquoOh you did that just like Juan I bet therersquos another wayhelliprdquo Provide time for child to think and provide an expectant look
bullModel a new strategy Describe what is being tried and the outcome
bullComment ldquoI notice that you made a change It looks like this idea is workingrdquo
bullCreate a chart by taking pictures of a child successfully completing a common but difficult task Refer another child to it when she encounters the same challenge
bullModel thinking aloud when presented with a problem in the classroom For example ldquoI wonder how I am going to fit six children at this table I think I will move this shelf and add a chair here That should workrdquo
Med
iate
bullEncourage child to try again this time providing support to ensure success
bullAssist partially with the task and let child do the part that he or she is capable of
bullProvide two possible solutions and let child pick one
bullOffer to help the child solve a problem at hand
bullWait until the next time the child encounters the same problem and be prepared to co-construct for success (Child gets frustrated because block tower falls down The next time he enters block area join him and build it together)
bullSuggest an alternative strategy for a child to try
bullInvite the child to assist peer or teacher in solving the problem together
bullSuggest that child observe a peer who is using a successful strategy Encourage the peer to describe what is being done
bullAsk a child to explain his or her thinking Use writing or drawing as a way to capture the childrsquos ideas Expand on comments
bullWhen a child can almost get a puzzle piece to fit but begins to give up provide a hint for what to try
bullRemind child of a strategy he or she has used in a different situation Suggest trying that again to solve current problem
bullEngage in a back and forth exchange with a child about the problem-solving process ldquoDo you think that might work Tell me how Why do you think helliprdquo
bullStructure a task that allows for multiple approaches Identify possible solutions with children and write them down Have each child try one strategy while peers observe and comment
bullAsk children for their ideas to help the teacher figure out how to approach a challenge or problem in the classroom
bullEngage a small group of children in a dialogue about differing perspectives Ask a series of questions to encourage children to describe their thinking Help children come to an understanding that there is more than one ldquoright wayrdquo to approach a problem
bullCreate an ldquoAsk the Expertsrdquo class book or poster Identify with children those things that they are each good at Can be used as a reference when a child needs help with a task
Dire
ct
bullDo the task for the child while showing how and describing each step
bullDemonstrate a different strategy and ask the child to try it
bullDescribe an alternative strategy and direct child to try it
bullHave a child teach a skill to a peer Coach her how to give step-by-step directions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 26
Cognitive 4 Recognizes and makes patterns
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullCreate patterns using pieces of the environment egpull up one window shade leave the next one down etc alternate chair colors at tablesmdashred blue red
bullProvide materials that can be used to create patterns through the use of sound vision and touch
bullBring in materials that have patterns in them display items and allow children to explore eg woven baskets dish towels pieces of cloth
bullCreate patterns using childrenrsquos clothing or physical characteristics take photos of the pattern so children can observe and repeat it
bullUse morning meeting time to identify patterns in the daily or weekly schedule
bullEmbed pattern activities into small group
bullAllow children to create patterns across a large space the entire block rug or the whole room
bullEncourage children to use outdoor play as an opportunity to create a pattern
bullProvide materials that have several characteristics that can be used to create a pattern such as cars that are various sizes and colors
bullProvide writing materials so that children can record their patterns through pictures or words
bullProvide patterning materials in multiple areas of the classroombullProvide items that have similar and different characteristics in multiple interest areas in the classroom
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 27
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe ldquoYou chose a blue crayon That is the same color as your pantsrdquo
bullComment ldquoI notice that you have two bears They look different One is yellow and one is purplerdquo
bullModel placing items into an AB pattern near where a child is using the same materials Name the pattern
bullComment ldquoYou found all the cars and planes that are the same as mine I lined these up in a pattern car plane car plane hellip You lined yours up differentlyrdquo
bullComment ldquoYou made a pattern just like my model You are able to continue and describe a simple pattern I bet you can create one of your ownrdquo
bullModel and name movement patterns when singing or chanting with children (clap and tap)
bullProvide a variety of natural materials for children to observe near the art area Watch to see if they incorporate the idea of pattern into their work
bullModel using a musical instrument to create an ABB pattern Describe it ldquoLoud soft soft helliprdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoSee this round pasta ldquoCan you find one that is the same shapehellip a different kindrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoYou choose the color that you like best and I will help you find some more that are the samerdquo
bullUse descriptive language when talking to a child about attributes of objects in the immediate environment Provide experiences for children to practice identifying things that are alike (match games finding pairs)
bullProbe ldquoCould you try to copy my patternrdquo
bullRecommend ldquoWhat if you match them up side by side Letrsquos name them out loud so you can hear the pattern mdash circle star circle star helliprdquo
bullEngage children in conversations about the patterns in their environment While walking outside point out patterns in the sidewalk fences and brick walls
bullAs child is trying to repeat a model pattern provide a hint if needed ldquoLook here you put the blue one lastrdquo
bullEncourage ldquoWhat if you pick two items and make a unit Next Irsquoll copy yours When we put them together wersquoll have a pattern Now keep extending it You did itrdquo
bullPrompt ldquoCan you describe your arrangementrdquo
bullHave two children work together to create a pattern with dot markers They take turns making their marks on a paper strip and notice that a pattern occurs Discuss with them the importance of placement on the paper and the order of their marksrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoDo you think that you could create a new pattern for someone to duplicate You could tell her about it then ask her to copy itrdquo
bullAfter a child creates a movement pattern (hop clap spin) represent the idea by writing the words on chart paper Help the child read the words Add pictures or the childrsquos drawings to go with the words Encourage other children to try Have them use the chart and demonstrate their movements to teach peers
Dire
ct
bullTell ldquoWatch me slide all of these green beads onto this string You can do it too What color do you want to userdquo
bullldquoFind all the seeds that look like this (show one) and put them together into this bowlrdquo
bullShow then tell ldquoFirst I put all the cows here and the pigs here next watch how I alternate them as I line them up cow pig cow pig hellip Can you do the samerdquo
bullDemonstrate and explain ldquoWhen making a repeating pattern use two shapesmdashplace the first here then put the one that is different after it hellip Now lsquoreadrsquo the pattern with me helliprdquo
bullTeach about a variety of complex patterns ABB ABC patterns with items that have more than one attribute (yellow cube blue sphere hellip) and growing patterns Name the pattern and units
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 28
Cognitive 5 Compares and orders objects and events
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullIntentionally vary materials in the classroom and discuss differences (eg different color pitchers for juice walls that are different colors etc)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by one attribute (color or size) providing only two examples of that attribute (eg small and large)
bullProvide opportunities for children to share describe and compare familiar objects from home in one-on-one and small-group settings (eg all children bring in their favorite item related to a particular unit of study or project)
bullProvide materials to promote observation skills such as bookspictures in which you locate items in a group (eg ldquoI Spyrdquo books)
bullProvide visual sequence for familiar stories and allow children to manipulate and order plot sequence
bullProvide materials that vary by one attribute providing three to four graduated examples (eg small medium and large)
bullPost visual schedules for daily routines and refer to these throughout the day (schedule of the dayrsquos activities steps involved for cleaning up from snack)
bullProvide visual displays that promote comparisons (three bears that vary in size)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by visual attributes (such as length width gradations of color) providing five to 10 graduated examples
bullProvide more detailed visual sequences for daily learning experiences and facilitate the childrenrsquos involvement in ordering the process (eg ldquoAre these in the right order Do we water the plant first or do we put the seed in the dirt firstrdquo)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by nonvisible attributes such as time and weight sound
bullVary the classroom schedule to provide opportunities to compare time (eg provide a longer time outside on a sunny day and a short walk in drizzly weather)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 29
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullPrint a set of pictures of the children in the class and display near the classroom computer Show a duplicate set as a slideshow on the monitor Sit nearby and listen to childrenrsquos comments Point to matching pictures to prompt them to find the matches
bullAcknowledge when children spontaneously show order in their work ldquoThe lines on your painting start out long on this side and get gradually smaller as they move across the paperrdquo
bullTalk aloud about own reason for ordering something
bullMake verbal comparisons about objects or people ldquoJulio when I look at this photograph I can see that you and Desiree are the same height Rosa is shorter and Mia is the tallest
bullComment ldquoAlly you sequenced all the pictures to retell the storyrdquo
bullOrder blocks by weight Use comparison words to describemdashheavy heavier heaviest
bullldquoLetrsquos see how long it takes to put the blocks away todayrdquo Do this for several days and compare time
Med
iate
bullModel use of vocabulary mdash same and different
bullPrompt children to identify pairs of items that match or do not ldquoJulie can you help find Mariarsquos mitten It is red like this onerdquo
bullAsk children to find items in the classroom that are biglittle etc
bullUse musical instruments with children to explore concepts such as loudsoft and slowfast
bullTeach about opposites using a song and gestures to indicate updown overunder etc
bullAsk questions to get children to identify the smallest biggest etc
bullTake photographs of children engaging in a three step processes (Pouring milk drinking it and showing the empty glass) Make several sets and print Have children work in pairs They take turns ordering and then describing their reasoning to the peer
bullRead and have children act out stories such as The Three Bears that contain items that can be ordered
bullUse daily schedule chart to talk with a few children about the order of the daily routine Ask one child to describe what comes next to a peer who is new to the class
bullWhen asking a child ldquowhat comes nextrdquo allow sufficient time for the child to think about it and respond If needed give a hint ldquoItrsquos something we do when we are hungryrdquo
bullAsk questions to get a child to describe what he or she remembers about the order of events in a story
bullInvite children to draw representations of their family members Then ask them to order them from the smallest to largest Talk about the ages of these people Are they also in order from youngest to oldest Why do they think this is so
bullProvide feedback ldquoYou know that there is no school tomorrow How did you figure it outrdquo
bullHelp children to make connections to their own experiencesmdashldquoHave you ever tried to lift something very heavyrdquo
Dire
ct
bullUse a memory game with matching picture cards Demonstrate placing pictures in pairs Describe own actions ldquoI am placing these two cards together they have the same picture Thatrsquos a matchrdquo Have child help
bullDuring movement activities demonstrate moving your body from crouching low to the ground to a squat to standing to reaching up Have children imitate these movements Ask them to describe them as well
bullWhen child is playing with a group of nature items provide an ordering mat and request that the child arrange from longest to shortest If needed break task down ldquoFind the smallest item rdquo
bullProvide pictures of objects and have children compare them with regard to nonvisible attributes (A lion and a cat) mdashldquoWhich is louderrdquo (A brick and a balloon) mdash ldquoWhich is lighterrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 30
Cognitive 6 Relates number to quantity
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullIncorporate materials with numerals throughout the classroom (eg add footprints with numerals on the floor in high traffic areas)
bullUse number-related vocabulary when talking about the daily schedule For example ldquoWe have one minute until snack timerdquo
bullHand materials to students one at a time while counting instead of providing them with all materials at once
bullProvide sets of five to 10 objects similar objects
bullProvide multiple natural opportunities for counting during the daily routine (ldquoLetrsquos start with 10 raisins Help me countrdquo)
bullIncorporate songs that include counting
bullProvide opportunities within classroom routine for 1-to-1 correspondence (setting snack table with one napkin and one cup at each chair passing out materials to each child etc)
bullProvide materials to include opportunities for 1-to-1 correspondence (provide 20 cards and 20 envelopes 20 cars and 20 boxes that could be used as garages)
bullProvide sets of different materials with varying quantities (12 bears three horses three pigs and 20 chickens)
bullVary classroom arrangement to include opportunities to compare quantities (have more chairs at one table than another areas that accommodate more children etc)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 31
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe how many whenever the opportunity arises ldquoYou have two crackers mdash one in each handrdquo
bullModel use of number-related vocabulary as appropriate ldquoI need three cups at this table helliprdquo
bullComment ldquoMaria just counted to five There are five flowers in the vaserdquo
bullModel counting throughout the day and talk out loud about why ldquoI need to figure out how many muffins to make for snack tomorrow helliprdquo
bullModel counting children each day before going outside etc
bullDescribe the childrsquos actions ldquoYou used all the double-unit blocks to make this road I wonder how many it took 1 2 3hellip18rdquo
bullComment ldquoWe will need one smock for each child who is going to paintrdquo
bullProvide opportunities for children to be responsible for classroom duties that involve counting (While setting table for snack independently child will need to figure out how many cups are needed by counting children) Remain available if they need support
Med
iate
bullAsk child to give one more of something ldquoLily would you please hand me one more paintbrushrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into simple songs and finger-plays
bullTalk to child about number of body parts One nose two eyes hellip Expand childrsquos comments ldquoYes you have two eyes and many eyelashesrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into routines and games (Count each step as ascending stairs Count up to 10 while rolling a ball back and forth) Take turns counting
bullTeach strategies mdash ldquoLine up the cars as you count themrdquo ldquoTouch each chip as you say the numberrdquo
bullHave two children count together while they test their predictions of how many marbles are in the jar
bullInvite children to help set the tables for meals ldquoHow many plates are on the table How many cups will you need rdquo
bullEngage in play with children and incorporate counting into the play ldquoHow many chairs do we need for the babies Letrsquos make a garage for each of these cars helliprdquo
bullHave children draw objects to represent numbers
bullAsk a ldquoQuestion of the Dayrdquo (on any topic) and create a graph of childrenrsquos responses Then ask them to identify which is more or less
bullReflect with children after they engage in an activity Have them describe their process Ask questions to prompt their thinking ldquoHow did you come up with that numberrdquo ldquoHow do you know there are morerdquo
Dire
ct
bullHave child repeat numbers as you count something out loud
bullHold childrsquos hands and count as she jumps up and down
bullProvide cards with numerals to indicate serving size at snack ldquoSee the three You may start with three crackersrdquo
bullTell child ldquoWersquore going to count the shells to find out how many there are all together When we count we always start with the number onehelliprdquo
bullAssign a helper to count the number of children present each day
bullProvide a collection of objects to be counted Direct the child to count how many there are Listen for accuracy If the child gets to a point where he canrsquot go further model saying the remaining numbers
bullHave a child help gather materials for a project Give them instructions ldquoPlease go get 15 straws and five pieces of red paperrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 32
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage communication (such as two toy telephones)
bullAllow time during teacher-directed activities for children to comment and share
bullChange something in the environment
bullProvide materials that produce a wide variety of sounds
bullCreate small-group opportunities with peers who have a variety of language levels
bullSing songs with children especially repetitive songs like Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed or Old MacDonald had a Farm
bullUse nursery rhymes
bullProvide opportunities for children to pretend to be someone else This encourages children to mimic the vocabulary facial expressions and body language that they see and hear from others These types of experiences encourage oral language interactions
bullPlay games such as I Spy Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar and Guess Who I Am
bullProvide story cards of a familiar story
bullProvide journals for children to record their experiences
bullProvide opportunities for children to have conversations with each other
bullProvide many opportunities for children to explain what they are doing tell others about their experiences and feelings and to share their thoughts
bullProvide tape recorders for children to record their own voices and stories
bullPlay games with rules and have children explain the rules to their peers
bullRead stories multiple timesbullInclude microphones old telephones puppets flannel boards and paper towel tubes in multiple play areasbullProvide picture books for children to tell their own storiesbullProvide props for role-playing and pretending
In any language
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 33
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullUse descriptive language when describing a childrsquos actions
bullModel target vocabulary while labeling items
bullUse pointing to bring childrsquos attention to what is being talked about
bullModel increasingly more advanced language
bullRepeat a comment made by a peer to increase childrsquos attention to what was said
bullProvide expectant looks to encourage a child to make a comment
bullModel conversations between adults or adult and a child Do so in close proximity to identified child
bullCreate opportunities for children to be engaged with peers on projects of mutual interest that require verbal communication
bullTake digital photos of children engaging in the classroom Create a slide-show to prompt a small group of viewers to reflect on and describe their experiences
Med
iate
bullFollow the childrsquos lead Comment on hisher actions
bullTalk with a child about objects and happenings in the here-and-now
bullWhen asking a question allow sufficient wait time (at least three to five seconds) for a response
bullUse gestures and facial expression while talking to give more clues to the meaning of a communication
bullRespond verbally to childrsquos nonverbal communications
bullRepeat and expand childrsquos comments
bullEncourage social interactions between identified children and more proficient peers
bullTalk about topics that children are presently engaged in and those that are of special interest
bullAsk an open-ended question allow wait time acknowledge and expand the childrsquos response
bullAsk children about recent experiences with their families Prompt them to tell more and help make connections to something going on at school
bullDuring unstructured activities be available and demonstrate interest in what the child is doing When the child initiates an interaction ask to elaborate (ldquoTell me more rdquo) When a follow up comment is made expand the statement and respond to the content of what the child has said
bullEngage a small group of children in educational dialogue Use the opportunity to build their understanding of a concept introduce advanced language promote high order thinking and make connections to their lives
bullConduct class meetings during which time children have opportunities to share their ideas and opinionsmdashand listen to their peersmdashon a topic that is important to the group
Dire
ct
bullModel short simple sentences when giving directions
bullWhen a child wants or needs something provide the words and encourage the child to repeat them
bullProvide the words for a child to use to communicate a need to a peer Instruct the child to repeat the words
bullCoach a child on important skills needed for effective communication ldquoLook at his face when you ask him hellip Give him time to answer you hellip Acknowledge that you are listening helliprdquo
bullProvide a prompt photograph or interesting object and have a child describe it Write the childrsquos words Ask open-ended questions to elicit increased use of descriptors
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 34
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullEnsure access to booksbullProvide books puppets felt
board materialsbullProvide small people houses
cars for pretend playbullAllow children to tell stories
and read to adults and peersbullProvide a consistent
predictable schedule with pictures and refer to it regularly use words like ldquofirst we did this and then we did this now we are doing thisrdquo
bullRead stories that reflect childrenrsquos cultural linguistic familial backgrounds and experiences
bullProvide books and materials that are linked to childrenrsquos interests and personal experiences
bullMatch dramatic play materials to stories being read
bullProvide materials linked to recently read books
bullCreate and display classroom-created books related to classroom experiences
bullAdjust the schedule to allow for a book reading that supports an unexpected experience children have just had eg observing a butterfly on the playground
bullIntroduce story-related vocabulary terms such as character and event during book readings
bullUse the words at other times such as when a child is telling a story explain that they are the character
bullProvide story-making materials to children have them read the stories to you listen for evidence of characters plot etc
bullEnsure that there is time and space for reading to children throughout the day
bullProvide wordless books that children can tell their story from
bullProvide materials such as flannel board pieces that reflect familiar stories
bullProvide opportunities for children to retell stories
bullRead stories over and over againbullProvide opportunities for children to have frequent conversation with adults and peersbullEncourage children to represent stories through a variety of materials art movement outdoor play etc
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
- Button 3
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- p7Link
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- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 4 18
Personal amp Social 4 Manages transitions follows routines and rules
PampS 4Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with teacher supervision
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with occasional reminders
Makes transitions and usually follows routines and rules when given signal
Anticipates transitions and usually follows routines and rules independently
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide a predictable consistent daily schedule including transition times
bullProvide pictures to support the main components of the day include pictures of the transition steps
bullReview transition steps during small group as a game
bullBreak transitions down into steps
bullProvide adequate time in the schedule for the routine or transition
bullDevise a schedule that limits the number of transitions in a day
bullReview transition steps prior to transitions
bullTeach transition signals to children
bullProvide adequate time in the schedule for experiences so that children are not frustrated by the transition
bullProvide visual cues to complete routines such as clean up (labeled shelves) and washing hands (picture steps) or setting the table (picture checklist)
bullMove closer to groups of children and repeat directions
bullBreak children up into small groups to complete routines
bullUse different transition signals for each transition
bullAllow adequate time between transition warning and transition
bullInform children of the next experience
bullPlace picture schedules including pictures of routines throughout the room
bullCover experiences that have already occurred on each schedule
bullQuestion children during the current experience about the next part of the day
bullUse a choice boardbullCreate posters with pictures for typical classroom routinesbullProvide a sign-in chart for childrenbullLabel shelves with words and picturesbullPlace pictures of children on chairsbullTeach routines
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 4 19
PampS 4Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with teacher supervision
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with occasional reminders
Makes transitions and usually follows routines and rules when given signal
Anticipates transitions and usually follows routines and rules independently
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullProvide proximity and physical contact to support children throughout the day
bullProvide advance notice about what is going to happen next
bullDescribe what a peer is doing so child will notice expected behaviors
bullUse self-talk as indirect signal of what is coming ldquoI think I will get the napkins out itrsquos almost time for snackrdquo
bullGet childrsquos attention then point to visual timer or daily schedule to indicate that itrsquos time to move on
bullPlace items in an area as a prompt for whatrsquos about to happen (children know itrsquos time for meeting when they see teacher setting up carpet squares on the floor)
bullRefer child to posted classroom rules if there is a question about an expectation
bullMention to another adult in the room so child will hear an observation about a childrsquos independence ldquoJulio set the table for snack without being askedrdquo
Med
iate
bullGive child an object to move from one place to the next when they need to transition ldquoAlex please bring this paper to the table for our art projectrdquo
bullHelp children by participating with them to clean up or prepare the room
bullSuggest that child look to see what peers are doing
bullRefer to the visual poster of the daily schedule and describe ldquoSee we just finished reading a story the next picture shows that it is time for snackrdquo
bullProvide a visual andor auditory signal when a transition is approaching
bullHelp child recall expected behavior when signal is used ldquoWhat do we do when we hear the bellrdquo
bullInclude children as helpers to set up room and prepare for classroom experiences
bullAsk a child ldquoWhat should we be doing nowrdquo
bullSuggest that child describe to parent or classroom visitor what comes next in the daily routine
bullReflect with children about the day mdash recount what happened from beginning to end
Dire
ct
bullTell child what he needs to do while helping with the task if necessary ldquoHere you go Irsquoll hold the bucket while you put the blocks back inrdquo
bullRemind a child what she needs to do ldquoRebecca please get your coat wersquore getting ready to go outrdquo
bullDemonstrate the tasks needed when teaching a child how to complete a class job
bullAssign child the task of reminding peers of a rule or transition
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 7 20
Personal amp Social 7 Interacts cooperatively with peers
PampS 7Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Worksplays alongside others Worksplays in association with another child
Worksplays cooperatively with a few others
Sustains cooperative activities with a range of children
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullMaintain materials as a choice for an extended period of time
bullProvide enough materials in an interest area so that a few children can play with the same items
bullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate outdoor play time
bullGive children classroom jobs
bullProvide materials that can be used by more than one child at the same time eglarge box that is used as a bus a see saw a wagon balls play telephones etc
bullInclude a small-group time in the daily schedule and rotate children in the groups
bullProvide interest areas that allow larger groups of children (four to five) to participate
bullProvide books that describe roles and sequences of activities such as books about taking a bus ride or going grocery shopping
bullCreate play experiences that provide opportunities for children to take on roles such as designer of a water wall data collector picture taker
bullUse childrenrsquos common interests to plan play themes to increase opportunities for cooperative play
bullAllow children to transport materials from one center to another to allow for increases in the number and types of interactions
bullProvide dress-up clothes that can allow children to develop group role-play
bullPlan large- and small-group activities that naturally involve working in groups such as dancing or building
bullMake class books about all the children with photos interests likes dislikes Read them often so that children get to know one another
bullProvide clearly defined interest areas in the classroombullBe sure some interest areas allow small numbers of children (two to three) to participatebullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate amounts of child-directed timebullGive children many opportunities to make choicesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn and practice problem-solving strategiesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn to ask their peers open-ended questions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 7 21
PampS 7Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Worksplays alongside others Worksplays in association with another child
Worksplays cooperatively with a few others
Sustains cooperative activities with a range of children
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullComment about what another child is doing in order to bring the childrsquos attention to the peer ldquoLook Mario is pushing a truck toordquo
bullUse proximity to support a child to feel more comfortable playing near a less familiar peer
bullPoint out opportunities for play with peers ldquoI see the children are building a house with the big blocks over there (pointing)rdquo
bullModel interactive play and comment for child to hear ldquoIt really is fun when we splash in the water togetherrdquo
bullDescribe what children are doing in order to direct other childrenrsquos attention to them ldquoJoey Tia is asking you to be a passenger on her busrdquo (as Tia is looking at him and patting the seat next to her)
bullRead a story about cooperation
bullModel cooperative efforts as a member of a teaching team
bullComment to children about the contributions of the members of the larger school community
bullProvide support in the form of proximity when a child begins an interaction with a new peer Be ready to facilitate if not initially successful
Med
iate
bullPlay alongside a child and encourage interactions between self and child with common materials
bullSuggest to two children playing with same material ldquoMaybe you can make one huge pile of sand if you pour your sand togetherrdquo
bullComment when children are playing in proximity ldquoYou and Jenny are both playing with the puppetsrdquo
bullInvite the child to watch a peer who is more competent with a desired toy or material Suggest that the peer show the child how to use it
bullHelp child to enter into another childrsquos play with suggestions such as ldquoHere are some square blocks Maybe you could make a road How about telling her you are a road builder and see if she would like you to build a road to her houserdquo
bullDiscuss with small group of children the benefits of cooperation
bullJoin children in their play taking on a role along with the child Help to engage and then gradually withdraw from the activity maintaining proximity for support
bullAs children work together make connections by referring to concepts in book read earlier
bullWhen children want the same role suggest for example ldquoWe can have two crane operatorsrdquo
bullHelp the child identify a role for himher self ldquoWhat other jobs do people do in a restaurantrdquo
bullAsk willing peers to invite the child to join in their play Remain nearby to support the interaction
bullAsk questions to extend and encourage continued participation between a few children ldquoWhat is going to happen nextrdquo
bullStructure opportunities that require children to work together to achieve a meaningful outcome For example include children in a plan to move the block area so it is located closer to the dramatic play center Have them sketch a drawing of where things will go Make a list of needed materials etc
bullMake suggestions for the various roles that children can take as they enter into an ongoing play scenario
Dire
ct
bullTake the child by the hand and walk about the classroom describing the choices for play
bullInstruct children to include the child in their play and help negotiate roles for each
bullStructure activities for teamwork and assign small groups to work together on a task
bullWhen engaging in a cooking activity with a small group give each child a specific role and describe the tasks that they need to accomplish Include visuals also
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 22
Physical 2 Uses coordinated small-muscle movements
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for children to build strength in their hands by including objects such as bubble wrap tongs tweezers hole punch squirt bottles and turkey basters
bullEncourage children to rip paper as part of an activity
bullBe sure children are seated in a stable chair when completing fine motor activities and that their feet can be flat on the floor
bullHave children make large arm movements during music and movement
bullProvide animal grabbers bug catchers and wooden tongs for children to pick up objects
bullPlay games that allow children to crawl and creep on the floor Bearing weight on their hands and arms will help them develop the arches and muscles needed to write and manipulate objects
bullProvide stiff materials to practice cutting such as index cards sandpaper or magazine inserts
bullProvide non-paper items to cut such as straws or play dough
bullUse upright working surfaces to build strength such as easels vertical chalkboards flannel boards and Lite Brite
bullEncourage children to fold paper
bullTape paper to edge of a table when children are learning to cut Have them snip the end to make fringe
bullProvide a variety of types of scissors such as spring loaded
bullPlay games that involve eye hand coordination such as rolling a ball back and forth or catch magnetic fishing games pounding bench or bead frames
bullProvide small collage materials bullProvide lacing cards peg
boards toothpicks plastic knives to use with play dough screwdrivers stringing beads eye droppers stickers buttons
bullProvide many opportunities for using scissors
bullProvide pencils and fine line markers
bullProvide bean bags Koosh balls and hula hoops for tossing games
bullProvide a bowling setbullPlay catch with increasingly
smaller ballsbullEmbed writing materials into all
interest areas
bullComplete cooking activities with childrenbullEmbed fine motor materials in childrenrsquos areas of interestbullEncourage children to sort objects when cleaning upbullEmbed fine motor tools and materials that will help children develop a variety of skills and allow children at a variety of skill levels to
participate in a learning center eg large crayons and pencils and standard crayons and pencils
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 23
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullModel use of materials such as Duplos while in close proximity to child Describe own actions ldquoI am pulling really hard with both of my hands to get these two blocks apartrdquo
bullWrite in the mud with a stick Offer it to a child to try
bullSit with children during mealtimes Model and encourage use of tongs pitchers for pouring and safe knives for spreading and cutting
bullDescribe childrsquos actions ldquoYou fastened three snaps and put the doll clothes on all by yourselfrdquo
bullAcknowledge childrsquos effort as he tries to operate new puppet with limbs Sit quietly nearby and watch being available if he should decide to ask for support
bullPoint to bring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is capable of modeling a fine motor skill
bullModel writing and cutting often so children will see the proper form and technique
Med
iate
bullAsk two children to work together to remove the cover from a bin of toys
bullSuggest ldquoMaybe if you squeeze with both hands the glue will come outrdquo Later relate this to use of ketchup bottle
bullAssist by holding block tower stable while child adds one more
bullAsk children to scrunch material such as scarves used for music and movement
bullAsk children to crumble newspaper as part of a project (stuffing for a scarecrow snowman or 3D art project)
bullInvite a child to use a marker and paper to ldquodrawrdquo or ldquowriterdquo about an experience or observation
bullEngage children to play clapping games like ldquoMiss Mary Mackrdquo with a partner
bullConverse with a small group of children while cooking Comment on use of hands to pour sift stir
bullDraw thick straight lines with marker for child to cut on
bullHold paper while child practices cutting it in half
bullDraw a square around a complex picture for a child to cut it out
bullHave two children work collectively on a lacing or weaving activity
bullGive children real work to do within the classroom to further refine their motor skills They can replace marker caps disassemble small Lego structures etc
bullProvide pre-drawn shapes numerals and letters for child to look at when they want to copy for their own use
bullWhile watching a child cut or draw give a hint (if necessary) to help the child increase efficiency For example ldquoTry to lift the scissors off the table while you cutrdquo
bullAsk questions about childrsquos use of computer mouse ldquoHow do you get the arrow to go up Could you teach me how to move itrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate then have child imitate use of finger paint to make vertical lines at the easel while crossing the midline Provide finger tip brushes if tactile sensitive
bullGuide child to cut strip of stiff paper with dual-control training scissors
bullWhen child shows frustration with a task encourage her to talk about it ldquoTell me what yoursquore trying to dordquo
bullWhen teaching scissor skills teach each task in a sequential order and have child practice before moving to the next stage
bullDraw a simple shape while child watches then have child imitate
bullCreate a poster with printed words and pictures that show the steps to put on and zipper a jacket Discuss with children then post where they can observe when getting dressed to go outdoors
Use the book Red Lace Yellow Lace to help a child learn to tie shoes Use rhyming verse and illustrations to teach each step of the processTeach children how to use
leading hand (operating scissors) and support hand (holding and moving paper) in order to cut out shapes
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 24
Cognitive 2 Uses a variety of strategies to solve problems
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problems independently
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange room so children have defined spaces that support focus persistence and ongoing interactions with peers
bullArrange environment and materials to support cooperative play and small group so children observe others solving problems
bullAlter the schedule andor arrange the environment so that children have opportunities for small-group experiences with children who create and use alternative strategies to solve problems
bullIntroduce a new material that could be used to solve a problem after a child has successfully or unsuccessfully attempted to solve a problem
bullProvide multiple materials that can be used in a similar way to promote alternative strategies
bullArrange materials so there are increased opportunities for solving problems (limit materials remove paint brushes for easel remove one puzzle piece etc)
bullProvide materials that promote problem solving (eg gears marble works turkey basters and funnels for water play)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 25
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problemsindependently
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullTell child ldquoI notice you got frustrated and gave uprdquo
bullModify or provide a simpler task
bullModel private speech ldquoLet me see Whenever I try to do this it doesnrsquot seem to work I think I will try something differentrdquo
bullComment ldquoOh you did that just like Juan I bet therersquos another wayhelliprdquo Provide time for child to think and provide an expectant look
bullModel a new strategy Describe what is being tried and the outcome
bullComment ldquoI notice that you made a change It looks like this idea is workingrdquo
bullCreate a chart by taking pictures of a child successfully completing a common but difficult task Refer another child to it when she encounters the same challenge
bullModel thinking aloud when presented with a problem in the classroom For example ldquoI wonder how I am going to fit six children at this table I think I will move this shelf and add a chair here That should workrdquo
Med
iate
bullEncourage child to try again this time providing support to ensure success
bullAssist partially with the task and let child do the part that he or she is capable of
bullProvide two possible solutions and let child pick one
bullOffer to help the child solve a problem at hand
bullWait until the next time the child encounters the same problem and be prepared to co-construct for success (Child gets frustrated because block tower falls down The next time he enters block area join him and build it together)
bullSuggest an alternative strategy for a child to try
bullInvite the child to assist peer or teacher in solving the problem together
bullSuggest that child observe a peer who is using a successful strategy Encourage the peer to describe what is being done
bullAsk a child to explain his or her thinking Use writing or drawing as a way to capture the childrsquos ideas Expand on comments
bullWhen a child can almost get a puzzle piece to fit but begins to give up provide a hint for what to try
bullRemind child of a strategy he or she has used in a different situation Suggest trying that again to solve current problem
bullEngage in a back and forth exchange with a child about the problem-solving process ldquoDo you think that might work Tell me how Why do you think helliprdquo
bullStructure a task that allows for multiple approaches Identify possible solutions with children and write them down Have each child try one strategy while peers observe and comment
bullAsk children for their ideas to help the teacher figure out how to approach a challenge or problem in the classroom
bullEngage a small group of children in a dialogue about differing perspectives Ask a series of questions to encourage children to describe their thinking Help children come to an understanding that there is more than one ldquoright wayrdquo to approach a problem
bullCreate an ldquoAsk the Expertsrdquo class book or poster Identify with children those things that they are each good at Can be used as a reference when a child needs help with a task
Dire
ct
bullDo the task for the child while showing how and describing each step
bullDemonstrate a different strategy and ask the child to try it
bullDescribe an alternative strategy and direct child to try it
bullHave a child teach a skill to a peer Coach her how to give step-by-step directions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 26
Cognitive 4 Recognizes and makes patterns
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullCreate patterns using pieces of the environment egpull up one window shade leave the next one down etc alternate chair colors at tablesmdashred blue red
bullProvide materials that can be used to create patterns through the use of sound vision and touch
bullBring in materials that have patterns in them display items and allow children to explore eg woven baskets dish towels pieces of cloth
bullCreate patterns using childrenrsquos clothing or physical characteristics take photos of the pattern so children can observe and repeat it
bullUse morning meeting time to identify patterns in the daily or weekly schedule
bullEmbed pattern activities into small group
bullAllow children to create patterns across a large space the entire block rug or the whole room
bullEncourage children to use outdoor play as an opportunity to create a pattern
bullProvide materials that have several characteristics that can be used to create a pattern such as cars that are various sizes and colors
bullProvide writing materials so that children can record their patterns through pictures or words
bullProvide patterning materials in multiple areas of the classroombullProvide items that have similar and different characteristics in multiple interest areas in the classroom
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 27
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
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ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe ldquoYou chose a blue crayon That is the same color as your pantsrdquo
bullComment ldquoI notice that you have two bears They look different One is yellow and one is purplerdquo
bullModel placing items into an AB pattern near where a child is using the same materials Name the pattern
bullComment ldquoYou found all the cars and planes that are the same as mine I lined these up in a pattern car plane car plane hellip You lined yours up differentlyrdquo
bullComment ldquoYou made a pattern just like my model You are able to continue and describe a simple pattern I bet you can create one of your ownrdquo
bullModel and name movement patterns when singing or chanting with children (clap and tap)
bullProvide a variety of natural materials for children to observe near the art area Watch to see if they incorporate the idea of pattern into their work
bullModel using a musical instrument to create an ABB pattern Describe it ldquoLoud soft soft helliprdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoSee this round pasta ldquoCan you find one that is the same shapehellip a different kindrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoYou choose the color that you like best and I will help you find some more that are the samerdquo
bullUse descriptive language when talking to a child about attributes of objects in the immediate environment Provide experiences for children to practice identifying things that are alike (match games finding pairs)
bullProbe ldquoCould you try to copy my patternrdquo
bullRecommend ldquoWhat if you match them up side by side Letrsquos name them out loud so you can hear the pattern mdash circle star circle star helliprdquo
bullEngage children in conversations about the patterns in their environment While walking outside point out patterns in the sidewalk fences and brick walls
bullAs child is trying to repeat a model pattern provide a hint if needed ldquoLook here you put the blue one lastrdquo
bullEncourage ldquoWhat if you pick two items and make a unit Next Irsquoll copy yours When we put them together wersquoll have a pattern Now keep extending it You did itrdquo
bullPrompt ldquoCan you describe your arrangementrdquo
bullHave two children work together to create a pattern with dot markers They take turns making their marks on a paper strip and notice that a pattern occurs Discuss with them the importance of placement on the paper and the order of their marksrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoDo you think that you could create a new pattern for someone to duplicate You could tell her about it then ask her to copy itrdquo
bullAfter a child creates a movement pattern (hop clap spin) represent the idea by writing the words on chart paper Help the child read the words Add pictures or the childrsquos drawings to go with the words Encourage other children to try Have them use the chart and demonstrate their movements to teach peers
Dire
ct
bullTell ldquoWatch me slide all of these green beads onto this string You can do it too What color do you want to userdquo
bullldquoFind all the seeds that look like this (show one) and put them together into this bowlrdquo
bullShow then tell ldquoFirst I put all the cows here and the pigs here next watch how I alternate them as I line them up cow pig cow pig hellip Can you do the samerdquo
bullDemonstrate and explain ldquoWhen making a repeating pattern use two shapesmdashplace the first here then put the one that is different after it hellip Now lsquoreadrsquo the pattern with me helliprdquo
bullTeach about a variety of complex patterns ABB ABC patterns with items that have more than one attribute (yellow cube blue sphere hellip) and growing patterns Name the pattern and units
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 28
Cognitive 5 Compares and orders objects and events
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullIntentionally vary materials in the classroom and discuss differences (eg different color pitchers for juice walls that are different colors etc)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by one attribute (color or size) providing only two examples of that attribute (eg small and large)
bullProvide opportunities for children to share describe and compare familiar objects from home in one-on-one and small-group settings (eg all children bring in their favorite item related to a particular unit of study or project)
bullProvide materials to promote observation skills such as bookspictures in which you locate items in a group (eg ldquoI Spyrdquo books)
bullProvide visual sequence for familiar stories and allow children to manipulate and order plot sequence
bullProvide materials that vary by one attribute providing three to four graduated examples (eg small medium and large)
bullPost visual schedules for daily routines and refer to these throughout the day (schedule of the dayrsquos activities steps involved for cleaning up from snack)
bullProvide visual displays that promote comparisons (three bears that vary in size)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by visual attributes (such as length width gradations of color) providing five to 10 graduated examples
bullProvide more detailed visual sequences for daily learning experiences and facilitate the childrenrsquos involvement in ordering the process (eg ldquoAre these in the right order Do we water the plant first or do we put the seed in the dirt firstrdquo)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by nonvisible attributes such as time and weight sound
bullVary the classroom schedule to provide opportunities to compare time (eg provide a longer time outside on a sunny day and a short walk in drizzly weather)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 29
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullPrint a set of pictures of the children in the class and display near the classroom computer Show a duplicate set as a slideshow on the monitor Sit nearby and listen to childrenrsquos comments Point to matching pictures to prompt them to find the matches
bullAcknowledge when children spontaneously show order in their work ldquoThe lines on your painting start out long on this side and get gradually smaller as they move across the paperrdquo
bullTalk aloud about own reason for ordering something
bullMake verbal comparisons about objects or people ldquoJulio when I look at this photograph I can see that you and Desiree are the same height Rosa is shorter and Mia is the tallest
bullComment ldquoAlly you sequenced all the pictures to retell the storyrdquo
bullOrder blocks by weight Use comparison words to describemdashheavy heavier heaviest
bullldquoLetrsquos see how long it takes to put the blocks away todayrdquo Do this for several days and compare time
Med
iate
bullModel use of vocabulary mdash same and different
bullPrompt children to identify pairs of items that match or do not ldquoJulie can you help find Mariarsquos mitten It is red like this onerdquo
bullAsk children to find items in the classroom that are biglittle etc
bullUse musical instruments with children to explore concepts such as loudsoft and slowfast
bullTeach about opposites using a song and gestures to indicate updown overunder etc
bullAsk questions to get children to identify the smallest biggest etc
bullTake photographs of children engaging in a three step processes (Pouring milk drinking it and showing the empty glass) Make several sets and print Have children work in pairs They take turns ordering and then describing their reasoning to the peer
bullRead and have children act out stories such as The Three Bears that contain items that can be ordered
bullUse daily schedule chart to talk with a few children about the order of the daily routine Ask one child to describe what comes next to a peer who is new to the class
bullWhen asking a child ldquowhat comes nextrdquo allow sufficient time for the child to think about it and respond If needed give a hint ldquoItrsquos something we do when we are hungryrdquo
bullAsk questions to get a child to describe what he or she remembers about the order of events in a story
bullInvite children to draw representations of their family members Then ask them to order them from the smallest to largest Talk about the ages of these people Are they also in order from youngest to oldest Why do they think this is so
bullProvide feedback ldquoYou know that there is no school tomorrow How did you figure it outrdquo
bullHelp children to make connections to their own experiencesmdashldquoHave you ever tried to lift something very heavyrdquo
Dire
ct
bullUse a memory game with matching picture cards Demonstrate placing pictures in pairs Describe own actions ldquoI am placing these two cards together they have the same picture Thatrsquos a matchrdquo Have child help
bullDuring movement activities demonstrate moving your body from crouching low to the ground to a squat to standing to reaching up Have children imitate these movements Ask them to describe them as well
bullWhen child is playing with a group of nature items provide an ordering mat and request that the child arrange from longest to shortest If needed break task down ldquoFind the smallest item rdquo
bullProvide pictures of objects and have children compare them with regard to nonvisible attributes (A lion and a cat) mdashldquoWhich is louderrdquo (A brick and a balloon) mdash ldquoWhich is lighterrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 30
Cognitive 6 Relates number to quantity
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullIncorporate materials with numerals throughout the classroom (eg add footprints with numerals on the floor in high traffic areas)
bullUse number-related vocabulary when talking about the daily schedule For example ldquoWe have one minute until snack timerdquo
bullHand materials to students one at a time while counting instead of providing them with all materials at once
bullProvide sets of five to 10 objects similar objects
bullProvide multiple natural opportunities for counting during the daily routine (ldquoLetrsquos start with 10 raisins Help me countrdquo)
bullIncorporate songs that include counting
bullProvide opportunities within classroom routine for 1-to-1 correspondence (setting snack table with one napkin and one cup at each chair passing out materials to each child etc)
bullProvide materials to include opportunities for 1-to-1 correspondence (provide 20 cards and 20 envelopes 20 cars and 20 boxes that could be used as garages)
bullProvide sets of different materials with varying quantities (12 bears three horses three pigs and 20 chickens)
bullVary classroom arrangement to include opportunities to compare quantities (have more chairs at one table than another areas that accommodate more children etc)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 31
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe how many whenever the opportunity arises ldquoYou have two crackers mdash one in each handrdquo
bullModel use of number-related vocabulary as appropriate ldquoI need three cups at this table helliprdquo
bullComment ldquoMaria just counted to five There are five flowers in the vaserdquo
bullModel counting throughout the day and talk out loud about why ldquoI need to figure out how many muffins to make for snack tomorrow helliprdquo
bullModel counting children each day before going outside etc
bullDescribe the childrsquos actions ldquoYou used all the double-unit blocks to make this road I wonder how many it took 1 2 3hellip18rdquo
bullComment ldquoWe will need one smock for each child who is going to paintrdquo
bullProvide opportunities for children to be responsible for classroom duties that involve counting (While setting table for snack independently child will need to figure out how many cups are needed by counting children) Remain available if they need support
Med
iate
bullAsk child to give one more of something ldquoLily would you please hand me one more paintbrushrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into simple songs and finger-plays
bullTalk to child about number of body parts One nose two eyes hellip Expand childrsquos comments ldquoYes you have two eyes and many eyelashesrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into routines and games (Count each step as ascending stairs Count up to 10 while rolling a ball back and forth) Take turns counting
bullTeach strategies mdash ldquoLine up the cars as you count themrdquo ldquoTouch each chip as you say the numberrdquo
bullHave two children count together while they test their predictions of how many marbles are in the jar
bullInvite children to help set the tables for meals ldquoHow many plates are on the table How many cups will you need rdquo
bullEngage in play with children and incorporate counting into the play ldquoHow many chairs do we need for the babies Letrsquos make a garage for each of these cars helliprdquo
bullHave children draw objects to represent numbers
bullAsk a ldquoQuestion of the Dayrdquo (on any topic) and create a graph of childrenrsquos responses Then ask them to identify which is more or less
bullReflect with children after they engage in an activity Have them describe their process Ask questions to prompt their thinking ldquoHow did you come up with that numberrdquo ldquoHow do you know there are morerdquo
Dire
ct
bullHave child repeat numbers as you count something out loud
bullHold childrsquos hands and count as she jumps up and down
bullProvide cards with numerals to indicate serving size at snack ldquoSee the three You may start with three crackersrdquo
bullTell child ldquoWersquore going to count the shells to find out how many there are all together When we count we always start with the number onehelliprdquo
bullAssign a helper to count the number of children present each day
bullProvide a collection of objects to be counted Direct the child to count how many there are Listen for accuracy If the child gets to a point where he canrsquot go further model saying the remaining numbers
bullHave a child help gather materials for a project Give them instructions ldquoPlease go get 15 straws and five pieces of red paperrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 32
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage communication (such as two toy telephones)
bullAllow time during teacher-directed activities for children to comment and share
bullChange something in the environment
bullProvide materials that produce a wide variety of sounds
bullCreate small-group opportunities with peers who have a variety of language levels
bullSing songs with children especially repetitive songs like Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed or Old MacDonald had a Farm
bullUse nursery rhymes
bullProvide opportunities for children to pretend to be someone else This encourages children to mimic the vocabulary facial expressions and body language that they see and hear from others These types of experiences encourage oral language interactions
bullPlay games such as I Spy Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar and Guess Who I Am
bullProvide story cards of a familiar story
bullProvide journals for children to record their experiences
bullProvide opportunities for children to have conversations with each other
bullProvide many opportunities for children to explain what they are doing tell others about their experiences and feelings and to share their thoughts
bullProvide tape recorders for children to record their own voices and stories
bullPlay games with rules and have children explain the rules to their peers
bullRead stories multiple timesbullInclude microphones old telephones puppets flannel boards and paper towel tubes in multiple play areasbullProvide picture books for children to tell their own storiesbullProvide props for role-playing and pretending
In any language
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 33
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullUse descriptive language when describing a childrsquos actions
bullModel target vocabulary while labeling items
bullUse pointing to bring childrsquos attention to what is being talked about
bullModel increasingly more advanced language
bullRepeat a comment made by a peer to increase childrsquos attention to what was said
bullProvide expectant looks to encourage a child to make a comment
bullModel conversations between adults or adult and a child Do so in close proximity to identified child
bullCreate opportunities for children to be engaged with peers on projects of mutual interest that require verbal communication
bullTake digital photos of children engaging in the classroom Create a slide-show to prompt a small group of viewers to reflect on and describe their experiences
Med
iate
bullFollow the childrsquos lead Comment on hisher actions
bullTalk with a child about objects and happenings in the here-and-now
bullWhen asking a question allow sufficient wait time (at least three to five seconds) for a response
bullUse gestures and facial expression while talking to give more clues to the meaning of a communication
bullRespond verbally to childrsquos nonverbal communications
bullRepeat and expand childrsquos comments
bullEncourage social interactions between identified children and more proficient peers
bullTalk about topics that children are presently engaged in and those that are of special interest
bullAsk an open-ended question allow wait time acknowledge and expand the childrsquos response
bullAsk children about recent experiences with their families Prompt them to tell more and help make connections to something going on at school
bullDuring unstructured activities be available and demonstrate interest in what the child is doing When the child initiates an interaction ask to elaborate (ldquoTell me more rdquo) When a follow up comment is made expand the statement and respond to the content of what the child has said
bullEngage a small group of children in educational dialogue Use the opportunity to build their understanding of a concept introduce advanced language promote high order thinking and make connections to their lives
bullConduct class meetings during which time children have opportunities to share their ideas and opinionsmdashand listen to their peersmdashon a topic that is important to the group
Dire
ct
bullModel short simple sentences when giving directions
bullWhen a child wants or needs something provide the words and encourage the child to repeat them
bullProvide the words for a child to use to communicate a need to a peer Instruct the child to repeat the words
bullCoach a child on important skills needed for effective communication ldquoLook at his face when you ask him hellip Give him time to answer you hellip Acknowledge that you are listening helliprdquo
bullProvide a prompt photograph or interesting object and have a child describe it Write the childrsquos words Ask open-ended questions to elicit increased use of descriptors
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 34
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullEnsure access to booksbullProvide books puppets felt
board materialsbullProvide small people houses
cars for pretend playbullAllow children to tell stories
and read to adults and peersbullProvide a consistent
predictable schedule with pictures and refer to it regularly use words like ldquofirst we did this and then we did this now we are doing thisrdquo
bullRead stories that reflect childrenrsquos cultural linguistic familial backgrounds and experiences
bullProvide books and materials that are linked to childrenrsquos interests and personal experiences
bullMatch dramatic play materials to stories being read
bullProvide materials linked to recently read books
bullCreate and display classroom-created books related to classroom experiences
bullAdjust the schedule to allow for a book reading that supports an unexpected experience children have just had eg observing a butterfly on the playground
bullIntroduce story-related vocabulary terms such as character and event during book readings
bullUse the words at other times such as when a child is telling a story explain that they are the character
bullProvide story-making materials to children have them read the stories to you listen for evidence of characters plot etc
bullEnsure that there is time and space for reading to children throughout the day
bullProvide wordless books that children can tell their story from
bullProvide materials such as flannel board pieces that reflect familiar stories
bullProvide opportunities for children to retell stories
bullRead stories over and over againbullProvide opportunities for children to have frequent conversation with adults and peersbullEncourage children to represent stories through a variety of materials art movement outdoor play etc
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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-
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- p7Link
- Direct 3
- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 4 19
PampS 4Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with teacher supervision
Makes transitions and follows basic routines and rules with occasional reminders
Makes transitions and usually follows routines and rules when given signal
Anticipates transitions and usually follows routines and rules independently
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullProvide proximity and physical contact to support children throughout the day
bullProvide advance notice about what is going to happen next
bullDescribe what a peer is doing so child will notice expected behaviors
bullUse self-talk as indirect signal of what is coming ldquoI think I will get the napkins out itrsquos almost time for snackrdquo
bullGet childrsquos attention then point to visual timer or daily schedule to indicate that itrsquos time to move on
bullPlace items in an area as a prompt for whatrsquos about to happen (children know itrsquos time for meeting when they see teacher setting up carpet squares on the floor)
bullRefer child to posted classroom rules if there is a question about an expectation
bullMention to another adult in the room so child will hear an observation about a childrsquos independence ldquoJulio set the table for snack without being askedrdquo
Med
iate
bullGive child an object to move from one place to the next when they need to transition ldquoAlex please bring this paper to the table for our art projectrdquo
bullHelp children by participating with them to clean up or prepare the room
bullSuggest that child look to see what peers are doing
bullRefer to the visual poster of the daily schedule and describe ldquoSee we just finished reading a story the next picture shows that it is time for snackrdquo
bullProvide a visual andor auditory signal when a transition is approaching
bullHelp child recall expected behavior when signal is used ldquoWhat do we do when we hear the bellrdquo
bullInclude children as helpers to set up room and prepare for classroom experiences
bullAsk a child ldquoWhat should we be doing nowrdquo
bullSuggest that child describe to parent or classroom visitor what comes next in the daily routine
bullReflect with children about the day mdash recount what happened from beginning to end
Dire
ct
bullTell child what he needs to do while helping with the task if necessary ldquoHere you go Irsquoll hold the bucket while you put the blocks back inrdquo
bullRemind a child what she needs to do ldquoRebecca please get your coat wersquore getting ready to go outrdquo
bullDemonstrate the tasks needed when teaching a child how to complete a class job
bullAssign child the task of reminding peers of a rule or transition
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 7 20
Personal amp Social 7 Interacts cooperatively with peers
PampS 7Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Worksplays alongside others Worksplays in association with another child
Worksplays cooperatively with a few others
Sustains cooperative activities with a range of children
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullMaintain materials as a choice for an extended period of time
bullProvide enough materials in an interest area so that a few children can play with the same items
bullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate outdoor play time
bullGive children classroom jobs
bullProvide materials that can be used by more than one child at the same time eglarge box that is used as a bus a see saw a wagon balls play telephones etc
bullInclude a small-group time in the daily schedule and rotate children in the groups
bullProvide interest areas that allow larger groups of children (four to five) to participate
bullProvide books that describe roles and sequences of activities such as books about taking a bus ride or going grocery shopping
bullCreate play experiences that provide opportunities for children to take on roles such as designer of a water wall data collector picture taker
bullUse childrenrsquos common interests to plan play themes to increase opportunities for cooperative play
bullAllow children to transport materials from one center to another to allow for increases in the number and types of interactions
bullProvide dress-up clothes that can allow children to develop group role-play
bullPlan large- and small-group activities that naturally involve working in groups such as dancing or building
bullMake class books about all the children with photos interests likes dislikes Read them often so that children get to know one another
bullProvide clearly defined interest areas in the classroombullBe sure some interest areas allow small numbers of children (two to three) to participatebullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate amounts of child-directed timebullGive children many opportunities to make choicesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn and practice problem-solving strategiesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn to ask their peers open-ended questions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 7 21
PampS 7Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Worksplays alongside others Worksplays in association with another child
Worksplays cooperatively with a few others
Sustains cooperative activities with a range of children
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullComment about what another child is doing in order to bring the childrsquos attention to the peer ldquoLook Mario is pushing a truck toordquo
bullUse proximity to support a child to feel more comfortable playing near a less familiar peer
bullPoint out opportunities for play with peers ldquoI see the children are building a house with the big blocks over there (pointing)rdquo
bullModel interactive play and comment for child to hear ldquoIt really is fun when we splash in the water togetherrdquo
bullDescribe what children are doing in order to direct other childrenrsquos attention to them ldquoJoey Tia is asking you to be a passenger on her busrdquo (as Tia is looking at him and patting the seat next to her)
bullRead a story about cooperation
bullModel cooperative efforts as a member of a teaching team
bullComment to children about the contributions of the members of the larger school community
bullProvide support in the form of proximity when a child begins an interaction with a new peer Be ready to facilitate if not initially successful
Med
iate
bullPlay alongside a child and encourage interactions between self and child with common materials
bullSuggest to two children playing with same material ldquoMaybe you can make one huge pile of sand if you pour your sand togetherrdquo
bullComment when children are playing in proximity ldquoYou and Jenny are both playing with the puppetsrdquo
bullInvite the child to watch a peer who is more competent with a desired toy or material Suggest that the peer show the child how to use it
bullHelp child to enter into another childrsquos play with suggestions such as ldquoHere are some square blocks Maybe you could make a road How about telling her you are a road builder and see if she would like you to build a road to her houserdquo
bullDiscuss with small group of children the benefits of cooperation
bullJoin children in their play taking on a role along with the child Help to engage and then gradually withdraw from the activity maintaining proximity for support
bullAs children work together make connections by referring to concepts in book read earlier
bullWhen children want the same role suggest for example ldquoWe can have two crane operatorsrdquo
bullHelp the child identify a role for himher self ldquoWhat other jobs do people do in a restaurantrdquo
bullAsk willing peers to invite the child to join in their play Remain nearby to support the interaction
bullAsk questions to extend and encourage continued participation between a few children ldquoWhat is going to happen nextrdquo
bullStructure opportunities that require children to work together to achieve a meaningful outcome For example include children in a plan to move the block area so it is located closer to the dramatic play center Have them sketch a drawing of where things will go Make a list of needed materials etc
bullMake suggestions for the various roles that children can take as they enter into an ongoing play scenario
Dire
ct
bullTake the child by the hand and walk about the classroom describing the choices for play
bullInstruct children to include the child in their play and help negotiate roles for each
bullStructure activities for teamwork and assign small groups to work together on a task
bullWhen engaging in a cooking activity with a small group give each child a specific role and describe the tasks that they need to accomplish Include visuals also
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 22
Physical 2 Uses coordinated small-muscle movements
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for children to build strength in their hands by including objects such as bubble wrap tongs tweezers hole punch squirt bottles and turkey basters
bullEncourage children to rip paper as part of an activity
bullBe sure children are seated in a stable chair when completing fine motor activities and that their feet can be flat on the floor
bullHave children make large arm movements during music and movement
bullProvide animal grabbers bug catchers and wooden tongs for children to pick up objects
bullPlay games that allow children to crawl and creep on the floor Bearing weight on their hands and arms will help them develop the arches and muscles needed to write and manipulate objects
bullProvide stiff materials to practice cutting such as index cards sandpaper or magazine inserts
bullProvide non-paper items to cut such as straws or play dough
bullUse upright working surfaces to build strength such as easels vertical chalkboards flannel boards and Lite Brite
bullEncourage children to fold paper
bullTape paper to edge of a table when children are learning to cut Have them snip the end to make fringe
bullProvide a variety of types of scissors such as spring loaded
bullPlay games that involve eye hand coordination such as rolling a ball back and forth or catch magnetic fishing games pounding bench or bead frames
bullProvide small collage materials bullProvide lacing cards peg
boards toothpicks plastic knives to use with play dough screwdrivers stringing beads eye droppers stickers buttons
bullProvide many opportunities for using scissors
bullProvide pencils and fine line markers
bullProvide bean bags Koosh balls and hula hoops for tossing games
bullProvide a bowling setbullPlay catch with increasingly
smaller ballsbullEmbed writing materials into all
interest areas
bullComplete cooking activities with childrenbullEmbed fine motor materials in childrenrsquos areas of interestbullEncourage children to sort objects when cleaning upbullEmbed fine motor tools and materials that will help children develop a variety of skills and allow children at a variety of skill levels to
participate in a learning center eg large crayons and pencils and standard crayons and pencils
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 23
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullModel use of materials such as Duplos while in close proximity to child Describe own actions ldquoI am pulling really hard with both of my hands to get these two blocks apartrdquo
bullWrite in the mud with a stick Offer it to a child to try
bullSit with children during mealtimes Model and encourage use of tongs pitchers for pouring and safe knives for spreading and cutting
bullDescribe childrsquos actions ldquoYou fastened three snaps and put the doll clothes on all by yourselfrdquo
bullAcknowledge childrsquos effort as he tries to operate new puppet with limbs Sit quietly nearby and watch being available if he should decide to ask for support
bullPoint to bring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is capable of modeling a fine motor skill
bullModel writing and cutting often so children will see the proper form and technique
Med
iate
bullAsk two children to work together to remove the cover from a bin of toys
bullSuggest ldquoMaybe if you squeeze with both hands the glue will come outrdquo Later relate this to use of ketchup bottle
bullAssist by holding block tower stable while child adds one more
bullAsk children to scrunch material such as scarves used for music and movement
bullAsk children to crumble newspaper as part of a project (stuffing for a scarecrow snowman or 3D art project)
bullInvite a child to use a marker and paper to ldquodrawrdquo or ldquowriterdquo about an experience or observation
bullEngage children to play clapping games like ldquoMiss Mary Mackrdquo with a partner
bullConverse with a small group of children while cooking Comment on use of hands to pour sift stir
bullDraw thick straight lines with marker for child to cut on
bullHold paper while child practices cutting it in half
bullDraw a square around a complex picture for a child to cut it out
bullHave two children work collectively on a lacing or weaving activity
bullGive children real work to do within the classroom to further refine their motor skills They can replace marker caps disassemble small Lego structures etc
bullProvide pre-drawn shapes numerals and letters for child to look at when they want to copy for their own use
bullWhile watching a child cut or draw give a hint (if necessary) to help the child increase efficiency For example ldquoTry to lift the scissors off the table while you cutrdquo
bullAsk questions about childrsquos use of computer mouse ldquoHow do you get the arrow to go up Could you teach me how to move itrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate then have child imitate use of finger paint to make vertical lines at the easel while crossing the midline Provide finger tip brushes if tactile sensitive
bullGuide child to cut strip of stiff paper with dual-control training scissors
bullWhen child shows frustration with a task encourage her to talk about it ldquoTell me what yoursquore trying to dordquo
bullWhen teaching scissor skills teach each task in a sequential order and have child practice before moving to the next stage
bullDraw a simple shape while child watches then have child imitate
bullCreate a poster with printed words and pictures that show the steps to put on and zipper a jacket Discuss with children then post where they can observe when getting dressed to go outdoors
Use the book Red Lace Yellow Lace to help a child learn to tie shoes Use rhyming verse and illustrations to teach each step of the processTeach children how to use
leading hand (operating scissors) and support hand (holding and moving paper) in order to cut out shapes
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 24
Cognitive 2 Uses a variety of strategies to solve problems
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problems independently
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange room so children have defined spaces that support focus persistence and ongoing interactions with peers
bullArrange environment and materials to support cooperative play and small group so children observe others solving problems
bullAlter the schedule andor arrange the environment so that children have opportunities for small-group experiences with children who create and use alternative strategies to solve problems
bullIntroduce a new material that could be used to solve a problem after a child has successfully or unsuccessfully attempted to solve a problem
bullProvide multiple materials that can be used in a similar way to promote alternative strategies
bullArrange materials so there are increased opportunities for solving problems (limit materials remove paint brushes for easel remove one puzzle piece etc)
bullProvide materials that promote problem solving (eg gears marble works turkey basters and funnels for water play)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 25
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problemsindependently
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullTell child ldquoI notice you got frustrated and gave uprdquo
bullModify or provide a simpler task
bullModel private speech ldquoLet me see Whenever I try to do this it doesnrsquot seem to work I think I will try something differentrdquo
bullComment ldquoOh you did that just like Juan I bet therersquos another wayhelliprdquo Provide time for child to think and provide an expectant look
bullModel a new strategy Describe what is being tried and the outcome
bullComment ldquoI notice that you made a change It looks like this idea is workingrdquo
bullCreate a chart by taking pictures of a child successfully completing a common but difficult task Refer another child to it when she encounters the same challenge
bullModel thinking aloud when presented with a problem in the classroom For example ldquoI wonder how I am going to fit six children at this table I think I will move this shelf and add a chair here That should workrdquo
Med
iate
bullEncourage child to try again this time providing support to ensure success
bullAssist partially with the task and let child do the part that he or she is capable of
bullProvide two possible solutions and let child pick one
bullOffer to help the child solve a problem at hand
bullWait until the next time the child encounters the same problem and be prepared to co-construct for success (Child gets frustrated because block tower falls down The next time he enters block area join him and build it together)
bullSuggest an alternative strategy for a child to try
bullInvite the child to assist peer or teacher in solving the problem together
bullSuggest that child observe a peer who is using a successful strategy Encourage the peer to describe what is being done
bullAsk a child to explain his or her thinking Use writing or drawing as a way to capture the childrsquos ideas Expand on comments
bullWhen a child can almost get a puzzle piece to fit but begins to give up provide a hint for what to try
bullRemind child of a strategy he or she has used in a different situation Suggest trying that again to solve current problem
bullEngage in a back and forth exchange with a child about the problem-solving process ldquoDo you think that might work Tell me how Why do you think helliprdquo
bullStructure a task that allows for multiple approaches Identify possible solutions with children and write them down Have each child try one strategy while peers observe and comment
bullAsk children for their ideas to help the teacher figure out how to approach a challenge or problem in the classroom
bullEngage a small group of children in a dialogue about differing perspectives Ask a series of questions to encourage children to describe their thinking Help children come to an understanding that there is more than one ldquoright wayrdquo to approach a problem
bullCreate an ldquoAsk the Expertsrdquo class book or poster Identify with children those things that they are each good at Can be used as a reference when a child needs help with a task
Dire
ct
bullDo the task for the child while showing how and describing each step
bullDemonstrate a different strategy and ask the child to try it
bullDescribe an alternative strategy and direct child to try it
bullHave a child teach a skill to a peer Coach her how to give step-by-step directions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 26
Cognitive 4 Recognizes and makes patterns
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullCreate patterns using pieces of the environment egpull up one window shade leave the next one down etc alternate chair colors at tablesmdashred blue red
bullProvide materials that can be used to create patterns through the use of sound vision and touch
bullBring in materials that have patterns in them display items and allow children to explore eg woven baskets dish towels pieces of cloth
bullCreate patterns using childrenrsquos clothing or physical characteristics take photos of the pattern so children can observe and repeat it
bullUse morning meeting time to identify patterns in the daily or weekly schedule
bullEmbed pattern activities into small group
bullAllow children to create patterns across a large space the entire block rug or the whole room
bullEncourage children to use outdoor play as an opportunity to create a pattern
bullProvide materials that have several characteristics that can be used to create a pattern such as cars that are various sizes and colors
bullProvide writing materials so that children can record their patterns through pictures or words
bullProvide patterning materials in multiple areas of the classroombullProvide items that have similar and different characteristics in multiple interest areas in the classroom
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 27
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe ldquoYou chose a blue crayon That is the same color as your pantsrdquo
bullComment ldquoI notice that you have two bears They look different One is yellow and one is purplerdquo
bullModel placing items into an AB pattern near where a child is using the same materials Name the pattern
bullComment ldquoYou found all the cars and planes that are the same as mine I lined these up in a pattern car plane car plane hellip You lined yours up differentlyrdquo
bullComment ldquoYou made a pattern just like my model You are able to continue and describe a simple pattern I bet you can create one of your ownrdquo
bullModel and name movement patterns when singing or chanting with children (clap and tap)
bullProvide a variety of natural materials for children to observe near the art area Watch to see if they incorporate the idea of pattern into their work
bullModel using a musical instrument to create an ABB pattern Describe it ldquoLoud soft soft helliprdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoSee this round pasta ldquoCan you find one that is the same shapehellip a different kindrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoYou choose the color that you like best and I will help you find some more that are the samerdquo
bullUse descriptive language when talking to a child about attributes of objects in the immediate environment Provide experiences for children to practice identifying things that are alike (match games finding pairs)
bullProbe ldquoCould you try to copy my patternrdquo
bullRecommend ldquoWhat if you match them up side by side Letrsquos name them out loud so you can hear the pattern mdash circle star circle star helliprdquo
bullEngage children in conversations about the patterns in their environment While walking outside point out patterns in the sidewalk fences and brick walls
bullAs child is trying to repeat a model pattern provide a hint if needed ldquoLook here you put the blue one lastrdquo
bullEncourage ldquoWhat if you pick two items and make a unit Next Irsquoll copy yours When we put them together wersquoll have a pattern Now keep extending it You did itrdquo
bullPrompt ldquoCan you describe your arrangementrdquo
bullHave two children work together to create a pattern with dot markers They take turns making their marks on a paper strip and notice that a pattern occurs Discuss with them the importance of placement on the paper and the order of their marksrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoDo you think that you could create a new pattern for someone to duplicate You could tell her about it then ask her to copy itrdquo
bullAfter a child creates a movement pattern (hop clap spin) represent the idea by writing the words on chart paper Help the child read the words Add pictures or the childrsquos drawings to go with the words Encourage other children to try Have them use the chart and demonstrate their movements to teach peers
Dire
ct
bullTell ldquoWatch me slide all of these green beads onto this string You can do it too What color do you want to userdquo
bullldquoFind all the seeds that look like this (show one) and put them together into this bowlrdquo
bullShow then tell ldquoFirst I put all the cows here and the pigs here next watch how I alternate them as I line them up cow pig cow pig hellip Can you do the samerdquo
bullDemonstrate and explain ldquoWhen making a repeating pattern use two shapesmdashplace the first here then put the one that is different after it hellip Now lsquoreadrsquo the pattern with me helliprdquo
bullTeach about a variety of complex patterns ABB ABC patterns with items that have more than one attribute (yellow cube blue sphere hellip) and growing patterns Name the pattern and units
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 28
Cognitive 5 Compares and orders objects and events
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullIntentionally vary materials in the classroom and discuss differences (eg different color pitchers for juice walls that are different colors etc)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by one attribute (color or size) providing only two examples of that attribute (eg small and large)
bullProvide opportunities for children to share describe and compare familiar objects from home in one-on-one and small-group settings (eg all children bring in their favorite item related to a particular unit of study or project)
bullProvide materials to promote observation skills such as bookspictures in which you locate items in a group (eg ldquoI Spyrdquo books)
bullProvide visual sequence for familiar stories and allow children to manipulate and order plot sequence
bullProvide materials that vary by one attribute providing three to four graduated examples (eg small medium and large)
bullPost visual schedules for daily routines and refer to these throughout the day (schedule of the dayrsquos activities steps involved for cleaning up from snack)
bullProvide visual displays that promote comparisons (three bears that vary in size)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by visual attributes (such as length width gradations of color) providing five to 10 graduated examples
bullProvide more detailed visual sequences for daily learning experiences and facilitate the childrenrsquos involvement in ordering the process (eg ldquoAre these in the right order Do we water the plant first or do we put the seed in the dirt firstrdquo)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by nonvisible attributes such as time and weight sound
bullVary the classroom schedule to provide opportunities to compare time (eg provide a longer time outside on a sunny day and a short walk in drizzly weather)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 29
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullPrint a set of pictures of the children in the class and display near the classroom computer Show a duplicate set as a slideshow on the monitor Sit nearby and listen to childrenrsquos comments Point to matching pictures to prompt them to find the matches
bullAcknowledge when children spontaneously show order in their work ldquoThe lines on your painting start out long on this side and get gradually smaller as they move across the paperrdquo
bullTalk aloud about own reason for ordering something
bullMake verbal comparisons about objects or people ldquoJulio when I look at this photograph I can see that you and Desiree are the same height Rosa is shorter and Mia is the tallest
bullComment ldquoAlly you sequenced all the pictures to retell the storyrdquo
bullOrder blocks by weight Use comparison words to describemdashheavy heavier heaviest
bullldquoLetrsquos see how long it takes to put the blocks away todayrdquo Do this for several days and compare time
Med
iate
bullModel use of vocabulary mdash same and different
bullPrompt children to identify pairs of items that match or do not ldquoJulie can you help find Mariarsquos mitten It is red like this onerdquo
bullAsk children to find items in the classroom that are biglittle etc
bullUse musical instruments with children to explore concepts such as loudsoft and slowfast
bullTeach about opposites using a song and gestures to indicate updown overunder etc
bullAsk questions to get children to identify the smallest biggest etc
bullTake photographs of children engaging in a three step processes (Pouring milk drinking it and showing the empty glass) Make several sets and print Have children work in pairs They take turns ordering and then describing their reasoning to the peer
bullRead and have children act out stories such as The Three Bears that contain items that can be ordered
bullUse daily schedule chart to talk with a few children about the order of the daily routine Ask one child to describe what comes next to a peer who is new to the class
bullWhen asking a child ldquowhat comes nextrdquo allow sufficient time for the child to think about it and respond If needed give a hint ldquoItrsquos something we do when we are hungryrdquo
bullAsk questions to get a child to describe what he or she remembers about the order of events in a story
bullInvite children to draw representations of their family members Then ask them to order them from the smallest to largest Talk about the ages of these people Are they also in order from youngest to oldest Why do they think this is so
bullProvide feedback ldquoYou know that there is no school tomorrow How did you figure it outrdquo
bullHelp children to make connections to their own experiencesmdashldquoHave you ever tried to lift something very heavyrdquo
Dire
ct
bullUse a memory game with matching picture cards Demonstrate placing pictures in pairs Describe own actions ldquoI am placing these two cards together they have the same picture Thatrsquos a matchrdquo Have child help
bullDuring movement activities demonstrate moving your body from crouching low to the ground to a squat to standing to reaching up Have children imitate these movements Ask them to describe them as well
bullWhen child is playing with a group of nature items provide an ordering mat and request that the child arrange from longest to shortest If needed break task down ldquoFind the smallest item rdquo
bullProvide pictures of objects and have children compare them with regard to nonvisible attributes (A lion and a cat) mdashldquoWhich is louderrdquo (A brick and a balloon) mdash ldquoWhich is lighterrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 30
Cognitive 6 Relates number to quantity
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullIncorporate materials with numerals throughout the classroom (eg add footprints with numerals on the floor in high traffic areas)
bullUse number-related vocabulary when talking about the daily schedule For example ldquoWe have one minute until snack timerdquo
bullHand materials to students one at a time while counting instead of providing them with all materials at once
bullProvide sets of five to 10 objects similar objects
bullProvide multiple natural opportunities for counting during the daily routine (ldquoLetrsquos start with 10 raisins Help me countrdquo)
bullIncorporate songs that include counting
bullProvide opportunities within classroom routine for 1-to-1 correspondence (setting snack table with one napkin and one cup at each chair passing out materials to each child etc)
bullProvide materials to include opportunities for 1-to-1 correspondence (provide 20 cards and 20 envelopes 20 cars and 20 boxes that could be used as garages)
bullProvide sets of different materials with varying quantities (12 bears three horses three pigs and 20 chickens)
bullVary classroom arrangement to include opportunities to compare quantities (have more chairs at one table than another areas that accommodate more children etc)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 31
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe how many whenever the opportunity arises ldquoYou have two crackers mdash one in each handrdquo
bullModel use of number-related vocabulary as appropriate ldquoI need three cups at this table helliprdquo
bullComment ldquoMaria just counted to five There are five flowers in the vaserdquo
bullModel counting throughout the day and talk out loud about why ldquoI need to figure out how many muffins to make for snack tomorrow helliprdquo
bullModel counting children each day before going outside etc
bullDescribe the childrsquos actions ldquoYou used all the double-unit blocks to make this road I wonder how many it took 1 2 3hellip18rdquo
bullComment ldquoWe will need one smock for each child who is going to paintrdquo
bullProvide opportunities for children to be responsible for classroom duties that involve counting (While setting table for snack independently child will need to figure out how many cups are needed by counting children) Remain available if they need support
Med
iate
bullAsk child to give one more of something ldquoLily would you please hand me one more paintbrushrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into simple songs and finger-plays
bullTalk to child about number of body parts One nose two eyes hellip Expand childrsquos comments ldquoYes you have two eyes and many eyelashesrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into routines and games (Count each step as ascending stairs Count up to 10 while rolling a ball back and forth) Take turns counting
bullTeach strategies mdash ldquoLine up the cars as you count themrdquo ldquoTouch each chip as you say the numberrdquo
bullHave two children count together while they test their predictions of how many marbles are in the jar
bullInvite children to help set the tables for meals ldquoHow many plates are on the table How many cups will you need rdquo
bullEngage in play with children and incorporate counting into the play ldquoHow many chairs do we need for the babies Letrsquos make a garage for each of these cars helliprdquo
bullHave children draw objects to represent numbers
bullAsk a ldquoQuestion of the Dayrdquo (on any topic) and create a graph of childrenrsquos responses Then ask them to identify which is more or less
bullReflect with children after they engage in an activity Have them describe their process Ask questions to prompt their thinking ldquoHow did you come up with that numberrdquo ldquoHow do you know there are morerdquo
Dire
ct
bullHave child repeat numbers as you count something out loud
bullHold childrsquos hands and count as she jumps up and down
bullProvide cards with numerals to indicate serving size at snack ldquoSee the three You may start with three crackersrdquo
bullTell child ldquoWersquore going to count the shells to find out how many there are all together When we count we always start with the number onehelliprdquo
bullAssign a helper to count the number of children present each day
bullProvide a collection of objects to be counted Direct the child to count how many there are Listen for accuracy If the child gets to a point where he canrsquot go further model saying the remaining numbers
bullHave a child help gather materials for a project Give them instructions ldquoPlease go get 15 straws and five pieces of red paperrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 32
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage communication (such as two toy telephones)
bullAllow time during teacher-directed activities for children to comment and share
bullChange something in the environment
bullProvide materials that produce a wide variety of sounds
bullCreate small-group opportunities with peers who have a variety of language levels
bullSing songs with children especially repetitive songs like Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed or Old MacDonald had a Farm
bullUse nursery rhymes
bullProvide opportunities for children to pretend to be someone else This encourages children to mimic the vocabulary facial expressions and body language that they see and hear from others These types of experiences encourage oral language interactions
bullPlay games such as I Spy Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar and Guess Who I Am
bullProvide story cards of a familiar story
bullProvide journals for children to record their experiences
bullProvide opportunities for children to have conversations with each other
bullProvide many opportunities for children to explain what they are doing tell others about their experiences and feelings and to share their thoughts
bullProvide tape recorders for children to record their own voices and stories
bullPlay games with rules and have children explain the rules to their peers
bullRead stories multiple timesbullInclude microphones old telephones puppets flannel boards and paper towel tubes in multiple play areasbullProvide picture books for children to tell their own storiesbullProvide props for role-playing and pretending
In any language
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 33
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullUse descriptive language when describing a childrsquos actions
bullModel target vocabulary while labeling items
bullUse pointing to bring childrsquos attention to what is being talked about
bullModel increasingly more advanced language
bullRepeat a comment made by a peer to increase childrsquos attention to what was said
bullProvide expectant looks to encourage a child to make a comment
bullModel conversations between adults or adult and a child Do so in close proximity to identified child
bullCreate opportunities for children to be engaged with peers on projects of mutual interest that require verbal communication
bullTake digital photos of children engaging in the classroom Create a slide-show to prompt a small group of viewers to reflect on and describe their experiences
Med
iate
bullFollow the childrsquos lead Comment on hisher actions
bullTalk with a child about objects and happenings in the here-and-now
bullWhen asking a question allow sufficient wait time (at least three to five seconds) for a response
bullUse gestures and facial expression while talking to give more clues to the meaning of a communication
bullRespond verbally to childrsquos nonverbal communications
bullRepeat and expand childrsquos comments
bullEncourage social interactions between identified children and more proficient peers
bullTalk about topics that children are presently engaged in and those that are of special interest
bullAsk an open-ended question allow wait time acknowledge and expand the childrsquos response
bullAsk children about recent experiences with their families Prompt them to tell more and help make connections to something going on at school
bullDuring unstructured activities be available and demonstrate interest in what the child is doing When the child initiates an interaction ask to elaborate (ldquoTell me more rdquo) When a follow up comment is made expand the statement and respond to the content of what the child has said
bullEngage a small group of children in educational dialogue Use the opportunity to build their understanding of a concept introduce advanced language promote high order thinking and make connections to their lives
bullConduct class meetings during which time children have opportunities to share their ideas and opinionsmdashand listen to their peersmdashon a topic that is important to the group
Dire
ct
bullModel short simple sentences when giving directions
bullWhen a child wants or needs something provide the words and encourage the child to repeat them
bullProvide the words for a child to use to communicate a need to a peer Instruct the child to repeat the words
bullCoach a child on important skills needed for effective communication ldquoLook at his face when you ask him hellip Give him time to answer you hellip Acknowledge that you are listening helliprdquo
bullProvide a prompt photograph or interesting object and have a child describe it Write the childrsquos words Ask open-ended questions to elicit increased use of descriptors
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 34
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullEnsure access to booksbullProvide books puppets felt
board materialsbullProvide small people houses
cars for pretend playbullAllow children to tell stories
and read to adults and peersbullProvide a consistent
predictable schedule with pictures and refer to it regularly use words like ldquofirst we did this and then we did this now we are doing thisrdquo
bullRead stories that reflect childrenrsquos cultural linguistic familial backgrounds and experiences
bullProvide books and materials that are linked to childrenrsquos interests and personal experiences
bullMatch dramatic play materials to stories being read
bullProvide materials linked to recently read books
bullCreate and display classroom-created books related to classroom experiences
bullAdjust the schedule to allow for a book reading that supports an unexpected experience children have just had eg observing a butterfly on the playground
bullIntroduce story-related vocabulary terms such as character and event during book readings
bullUse the words at other times such as when a child is telling a story explain that they are the character
bullProvide story-making materials to children have them read the stories to you listen for evidence of characters plot etc
bullEnsure that there is time and space for reading to children throughout the day
bullProvide wordless books that children can tell their story from
bullProvide materials such as flannel board pieces that reflect familiar stories
bullProvide opportunities for children to retell stories
bullRead stories over and over againbullProvide opportunities for children to have frequent conversation with adults and peersbullEncourage children to represent stories through a variety of materials art movement outdoor play etc
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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- Next view 7
-
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- PRevious 6
-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
- Button 3
- PRevious view 7
- Next view 7
- PRevious 6
- Next view 10
- p4Link
- p7Link
- Direct 3
- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
- PRevious view 9
-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 7 20
Personal amp Social 7 Interacts cooperatively with peers
PampS 7Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Worksplays alongside others Worksplays in association with another child
Worksplays cooperatively with a few others
Sustains cooperative activities with a range of children
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullMaintain materials as a choice for an extended period of time
bullProvide enough materials in an interest area so that a few children can play with the same items
bullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate outdoor play time
bullGive children classroom jobs
bullProvide materials that can be used by more than one child at the same time eglarge box that is used as a bus a see saw a wagon balls play telephones etc
bullInclude a small-group time in the daily schedule and rotate children in the groups
bullProvide interest areas that allow larger groups of children (four to five) to participate
bullProvide books that describe roles and sequences of activities such as books about taking a bus ride or going grocery shopping
bullCreate play experiences that provide opportunities for children to take on roles such as designer of a water wall data collector picture taker
bullUse childrenrsquos common interests to plan play themes to increase opportunities for cooperative play
bullAllow children to transport materials from one center to another to allow for increases in the number and types of interactions
bullProvide dress-up clothes that can allow children to develop group role-play
bullPlan large- and small-group activities that naturally involve working in groups such as dancing or building
bullMake class books about all the children with photos interests likes dislikes Read them often so that children get to know one another
bullProvide clearly defined interest areas in the classroombullBe sure some interest areas allow small numbers of children (two to three) to participatebullMaintain a schedule that reflects adequate amounts of child-directed timebullGive children many opportunities to make choicesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn and practice problem-solving strategiesbullProvide opportunities for children to learn to ask their peers open-ended questions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 7 21
PampS 7Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Worksplays alongside others Worksplays in association with another child
Worksplays cooperatively with a few others
Sustains cooperative activities with a range of children
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullComment about what another child is doing in order to bring the childrsquos attention to the peer ldquoLook Mario is pushing a truck toordquo
bullUse proximity to support a child to feel more comfortable playing near a less familiar peer
bullPoint out opportunities for play with peers ldquoI see the children are building a house with the big blocks over there (pointing)rdquo
bullModel interactive play and comment for child to hear ldquoIt really is fun when we splash in the water togetherrdquo
bullDescribe what children are doing in order to direct other childrenrsquos attention to them ldquoJoey Tia is asking you to be a passenger on her busrdquo (as Tia is looking at him and patting the seat next to her)
bullRead a story about cooperation
bullModel cooperative efforts as a member of a teaching team
bullComment to children about the contributions of the members of the larger school community
bullProvide support in the form of proximity when a child begins an interaction with a new peer Be ready to facilitate if not initially successful
Med
iate
bullPlay alongside a child and encourage interactions between self and child with common materials
bullSuggest to two children playing with same material ldquoMaybe you can make one huge pile of sand if you pour your sand togetherrdquo
bullComment when children are playing in proximity ldquoYou and Jenny are both playing with the puppetsrdquo
bullInvite the child to watch a peer who is more competent with a desired toy or material Suggest that the peer show the child how to use it
bullHelp child to enter into another childrsquos play with suggestions such as ldquoHere are some square blocks Maybe you could make a road How about telling her you are a road builder and see if she would like you to build a road to her houserdquo
bullDiscuss with small group of children the benefits of cooperation
bullJoin children in their play taking on a role along with the child Help to engage and then gradually withdraw from the activity maintaining proximity for support
bullAs children work together make connections by referring to concepts in book read earlier
bullWhen children want the same role suggest for example ldquoWe can have two crane operatorsrdquo
bullHelp the child identify a role for himher self ldquoWhat other jobs do people do in a restaurantrdquo
bullAsk willing peers to invite the child to join in their play Remain nearby to support the interaction
bullAsk questions to extend and encourage continued participation between a few children ldquoWhat is going to happen nextrdquo
bullStructure opportunities that require children to work together to achieve a meaningful outcome For example include children in a plan to move the block area so it is located closer to the dramatic play center Have them sketch a drawing of where things will go Make a list of needed materials etc
bullMake suggestions for the various roles that children can take as they enter into an ongoing play scenario
Dire
ct
bullTake the child by the hand and walk about the classroom describing the choices for play
bullInstruct children to include the child in their play and help negotiate roles for each
bullStructure activities for teamwork and assign small groups to work together on a task
bullWhen engaging in a cooking activity with a small group give each child a specific role and describe the tasks that they need to accomplish Include visuals also
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 22
Physical 2 Uses coordinated small-muscle movements
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for children to build strength in their hands by including objects such as bubble wrap tongs tweezers hole punch squirt bottles and turkey basters
bullEncourage children to rip paper as part of an activity
bullBe sure children are seated in a stable chair when completing fine motor activities and that their feet can be flat on the floor
bullHave children make large arm movements during music and movement
bullProvide animal grabbers bug catchers and wooden tongs for children to pick up objects
bullPlay games that allow children to crawl and creep on the floor Bearing weight on their hands and arms will help them develop the arches and muscles needed to write and manipulate objects
bullProvide stiff materials to practice cutting such as index cards sandpaper or magazine inserts
bullProvide non-paper items to cut such as straws or play dough
bullUse upright working surfaces to build strength such as easels vertical chalkboards flannel boards and Lite Brite
bullEncourage children to fold paper
bullTape paper to edge of a table when children are learning to cut Have them snip the end to make fringe
bullProvide a variety of types of scissors such as spring loaded
bullPlay games that involve eye hand coordination such as rolling a ball back and forth or catch magnetic fishing games pounding bench or bead frames
bullProvide small collage materials bullProvide lacing cards peg
boards toothpicks plastic knives to use with play dough screwdrivers stringing beads eye droppers stickers buttons
bullProvide many opportunities for using scissors
bullProvide pencils and fine line markers
bullProvide bean bags Koosh balls and hula hoops for tossing games
bullProvide a bowling setbullPlay catch with increasingly
smaller ballsbullEmbed writing materials into all
interest areas
bullComplete cooking activities with childrenbullEmbed fine motor materials in childrenrsquos areas of interestbullEncourage children to sort objects when cleaning upbullEmbed fine motor tools and materials that will help children develop a variety of skills and allow children at a variety of skill levels to
participate in a learning center eg large crayons and pencils and standard crayons and pencils
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 23
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullModel use of materials such as Duplos while in close proximity to child Describe own actions ldquoI am pulling really hard with both of my hands to get these two blocks apartrdquo
bullWrite in the mud with a stick Offer it to a child to try
bullSit with children during mealtimes Model and encourage use of tongs pitchers for pouring and safe knives for spreading and cutting
bullDescribe childrsquos actions ldquoYou fastened three snaps and put the doll clothes on all by yourselfrdquo
bullAcknowledge childrsquos effort as he tries to operate new puppet with limbs Sit quietly nearby and watch being available if he should decide to ask for support
bullPoint to bring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is capable of modeling a fine motor skill
bullModel writing and cutting often so children will see the proper form and technique
Med
iate
bullAsk two children to work together to remove the cover from a bin of toys
bullSuggest ldquoMaybe if you squeeze with both hands the glue will come outrdquo Later relate this to use of ketchup bottle
bullAssist by holding block tower stable while child adds one more
bullAsk children to scrunch material such as scarves used for music and movement
bullAsk children to crumble newspaper as part of a project (stuffing for a scarecrow snowman or 3D art project)
bullInvite a child to use a marker and paper to ldquodrawrdquo or ldquowriterdquo about an experience or observation
bullEngage children to play clapping games like ldquoMiss Mary Mackrdquo with a partner
bullConverse with a small group of children while cooking Comment on use of hands to pour sift stir
bullDraw thick straight lines with marker for child to cut on
bullHold paper while child practices cutting it in half
bullDraw a square around a complex picture for a child to cut it out
bullHave two children work collectively on a lacing or weaving activity
bullGive children real work to do within the classroom to further refine their motor skills They can replace marker caps disassemble small Lego structures etc
bullProvide pre-drawn shapes numerals and letters for child to look at when they want to copy for their own use
bullWhile watching a child cut or draw give a hint (if necessary) to help the child increase efficiency For example ldquoTry to lift the scissors off the table while you cutrdquo
bullAsk questions about childrsquos use of computer mouse ldquoHow do you get the arrow to go up Could you teach me how to move itrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate then have child imitate use of finger paint to make vertical lines at the easel while crossing the midline Provide finger tip brushes if tactile sensitive
bullGuide child to cut strip of stiff paper with dual-control training scissors
bullWhen child shows frustration with a task encourage her to talk about it ldquoTell me what yoursquore trying to dordquo
bullWhen teaching scissor skills teach each task in a sequential order and have child practice before moving to the next stage
bullDraw a simple shape while child watches then have child imitate
bullCreate a poster with printed words and pictures that show the steps to put on and zipper a jacket Discuss with children then post where they can observe when getting dressed to go outdoors
Use the book Red Lace Yellow Lace to help a child learn to tie shoes Use rhyming verse and illustrations to teach each step of the processTeach children how to use
leading hand (operating scissors) and support hand (holding and moving paper) in order to cut out shapes
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 24
Cognitive 2 Uses a variety of strategies to solve problems
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problems independently
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange room so children have defined spaces that support focus persistence and ongoing interactions with peers
bullArrange environment and materials to support cooperative play and small group so children observe others solving problems
bullAlter the schedule andor arrange the environment so that children have opportunities for small-group experiences with children who create and use alternative strategies to solve problems
bullIntroduce a new material that could be used to solve a problem after a child has successfully or unsuccessfully attempted to solve a problem
bullProvide multiple materials that can be used in a similar way to promote alternative strategies
bullArrange materials so there are increased opportunities for solving problems (limit materials remove paint brushes for easel remove one puzzle piece etc)
bullProvide materials that promote problem solving (eg gears marble works turkey basters and funnels for water play)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 25
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problemsindependently
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullTell child ldquoI notice you got frustrated and gave uprdquo
bullModify or provide a simpler task
bullModel private speech ldquoLet me see Whenever I try to do this it doesnrsquot seem to work I think I will try something differentrdquo
bullComment ldquoOh you did that just like Juan I bet therersquos another wayhelliprdquo Provide time for child to think and provide an expectant look
bullModel a new strategy Describe what is being tried and the outcome
bullComment ldquoI notice that you made a change It looks like this idea is workingrdquo
bullCreate a chart by taking pictures of a child successfully completing a common but difficult task Refer another child to it when she encounters the same challenge
bullModel thinking aloud when presented with a problem in the classroom For example ldquoI wonder how I am going to fit six children at this table I think I will move this shelf and add a chair here That should workrdquo
Med
iate
bullEncourage child to try again this time providing support to ensure success
bullAssist partially with the task and let child do the part that he or she is capable of
bullProvide two possible solutions and let child pick one
bullOffer to help the child solve a problem at hand
bullWait until the next time the child encounters the same problem and be prepared to co-construct for success (Child gets frustrated because block tower falls down The next time he enters block area join him and build it together)
bullSuggest an alternative strategy for a child to try
bullInvite the child to assist peer or teacher in solving the problem together
bullSuggest that child observe a peer who is using a successful strategy Encourage the peer to describe what is being done
bullAsk a child to explain his or her thinking Use writing or drawing as a way to capture the childrsquos ideas Expand on comments
bullWhen a child can almost get a puzzle piece to fit but begins to give up provide a hint for what to try
bullRemind child of a strategy he or she has used in a different situation Suggest trying that again to solve current problem
bullEngage in a back and forth exchange with a child about the problem-solving process ldquoDo you think that might work Tell me how Why do you think helliprdquo
bullStructure a task that allows for multiple approaches Identify possible solutions with children and write them down Have each child try one strategy while peers observe and comment
bullAsk children for their ideas to help the teacher figure out how to approach a challenge or problem in the classroom
bullEngage a small group of children in a dialogue about differing perspectives Ask a series of questions to encourage children to describe their thinking Help children come to an understanding that there is more than one ldquoright wayrdquo to approach a problem
bullCreate an ldquoAsk the Expertsrdquo class book or poster Identify with children those things that they are each good at Can be used as a reference when a child needs help with a task
Dire
ct
bullDo the task for the child while showing how and describing each step
bullDemonstrate a different strategy and ask the child to try it
bullDescribe an alternative strategy and direct child to try it
bullHave a child teach a skill to a peer Coach her how to give step-by-step directions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 26
Cognitive 4 Recognizes and makes patterns
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullCreate patterns using pieces of the environment egpull up one window shade leave the next one down etc alternate chair colors at tablesmdashred blue red
bullProvide materials that can be used to create patterns through the use of sound vision and touch
bullBring in materials that have patterns in them display items and allow children to explore eg woven baskets dish towels pieces of cloth
bullCreate patterns using childrenrsquos clothing or physical characteristics take photos of the pattern so children can observe and repeat it
bullUse morning meeting time to identify patterns in the daily or weekly schedule
bullEmbed pattern activities into small group
bullAllow children to create patterns across a large space the entire block rug or the whole room
bullEncourage children to use outdoor play as an opportunity to create a pattern
bullProvide materials that have several characteristics that can be used to create a pattern such as cars that are various sizes and colors
bullProvide writing materials so that children can record their patterns through pictures or words
bullProvide patterning materials in multiple areas of the classroombullProvide items that have similar and different characteristics in multiple interest areas in the classroom
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 27
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe ldquoYou chose a blue crayon That is the same color as your pantsrdquo
bullComment ldquoI notice that you have two bears They look different One is yellow and one is purplerdquo
bullModel placing items into an AB pattern near where a child is using the same materials Name the pattern
bullComment ldquoYou found all the cars and planes that are the same as mine I lined these up in a pattern car plane car plane hellip You lined yours up differentlyrdquo
bullComment ldquoYou made a pattern just like my model You are able to continue and describe a simple pattern I bet you can create one of your ownrdquo
bullModel and name movement patterns when singing or chanting with children (clap and tap)
bullProvide a variety of natural materials for children to observe near the art area Watch to see if they incorporate the idea of pattern into their work
bullModel using a musical instrument to create an ABB pattern Describe it ldquoLoud soft soft helliprdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoSee this round pasta ldquoCan you find one that is the same shapehellip a different kindrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoYou choose the color that you like best and I will help you find some more that are the samerdquo
bullUse descriptive language when talking to a child about attributes of objects in the immediate environment Provide experiences for children to practice identifying things that are alike (match games finding pairs)
bullProbe ldquoCould you try to copy my patternrdquo
bullRecommend ldquoWhat if you match them up side by side Letrsquos name them out loud so you can hear the pattern mdash circle star circle star helliprdquo
bullEngage children in conversations about the patterns in their environment While walking outside point out patterns in the sidewalk fences and brick walls
bullAs child is trying to repeat a model pattern provide a hint if needed ldquoLook here you put the blue one lastrdquo
bullEncourage ldquoWhat if you pick two items and make a unit Next Irsquoll copy yours When we put them together wersquoll have a pattern Now keep extending it You did itrdquo
bullPrompt ldquoCan you describe your arrangementrdquo
bullHave two children work together to create a pattern with dot markers They take turns making their marks on a paper strip and notice that a pattern occurs Discuss with them the importance of placement on the paper and the order of their marksrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoDo you think that you could create a new pattern for someone to duplicate You could tell her about it then ask her to copy itrdquo
bullAfter a child creates a movement pattern (hop clap spin) represent the idea by writing the words on chart paper Help the child read the words Add pictures or the childrsquos drawings to go with the words Encourage other children to try Have them use the chart and demonstrate their movements to teach peers
Dire
ct
bullTell ldquoWatch me slide all of these green beads onto this string You can do it too What color do you want to userdquo
bullldquoFind all the seeds that look like this (show one) and put them together into this bowlrdquo
bullShow then tell ldquoFirst I put all the cows here and the pigs here next watch how I alternate them as I line them up cow pig cow pig hellip Can you do the samerdquo
bullDemonstrate and explain ldquoWhen making a repeating pattern use two shapesmdashplace the first here then put the one that is different after it hellip Now lsquoreadrsquo the pattern with me helliprdquo
bullTeach about a variety of complex patterns ABB ABC patterns with items that have more than one attribute (yellow cube blue sphere hellip) and growing patterns Name the pattern and units
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 28
Cognitive 5 Compares and orders objects and events
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullIntentionally vary materials in the classroom and discuss differences (eg different color pitchers for juice walls that are different colors etc)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by one attribute (color or size) providing only two examples of that attribute (eg small and large)
bullProvide opportunities for children to share describe and compare familiar objects from home in one-on-one and small-group settings (eg all children bring in their favorite item related to a particular unit of study or project)
bullProvide materials to promote observation skills such as bookspictures in which you locate items in a group (eg ldquoI Spyrdquo books)
bullProvide visual sequence for familiar stories and allow children to manipulate and order plot sequence
bullProvide materials that vary by one attribute providing three to four graduated examples (eg small medium and large)
bullPost visual schedules for daily routines and refer to these throughout the day (schedule of the dayrsquos activities steps involved for cleaning up from snack)
bullProvide visual displays that promote comparisons (three bears that vary in size)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by visual attributes (such as length width gradations of color) providing five to 10 graduated examples
bullProvide more detailed visual sequences for daily learning experiences and facilitate the childrenrsquos involvement in ordering the process (eg ldquoAre these in the right order Do we water the plant first or do we put the seed in the dirt firstrdquo)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by nonvisible attributes such as time and weight sound
bullVary the classroom schedule to provide opportunities to compare time (eg provide a longer time outside on a sunny day and a short walk in drizzly weather)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 29
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullPrint a set of pictures of the children in the class and display near the classroom computer Show a duplicate set as a slideshow on the monitor Sit nearby and listen to childrenrsquos comments Point to matching pictures to prompt them to find the matches
bullAcknowledge when children spontaneously show order in their work ldquoThe lines on your painting start out long on this side and get gradually smaller as they move across the paperrdquo
bullTalk aloud about own reason for ordering something
bullMake verbal comparisons about objects or people ldquoJulio when I look at this photograph I can see that you and Desiree are the same height Rosa is shorter and Mia is the tallest
bullComment ldquoAlly you sequenced all the pictures to retell the storyrdquo
bullOrder blocks by weight Use comparison words to describemdashheavy heavier heaviest
bullldquoLetrsquos see how long it takes to put the blocks away todayrdquo Do this for several days and compare time
Med
iate
bullModel use of vocabulary mdash same and different
bullPrompt children to identify pairs of items that match or do not ldquoJulie can you help find Mariarsquos mitten It is red like this onerdquo
bullAsk children to find items in the classroom that are biglittle etc
bullUse musical instruments with children to explore concepts such as loudsoft and slowfast
bullTeach about opposites using a song and gestures to indicate updown overunder etc
bullAsk questions to get children to identify the smallest biggest etc
bullTake photographs of children engaging in a three step processes (Pouring milk drinking it and showing the empty glass) Make several sets and print Have children work in pairs They take turns ordering and then describing their reasoning to the peer
bullRead and have children act out stories such as The Three Bears that contain items that can be ordered
bullUse daily schedule chart to talk with a few children about the order of the daily routine Ask one child to describe what comes next to a peer who is new to the class
bullWhen asking a child ldquowhat comes nextrdquo allow sufficient time for the child to think about it and respond If needed give a hint ldquoItrsquos something we do when we are hungryrdquo
bullAsk questions to get a child to describe what he or she remembers about the order of events in a story
bullInvite children to draw representations of their family members Then ask them to order them from the smallest to largest Talk about the ages of these people Are they also in order from youngest to oldest Why do they think this is so
bullProvide feedback ldquoYou know that there is no school tomorrow How did you figure it outrdquo
bullHelp children to make connections to their own experiencesmdashldquoHave you ever tried to lift something very heavyrdquo
Dire
ct
bullUse a memory game with matching picture cards Demonstrate placing pictures in pairs Describe own actions ldquoI am placing these two cards together they have the same picture Thatrsquos a matchrdquo Have child help
bullDuring movement activities demonstrate moving your body from crouching low to the ground to a squat to standing to reaching up Have children imitate these movements Ask them to describe them as well
bullWhen child is playing with a group of nature items provide an ordering mat and request that the child arrange from longest to shortest If needed break task down ldquoFind the smallest item rdquo
bullProvide pictures of objects and have children compare them with regard to nonvisible attributes (A lion and a cat) mdashldquoWhich is louderrdquo (A brick and a balloon) mdash ldquoWhich is lighterrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 30
Cognitive 6 Relates number to quantity
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullIncorporate materials with numerals throughout the classroom (eg add footprints with numerals on the floor in high traffic areas)
bullUse number-related vocabulary when talking about the daily schedule For example ldquoWe have one minute until snack timerdquo
bullHand materials to students one at a time while counting instead of providing them with all materials at once
bullProvide sets of five to 10 objects similar objects
bullProvide multiple natural opportunities for counting during the daily routine (ldquoLetrsquos start with 10 raisins Help me countrdquo)
bullIncorporate songs that include counting
bullProvide opportunities within classroom routine for 1-to-1 correspondence (setting snack table with one napkin and one cup at each chair passing out materials to each child etc)
bullProvide materials to include opportunities for 1-to-1 correspondence (provide 20 cards and 20 envelopes 20 cars and 20 boxes that could be used as garages)
bullProvide sets of different materials with varying quantities (12 bears three horses three pigs and 20 chickens)
bullVary classroom arrangement to include opportunities to compare quantities (have more chairs at one table than another areas that accommodate more children etc)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 31
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe how many whenever the opportunity arises ldquoYou have two crackers mdash one in each handrdquo
bullModel use of number-related vocabulary as appropriate ldquoI need three cups at this table helliprdquo
bullComment ldquoMaria just counted to five There are five flowers in the vaserdquo
bullModel counting throughout the day and talk out loud about why ldquoI need to figure out how many muffins to make for snack tomorrow helliprdquo
bullModel counting children each day before going outside etc
bullDescribe the childrsquos actions ldquoYou used all the double-unit blocks to make this road I wonder how many it took 1 2 3hellip18rdquo
bullComment ldquoWe will need one smock for each child who is going to paintrdquo
bullProvide opportunities for children to be responsible for classroom duties that involve counting (While setting table for snack independently child will need to figure out how many cups are needed by counting children) Remain available if they need support
Med
iate
bullAsk child to give one more of something ldquoLily would you please hand me one more paintbrushrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into simple songs and finger-plays
bullTalk to child about number of body parts One nose two eyes hellip Expand childrsquos comments ldquoYes you have two eyes and many eyelashesrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into routines and games (Count each step as ascending stairs Count up to 10 while rolling a ball back and forth) Take turns counting
bullTeach strategies mdash ldquoLine up the cars as you count themrdquo ldquoTouch each chip as you say the numberrdquo
bullHave two children count together while they test their predictions of how many marbles are in the jar
bullInvite children to help set the tables for meals ldquoHow many plates are on the table How many cups will you need rdquo
bullEngage in play with children and incorporate counting into the play ldquoHow many chairs do we need for the babies Letrsquos make a garage for each of these cars helliprdquo
bullHave children draw objects to represent numbers
bullAsk a ldquoQuestion of the Dayrdquo (on any topic) and create a graph of childrenrsquos responses Then ask them to identify which is more or less
bullReflect with children after they engage in an activity Have them describe their process Ask questions to prompt their thinking ldquoHow did you come up with that numberrdquo ldquoHow do you know there are morerdquo
Dire
ct
bullHave child repeat numbers as you count something out loud
bullHold childrsquos hands and count as she jumps up and down
bullProvide cards with numerals to indicate serving size at snack ldquoSee the three You may start with three crackersrdquo
bullTell child ldquoWersquore going to count the shells to find out how many there are all together When we count we always start with the number onehelliprdquo
bullAssign a helper to count the number of children present each day
bullProvide a collection of objects to be counted Direct the child to count how many there are Listen for accuracy If the child gets to a point where he canrsquot go further model saying the remaining numbers
bullHave a child help gather materials for a project Give them instructions ldquoPlease go get 15 straws and five pieces of red paperrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 32
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage communication (such as two toy telephones)
bullAllow time during teacher-directed activities for children to comment and share
bullChange something in the environment
bullProvide materials that produce a wide variety of sounds
bullCreate small-group opportunities with peers who have a variety of language levels
bullSing songs with children especially repetitive songs like Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed or Old MacDonald had a Farm
bullUse nursery rhymes
bullProvide opportunities for children to pretend to be someone else This encourages children to mimic the vocabulary facial expressions and body language that they see and hear from others These types of experiences encourage oral language interactions
bullPlay games such as I Spy Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar and Guess Who I Am
bullProvide story cards of a familiar story
bullProvide journals for children to record their experiences
bullProvide opportunities for children to have conversations with each other
bullProvide many opportunities for children to explain what they are doing tell others about their experiences and feelings and to share their thoughts
bullProvide tape recorders for children to record their own voices and stories
bullPlay games with rules and have children explain the rules to their peers
bullRead stories multiple timesbullInclude microphones old telephones puppets flannel boards and paper towel tubes in multiple play areasbullProvide picture books for children to tell their own storiesbullProvide props for role-playing and pretending
In any language
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 33
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullUse descriptive language when describing a childrsquos actions
bullModel target vocabulary while labeling items
bullUse pointing to bring childrsquos attention to what is being talked about
bullModel increasingly more advanced language
bullRepeat a comment made by a peer to increase childrsquos attention to what was said
bullProvide expectant looks to encourage a child to make a comment
bullModel conversations between adults or adult and a child Do so in close proximity to identified child
bullCreate opportunities for children to be engaged with peers on projects of mutual interest that require verbal communication
bullTake digital photos of children engaging in the classroom Create a slide-show to prompt a small group of viewers to reflect on and describe their experiences
Med
iate
bullFollow the childrsquos lead Comment on hisher actions
bullTalk with a child about objects and happenings in the here-and-now
bullWhen asking a question allow sufficient wait time (at least three to five seconds) for a response
bullUse gestures and facial expression while talking to give more clues to the meaning of a communication
bullRespond verbally to childrsquos nonverbal communications
bullRepeat and expand childrsquos comments
bullEncourage social interactions between identified children and more proficient peers
bullTalk about topics that children are presently engaged in and those that are of special interest
bullAsk an open-ended question allow wait time acknowledge and expand the childrsquos response
bullAsk children about recent experiences with their families Prompt them to tell more and help make connections to something going on at school
bullDuring unstructured activities be available and demonstrate interest in what the child is doing When the child initiates an interaction ask to elaborate (ldquoTell me more rdquo) When a follow up comment is made expand the statement and respond to the content of what the child has said
bullEngage a small group of children in educational dialogue Use the opportunity to build their understanding of a concept introduce advanced language promote high order thinking and make connections to their lives
bullConduct class meetings during which time children have opportunities to share their ideas and opinionsmdashand listen to their peersmdashon a topic that is important to the group
Dire
ct
bullModel short simple sentences when giving directions
bullWhen a child wants or needs something provide the words and encourage the child to repeat them
bullProvide the words for a child to use to communicate a need to a peer Instruct the child to repeat the words
bullCoach a child on important skills needed for effective communication ldquoLook at his face when you ask him hellip Give him time to answer you hellip Acknowledge that you are listening helliprdquo
bullProvide a prompt photograph or interesting object and have a child describe it Write the childrsquos words Ask open-ended questions to elicit increased use of descriptors
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 34
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullEnsure access to booksbullProvide books puppets felt
board materialsbullProvide small people houses
cars for pretend playbullAllow children to tell stories
and read to adults and peersbullProvide a consistent
predictable schedule with pictures and refer to it regularly use words like ldquofirst we did this and then we did this now we are doing thisrdquo
bullRead stories that reflect childrenrsquos cultural linguistic familial backgrounds and experiences
bullProvide books and materials that are linked to childrenrsquos interests and personal experiences
bullMatch dramatic play materials to stories being read
bullProvide materials linked to recently read books
bullCreate and display classroom-created books related to classroom experiences
bullAdjust the schedule to allow for a book reading that supports an unexpected experience children have just had eg observing a butterfly on the playground
bullIntroduce story-related vocabulary terms such as character and event during book readings
bullUse the words at other times such as when a child is telling a story explain that they are the character
bullProvide story-making materials to children have them read the stories to you listen for evidence of characters plot etc
bullEnsure that there is time and space for reading to children throughout the day
bullProvide wordless books that children can tell their story from
bullProvide materials such as flannel board pieces that reflect familiar stories
bullProvide opportunities for children to retell stories
bullRead stories over and over againbullProvide opportunities for children to have frequent conversation with adults and peersbullEncourage children to represent stories through a variety of materials art movement outdoor play etc
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
- Button 3
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- p7Link
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- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PERSONAL amp SOCIAL 7 21
PampS 7Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Worksplays alongside others Worksplays in association with another child
Worksplays cooperatively with a few others
Sustains cooperative activities with a range of children
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullComment about what another child is doing in order to bring the childrsquos attention to the peer ldquoLook Mario is pushing a truck toordquo
bullUse proximity to support a child to feel more comfortable playing near a less familiar peer
bullPoint out opportunities for play with peers ldquoI see the children are building a house with the big blocks over there (pointing)rdquo
bullModel interactive play and comment for child to hear ldquoIt really is fun when we splash in the water togetherrdquo
bullDescribe what children are doing in order to direct other childrenrsquos attention to them ldquoJoey Tia is asking you to be a passenger on her busrdquo (as Tia is looking at him and patting the seat next to her)
bullRead a story about cooperation
bullModel cooperative efforts as a member of a teaching team
bullComment to children about the contributions of the members of the larger school community
bullProvide support in the form of proximity when a child begins an interaction with a new peer Be ready to facilitate if not initially successful
Med
iate
bullPlay alongside a child and encourage interactions between self and child with common materials
bullSuggest to two children playing with same material ldquoMaybe you can make one huge pile of sand if you pour your sand togetherrdquo
bullComment when children are playing in proximity ldquoYou and Jenny are both playing with the puppetsrdquo
bullInvite the child to watch a peer who is more competent with a desired toy or material Suggest that the peer show the child how to use it
bullHelp child to enter into another childrsquos play with suggestions such as ldquoHere are some square blocks Maybe you could make a road How about telling her you are a road builder and see if she would like you to build a road to her houserdquo
bullDiscuss with small group of children the benefits of cooperation
bullJoin children in their play taking on a role along with the child Help to engage and then gradually withdraw from the activity maintaining proximity for support
bullAs children work together make connections by referring to concepts in book read earlier
bullWhen children want the same role suggest for example ldquoWe can have two crane operatorsrdquo
bullHelp the child identify a role for himher self ldquoWhat other jobs do people do in a restaurantrdquo
bullAsk willing peers to invite the child to join in their play Remain nearby to support the interaction
bullAsk questions to extend and encourage continued participation between a few children ldquoWhat is going to happen nextrdquo
bullStructure opportunities that require children to work together to achieve a meaningful outcome For example include children in a plan to move the block area so it is located closer to the dramatic play center Have them sketch a drawing of where things will go Make a list of needed materials etc
bullMake suggestions for the various roles that children can take as they enter into an ongoing play scenario
Dire
ct
bullTake the child by the hand and walk about the classroom describing the choices for play
bullInstruct children to include the child in their play and help negotiate roles for each
bullStructure activities for teamwork and assign small groups to work together on a task
bullWhen engaging in a cooking activity with a small group give each child a specific role and describe the tasks that they need to accomplish Include visuals also
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 22
Physical 2 Uses coordinated small-muscle movements
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for children to build strength in their hands by including objects such as bubble wrap tongs tweezers hole punch squirt bottles and turkey basters
bullEncourage children to rip paper as part of an activity
bullBe sure children are seated in a stable chair when completing fine motor activities and that their feet can be flat on the floor
bullHave children make large arm movements during music and movement
bullProvide animal grabbers bug catchers and wooden tongs for children to pick up objects
bullPlay games that allow children to crawl and creep on the floor Bearing weight on their hands and arms will help them develop the arches and muscles needed to write and manipulate objects
bullProvide stiff materials to practice cutting such as index cards sandpaper or magazine inserts
bullProvide non-paper items to cut such as straws or play dough
bullUse upright working surfaces to build strength such as easels vertical chalkboards flannel boards and Lite Brite
bullEncourage children to fold paper
bullTape paper to edge of a table when children are learning to cut Have them snip the end to make fringe
bullProvide a variety of types of scissors such as spring loaded
bullPlay games that involve eye hand coordination such as rolling a ball back and forth or catch magnetic fishing games pounding bench or bead frames
bullProvide small collage materials bullProvide lacing cards peg
boards toothpicks plastic knives to use with play dough screwdrivers stringing beads eye droppers stickers buttons
bullProvide many opportunities for using scissors
bullProvide pencils and fine line markers
bullProvide bean bags Koosh balls and hula hoops for tossing games
bullProvide a bowling setbullPlay catch with increasingly
smaller ballsbullEmbed writing materials into all
interest areas
bullComplete cooking activities with childrenbullEmbed fine motor materials in childrenrsquos areas of interestbullEncourage children to sort objects when cleaning upbullEmbed fine motor tools and materials that will help children develop a variety of skills and allow children at a variety of skill levels to
participate in a learning center eg large crayons and pencils and standard crayons and pencils
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 23
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullModel use of materials such as Duplos while in close proximity to child Describe own actions ldquoI am pulling really hard with both of my hands to get these two blocks apartrdquo
bullWrite in the mud with a stick Offer it to a child to try
bullSit with children during mealtimes Model and encourage use of tongs pitchers for pouring and safe knives for spreading and cutting
bullDescribe childrsquos actions ldquoYou fastened three snaps and put the doll clothes on all by yourselfrdquo
bullAcknowledge childrsquos effort as he tries to operate new puppet with limbs Sit quietly nearby and watch being available if he should decide to ask for support
bullPoint to bring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is capable of modeling a fine motor skill
bullModel writing and cutting often so children will see the proper form and technique
Med
iate
bullAsk two children to work together to remove the cover from a bin of toys
bullSuggest ldquoMaybe if you squeeze with both hands the glue will come outrdquo Later relate this to use of ketchup bottle
bullAssist by holding block tower stable while child adds one more
bullAsk children to scrunch material such as scarves used for music and movement
bullAsk children to crumble newspaper as part of a project (stuffing for a scarecrow snowman or 3D art project)
bullInvite a child to use a marker and paper to ldquodrawrdquo or ldquowriterdquo about an experience or observation
bullEngage children to play clapping games like ldquoMiss Mary Mackrdquo with a partner
bullConverse with a small group of children while cooking Comment on use of hands to pour sift stir
bullDraw thick straight lines with marker for child to cut on
bullHold paper while child practices cutting it in half
bullDraw a square around a complex picture for a child to cut it out
bullHave two children work collectively on a lacing or weaving activity
bullGive children real work to do within the classroom to further refine their motor skills They can replace marker caps disassemble small Lego structures etc
bullProvide pre-drawn shapes numerals and letters for child to look at when they want to copy for their own use
bullWhile watching a child cut or draw give a hint (if necessary) to help the child increase efficiency For example ldquoTry to lift the scissors off the table while you cutrdquo
bullAsk questions about childrsquos use of computer mouse ldquoHow do you get the arrow to go up Could you teach me how to move itrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate then have child imitate use of finger paint to make vertical lines at the easel while crossing the midline Provide finger tip brushes if tactile sensitive
bullGuide child to cut strip of stiff paper with dual-control training scissors
bullWhen child shows frustration with a task encourage her to talk about it ldquoTell me what yoursquore trying to dordquo
bullWhen teaching scissor skills teach each task in a sequential order and have child practice before moving to the next stage
bullDraw a simple shape while child watches then have child imitate
bullCreate a poster with printed words and pictures that show the steps to put on and zipper a jacket Discuss with children then post where they can observe when getting dressed to go outdoors
Use the book Red Lace Yellow Lace to help a child learn to tie shoes Use rhyming verse and illustrations to teach each step of the processTeach children how to use
leading hand (operating scissors) and support hand (holding and moving paper) in order to cut out shapes
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 24
Cognitive 2 Uses a variety of strategies to solve problems
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problems independently
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange room so children have defined spaces that support focus persistence and ongoing interactions with peers
bullArrange environment and materials to support cooperative play and small group so children observe others solving problems
bullAlter the schedule andor arrange the environment so that children have opportunities for small-group experiences with children who create and use alternative strategies to solve problems
bullIntroduce a new material that could be used to solve a problem after a child has successfully or unsuccessfully attempted to solve a problem
bullProvide multiple materials that can be used in a similar way to promote alternative strategies
bullArrange materials so there are increased opportunities for solving problems (limit materials remove paint brushes for easel remove one puzzle piece etc)
bullProvide materials that promote problem solving (eg gears marble works turkey basters and funnels for water play)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 25
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problemsindependently
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullTell child ldquoI notice you got frustrated and gave uprdquo
bullModify or provide a simpler task
bullModel private speech ldquoLet me see Whenever I try to do this it doesnrsquot seem to work I think I will try something differentrdquo
bullComment ldquoOh you did that just like Juan I bet therersquos another wayhelliprdquo Provide time for child to think and provide an expectant look
bullModel a new strategy Describe what is being tried and the outcome
bullComment ldquoI notice that you made a change It looks like this idea is workingrdquo
bullCreate a chart by taking pictures of a child successfully completing a common but difficult task Refer another child to it when she encounters the same challenge
bullModel thinking aloud when presented with a problem in the classroom For example ldquoI wonder how I am going to fit six children at this table I think I will move this shelf and add a chair here That should workrdquo
Med
iate
bullEncourage child to try again this time providing support to ensure success
bullAssist partially with the task and let child do the part that he or she is capable of
bullProvide two possible solutions and let child pick one
bullOffer to help the child solve a problem at hand
bullWait until the next time the child encounters the same problem and be prepared to co-construct for success (Child gets frustrated because block tower falls down The next time he enters block area join him and build it together)
bullSuggest an alternative strategy for a child to try
bullInvite the child to assist peer or teacher in solving the problem together
bullSuggest that child observe a peer who is using a successful strategy Encourage the peer to describe what is being done
bullAsk a child to explain his or her thinking Use writing or drawing as a way to capture the childrsquos ideas Expand on comments
bullWhen a child can almost get a puzzle piece to fit but begins to give up provide a hint for what to try
bullRemind child of a strategy he or she has used in a different situation Suggest trying that again to solve current problem
bullEngage in a back and forth exchange with a child about the problem-solving process ldquoDo you think that might work Tell me how Why do you think helliprdquo
bullStructure a task that allows for multiple approaches Identify possible solutions with children and write them down Have each child try one strategy while peers observe and comment
bullAsk children for their ideas to help the teacher figure out how to approach a challenge or problem in the classroom
bullEngage a small group of children in a dialogue about differing perspectives Ask a series of questions to encourage children to describe their thinking Help children come to an understanding that there is more than one ldquoright wayrdquo to approach a problem
bullCreate an ldquoAsk the Expertsrdquo class book or poster Identify with children those things that they are each good at Can be used as a reference when a child needs help with a task
Dire
ct
bullDo the task for the child while showing how and describing each step
bullDemonstrate a different strategy and ask the child to try it
bullDescribe an alternative strategy and direct child to try it
bullHave a child teach a skill to a peer Coach her how to give step-by-step directions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 26
Cognitive 4 Recognizes and makes patterns
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullCreate patterns using pieces of the environment egpull up one window shade leave the next one down etc alternate chair colors at tablesmdashred blue red
bullProvide materials that can be used to create patterns through the use of sound vision and touch
bullBring in materials that have patterns in them display items and allow children to explore eg woven baskets dish towels pieces of cloth
bullCreate patterns using childrenrsquos clothing or physical characteristics take photos of the pattern so children can observe and repeat it
bullUse morning meeting time to identify patterns in the daily or weekly schedule
bullEmbed pattern activities into small group
bullAllow children to create patterns across a large space the entire block rug or the whole room
bullEncourage children to use outdoor play as an opportunity to create a pattern
bullProvide materials that have several characteristics that can be used to create a pattern such as cars that are various sizes and colors
bullProvide writing materials so that children can record their patterns through pictures or words
bullProvide patterning materials in multiple areas of the classroombullProvide items that have similar and different characteristics in multiple interest areas in the classroom
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 27
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe ldquoYou chose a blue crayon That is the same color as your pantsrdquo
bullComment ldquoI notice that you have two bears They look different One is yellow and one is purplerdquo
bullModel placing items into an AB pattern near where a child is using the same materials Name the pattern
bullComment ldquoYou found all the cars and planes that are the same as mine I lined these up in a pattern car plane car plane hellip You lined yours up differentlyrdquo
bullComment ldquoYou made a pattern just like my model You are able to continue and describe a simple pattern I bet you can create one of your ownrdquo
bullModel and name movement patterns when singing or chanting with children (clap and tap)
bullProvide a variety of natural materials for children to observe near the art area Watch to see if they incorporate the idea of pattern into their work
bullModel using a musical instrument to create an ABB pattern Describe it ldquoLoud soft soft helliprdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoSee this round pasta ldquoCan you find one that is the same shapehellip a different kindrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoYou choose the color that you like best and I will help you find some more that are the samerdquo
bullUse descriptive language when talking to a child about attributes of objects in the immediate environment Provide experiences for children to practice identifying things that are alike (match games finding pairs)
bullProbe ldquoCould you try to copy my patternrdquo
bullRecommend ldquoWhat if you match them up side by side Letrsquos name them out loud so you can hear the pattern mdash circle star circle star helliprdquo
bullEngage children in conversations about the patterns in their environment While walking outside point out patterns in the sidewalk fences and brick walls
bullAs child is trying to repeat a model pattern provide a hint if needed ldquoLook here you put the blue one lastrdquo
bullEncourage ldquoWhat if you pick two items and make a unit Next Irsquoll copy yours When we put them together wersquoll have a pattern Now keep extending it You did itrdquo
bullPrompt ldquoCan you describe your arrangementrdquo
bullHave two children work together to create a pattern with dot markers They take turns making their marks on a paper strip and notice that a pattern occurs Discuss with them the importance of placement on the paper and the order of their marksrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoDo you think that you could create a new pattern for someone to duplicate You could tell her about it then ask her to copy itrdquo
bullAfter a child creates a movement pattern (hop clap spin) represent the idea by writing the words on chart paper Help the child read the words Add pictures or the childrsquos drawings to go with the words Encourage other children to try Have them use the chart and demonstrate their movements to teach peers
Dire
ct
bullTell ldquoWatch me slide all of these green beads onto this string You can do it too What color do you want to userdquo
bullldquoFind all the seeds that look like this (show one) and put them together into this bowlrdquo
bullShow then tell ldquoFirst I put all the cows here and the pigs here next watch how I alternate them as I line them up cow pig cow pig hellip Can you do the samerdquo
bullDemonstrate and explain ldquoWhen making a repeating pattern use two shapesmdashplace the first here then put the one that is different after it hellip Now lsquoreadrsquo the pattern with me helliprdquo
bullTeach about a variety of complex patterns ABB ABC patterns with items that have more than one attribute (yellow cube blue sphere hellip) and growing patterns Name the pattern and units
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 28
Cognitive 5 Compares and orders objects and events
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullIntentionally vary materials in the classroom and discuss differences (eg different color pitchers for juice walls that are different colors etc)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by one attribute (color or size) providing only two examples of that attribute (eg small and large)
bullProvide opportunities for children to share describe and compare familiar objects from home in one-on-one and small-group settings (eg all children bring in their favorite item related to a particular unit of study or project)
bullProvide materials to promote observation skills such as bookspictures in which you locate items in a group (eg ldquoI Spyrdquo books)
bullProvide visual sequence for familiar stories and allow children to manipulate and order plot sequence
bullProvide materials that vary by one attribute providing three to four graduated examples (eg small medium and large)
bullPost visual schedules for daily routines and refer to these throughout the day (schedule of the dayrsquos activities steps involved for cleaning up from snack)
bullProvide visual displays that promote comparisons (three bears that vary in size)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by visual attributes (such as length width gradations of color) providing five to 10 graduated examples
bullProvide more detailed visual sequences for daily learning experiences and facilitate the childrenrsquos involvement in ordering the process (eg ldquoAre these in the right order Do we water the plant first or do we put the seed in the dirt firstrdquo)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by nonvisible attributes such as time and weight sound
bullVary the classroom schedule to provide opportunities to compare time (eg provide a longer time outside on a sunny day and a short walk in drizzly weather)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 29
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullPrint a set of pictures of the children in the class and display near the classroom computer Show a duplicate set as a slideshow on the monitor Sit nearby and listen to childrenrsquos comments Point to matching pictures to prompt them to find the matches
bullAcknowledge when children spontaneously show order in their work ldquoThe lines on your painting start out long on this side and get gradually smaller as they move across the paperrdquo
bullTalk aloud about own reason for ordering something
bullMake verbal comparisons about objects or people ldquoJulio when I look at this photograph I can see that you and Desiree are the same height Rosa is shorter and Mia is the tallest
bullComment ldquoAlly you sequenced all the pictures to retell the storyrdquo
bullOrder blocks by weight Use comparison words to describemdashheavy heavier heaviest
bullldquoLetrsquos see how long it takes to put the blocks away todayrdquo Do this for several days and compare time
Med
iate
bullModel use of vocabulary mdash same and different
bullPrompt children to identify pairs of items that match or do not ldquoJulie can you help find Mariarsquos mitten It is red like this onerdquo
bullAsk children to find items in the classroom that are biglittle etc
bullUse musical instruments with children to explore concepts such as loudsoft and slowfast
bullTeach about opposites using a song and gestures to indicate updown overunder etc
bullAsk questions to get children to identify the smallest biggest etc
bullTake photographs of children engaging in a three step processes (Pouring milk drinking it and showing the empty glass) Make several sets and print Have children work in pairs They take turns ordering and then describing their reasoning to the peer
bullRead and have children act out stories such as The Three Bears that contain items that can be ordered
bullUse daily schedule chart to talk with a few children about the order of the daily routine Ask one child to describe what comes next to a peer who is new to the class
bullWhen asking a child ldquowhat comes nextrdquo allow sufficient time for the child to think about it and respond If needed give a hint ldquoItrsquos something we do when we are hungryrdquo
bullAsk questions to get a child to describe what he or she remembers about the order of events in a story
bullInvite children to draw representations of their family members Then ask them to order them from the smallest to largest Talk about the ages of these people Are they also in order from youngest to oldest Why do they think this is so
bullProvide feedback ldquoYou know that there is no school tomorrow How did you figure it outrdquo
bullHelp children to make connections to their own experiencesmdashldquoHave you ever tried to lift something very heavyrdquo
Dire
ct
bullUse a memory game with matching picture cards Demonstrate placing pictures in pairs Describe own actions ldquoI am placing these two cards together they have the same picture Thatrsquos a matchrdquo Have child help
bullDuring movement activities demonstrate moving your body from crouching low to the ground to a squat to standing to reaching up Have children imitate these movements Ask them to describe them as well
bullWhen child is playing with a group of nature items provide an ordering mat and request that the child arrange from longest to shortest If needed break task down ldquoFind the smallest item rdquo
bullProvide pictures of objects and have children compare them with regard to nonvisible attributes (A lion and a cat) mdashldquoWhich is louderrdquo (A brick and a balloon) mdash ldquoWhich is lighterrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 30
Cognitive 6 Relates number to quantity
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullIncorporate materials with numerals throughout the classroom (eg add footprints with numerals on the floor in high traffic areas)
bullUse number-related vocabulary when talking about the daily schedule For example ldquoWe have one minute until snack timerdquo
bullHand materials to students one at a time while counting instead of providing them with all materials at once
bullProvide sets of five to 10 objects similar objects
bullProvide multiple natural opportunities for counting during the daily routine (ldquoLetrsquos start with 10 raisins Help me countrdquo)
bullIncorporate songs that include counting
bullProvide opportunities within classroom routine for 1-to-1 correspondence (setting snack table with one napkin and one cup at each chair passing out materials to each child etc)
bullProvide materials to include opportunities for 1-to-1 correspondence (provide 20 cards and 20 envelopes 20 cars and 20 boxes that could be used as garages)
bullProvide sets of different materials with varying quantities (12 bears three horses three pigs and 20 chickens)
bullVary classroom arrangement to include opportunities to compare quantities (have more chairs at one table than another areas that accommodate more children etc)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 31
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe how many whenever the opportunity arises ldquoYou have two crackers mdash one in each handrdquo
bullModel use of number-related vocabulary as appropriate ldquoI need three cups at this table helliprdquo
bullComment ldquoMaria just counted to five There are five flowers in the vaserdquo
bullModel counting throughout the day and talk out loud about why ldquoI need to figure out how many muffins to make for snack tomorrow helliprdquo
bullModel counting children each day before going outside etc
bullDescribe the childrsquos actions ldquoYou used all the double-unit blocks to make this road I wonder how many it took 1 2 3hellip18rdquo
bullComment ldquoWe will need one smock for each child who is going to paintrdquo
bullProvide opportunities for children to be responsible for classroom duties that involve counting (While setting table for snack independently child will need to figure out how many cups are needed by counting children) Remain available if they need support
Med
iate
bullAsk child to give one more of something ldquoLily would you please hand me one more paintbrushrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into simple songs and finger-plays
bullTalk to child about number of body parts One nose two eyes hellip Expand childrsquos comments ldquoYes you have two eyes and many eyelashesrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into routines and games (Count each step as ascending stairs Count up to 10 while rolling a ball back and forth) Take turns counting
bullTeach strategies mdash ldquoLine up the cars as you count themrdquo ldquoTouch each chip as you say the numberrdquo
bullHave two children count together while they test their predictions of how many marbles are in the jar
bullInvite children to help set the tables for meals ldquoHow many plates are on the table How many cups will you need rdquo
bullEngage in play with children and incorporate counting into the play ldquoHow many chairs do we need for the babies Letrsquos make a garage for each of these cars helliprdquo
bullHave children draw objects to represent numbers
bullAsk a ldquoQuestion of the Dayrdquo (on any topic) and create a graph of childrenrsquos responses Then ask them to identify which is more or less
bullReflect with children after they engage in an activity Have them describe their process Ask questions to prompt their thinking ldquoHow did you come up with that numberrdquo ldquoHow do you know there are morerdquo
Dire
ct
bullHave child repeat numbers as you count something out loud
bullHold childrsquos hands and count as she jumps up and down
bullProvide cards with numerals to indicate serving size at snack ldquoSee the three You may start with three crackersrdquo
bullTell child ldquoWersquore going to count the shells to find out how many there are all together When we count we always start with the number onehelliprdquo
bullAssign a helper to count the number of children present each day
bullProvide a collection of objects to be counted Direct the child to count how many there are Listen for accuracy If the child gets to a point where he canrsquot go further model saying the remaining numbers
bullHave a child help gather materials for a project Give them instructions ldquoPlease go get 15 straws and five pieces of red paperrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 32
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage communication (such as two toy telephones)
bullAllow time during teacher-directed activities for children to comment and share
bullChange something in the environment
bullProvide materials that produce a wide variety of sounds
bullCreate small-group opportunities with peers who have a variety of language levels
bullSing songs with children especially repetitive songs like Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed or Old MacDonald had a Farm
bullUse nursery rhymes
bullProvide opportunities for children to pretend to be someone else This encourages children to mimic the vocabulary facial expressions and body language that they see and hear from others These types of experiences encourage oral language interactions
bullPlay games such as I Spy Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar and Guess Who I Am
bullProvide story cards of a familiar story
bullProvide journals for children to record their experiences
bullProvide opportunities for children to have conversations with each other
bullProvide many opportunities for children to explain what they are doing tell others about their experiences and feelings and to share their thoughts
bullProvide tape recorders for children to record their own voices and stories
bullPlay games with rules and have children explain the rules to their peers
bullRead stories multiple timesbullInclude microphones old telephones puppets flannel boards and paper towel tubes in multiple play areasbullProvide picture books for children to tell their own storiesbullProvide props for role-playing and pretending
In any language
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 33
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullUse descriptive language when describing a childrsquos actions
bullModel target vocabulary while labeling items
bullUse pointing to bring childrsquos attention to what is being talked about
bullModel increasingly more advanced language
bullRepeat a comment made by a peer to increase childrsquos attention to what was said
bullProvide expectant looks to encourage a child to make a comment
bullModel conversations between adults or adult and a child Do so in close proximity to identified child
bullCreate opportunities for children to be engaged with peers on projects of mutual interest that require verbal communication
bullTake digital photos of children engaging in the classroom Create a slide-show to prompt a small group of viewers to reflect on and describe their experiences
Med
iate
bullFollow the childrsquos lead Comment on hisher actions
bullTalk with a child about objects and happenings in the here-and-now
bullWhen asking a question allow sufficient wait time (at least three to five seconds) for a response
bullUse gestures and facial expression while talking to give more clues to the meaning of a communication
bullRespond verbally to childrsquos nonverbal communications
bullRepeat and expand childrsquos comments
bullEncourage social interactions between identified children and more proficient peers
bullTalk about topics that children are presently engaged in and those that are of special interest
bullAsk an open-ended question allow wait time acknowledge and expand the childrsquos response
bullAsk children about recent experiences with their families Prompt them to tell more and help make connections to something going on at school
bullDuring unstructured activities be available and demonstrate interest in what the child is doing When the child initiates an interaction ask to elaborate (ldquoTell me more rdquo) When a follow up comment is made expand the statement and respond to the content of what the child has said
bullEngage a small group of children in educational dialogue Use the opportunity to build their understanding of a concept introduce advanced language promote high order thinking and make connections to their lives
bullConduct class meetings during which time children have opportunities to share their ideas and opinionsmdashand listen to their peersmdashon a topic that is important to the group
Dire
ct
bullModel short simple sentences when giving directions
bullWhen a child wants or needs something provide the words and encourage the child to repeat them
bullProvide the words for a child to use to communicate a need to a peer Instruct the child to repeat the words
bullCoach a child on important skills needed for effective communication ldquoLook at his face when you ask him hellip Give him time to answer you hellip Acknowledge that you are listening helliprdquo
bullProvide a prompt photograph or interesting object and have a child describe it Write the childrsquos words Ask open-ended questions to elicit increased use of descriptors
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 34
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullEnsure access to booksbullProvide books puppets felt
board materialsbullProvide small people houses
cars for pretend playbullAllow children to tell stories
and read to adults and peersbullProvide a consistent
predictable schedule with pictures and refer to it regularly use words like ldquofirst we did this and then we did this now we are doing thisrdquo
bullRead stories that reflect childrenrsquos cultural linguistic familial backgrounds and experiences
bullProvide books and materials that are linked to childrenrsquos interests and personal experiences
bullMatch dramatic play materials to stories being read
bullProvide materials linked to recently read books
bullCreate and display classroom-created books related to classroom experiences
bullAdjust the schedule to allow for a book reading that supports an unexpected experience children have just had eg observing a butterfly on the playground
bullIntroduce story-related vocabulary terms such as character and event during book readings
bullUse the words at other times such as when a child is telling a story explain that they are the character
bullProvide story-making materials to children have them read the stories to you listen for evidence of characters plot etc
bullEnsure that there is time and space for reading to children throughout the day
bullProvide wordless books that children can tell their story from
bullProvide materials such as flannel board pieces that reflect familiar stories
bullProvide opportunities for children to retell stories
bullRead stories over and over againbullProvide opportunities for children to have frequent conversation with adults and peersbullEncourage children to represent stories through a variety of materials art movement outdoor play etc
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
- Button 3
-
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- p7Link
- Direct 3
- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
- PRevious view 9
-
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 22
Physical 2 Uses coordinated small-muscle movements
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for children to build strength in their hands by including objects such as bubble wrap tongs tweezers hole punch squirt bottles and turkey basters
bullEncourage children to rip paper as part of an activity
bullBe sure children are seated in a stable chair when completing fine motor activities and that their feet can be flat on the floor
bullHave children make large arm movements during music and movement
bullProvide animal grabbers bug catchers and wooden tongs for children to pick up objects
bullPlay games that allow children to crawl and creep on the floor Bearing weight on their hands and arms will help them develop the arches and muscles needed to write and manipulate objects
bullProvide stiff materials to practice cutting such as index cards sandpaper or magazine inserts
bullProvide non-paper items to cut such as straws or play dough
bullUse upright working surfaces to build strength such as easels vertical chalkboards flannel boards and Lite Brite
bullEncourage children to fold paper
bullTape paper to edge of a table when children are learning to cut Have them snip the end to make fringe
bullProvide a variety of types of scissors such as spring loaded
bullPlay games that involve eye hand coordination such as rolling a ball back and forth or catch magnetic fishing games pounding bench or bead frames
bullProvide small collage materials bullProvide lacing cards peg
boards toothpicks plastic knives to use with play dough screwdrivers stringing beads eye droppers stickers buttons
bullProvide many opportunities for using scissors
bullProvide pencils and fine line markers
bullProvide bean bags Koosh balls and hula hoops for tossing games
bullProvide a bowling setbullPlay catch with increasingly
smaller ballsbullEmbed writing materials into all
interest areas
bullComplete cooking activities with childrenbullEmbed fine motor materials in childrenrsquos areas of interestbullEncourage children to sort objects when cleaning upbullEmbed fine motor tools and materials that will help children develop a variety of skills and allow children at a variety of skill levels to
participate in a learning center eg large crayons and pencils and standard crayons and pencils
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 23
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullModel use of materials such as Duplos while in close proximity to child Describe own actions ldquoI am pulling really hard with both of my hands to get these two blocks apartrdquo
bullWrite in the mud with a stick Offer it to a child to try
bullSit with children during mealtimes Model and encourage use of tongs pitchers for pouring and safe knives for spreading and cutting
bullDescribe childrsquos actions ldquoYou fastened three snaps and put the doll clothes on all by yourselfrdquo
bullAcknowledge childrsquos effort as he tries to operate new puppet with limbs Sit quietly nearby and watch being available if he should decide to ask for support
bullPoint to bring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is capable of modeling a fine motor skill
bullModel writing and cutting often so children will see the proper form and technique
Med
iate
bullAsk two children to work together to remove the cover from a bin of toys
bullSuggest ldquoMaybe if you squeeze with both hands the glue will come outrdquo Later relate this to use of ketchup bottle
bullAssist by holding block tower stable while child adds one more
bullAsk children to scrunch material such as scarves used for music and movement
bullAsk children to crumble newspaper as part of a project (stuffing for a scarecrow snowman or 3D art project)
bullInvite a child to use a marker and paper to ldquodrawrdquo or ldquowriterdquo about an experience or observation
bullEngage children to play clapping games like ldquoMiss Mary Mackrdquo with a partner
bullConverse with a small group of children while cooking Comment on use of hands to pour sift stir
bullDraw thick straight lines with marker for child to cut on
bullHold paper while child practices cutting it in half
bullDraw a square around a complex picture for a child to cut it out
bullHave two children work collectively on a lacing or weaving activity
bullGive children real work to do within the classroom to further refine their motor skills They can replace marker caps disassemble small Lego structures etc
bullProvide pre-drawn shapes numerals and letters for child to look at when they want to copy for their own use
bullWhile watching a child cut or draw give a hint (if necessary) to help the child increase efficiency For example ldquoTry to lift the scissors off the table while you cutrdquo
bullAsk questions about childrsquos use of computer mouse ldquoHow do you get the arrow to go up Could you teach me how to move itrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate then have child imitate use of finger paint to make vertical lines at the easel while crossing the midline Provide finger tip brushes if tactile sensitive
bullGuide child to cut strip of stiff paper with dual-control training scissors
bullWhen child shows frustration with a task encourage her to talk about it ldquoTell me what yoursquore trying to dordquo
bullWhen teaching scissor skills teach each task in a sequential order and have child practice before moving to the next stage
bullDraw a simple shape while child watches then have child imitate
bullCreate a poster with printed words and pictures that show the steps to put on and zipper a jacket Discuss with children then post where they can observe when getting dressed to go outdoors
Use the book Red Lace Yellow Lace to help a child learn to tie shoes Use rhyming verse and illustrations to teach each step of the processTeach children how to use
leading hand (operating scissors) and support hand (holding and moving paper) in order to cut out shapes
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 24
Cognitive 2 Uses a variety of strategies to solve problems
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problems independently
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange room so children have defined spaces that support focus persistence and ongoing interactions with peers
bullArrange environment and materials to support cooperative play and small group so children observe others solving problems
bullAlter the schedule andor arrange the environment so that children have opportunities for small-group experiences with children who create and use alternative strategies to solve problems
bullIntroduce a new material that could be used to solve a problem after a child has successfully or unsuccessfully attempted to solve a problem
bullProvide multiple materials that can be used in a similar way to promote alternative strategies
bullArrange materials so there are increased opportunities for solving problems (limit materials remove paint brushes for easel remove one puzzle piece etc)
bullProvide materials that promote problem solving (eg gears marble works turkey basters and funnels for water play)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 25
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problemsindependently
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullTell child ldquoI notice you got frustrated and gave uprdquo
bullModify or provide a simpler task
bullModel private speech ldquoLet me see Whenever I try to do this it doesnrsquot seem to work I think I will try something differentrdquo
bullComment ldquoOh you did that just like Juan I bet therersquos another wayhelliprdquo Provide time for child to think and provide an expectant look
bullModel a new strategy Describe what is being tried and the outcome
bullComment ldquoI notice that you made a change It looks like this idea is workingrdquo
bullCreate a chart by taking pictures of a child successfully completing a common but difficult task Refer another child to it when she encounters the same challenge
bullModel thinking aloud when presented with a problem in the classroom For example ldquoI wonder how I am going to fit six children at this table I think I will move this shelf and add a chair here That should workrdquo
Med
iate
bullEncourage child to try again this time providing support to ensure success
bullAssist partially with the task and let child do the part that he or she is capable of
bullProvide two possible solutions and let child pick one
bullOffer to help the child solve a problem at hand
bullWait until the next time the child encounters the same problem and be prepared to co-construct for success (Child gets frustrated because block tower falls down The next time he enters block area join him and build it together)
bullSuggest an alternative strategy for a child to try
bullInvite the child to assist peer or teacher in solving the problem together
bullSuggest that child observe a peer who is using a successful strategy Encourage the peer to describe what is being done
bullAsk a child to explain his or her thinking Use writing or drawing as a way to capture the childrsquos ideas Expand on comments
bullWhen a child can almost get a puzzle piece to fit but begins to give up provide a hint for what to try
bullRemind child of a strategy he or she has used in a different situation Suggest trying that again to solve current problem
bullEngage in a back and forth exchange with a child about the problem-solving process ldquoDo you think that might work Tell me how Why do you think helliprdquo
bullStructure a task that allows for multiple approaches Identify possible solutions with children and write them down Have each child try one strategy while peers observe and comment
bullAsk children for their ideas to help the teacher figure out how to approach a challenge or problem in the classroom
bullEngage a small group of children in a dialogue about differing perspectives Ask a series of questions to encourage children to describe their thinking Help children come to an understanding that there is more than one ldquoright wayrdquo to approach a problem
bullCreate an ldquoAsk the Expertsrdquo class book or poster Identify with children those things that they are each good at Can be used as a reference when a child needs help with a task
Dire
ct
bullDo the task for the child while showing how and describing each step
bullDemonstrate a different strategy and ask the child to try it
bullDescribe an alternative strategy and direct child to try it
bullHave a child teach a skill to a peer Coach her how to give step-by-step directions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 26
Cognitive 4 Recognizes and makes patterns
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullCreate patterns using pieces of the environment egpull up one window shade leave the next one down etc alternate chair colors at tablesmdashred blue red
bullProvide materials that can be used to create patterns through the use of sound vision and touch
bullBring in materials that have patterns in them display items and allow children to explore eg woven baskets dish towels pieces of cloth
bullCreate patterns using childrenrsquos clothing or physical characteristics take photos of the pattern so children can observe and repeat it
bullUse morning meeting time to identify patterns in the daily or weekly schedule
bullEmbed pattern activities into small group
bullAllow children to create patterns across a large space the entire block rug or the whole room
bullEncourage children to use outdoor play as an opportunity to create a pattern
bullProvide materials that have several characteristics that can be used to create a pattern such as cars that are various sizes and colors
bullProvide writing materials so that children can record their patterns through pictures or words
bullProvide patterning materials in multiple areas of the classroombullProvide items that have similar and different characteristics in multiple interest areas in the classroom
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 27
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
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rovi
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ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe ldquoYou chose a blue crayon That is the same color as your pantsrdquo
bullComment ldquoI notice that you have two bears They look different One is yellow and one is purplerdquo
bullModel placing items into an AB pattern near where a child is using the same materials Name the pattern
bullComment ldquoYou found all the cars and planes that are the same as mine I lined these up in a pattern car plane car plane hellip You lined yours up differentlyrdquo
bullComment ldquoYou made a pattern just like my model You are able to continue and describe a simple pattern I bet you can create one of your ownrdquo
bullModel and name movement patterns when singing or chanting with children (clap and tap)
bullProvide a variety of natural materials for children to observe near the art area Watch to see if they incorporate the idea of pattern into their work
bullModel using a musical instrument to create an ABB pattern Describe it ldquoLoud soft soft helliprdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoSee this round pasta ldquoCan you find one that is the same shapehellip a different kindrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoYou choose the color that you like best and I will help you find some more that are the samerdquo
bullUse descriptive language when talking to a child about attributes of objects in the immediate environment Provide experiences for children to practice identifying things that are alike (match games finding pairs)
bullProbe ldquoCould you try to copy my patternrdquo
bullRecommend ldquoWhat if you match them up side by side Letrsquos name them out loud so you can hear the pattern mdash circle star circle star helliprdquo
bullEngage children in conversations about the patterns in their environment While walking outside point out patterns in the sidewalk fences and brick walls
bullAs child is trying to repeat a model pattern provide a hint if needed ldquoLook here you put the blue one lastrdquo
bullEncourage ldquoWhat if you pick two items and make a unit Next Irsquoll copy yours When we put them together wersquoll have a pattern Now keep extending it You did itrdquo
bullPrompt ldquoCan you describe your arrangementrdquo
bullHave two children work together to create a pattern with dot markers They take turns making their marks on a paper strip and notice that a pattern occurs Discuss with them the importance of placement on the paper and the order of their marksrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoDo you think that you could create a new pattern for someone to duplicate You could tell her about it then ask her to copy itrdquo
bullAfter a child creates a movement pattern (hop clap spin) represent the idea by writing the words on chart paper Help the child read the words Add pictures or the childrsquos drawings to go with the words Encourage other children to try Have them use the chart and demonstrate their movements to teach peers
Dire
ct
bullTell ldquoWatch me slide all of these green beads onto this string You can do it too What color do you want to userdquo
bullldquoFind all the seeds that look like this (show one) and put them together into this bowlrdquo
bullShow then tell ldquoFirst I put all the cows here and the pigs here next watch how I alternate them as I line them up cow pig cow pig hellip Can you do the samerdquo
bullDemonstrate and explain ldquoWhen making a repeating pattern use two shapesmdashplace the first here then put the one that is different after it hellip Now lsquoreadrsquo the pattern with me helliprdquo
bullTeach about a variety of complex patterns ABB ABC patterns with items that have more than one attribute (yellow cube blue sphere hellip) and growing patterns Name the pattern and units
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 28
Cognitive 5 Compares and orders objects and events
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullIntentionally vary materials in the classroom and discuss differences (eg different color pitchers for juice walls that are different colors etc)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by one attribute (color or size) providing only two examples of that attribute (eg small and large)
bullProvide opportunities for children to share describe and compare familiar objects from home in one-on-one and small-group settings (eg all children bring in their favorite item related to a particular unit of study or project)
bullProvide materials to promote observation skills such as bookspictures in which you locate items in a group (eg ldquoI Spyrdquo books)
bullProvide visual sequence for familiar stories and allow children to manipulate and order plot sequence
bullProvide materials that vary by one attribute providing three to four graduated examples (eg small medium and large)
bullPost visual schedules for daily routines and refer to these throughout the day (schedule of the dayrsquos activities steps involved for cleaning up from snack)
bullProvide visual displays that promote comparisons (three bears that vary in size)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by visual attributes (such as length width gradations of color) providing five to 10 graduated examples
bullProvide more detailed visual sequences for daily learning experiences and facilitate the childrenrsquos involvement in ordering the process (eg ldquoAre these in the right order Do we water the plant first or do we put the seed in the dirt firstrdquo)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by nonvisible attributes such as time and weight sound
bullVary the classroom schedule to provide opportunities to compare time (eg provide a longer time outside on a sunny day and a short walk in drizzly weather)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 29
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullPrint a set of pictures of the children in the class and display near the classroom computer Show a duplicate set as a slideshow on the monitor Sit nearby and listen to childrenrsquos comments Point to matching pictures to prompt them to find the matches
bullAcknowledge when children spontaneously show order in their work ldquoThe lines on your painting start out long on this side and get gradually smaller as they move across the paperrdquo
bullTalk aloud about own reason for ordering something
bullMake verbal comparisons about objects or people ldquoJulio when I look at this photograph I can see that you and Desiree are the same height Rosa is shorter and Mia is the tallest
bullComment ldquoAlly you sequenced all the pictures to retell the storyrdquo
bullOrder blocks by weight Use comparison words to describemdashheavy heavier heaviest
bullldquoLetrsquos see how long it takes to put the blocks away todayrdquo Do this for several days and compare time
Med
iate
bullModel use of vocabulary mdash same and different
bullPrompt children to identify pairs of items that match or do not ldquoJulie can you help find Mariarsquos mitten It is red like this onerdquo
bullAsk children to find items in the classroom that are biglittle etc
bullUse musical instruments with children to explore concepts such as loudsoft and slowfast
bullTeach about opposites using a song and gestures to indicate updown overunder etc
bullAsk questions to get children to identify the smallest biggest etc
bullTake photographs of children engaging in a three step processes (Pouring milk drinking it and showing the empty glass) Make several sets and print Have children work in pairs They take turns ordering and then describing their reasoning to the peer
bullRead and have children act out stories such as The Three Bears that contain items that can be ordered
bullUse daily schedule chart to talk with a few children about the order of the daily routine Ask one child to describe what comes next to a peer who is new to the class
bullWhen asking a child ldquowhat comes nextrdquo allow sufficient time for the child to think about it and respond If needed give a hint ldquoItrsquos something we do when we are hungryrdquo
bullAsk questions to get a child to describe what he or she remembers about the order of events in a story
bullInvite children to draw representations of their family members Then ask them to order them from the smallest to largest Talk about the ages of these people Are they also in order from youngest to oldest Why do they think this is so
bullProvide feedback ldquoYou know that there is no school tomorrow How did you figure it outrdquo
bullHelp children to make connections to their own experiencesmdashldquoHave you ever tried to lift something very heavyrdquo
Dire
ct
bullUse a memory game with matching picture cards Demonstrate placing pictures in pairs Describe own actions ldquoI am placing these two cards together they have the same picture Thatrsquos a matchrdquo Have child help
bullDuring movement activities demonstrate moving your body from crouching low to the ground to a squat to standing to reaching up Have children imitate these movements Ask them to describe them as well
bullWhen child is playing with a group of nature items provide an ordering mat and request that the child arrange from longest to shortest If needed break task down ldquoFind the smallest item rdquo
bullProvide pictures of objects and have children compare them with regard to nonvisible attributes (A lion and a cat) mdashldquoWhich is louderrdquo (A brick and a balloon) mdash ldquoWhich is lighterrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 30
Cognitive 6 Relates number to quantity
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullIncorporate materials with numerals throughout the classroom (eg add footprints with numerals on the floor in high traffic areas)
bullUse number-related vocabulary when talking about the daily schedule For example ldquoWe have one minute until snack timerdquo
bullHand materials to students one at a time while counting instead of providing them with all materials at once
bullProvide sets of five to 10 objects similar objects
bullProvide multiple natural opportunities for counting during the daily routine (ldquoLetrsquos start with 10 raisins Help me countrdquo)
bullIncorporate songs that include counting
bullProvide opportunities within classroom routine for 1-to-1 correspondence (setting snack table with one napkin and one cup at each chair passing out materials to each child etc)
bullProvide materials to include opportunities for 1-to-1 correspondence (provide 20 cards and 20 envelopes 20 cars and 20 boxes that could be used as garages)
bullProvide sets of different materials with varying quantities (12 bears three horses three pigs and 20 chickens)
bullVary classroom arrangement to include opportunities to compare quantities (have more chairs at one table than another areas that accommodate more children etc)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 31
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
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ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe how many whenever the opportunity arises ldquoYou have two crackers mdash one in each handrdquo
bullModel use of number-related vocabulary as appropriate ldquoI need three cups at this table helliprdquo
bullComment ldquoMaria just counted to five There are five flowers in the vaserdquo
bullModel counting throughout the day and talk out loud about why ldquoI need to figure out how many muffins to make for snack tomorrow helliprdquo
bullModel counting children each day before going outside etc
bullDescribe the childrsquos actions ldquoYou used all the double-unit blocks to make this road I wonder how many it took 1 2 3hellip18rdquo
bullComment ldquoWe will need one smock for each child who is going to paintrdquo
bullProvide opportunities for children to be responsible for classroom duties that involve counting (While setting table for snack independently child will need to figure out how many cups are needed by counting children) Remain available if they need support
Med
iate
bullAsk child to give one more of something ldquoLily would you please hand me one more paintbrushrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into simple songs and finger-plays
bullTalk to child about number of body parts One nose two eyes hellip Expand childrsquos comments ldquoYes you have two eyes and many eyelashesrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into routines and games (Count each step as ascending stairs Count up to 10 while rolling a ball back and forth) Take turns counting
bullTeach strategies mdash ldquoLine up the cars as you count themrdquo ldquoTouch each chip as you say the numberrdquo
bullHave two children count together while they test their predictions of how many marbles are in the jar
bullInvite children to help set the tables for meals ldquoHow many plates are on the table How many cups will you need rdquo
bullEngage in play with children and incorporate counting into the play ldquoHow many chairs do we need for the babies Letrsquos make a garage for each of these cars helliprdquo
bullHave children draw objects to represent numbers
bullAsk a ldquoQuestion of the Dayrdquo (on any topic) and create a graph of childrenrsquos responses Then ask them to identify which is more or less
bullReflect with children after they engage in an activity Have them describe their process Ask questions to prompt their thinking ldquoHow did you come up with that numberrdquo ldquoHow do you know there are morerdquo
Dire
ct
bullHave child repeat numbers as you count something out loud
bullHold childrsquos hands and count as she jumps up and down
bullProvide cards with numerals to indicate serving size at snack ldquoSee the three You may start with three crackersrdquo
bullTell child ldquoWersquore going to count the shells to find out how many there are all together When we count we always start with the number onehelliprdquo
bullAssign a helper to count the number of children present each day
bullProvide a collection of objects to be counted Direct the child to count how many there are Listen for accuracy If the child gets to a point where he canrsquot go further model saying the remaining numbers
bullHave a child help gather materials for a project Give them instructions ldquoPlease go get 15 straws and five pieces of red paperrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 32
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
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ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage communication (such as two toy telephones)
bullAllow time during teacher-directed activities for children to comment and share
bullChange something in the environment
bullProvide materials that produce a wide variety of sounds
bullCreate small-group opportunities with peers who have a variety of language levels
bullSing songs with children especially repetitive songs like Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed or Old MacDonald had a Farm
bullUse nursery rhymes
bullProvide opportunities for children to pretend to be someone else This encourages children to mimic the vocabulary facial expressions and body language that they see and hear from others These types of experiences encourage oral language interactions
bullPlay games such as I Spy Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar and Guess Who I Am
bullProvide story cards of a familiar story
bullProvide journals for children to record their experiences
bullProvide opportunities for children to have conversations with each other
bullProvide many opportunities for children to explain what they are doing tell others about their experiences and feelings and to share their thoughts
bullProvide tape recorders for children to record their own voices and stories
bullPlay games with rules and have children explain the rules to their peers
bullRead stories multiple timesbullInclude microphones old telephones puppets flannel boards and paper towel tubes in multiple play areasbullProvide picture books for children to tell their own storiesbullProvide props for role-playing and pretending
In any language
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 33
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullUse descriptive language when describing a childrsquos actions
bullModel target vocabulary while labeling items
bullUse pointing to bring childrsquos attention to what is being talked about
bullModel increasingly more advanced language
bullRepeat a comment made by a peer to increase childrsquos attention to what was said
bullProvide expectant looks to encourage a child to make a comment
bullModel conversations between adults or adult and a child Do so in close proximity to identified child
bullCreate opportunities for children to be engaged with peers on projects of mutual interest that require verbal communication
bullTake digital photos of children engaging in the classroom Create a slide-show to prompt a small group of viewers to reflect on and describe their experiences
Med
iate
bullFollow the childrsquos lead Comment on hisher actions
bullTalk with a child about objects and happenings in the here-and-now
bullWhen asking a question allow sufficient wait time (at least three to five seconds) for a response
bullUse gestures and facial expression while talking to give more clues to the meaning of a communication
bullRespond verbally to childrsquos nonverbal communications
bullRepeat and expand childrsquos comments
bullEncourage social interactions between identified children and more proficient peers
bullTalk about topics that children are presently engaged in and those that are of special interest
bullAsk an open-ended question allow wait time acknowledge and expand the childrsquos response
bullAsk children about recent experiences with their families Prompt them to tell more and help make connections to something going on at school
bullDuring unstructured activities be available and demonstrate interest in what the child is doing When the child initiates an interaction ask to elaborate (ldquoTell me more rdquo) When a follow up comment is made expand the statement and respond to the content of what the child has said
bullEngage a small group of children in educational dialogue Use the opportunity to build their understanding of a concept introduce advanced language promote high order thinking and make connections to their lives
bullConduct class meetings during which time children have opportunities to share their ideas and opinionsmdashand listen to their peersmdashon a topic that is important to the group
Dire
ct
bullModel short simple sentences when giving directions
bullWhen a child wants or needs something provide the words and encourage the child to repeat them
bullProvide the words for a child to use to communicate a need to a peer Instruct the child to repeat the words
bullCoach a child on important skills needed for effective communication ldquoLook at his face when you ask him hellip Give him time to answer you hellip Acknowledge that you are listening helliprdquo
bullProvide a prompt photograph or interesting object and have a child describe it Write the childrsquos words Ask open-ended questions to elicit increased use of descriptors
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 34
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullEnsure access to booksbullProvide books puppets felt
board materialsbullProvide small people houses
cars for pretend playbullAllow children to tell stories
and read to adults and peersbullProvide a consistent
predictable schedule with pictures and refer to it regularly use words like ldquofirst we did this and then we did this now we are doing thisrdquo
bullRead stories that reflect childrenrsquos cultural linguistic familial backgrounds and experiences
bullProvide books and materials that are linked to childrenrsquos interests and personal experiences
bullMatch dramatic play materials to stories being read
bullProvide materials linked to recently read books
bullCreate and display classroom-created books related to classroom experiences
bullAdjust the schedule to allow for a book reading that supports an unexpected experience children have just had eg observing a butterfly on the playground
bullIntroduce story-related vocabulary terms such as character and event during book readings
bullUse the words at other times such as when a child is telling a story explain that they are the character
bullProvide story-making materials to children have them read the stories to you listen for evidence of characters plot etc
bullEnsure that there is time and space for reading to children throughout the day
bullProvide wordless books that children can tell their story from
bullProvide materials such as flannel board pieces that reflect familiar stories
bullProvide opportunities for children to retell stories
bullRead stories over and over againbullProvide opportunities for children to have frequent conversation with adults and peersbullEncourage children to represent stories through a variety of materials art movement outdoor play etc
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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- p7Link
- Direct 3
- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
- PRevious view 9
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | PHYSICAL 2 23
PHY 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses fingers to take apart and put together small objects
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate objects with increasing precision
Uses eye-hand coordination to manipulate smaller objects with refined precision
Uses opposing hand movements to manipulate materials including cutting and drawing with control
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullModel use of materials such as Duplos while in close proximity to child Describe own actions ldquoI am pulling really hard with both of my hands to get these two blocks apartrdquo
bullWrite in the mud with a stick Offer it to a child to try
bullSit with children during mealtimes Model and encourage use of tongs pitchers for pouring and safe knives for spreading and cutting
bullDescribe childrsquos actions ldquoYou fastened three snaps and put the doll clothes on all by yourselfrdquo
bullAcknowledge childrsquos effort as he tries to operate new puppet with limbs Sit quietly nearby and watch being available if he should decide to ask for support
bullPoint to bring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is capable of modeling a fine motor skill
bullModel writing and cutting often so children will see the proper form and technique
Med
iate
bullAsk two children to work together to remove the cover from a bin of toys
bullSuggest ldquoMaybe if you squeeze with both hands the glue will come outrdquo Later relate this to use of ketchup bottle
bullAssist by holding block tower stable while child adds one more
bullAsk children to scrunch material such as scarves used for music and movement
bullAsk children to crumble newspaper as part of a project (stuffing for a scarecrow snowman or 3D art project)
bullInvite a child to use a marker and paper to ldquodrawrdquo or ldquowriterdquo about an experience or observation
bullEngage children to play clapping games like ldquoMiss Mary Mackrdquo with a partner
bullConverse with a small group of children while cooking Comment on use of hands to pour sift stir
bullDraw thick straight lines with marker for child to cut on
bullHold paper while child practices cutting it in half
bullDraw a square around a complex picture for a child to cut it out
bullHave two children work collectively on a lacing or weaving activity
bullGive children real work to do within the classroom to further refine their motor skills They can replace marker caps disassemble small Lego structures etc
bullProvide pre-drawn shapes numerals and letters for child to look at when they want to copy for their own use
bullWhile watching a child cut or draw give a hint (if necessary) to help the child increase efficiency For example ldquoTry to lift the scissors off the table while you cutrdquo
bullAsk questions about childrsquos use of computer mouse ldquoHow do you get the arrow to go up Could you teach me how to move itrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate then have child imitate use of finger paint to make vertical lines at the easel while crossing the midline Provide finger tip brushes if tactile sensitive
bullGuide child to cut strip of stiff paper with dual-control training scissors
bullWhen child shows frustration with a task encourage her to talk about it ldquoTell me what yoursquore trying to dordquo
bullWhen teaching scissor skills teach each task in a sequential order and have child practice before moving to the next stage
bullDraw a simple shape while child watches then have child imitate
bullCreate a poster with printed words and pictures that show the steps to put on and zipper a jacket Discuss with children then post where they can observe when getting dressed to go outdoors
Use the book Red Lace Yellow Lace to help a child learn to tie shoes Use rhyming verse and illustrations to teach each step of the processTeach children how to use
leading hand (operating scissors) and support hand (holding and moving paper) in order to cut out shapes
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 24
Cognitive 2 Uses a variety of strategies to solve problems
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problems independently
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange room so children have defined spaces that support focus persistence and ongoing interactions with peers
bullArrange environment and materials to support cooperative play and small group so children observe others solving problems
bullAlter the schedule andor arrange the environment so that children have opportunities for small-group experiences with children who create and use alternative strategies to solve problems
bullIntroduce a new material that could be used to solve a problem after a child has successfully or unsuccessfully attempted to solve a problem
bullProvide multiple materials that can be used in a similar way to promote alternative strategies
bullArrange materials so there are increased opportunities for solving problems (limit materials remove paint brushes for easel remove one puzzle piece etc)
bullProvide materials that promote problem solving (eg gears marble works turkey basters and funnels for water play)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 25
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problemsindependently
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullTell child ldquoI notice you got frustrated and gave uprdquo
bullModify or provide a simpler task
bullModel private speech ldquoLet me see Whenever I try to do this it doesnrsquot seem to work I think I will try something differentrdquo
bullComment ldquoOh you did that just like Juan I bet therersquos another wayhelliprdquo Provide time for child to think and provide an expectant look
bullModel a new strategy Describe what is being tried and the outcome
bullComment ldquoI notice that you made a change It looks like this idea is workingrdquo
bullCreate a chart by taking pictures of a child successfully completing a common but difficult task Refer another child to it when she encounters the same challenge
bullModel thinking aloud when presented with a problem in the classroom For example ldquoI wonder how I am going to fit six children at this table I think I will move this shelf and add a chair here That should workrdquo
Med
iate
bullEncourage child to try again this time providing support to ensure success
bullAssist partially with the task and let child do the part that he or she is capable of
bullProvide two possible solutions and let child pick one
bullOffer to help the child solve a problem at hand
bullWait until the next time the child encounters the same problem and be prepared to co-construct for success (Child gets frustrated because block tower falls down The next time he enters block area join him and build it together)
bullSuggest an alternative strategy for a child to try
bullInvite the child to assist peer or teacher in solving the problem together
bullSuggest that child observe a peer who is using a successful strategy Encourage the peer to describe what is being done
bullAsk a child to explain his or her thinking Use writing or drawing as a way to capture the childrsquos ideas Expand on comments
bullWhen a child can almost get a puzzle piece to fit but begins to give up provide a hint for what to try
bullRemind child of a strategy he or she has used in a different situation Suggest trying that again to solve current problem
bullEngage in a back and forth exchange with a child about the problem-solving process ldquoDo you think that might work Tell me how Why do you think helliprdquo
bullStructure a task that allows for multiple approaches Identify possible solutions with children and write them down Have each child try one strategy while peers observe and comment
bullAsk children for their ideas to help the teacher figure out how to approach a challenge or problem in the classroom
bullEngage a small group of children in a dialogue about differing perspectives Ask a series of questions to encourage children to describe their thinking Help children come to an understanding that there is more than one ldquoright wayrdquo to approach a problem
bullCreate an ldquoAsk the Expertsrdquo class book or poster Identify with children those things that they are each good at Can be used as a reference when a child needs help with a task
Dire
ct
bullDo the task for the child while showing how and describing each step
bullDemonstrate a different strategy and ask the child to try it
bullDescribe an alternative strategy and direct child to try it
bullHave a child teach a skill to a peer Coach her how to give step-by-step directions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 26
Cognitive 4 Recognizes and makes patterns
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullCreate patterns using pieces of the environment egpull up one window shade leave the next one down etc alternate chair colors at tablesmdashred blue red
bullProvide materials that can be used to create patterns through the use of sound vision and touch
bullBring in materials that have patterns in them display items and allow children to explore eg woven baskets dish towels pieces of cloth
bullCreate patterns using childrenrsquos clothing or physical characteristics take photos of the pattern so children can observe and repeat it
bullUse morning meeting time to identify patterns in the daily or weekly schedule
bullEmbed pattern activities into small group
bullAllow children to create patterns across a large space the entire block rug or the whole room
bullEncourage children to use outdoor play as an opportunity to create a pattern
bullProvide materials that have several characteristics that can be used to create a pattern such as cars that are various sizes and colors
bullProvide writing materials so that children can record their patterns through pictures or words
bullProvide patterning materials in multiple areas of the classroombullProvide items that have similar and different characteristics in multiple interest areas in the classroom
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 27
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
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ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe ldquoYou chose a blue crayon That is the same color as your pantsrdquo
bullComment ldquoI notice that you have two bears They look different One is yellow and one is purplerdquo
bullModel placing items into an AB pattern near where a child is using the same materials Name the pattern
bullComment ldquoYou found all the cars and planes that are the same as mine I lined these up in a pattern car plane car plane hellip You lined yours up differentlyrdquo
bullComment ldquoYou made a pattern just like my model You are able to continue and describe a simple pattern I bet you can create one of your ownrdquo
bullModel and name movement patterns when singing or chanting with children (clap and tap)
bullProvide a variety of natural materials for children to observe near the art area Watch to see if they incorporate the idea of pattern into their work
bullModel using a musical instrument to create an ABB pattern Describe it ldquoLoud soft soft helliprdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoSee this round pasta ldquoCan you find one that is the same shapehellip a different kindrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoYou choose the color that you like best and I will help you find some more that are the samerdquo
bullUse descriptive language when talking to a child about attributes of objects in the immediate environment Provide experiences for children to practice identifying things that are alike (match games finding pairs)
bullProbe ldquoCould you try to copy my patternrdquo
bullRecommend ldquoWhat if you match them up side by side Letrsquos name them out loud so you can hear the pattern mdash circle star circle star helliprdquo
bullEngage children in conversations about the patterns in their environment While walking outside point out patterns in the sidewalk fences and brick walls
bullAs child is trying to repeat a model pattern provide a hint if needed ldquoLook here you put the blue one lastrdquo
bullEncourage ldquoWhat if you pick two items and make a unit Next Irsquoll copy yours When we put them together wersquoll have a pattern Now keep extending it You did itrdquo
bullPrompt ldquoCan you describe your arrangementrdquo
bullHave two children work together to create a pattern with dot markers They take turns making their marks on a paper strip and notice that a pattern occurs Discuss with them the importance of placement on the paper and the order of their marksrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoDo you think that you could create a new pattern for someone to duplicate You could tell her about it then ask her to copy itrdquo
bullAfter a child creates a movement pattern (hop clap spin) represent the idea by writing the words on chart paper Help the child read the words Add pictures or the childrsquos drawings to go with the words Encourage other children to try Have them use the chart and demonstrate their movements to teach peers
Dire
ct
bullTell ldquoWatch me slide all of these green beads onto this string You can do it too What color do you want to userdquo
bullldquoFind all the seeds that look like this (show one) and put them together into this bowlrdquo
bullShow then tell ldquoFirst I put all the cows here and the pigs here next watch how I alternate them as I line them up cow pig cow pig hellip Can you do the samerdquo
bullDemonstrate and explain ldquoWhen making a repeating pattern use two shapesmdashplace the first here then put the one that is different after it hellip Now lsquoreadrsquo the pattern with me helliprdquo
bullTeach about a variety of complex patterns ABB ABC patterns with items that have more than one attribute (yellow cube blue sphere hellip) and growing patterns Name the pattern and units
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 28
Cognitive 5 Compares and orders objects and events
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullIntentionally vary materials in the classroom and discuss differences (eg different color pitchers for juice walls that are different colors etc)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by one attribute (color or size) providing only two examples of that attribute (eg small and large)
bullProvide opportunities for children to share describe and compare familiar objects from home in one-on-one and small-group settings (eg all children bring in their favorite item related to a particular unit of study or project)
bullProvide materials to promote observation skills such as bookspictures in which you locate items in a group (eg ldquoI Spyrdquo books)
bullProvide visual sequence for familiar stories and allow children to manipulate and order plot sequence
bullProvide materials that vary by one attribute providing three to four graduated examples (eg small medium and large)
bullPost visual schedules for daily routines and refer to these throughout the day (schedule of the dayrsquos activities steps involved for cleaning up from snack)
bullProvide visual displays that promote comparisons (three bears that vary in size)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by visual attributes (such as length width gradations of color) providing five to 10 graduated examples
bullProvide more detailed visual sequences for daily learning experiences and facilitate the childrenrsquos involvement in ordering the process (eg ldquoAre these in the right order Do we water the plant first or do we put the seed in the dirt firstrdquo)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by nonvisible attributes such as time and weight sound
bullVary the classroom schedule to provide opportunities to compare time (eg provide a longer time outside on a sunny day and a short walk in drizzly weather)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 29
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullPrint a set of pictures of the children in the class and display near the classroom computer Show a duplicate set as a slideshow on the monitor Sit nearby and listen to childrenrsquos comments Point to matching pictures to prompt them to find the matches
bullAcknowledge when children spontaneously show order in their work ldquoThe lines on your painting start out long on this side and get gradually smaller as they move across the paperrdquo
bullTalk aloud about own reason for ordering something
bullMake verbal comparisons about objects or people ldquoJulio when I look at this photograph I can see that you and Desiree are the same height Rosa is shorter and Mia is the tallest
bullComment ldquoAlly you sequenced all the pictures to retell the storyrdquo
bullOrder blocks by weight Use comparison words to describemdashheavy heavier heaviest
bullldquoLetrsquos see how long it takes to put the blocks away todayrdquo Do this for several days and compare time
Med
iate
bullModel use of vocabulary mdash same and different
bullPrompt children to identify pairs of items that match or do not ldquoJulie can you help find Mariarsquos mitten It is red like this onerdquo
bullAsk children to find items in the classroom that are biglittle etc
bullUse musical instruments with children to explore concepts such as loudsoft and slowfast
bullTeach about opposites using a song and gestures to indicate updown overunder etc
bullAsk questions to get children to identify the smallest biggest etc
bullTake photographs of children engaging in a three step processes (Pouring milk drinking it and showing the empty glass) Make several sets and print Have children work in pairs They take turns ordering and then describing their reasoning to the peer
bullRead and have children act out stories such as The Three Bears that contain items that can be ordered
bullUse daily schedule chart to talk with a few children about the order of the daily routine Ask one child to describe what comes next to a peer who is new to the class
bullWhen asking a child ldquowhat comes nextrdquo allow sufficient time for the child to think about it and respond If needed give a hint ldquoItrsquos something we do when we are hungryrdquo
bullAsk questions to get a child to describe what he or she remembers about the order of events in a story
bullInvite children to draw representations of their family members Then ask them to order them from the smallest to largest Talk about the ages of these people Are they also in order from youngest to oldest Why do they think this is so
bullProvide feedback ldquoYou know that there is no school tomorrow How did you figure it outrdquo
bullHelp children to make connections to their own experiencesmdashldquoHave you ever tried to lift something very heavyrdquo
Dire
ct
bullUse a memory game with matching picture cards Demonstrate placing pictures in pairs Describe own actions ldquoI am placing these two cards together they have the same picture Thatrsquos a matchrdquo Have child help
bullDuring movement activities demonstrate moving your body from crouching low to the ground to a squat to standing to reaching up Have children imitate these movements Ask them to describe them as well
bullWhen child is playing with a group of nature items provide an ordering mat and request that the child arrange from longest to shortest If needed break task down ldquoFind the smallest item rdquo
bullProvide pictures of objects and have children compare them with regard to nonvisible attributes (A lion and a cat) mdashldquoWhich is louderrdquo (A brick and a balloon) mdash ldquoWhich is lighterrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 30
Cognitive 6 Relates number to quantity
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullIncorporate materials with numerals throughout the classroom (eg add footprints with numerals on the floor in high traffic areas)
bullUse number-related vocabulary when talking about the daily schedule For example ldquoWe have one minute until snack timerdquo
bullHand materials to students one at a time while counting instead of providing them with all materials at once
bullProvide sets of five to 10 objects similar objects
bullProvide multiple natural opportunities for counting during the daily routine (ldquoLetrsquos start with 10 raisins Help me countrdquo)
bullIncorporate songs that include counting
bullProvide opportunities within classroom routine for 1-to-1 correspondence (setting snack table with one napkin and one cup at each chair passing out materials to each child etc)
bullProvide materials to include opportunities for 1-to-1 correspondence (provide 20 cards and 20 envelopes 20 cars and 20 boxes that could be used as garages)
bullProvide sets of different materials with varying quantities (12 bears three horses three pigs and 20 chickens)
bullVary classroom arrangement to include opportunities to compare quantities (have more chairs at one table than another areas that accommodate more children etc)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 31
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe how many whenever the opportunity arises ldquoYou have two crackers mdash one in each handrdquo
bullModel use of number-related vocabulary as appropriate ldquoI need three cups at this table helliprdquo
bullComment ldquoMaria just counted to five There are five flowers in the vaserdquo
bullModel counting throughout the day and talk out loud about why ldquoI need to figure out how many muffins to make for snack tomorrow helliprdquo
bullModel counting children each day before going outside etc
bullDescribe the childrsquos actions ldquoYou used all the double-unit blocks to make this road I wonder how many it took 1 2 3hellip18rdquo
bullComment ldquoWe will need one smock for each child who is going to paintrdquo
bullProvide opportunities for children to be responsible for classroom duties that involve counting (While setting table for snack independently child will need to figure out how many cups are needed by counting children) Remain available if they need support
Med
iate
bullAsk child to give one more of something ldquoLily would you please hand me one more paintbrushrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into simple songs and finger-plays
bullTalk to child about number of body parts One nose two eyes hellip Expand childrsquos comments ldquoYes you have two eyes and many eyelashesrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into routines and games (Count each step as ascending stairs Count up to 10 while rolling a ball back and forth) Take turns counting
bullTeach strategies mdash ldquoLine up the cars as you count themrdquo ldquoTouch each chip as you say the numberrdquo
bullHave two children count together while they test their predictions of how many marbles are in the jar
bullInvite children to help set the tables for meals ldquoHow many plates are on the table How many cups will you need rdquo
bullEngage in play with children and incorporate counting into the play ldquoHow many chairs do we need for the babies Letrsquos make a garage for each of these cars helliprdquo
bullHave children draw objects to represent numbers
bullAsk a ldquoQuestion of the Dayrdquo (on any topic) and create a graph of childrenrsquos responses Then ask them to identify which is more or less
bullReflect with children after they engage in an activity Have them describe their process Ask questions to prompt their thinking ldquoHow did you come up with that numberrdquo ldquoHow do you know there are morerdquo
Dire
ct
bullHave child repeat numbers as you count something out loud
bullHold childrsquos hands and count as she jumps up and down
bullProvide cards with numerals to indicate serving size at snack ldquoSee the three You may start with three crackersrdquo
bullTell child ldquoWersquore going to count the shells to find out how many there are all together When we count we always start with the number onehelliprdquo
bullAssign a helper to count the number of children present each day
bullProvide a collection of objects to be counted Direct the child to count how many there are Listen for accuracy If the child gets to a point where he canrsquot go further model saying the remaining numbers
bullHave a child help gather materials for a project Give them instructions ldquoPlease go get 15 straws and five pieces of red paperrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 32
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage communication (such as two toy telephones)
bullAllow time during teacher-directed activities for children to comment and share
bullChange something in the environment
bullProvide materials that produce a wide variety of sounds
bullCreate small-group opportunities with peers who have a variety of language levels
bullSing songs with children especially repetitive songs like Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed or Old MacDonald had a Farm
bullUse nursery rhymes
bullProvide opportunities for children to pretend to be someone else This encourages children to mimic the vocabulary facial expressions and body language that they see and hear from others These types of experiences encourage oral language interactions
bullPlay games such as I Spy Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar and Guess Who I Am
bullProvide story cards of a familiar story
bullProvide journals for children to record their experiences
bullProvide opportunities for children to have conversations with each other
bullProvide many opportunities for children to explain what they are doing tell others about their experiences and feelings and to share their thoughts
bullProvide tape recorders for children to record their own voices and stories
bullPlay games with rules and have children explain the rules to their peers
bullRead stories multiple timesbullInclude microphones old telephones puppets flannel boards and paper towel tubes in multiple play areasbullProvide picture books for children to tell their own storiesbullProvide props for role-playing and pretending
In any language
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 33
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullUse descriptive language when describing a childrsquos actions
bullModel target vocabulary while labeling items
bullUse pointing to bring childrsquos attention to what is being talked about
bullModel increasingly more advanced language
bullRepeat a comment made by a peer to increase childrsquos attention to what was said
bullProvide expectant looks to encourage a child to make a comment
bullModel conversations between adults or adult and a child Do so in close proximity to identified child
bullCreate opportunities for children to be engaged with peers on projects of mutual interest that require verbal communication
bullTake digital photos of children engaging in the classroom Create a slide-show to prompt a small group of viewers to reflect on and describe their experiences
Med
iate
bullFollow the childrsquos lead Comment on hisher actions
bullTalk with a child about objects and happenings in the here-and-now
bullWhen asking a question allow sufficient wait time (at least three to five seconds) for a response
bullUse gestures and facial expression while talking to give more clues to the meaning of a communication
bullRespond verbally to childrsquos nonverbal communications
bullRepeat and expand childrsquos comments
bullEncourage social interactions between identified children and more proficient peers
bullTalk about topics that children are presently engaged in and those that are of special interest
bullAsk an open-ended question allow wait time acknowledge and expand the childrsquos response
bullAsk children about recent experiences with their families Prompt them to tell more and help make connections to something going on at school
bullDuring unstructured activities be available and demonstrate interest in what the child is doing When the child initiates an interaction ask to elaborate (ldquoTell me more rdquo) When a follow up comment is made expand the statement and respond to the content of what the child has said
bullEngage a small group of children in educational dialogue Use the opportunity to build their understanding of a concept introduce advanced language promote high order thinking and make connections to their lives
bullConduct class meetings during which time children have opportunities to share their ideas and opinionsmdashand listen to their peersmdashon a topic that is important to the group
Dire
ct
bullModel short simple sentences when giving directions
bullWhen a child wants or needs something provide the words and encourage the child to repeat them
bullProvide the words for a child to use to communicate a need to a peer Instruct the child to repeat the words
bullCoach a child on important skills needed for effective communication ldquoLook at his face when you ask him hellip Give him time to answer you hellip Acknowledge that you are listening helliprdquo
bullProvide a prompt photograph or interesting object and have a child describe it Write the childrsquos words Ask open-ended questions to elicit increased use of descriptors
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 34
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullEnsure access to booksbullProvide books puppets felt
board materialsbullProvide small people houses
cars for pretend playbullAllow children to tell stories
and read to adults and peersbullProvide a consistent
predictable schedule with pictures and refer to it regularly use words like ldquofirst we did this and then we did this now we are doing thisrdquo
bullRead stories that reflect childrenrsquos cultural linguistic familial backgrounds and experiences
bullProvide books and materials that are linked to childrenrsquos interests and personal experiences
bullMatch dramatic play materials to stories being read
bullProvide materials linked to recently read books
bullCreate and display classroom-created books related to classroom experiences
bullAdjust the schedule to allow for a book reading that supports an unexpected experience children have just had eg observing a butterfly on the playground
bullIntroduce story-related vocabulary terms such as character and event during book readings
bullUse the words at other times such as when a child is telling a story explain that they are the character
bullProvide story-making materials to children have them read the stories to you listen for evidence of characters plot etc
bullEnsure that there is time and space for reading to children throughout the day
bullProvide wordless books that children can tell their story from
bullProvide materials such as flannel board pieces that reflect familiar stories
bullProvide opportunities for children to retell stories
bullRead stories over and over againbullProvide opportunities for children to have frequent conversation with adults and peersbullEncourage children to represent stories through a variety of materials art movement outdoor play etc
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 24
Cognitive 2 Uses a variety of strategies to solve problems
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problems independently
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange room so children have defined spaces that support focus persistence and ongoing interactions with peers
bullArrange environment and materials to support cooperative play and small group so children observe others solving problems
bullAlter the schedule andor arrange the environment so that children have opportunities for small-group experiences with children who create and use alternative strategies to solve problems
bullIntroduce a new material that could be used to solve a problem after a child has successfully or unsuccessfully attempted to solve a problem
bullProvide multiple materials that can be used in a similar way to promote alternative strategies
bullArrange materials so there are increased opportunities for solving problems (limit materials remove paint brushes for easel remove one puzzle piece etc)
bullProvide materials that promote problem solving (eg gears marble works turkey basters and funnels for water play)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 25
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problemsindependently
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullTell child ldquoI notice you got frustrated and gave uprdquo
bullModify or provide a simpler task
bullModel private speech ldquoLet me see Whenever I try to do this it doesnrsquot seem to work I think I will try something differentrdquo
bullComment ldquoOh you did that just like Juan I bet therersquos another wayhelliprdquo Provide time for child to think and provide an expectant look
bullModel a new strategy Describe what is being tried and the outcome
bullComment ldquoI notice that you made a change It looks like this idea is workingrdquo
bullCreate a chart by taking pictures of a child successfully completing a common but difficult task Refer another child to it when she encounters the same challenge
bullModel thinking aloud when presented with a problem in the classroom For example ldquoI wonder how I am going to fit six children at this table I think I will move this shelf and add a chair here That should workrdquo
Med
iate
bullEncourage child to try again this time providing support to ensure success
bullAssist partially with the task and let child do the part that he or she is capable of
bullProvide two possible solutions and let child pick one
bullOffer to help the child solve a problem at hand
bullWait until the next time the child encounters the same problem and be prepared to co-construct for success (Child gets frustrated because block tower falls down The next time he enters block area join him and build it together)
bullSuggest an alternative strategy for a child to try
bullInvite the child to assist peer or teacher in solving the problem together
bullSuggest that child observe a peer who is using a successful strategy Encourage the peer to describe what is being done
bullAsk a child to explain his or her thinking Use writing or drawing as a way to capture the childrsquos ideas Expand on comments
bullWhen a child can almost get a puzzle piece to fit but begins to give up provide a hint for what to try
bullRemind child of a strategy he or she has used in a different situation Suggest trying that again to solve current problem
bullEngage in a back and forth exchange with a child about the problem-solving process ldquoDo you think that might work Tell me how Why do you think helliprdquo
bullStructure a task that allows for multiple approaches Identify possible solutions with children and write them down Have each child try one strategy while peers observe and comment
bullAsk children for their ideas to help the teacher figure out how to approach a challenge or problem in the classroom
bullEngage a small group of children in a dialogue about differing perspectives Ask a series of questions to encourage children to describe their thinking Help children come to an understanding that there is more than one ldquoright wayrdquo to approach a problem
bullCreate an ldquoAsk the Expertsrdquo class book or poster Identify with children those things that they are each good at Can be used as a reference when a child needs help with a task
Dire
ct
bullDo the task for the child while showing how and describing each step
bullDemonstrate a different strategy and ask the child to try it
bullDescribe an alternative strategy and direct child to try it
bullHave a child teach a skill to a peer Coach her how to give step-by-step directions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 26
Cognitive 4 Recognizes and makes patterns
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullCreate patterns using pieces of the environment egpull up one window shade leave the next one down etc alternate chair colors at tablesmdashred blue red
bullProvide materials that can be used to create patterns through the use of sound vision and touch
bullBring in materials that have patterns in them display items and allow children to explore eg woven baskets dish towels pieces of cloth
bullCreate patterns using childrenrsquos clothing or physical characteristics take photos of the pattern so children can observe and repeat it
bullUse morning meeting time to identify patterns in the daily or weekly schedule
bullEmbed pattern activities into small group
bullAllow children to create patterns across a large space the entire block rug or the whole room
bullEncourage children to use outdoor play as an opportunity to create a pattern
bullProvide materials that have several characteristics that can be used to create a pattern such as cars that are various sizes and colors
bullProvide writing materials so that children can record their patterns through pictures or words
bullProvide patterning materials in multiple areas of the classroombullProvide items that have similar and different characteristics in multiple interest areas in the classroom
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 27
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
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rovi
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ive
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port
bullDescribe ldquoYou chose a blue crayon That is the same color as your pantsrdquo
bullComment ldquoI notice that you have two bears They look different One is yellow and one is purplerdquo
bullModel placing items into an AB pattern near where a child is using the same materials Name the pattern
bullComment ldquoYou found all the cars and planes that are the same as mine I lined these up in a pattern car plane car plane hellip You lined yours up differentlyrdquo
bullComment ldquoYou made a pattern just like my model You are able to continue and describe a simple pattern I bet you can create one of your ownrdquo
bullModel and name movement patterns when singing or chanting with children (clap and tap)
bullProvide a variety of natural materials for children to observe near the art area Watch to see if they incorporate the idea of pattern into their work
bullModel using a musical instrument to create an ABB pattern Describe it ldquoLoud soft soft helliprdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoSee this round pasta ldquoCan you find one that is the same shapehellip a different kindrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoYou choose the color that you like best and I will help you find some more that are the samerdquo
bullUse descriptive language when talking to a child about attributes of objects in the immediate environment Provide experiences for children to practice identifying things that are alike (match games finding pairs)
bullProbe ldquoCould you try to copy my patternrdquo
bullRecommend ldquoWhat if you match them up side by side Letrsquos name them out loud so you can hear the pattern mdash circle star circle star helliprdquo
bullEngage children in conversations about the patterns in their environment While walking outside point out patterns in the sidewalk fences and brick walls
bullAs child is trying to repeat a model pattern provide a hint if needed ldquoLook here you put the blue one lastrdquo
bullEncourage ldquoWhat if you pick two items and make a unit Next Irsquoll copy yours When we put them together wersquoll have a pattern Now keep extending it You did itrdquo
bullPrompt ldquoCan you describe your arrangementrdquo
bullHave two children work together to create a pattern with dot markers They take turns making their marks on a paper strip and notice that a pattern occurs Discuss with them the importance of placement on the paper and the order of their marksrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoDo you think that you could create a new pattern for someone to duplicate You could tell her about it then ask her to copy itrdquo
bullAfter a child creates a movement pattern (hop clap spin) represent the idea by writing the words on chart paper Help the child read the words Add pictures or the childrsquos drawings to go with the words Encourage other children to try Have them use the chart and demonstrate their movements to teach peers
Dire
ct
bullTell ldquoWatch me slide all of these green beads onto this string You can do it too What color do you want to userdquo
bullldquoFind all the seeds that look like this (show one) and put them together into this bowlrdquo
bullShow then tell ldquoFirst I put all the cows here and the pigs here next watch how I alternate them as I line them up cow pig cow pig hellip Can you do the samerdquo
bullDemonstrate and explain ldquoWhen making a repeating pattern use two shapesmdashplace the first here then put the one that is different after it hellip Now lsquoreadrsquo the pattern with me helliprdquo
bullTeach about a variety of complex patterns ABB ABC patterns with items that have more than one attribute (yellow cube blue sphere hellip) and growing patterns Name the pattern and units
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 28
Cognitive 5 Compares and orders objects and events
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullIntentionally vary materials in the classroom and discuss differences (eg different color pitchers for juice walls that are different colors etc)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by one attribute (color or size) providing only two examples of that attribute (eg small and large)
bullProvide opportunities for children to share describe and compare familiar objects from home in one-on-one and small-group settings (eg all children bring in their favorite item related to a particular unit of study or project)
bullProvide materials to promote observation skills such as bookspictures in which you locate items in a group (eg ldquoI Spyrdquo books)
bullProvide visual sequence for familiar stories and allow children to manipulate and order plot sequence
bullProvide materials that vary by one attribute providing three to four graduated examples (eg small medium and large)
bullPost visual schedules for daily routines and refer to these throughout the day (schedule of the dayrsquos activities steps involved for cleaning up from snack)
bullProvide visual displays that promote comparisons (three bears that vary in size)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by visual attributes (such as length width gradations of color) providing five to 10 graduated examples
bullProvide more detailed visual sequences for daily learning experiences and facilitate the childrenrsquos involvement in ordering the process (eg ldquoAre these in the right order Do we water the plant first or do we put the seed in the dirt firstrdquo)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by nonvisible attributes such as time and weight sound
bullVary the classroom schedule to provide opportunities to compare time (eg provide a longer time outside on a sunny day and a short walk in drizzly weather)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 29
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullPrint a set of pictures of the children in the class and display near the classroom computer Show a duplicate set as a slideshow on the monitor Sit nearby and listen to childrenrsquos comments Point to matching pictures to prompt them to find the matches
bullAcknowledge when children spontaneously show order in their work ldquoThe lines on your painting start out long on this side and get gradually smaller as they move across the paperrdquo
bullTalk aloud about own reason for ordering something
bullMake verbal comparisons about objects or people ldquoJulio when I look at this photograph I can see that you and Desiree are the same height Rosa is shorter and Mia is the tallest
bullComment ldquoAlly you sequenced all the pictures to retell the storyrdquo
bullOrder blocks by weight Use comparison words to describemdashheavy heavier heaviest
bullldquoLetrsquos see how long it takes to put the blocks away todayrdquo Do this for several days and compare time
Med
iate
bullModel use of vocabulary mdash same and different
bullPrompt children to identify pairs of items that match or do not ldquoJulie can you help find Mariarsquos mitten It is red like this onerdquo
bullAsk children to find items in the classroom that are biglittle etc
bullUse musical instruments with children to explore concepts such as loudsoft and slowfast
bullTeach about opposites using a song and gestures to indicate updown overunder etc
bullAsk questions to get children to identify the smallest biggest etc
bullTake photographs of children engaging in a three step processes (Pouring milk drinking it and showing the empty glass) Make several sets and print Have children work in pairs They take turns ordering and then describing their reasoning to the peer
bullRead and have children act out stories such as The Three Bears that contain items that can be ordered
bullUse daily schedule chart to talk with a few children about the order of the daily routine Ask one child to describe what comes next to a peer who is new to the class
bullWhen asking a child ldquowhat comes nextrdquo allow sufficient time for the child to think about it and respond If needed give a hint ldquoItrsquos something we do when we are hungryrdquo
bullAsk questions to get a child to describe what he or she remembers about the order of events in a story
bullInvite children to draw representations of their family members Then ask them to order them from the smallest to largest Talk about the ages of these people Are they also in order from youngest to oldest Why do they think this is so
bullProvide feedback ldquoYou know that there is no school tomorrow How did you figure it outrdquo
bullHelp children to make connections to their own experiencesmdashldquoHave you ever tried to lift something very heavyrdquo
Dire
ct
bullUse a memory game with matching picture cards Demonstrate placing pictures in pairs Describe own actions ldquoI am placing these two cards together they have the same picture Thatrsquos a matchrdquo Have child help
bullDuring movement activities demonstrate moving your body from crouching low to the ground to a squat to standing to reaching up Have children imitate these movements Ask them to describe them as well
bullWhen child is playing with a group of nature items provide an ordering mat and request that the child arrange from longest to shortest If needed break task down ldquoFind the smallest item rdquo
bullProvide pictures of objects and have children compare them with regard to nonvisible attributes (A lion and a cat) mdashldquoWhich is louderrdquo (A brick and a balloon) mdash ldquoWhich is lighterrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 30
Cognitive 6 Relates number to quantity
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullIncorporate materials with numerals throughout the classroom (eg add footprints with numerals on the floor in high traffic areas)
bullUse number-related vocabulary when talking about the daily schedule For example ldquoWe have one minute until snack timerdquo
bullHand materials to students one at a time while counting instead of providing them with all materials at once
bullProvide sets of five to 10 objects similar objects
bullProvide multiple natural opportunities for counting during the daily routine (ldquoLetrsquos start with 10 raisins Help me countrdquo)
bullIncorporate songs that include counting
bullProvide opportunities within classroom routine for 1-to-1 correspondence (setting snack table with one napkin and one cup at each chair passing out materials to each child etc)
bullProvide materials to include opportunities for 1-to-1 correspondence (provide 20 cards and 20 envelopes 20 cars and 20 boxes that could be used as garages)
bullProvide sets of different materials with varying quantities (12 bears three horses three pigs and 20 chickens)
bullVary classroom arrangement to include opportunities to compare quantities (have more chairs at one table than another areas that accommodate more children etc)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 31
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe how many whenever the opportunity arises ldquoYou have two crackers mdash one in each handrdquo
bullModel use of number-related vocabulary as appropriate ldquoI need three cups at this table helliprdquo
bullComment ldquoMaria just counted to five There are five flowers in the vaserdquo
bullModel counting throughout the day and talk out loud about why ldquoI need to figure out how many muffins to make for snack tomorrow helliprdquo
bullModel counting children each day before going outside etc
bullDescribe the childrsquos actions ldquoYou used all the double-unit blocks to make this road I wonder how many it took 1 2 3hellip18rdquo
bullComment ldquoWe will need one smock for each child who is going to paintrdquo
bullProvide opportunities for children to be responsible for classroom duties that involve counting (While setting table for snack independently child will need to figure out how many cups are needed by counting children) Remain available if they need support
Med
iate
bullAsk child to give one more of something ldquoLily would you please hand me one more paintbrushrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into simple songs and finger-plays
bullTalk to child about number of body parts One nose two eyes hellip Expand childrsquos comments ldquoYes you have two eyes and many eyelashesrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into routines and games (Count each step as ascending stairs Count up to 10 while rolling a ball back and forth) Take turns counting
bullTeach strategies mdash ldquoLine up the cars as you count themrdquo ldquoTouch each chip as you say the numberrdquo
bullHave two children count together while they test their predictions of how many marbles are in the jar
bullInvite children to help set the tables for meals ldquoHow many plates are on the table How many cups will you need rdquo
bullEngage in play with children and incorporate counting into the play ldquoHow many chairs do we need for the babies Letrsquos make a garage for each of these cars helliprdquo
bullHave children draw objects to represent numbers
bullAsk a ldquoQuestion of the Dayrdquo (on any topic) and create a graph of childrenrsquos responses Then ask them to identify which is more or less
bullReflect with children after they engage in an activity Have them describe their process Ask questions to prompt their thinking ldquoHow did you come up with that numberrdquo ldquoHow do you know there are morerdquo
Dire
ct
bullHave child repeat numbers as you count something out loud
bullHold childrsquos hands and count as she jumps up and down
bullProvide cards with numerals to indicate serving size at snack ldquoSee the three You may start with three crackersrdquo
bullTell child ldquoWersquore going to count the shells to find out how many there are all together When we count we always start with the number onehelliprdquo
bullAssign a helper to count the number of children present each day
bullProvide a collection of objects to be counted Direct the child to count how many there are Listen for accuracy If the child gets to a point where he canrsquot go further model saying the remaining numbers
bullHave a child help gather materials for a project Give them instructions ldquoPlease go get 15 straws and five pieces of red paperrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 32
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
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ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage communication (such as two toy telephones)
bullAllow time during teacher-directed activities for children to comment and share
bullChange something in the environment
bullProvide materials that produce a wide variety of sounds
bullCreate small-group opportunities with peers who have a variety of language levels
bullSing songs with children especially repetitive songs like Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed or Old MacDonald had a Farm
bullUse nursery rhymes
bullProvide opportunities for children to pretend to be someone else This encourages children to mimic the vocabulary facial expressions and body language that they see and hear from others These types of experiences encourage oral language interactions
bullPlay games such as I Spy Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar and Guess Who I Am
bullProvide story cards of a familiar story
bullProvide journals for children to record their experiences
bullProvide opportunities for children to have conversations with each other
bullProvide many opportunities for children to explain what they are doing tell others about their experiences and feelings and to share their thoughts
bullProvide tape recorders for children to record their own voices and stories
bullPlay games with rules and have children explain the rules to their peers
bullRead stories multiple timesbullInclude microphones old telephones puppets flannel boards and paper towel tubes in multiple play areasbullProvide picture books for children to tell their own storiesbullProvide props for role-playing and pretending
In any language
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 33
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullUse descriptive language when describing a childrsquos actions
bullModel target vocabulary while labeling items
bullUse pointing to bring childrsquos attention to what is being talked about
bullModel increasingly more advanced language
bullRepeat a comment made by a peer to increase childrsquos attention to what was said
bullProvide expectant looks to encourage a child to make a comment
bullModel conversations between adults or adult and a child Do so in close proximity to identified child
bullCreate opportunities for children to be engaged with peers on projects of mutual interest that require verbal communication
bullTake digital photos of children engaging in the classroom Create a slide-show to prompt a small group of viewers to reflect on and describe their experiences
Med
iate
bullFollow the childrsquos lead Comment on hisher actions
bullTalk with a child about objects and happenings in the here-and-now
bullWhen asking a question allow sufficient wait time (at least three to five seconds) for a response
bullUse gestures and facial expression while talking to give more clues to the meaning of a communication
bullRespond verbally to childrsquos nonverbal communications
bullRepeat and expand childrsquos comments
bullEncourage social interactions between identified children and more proficient peers
bullTalk about topics that children are presently engaged in and those that are of special interest
bullAsk an open-ended question allow wait time acknowledge and expand the childrsquos response
bullAsk children about recent experiences with their families Prompt them to tell more and help make connections to something going on at school
bullDuring unstructured activities be available and demonstrate interest in what the child is doing When the child initiates an interaction ask to elaborate (ldquoTell me more rdquo) When a follow up comment is made expand the statement and respond to the content of what the child has said
bullEngage a small group of children in educational dialogue Use the opportunity to build their understanding of a concept introduce advanced language promote high order thinking and make connections to their lives
bullConduct class meetings during which time children have opportunities to share their ideas and opinionsmdashand listen to their peersmdashon a topic that is important to the group
Dire
ct
bullModel short simple sentences when giving directions
bullWhen a child wants or needs something provide the words and encourage the child to repeat them
bullProvide the words for a child to use to communicate a need to a peer Instruct the child to repeat the words
bullCoach a child on important skills needed for effective communication ldquoLook at his face when you ask him hellip Give him time to answer you hellip Acknowledge that you are listening helliprdquo
bullProvide a prompt photograph or interesting object and have a child describe it Write the childrsquos words Ask open-ended questions to elicit increased use of descriptors
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 34
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullEnsure access to booksbullProvide books puppets felt
board materialsbullProvide small people houses
cars for pretend playbullAllow children to tell stories
and read to adults and peersbullProvide a consistent
predictable schedule with pictures and refer to it regularly use words like ldquofirst we did this and then we did this now we are doing thisrdquo
bullRead stories that reflect childrenrsquos cultural linguistic familial backgrounds and experiences
bullProvide books and materials that are linked to childrenrsquos interests and personal experiences
bullMatch dramatic play materials to stories being read
bullProvide materials linked to recently read books
bullCreate and display classroom-created books related to classroom experiences
bullAdjust the schedule to allow for a book reading that supports an unexpected experience children have just had eg observing a butterfly on the playground
bullIntroduce story-related vocabulary terms such as character and event during book readings
bullUse the words at other times such as when a child is telling a story explain that they are the character
bullProvide story-making materials to children have them read the stories to you listen for evidence of characters plot etc
bullEnsure that there is time and space for reading to children throughout the day
bullProvide wordless books that children can tell their story from
bullProvide materials such as flannel board pieces that reflect familiar stories
bullProvide opportunities for children to retell stories
bullRead stories over and over againbullProvide opportunities for children to have frequent conversation with adults and peersbullEncourage children to represent stories through a variety of materials art movement outdoor play etc
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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- p7Link
- Direct 3
- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
- PRevious view 9
-
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 2 25
COG 2
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Moves to another activity when confronted with a problem
Imitates other childrsquos or repeats own strategy to solve a problem
Tries more than one strategy to solve a problem with teacher support
Creates and uses alternative strategies to solve problemsindependently
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullTell child ldquoI notice you got frustrated and gave uprdquo
bullModify or provide a simpler task
bullModel private speech ldquoLet me see Whenever I try to do this it doesnrsquot seem to work I think I will try something differentrdquo
bullComment ldquoOh you did that just like Juan I bet therersquos another wayhelliprdquo Provide time for child to think and provide an expectant look
bullModel a new strategy Describe what is being tried and the outcome
bullComment ldquoI notice that you made a change It looks like this idea is workingrdquo
bullCreate a chart by taking pictures of a child successfully completing a common but difficult task Refer another child to it when she encounters the same challenge
bullModel thinking aloud when presented with a problem in the classroom For example ldquoI wonder how I am going to fit six children at this table I think I will move this shelf and add a chair here That should workrdquo
Med
iate
bullEncourage child to try again this time providing support to ensure success
bullAssist partially with the task and let child do the part that he or she is capable of
bullProvide two possible solutions and let child pick one
bullOffer to help the child solve a problem at hand
bullWait until the next time the child encounters the same problem and be prepared to co-construct for success (Child gets frustrated because block tower falls down The next time he enters block area join him and build it together)
bullSuggest an alternative strategy for a child to try
bullInvite the child to assist peer or teacher in solving the problem together
bullSuggest that child observe a peer who is using a successful strategy Encourage the peer to describe what is being done
bullAsk a child to explain his or her thinking Use writing or drawing as a way to capture the childrsquos ideas Expand on comments
bullWhen a child can almost get a puzzle piece to fit but begins to give up provide a hint for what to try
bullRemind child of a strategy he or she has used in a different situation Suggest trying that again to solve current problem
bullEngage in a back and forth exchange with a child about the problem-solving process ldquoDo you think that might work Tell me how Why do you think helliprdquo
bullStructure a task that allows for multiple approaches Identify possible solutions with children and write them down Have each child try one strategy while peers observe and comment
bullAsk children for their ideas to help the teacher figure out how to approach a challenge or problem in the classroom
bullEngage a small group of children in a dialogue about differing perspectives Ask a series of questions to encourage children to describe their thinking Help children come to an understanding that there is more than one ldquoright wayrdquo to approach a problem
bullCreate an ldquoAsk the Expertsrdquo class book or poster Identify with children those things that they are each good at Can be used as a reference when a child needs help with a task
Dire
ct
bullDo the task for the child while showing how and describing each step
bullDemonstrate a different strategy and ask the child to try it
bullDescribe an alternative strategy and direct child to try it
bullHave a child teach a skill to a peer Coach her how to give step-by-step directions
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 26
Cognitive 4 Recognizes and makes patterns
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullCreate patterns using pieces of the environment egpull up one window shade leave the next one down etc alternate chair colors at tablesmdashred blue red
bullProvide materials that can be used to create patterns through the use of sound vision and touch
bullBring in materials that have patterns in them display items and allow children to explore eg woven baskets dish towels pieces of cloth
bullCreate patterns using childrenrsquos clothing or physical characteristics take photos of the pattern so children can observe and repeat it
bullUse morning meeting time to identify patterns in the daily or weekly schedule
bullEmbed pattern activities into small group
bullAllow children to create patterns across a large space the entire block rug or the whole room
bullEncourage children to use outdoor play as an opportunity to create a pattern
bullProvide materials that have several characteristics that can be used to create a pattern such as cars that are various sizes and colors
bullProvide writing materials so that children can record their patterns through pictures or words
bullProvide patterning materials in multiple areas of the classroombullProvide items that have similar and different characteristics in multiple interest areas in the classroom
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 27
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe ldquoYou chose a blue crayon That is the same color as your pantsrdquo
bullComment ldquoI notice that you have two bears They look different One is yellow and one is purplerdquo
bullModel placing items into an AB pattern near where a child is using the same materials Name the pattern
bullComment ldquoYou found all the cars and planes that are the same as mine I lined these up in a pattern car plane car plane hellip You lined yours up differentlyrdquo
bullComment ldquoYou made a pattern just like my model You are able to continue and describe a simple pattern I bet you can create one of your ownrdquo
bullModel and name movement patterns when singing or chanting with children (clap and tap)
bullProvide a variety of natural materials for children to observe near the art area Watch to see if they incorporate the idea of pattern into their work
bullModel using a musical instrument to create an ABB pattern Describe it ldquoLoud soft soft helliprdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoSee this round pasta ldquoCan you find one that is the same shapehellip a different kindrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoYou choose the color that you like best and I will help you find some more that are the samerdquo
bullUse descriptive language when talking to a child about attributes of objects in the immediate environment Provide experiences for children to practice identifying things that are alike (match games finding pairs)
bullProbe ldquoCould you try to copy my patternrdquo
bullRecommend ldquoWhat if you match them up side by side Letrsquos name them out loud so you can hear the pattern mdash circle star circle star helliprdquo
bullEngage children in conversations about the patterns in their environment While walking outside point out patterns in the sidewalk fences and brick walls
bullAs child is trying to repeat a model pattern provide a hint if needed ldquoLook here you put the blue one lastrdquo
bullEncourage ldquoWhat if you pick two items and make a unit Next Irsquoll copy yours When we put them together wersquoll have a pattern Now keep extending it You did itrdquo
bullPrompt ldquoCan you describe your arrangementrdquo
bullHave two children work together to create a pattern with dot markers They take turns making their marks on a paper strip and notice that a pattern occurs Discuss with them the importance of placement on the paper and the order of their marksrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoDo you think that you could create a new pattern for someone to duplicate You could tell her about it then ask her to copy itrdquo
bullAfter a child creates a movement pattern (hop clap spin) represent the idea by writing the words on chart paper Help the child read the words Add pictures or the childrsquos drawings to go with the words Encourage other children to try Have them use the chart and demonstrate their movements to teach peers
Dire
ct
bullTell ldquoWatch me slide all of these green beads onto this string You can do it too What color do you want to userdquo
bullldquoFind all the seeds that look like this (show one) and put them together into this bowlrdquo
bullShow then tell ldquoFirst I put all the cows here and the pigs here next watch how I alternate them as I line them up cow pig cow pig hellip Can you do the samerdquo
bullDemonstrate and explain ldquoWhen making a repeating pattern use two shapesmdashplace the first here then put the one that is different after it hellip Now lsquoreadrsquo the pattern with me helliprdquo
bullTeach about a variety of complex patterns ABB ABC patterns with items that have more than one attribute (yellow cube blue sphere hellip) and growing patterns Name the pattern and units
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 28
Cognitive 5 Compares and orders objects and events
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullIntentionally vary materials in the classroom and discuss differences (eg different color pitchers for juice walls that are different colors etc)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by one attribute (color or size) providing only two examples of that attribute (eg small and large)
bullProvide opportunities for children to share describe and compare familiar objects from home in one-on-one and small-group settings (eg all children bring in their favorite item related to a particular unit of study or project)
bullProvide materials to promote observation skills such as bookspictures in which you locate items in a group (eg ldquoI Spyrdquo books)
bullProvide visual sequence for familiar stories and allow children to manipulate and order plot sequence
bullProvide materials that vary by one attribute providing three to four graduated examples (eg small medium and large)
bullPost visual schedules for daily routines and refer to these throughout the day (schedule of the dayrsquos activities steps involved for cleaning up from snack)
bullProvide visual displays that promote comparisons (three bears that vary in size)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by visual attributes (such as length width gradations of color) providing five to 10 graduated examples
bullProvide more detailed visual sequences for daily learning experiences and facilitate the childrenrsquos involvement in ordering the process (eg ldquoAre these in the right order Do we water the plant first or do we put the seed in the dirt firstrdquo)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by nonvisible attributes such as time and weight sound
bullVary the classroom schedule to provide opportunities to compare time (eg provide a longer time outside on a sunny day and a short walk in drizzly weather)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 29
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
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ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullPrint a set of pictures of the children in the class and display near the classroom computer Show a duplicate set as a slideshow on the monitor Sit nearby and listen to childrenrsquos comments Point to matching pictures to prompt them to find the matches
bullAcknowledge when children spontaneously show order in their work ldquoThe lines on your painting start out long on this side and get gradually smaller as they move across the paperrdquo
bullTalk aloud about own reason for ordering something
bullMake verbal comparisons about objects or people ldquoJulio when I look at this photograph I can see that you and Desiree are the same height Rosa is shorter and Mia is the tallest
bullComment ldquoAlly you sequenced all the pictures to retell the storyrdquo
bullOrder blocks by weight Use comparison words to describemdashheavy heavier heaviest
bullldquoLetrsquos see how long it takes to put the blocks away todayrdquo Do this for several days and compare time
Med
iate
bullModel use of vocabulary mdash same and different
bullPrompt children to identify pairs of items that match or do not ldquoJulie can you help find Mariarsquos mitten It is red like this onerdquo
bullAsk children to find items in the classroom that are biglittle etc
bullUse musical instruments with children to explore concepts such as loudsoft and slowfast
bullTeach about opposites using a song and gestures to indicate updown overunder etc
bullAsk questions to get children to identify the smallest biggest etc
bullTake photographs of children engaging in a three step processes (Pouring milk drinking it and showing the empty glass) Make several sets and print Have children work in pairs They take turns ordering and then describing their reasoning to the peer
bullRead and have children act out stories such as The Three Bears that contain items that can be ordered
bullUse daily schedule chart to talk with a few children about the order of the daily routine Ask one child to describe what comes next to a peer who is new to the class
bullWhen asking a child ldquowhat comes nextrdquo allow sufficient time for the child to think about it and respond If needed give a hint ldquoItrsquos something we do when we are hungryrdquo
bullAsk questions to get a child to describe what he or she remembers about the order of events in a story
bullInvite children to draw representations of their family members Then ask them to order them from the smallest to largest Talk about the ages of these people Are they also in order from youngest to oldest Why do they think this is so
bullProvide feedback ldquoYou know that there is no school tomorrow How did you figure it outrdquo
bullHelp children to make connections to their own experiencesmdashldquoHave you ever tried to lift something very heavyrdquo
Dire
ct
bullUse a memory game with matching picture cards Demonstrate placing pictures in pairs Describe own actions ldquoI am placing these two cards together they have the same picture Thatrsquos a matchrdquo Have child help
bullDuring movement activities demonstrate moving your body from crouching low to the ground to a squat to standing to reaching up Have children imitate these movements Ask them to describe them as well
bullWhen child is playing with a group of nature items provide an ordering mat and request that the child arrange from longest to shortest If needed break task down ldquoFind the smallest item rdquo
bullProvide pictures of objects and have children compare them with regard to nonvisible attributes (A lion and a cat) mdashldquoWhich is louderrdquo (A brick and a balloon) mdash ldquoWhich is lighterrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 30
Cognitive 6 Relates number to quantity
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullIncorporate materials with numerals throughout the classroom (eg add footprints with numerals on the floor in high traffic areas)
bullUse number-related vocabulary when talking about the daily schedule For example ldquoWe have one minute until snack timerdquo
bullHand materials to students one at a time while counting instead of providing them with all materials at once
bullProvide sets of five to 10 objects similar objects
bullProvide multiple natural opportunities for counting during the daily routine (ldquoLetrsquos start with 10 raisins Help me countrdquo)
bullIncorporate songs that include counting
bullProvide opportunities within classroom routine for 1-to-1 correspondence (setting snack table with one napkin and one cup at each chair passing out materials to each child etc)
bullProvide materials to include opportunities for 1-to-1 correspondence (provide 20 cards and 20 envelopes 20 cars and 20 boxes that could be used as garages)
bullProvide sets of different materials with varying quantities (12 bears three horses three pigs and 20 chickens)
bullVary classroom arrangement to include opportunities to compare quantities (have more chairs at one table than another areas that accommodate more children etc)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 31
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe how many whenever the opportunity arises ldquoYou have two crackers mdash one in each handrdquo
bullModel use of number-related vocabulary as appropriate ldquoI need three cups at this table helliprdquo
bullComment ldquoMaria just counted to five There are five flowers in the vaserdquo
bullModel counting throughout the day and talk out loud about why ldquoI need to figure out how many muffins to make for snack tomorrow helliprdquo
bullModel counting children each day before going outside etc
bullDescribe the childrsquos actions ldquoYou used all the double-unit blocks to make this road I wonder how many it took 1 2 3hellip18rdquo
bullComment ldquoWe will need one smock for each child who is going to paintrdquo
bullProvide opportunities for children to be responsible for classroom duties that involve counting (While setting table for snack independently child will need to figure out how many cups are needed by counting children) Remain available if they need support
Med
iate
bullAsk child to give one more of something ldquoLily would you please hand me one more paintbrushrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into simple songs and finger-plays
bullTalk to child about number of body parts One nose two eyes hellip Expand childrsquos comments ldquoYes you have two eyes and many eyelashesrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into routines and games (Count each step as ascending stairs Count up to 10 while rolling a ball back and forth) Take turns counting
bullTeach strategies mdash ldquoLine up the cars as you count themrdquo ldquoTouch each chip as you say the numberrdquo
bullHave two children count together while they test their predictions of how many marbles are in the jar
bullInvite children to help set the tables for meals ldquoHow many plates are on the table How many cups will you need rdquo
bullEngage in play with children and incorporate counting into the play ldquoHow many chairs do we need for the babies Letrsquos make a garage for each of these cars helliprdquo
bullHave children draw objects to represent numbers
bullAsk a ldquoQuestion of the Dayrdquo (on any topic) and create a graph of childrenrsquos responses Then ask them to identify which is more or less
bullReflect with children after they engage in an activity Have them describe their process Ask questions to prompt their thinking ldquoHow did you come up with that numberrdquo ldquoHow do you know there are morerdquo
Dire
ct
bullHave child repeat numbers as you count something out loud
bullHold childrsquos hands and count as she jumps up and down
bullProvide cards with numerals to indicate serving size at snack ldquoSee the three You may start with three crackersrdquo
bullTell child ldquoWersquore going to count the shells to find out how many there are all together When we count we always start with the number onehelliprdquo
bullAssign a helper to count the number of children present each day
bullProvide a collection of objects to be counted Direct the child to count how many there are Listen for accuracy If the child gets to a point where he canrsquot go further model saying the remaining numbers
bullHave a child help gather materials for a project Give them instructions ldquoPlease go get 15 straws and five pieces of red paperrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 32
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage communication (such as two toy telephones)
bullAllow time during teacher-directed activities for children to comment and share
bullChange something in the environment
bullProvide materials that produce a wide variety of sounds
bullCreate small-group opportunities with peers who have a variety of language levels
bullSing songs with children especially repetitive songs like Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed or Old MacDonald had a Farm
bullUse nursery rhymes
bullProvide opportunities for children to pretend to be someone else This encourages children to mimic the vocabulary facial expressions and body language that they see and hear from others These types of experiences encourage oral language interactions
bullPlay games such as I Spy Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar and Guess Who I Am
bullProvide story cards of a familiar story
bullProvide journals for children to record their experiences
bullProvide opportunities for children to have conversations with each other
bullProvide many opportunities for children to explain what they are doing tell others about their experiences and feelings and to share their thoughts
bullProvide tape recorders for children to record their own voices and stories
bullPlay games with rules and have children explain the rules to their peers
bullRead stories multiple timesbullInclude microphones old telephones puppets flannel boards and paper towel tubes in multiple play areasbullProvide picture books for children to tell their own storiesbullProvide props for role-playing and pretending
In any language
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 33
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullUse descriptive language when describing a childrsquos actions
bullModel target vocabulary while labeling items
bullUse pointing to bring childrsquos attention to what is being talked about
bullModel increasingly more advanced language
bullRepeat a comment made by a peer to increase childrsquos attention to what was said
bullProvide expectant looks to encourage a child to make a comment
bullModel conversations between adults or adult and a child Do so in close proximity to identified child
bullCreate opportunities for children to be engaged with peers on projects of mutual interest that require verbal communication
bullTake digital photos of children engaging in the classroom Create a slide-show to prompt a small group of viewers to reflect on and describe their experiences
Med
iate
bullFollow the childrsquos lead Comment on hisher actions
bullTalk with a child about objects and happenings in the here-and-now
bullWhen asking a question allow sufficient wait time (at least three to five seconds) for a response
bullUse gestures and facial expression while talking to give more clues to the meaning of a communication
bullRespond verbally to childrsquos nonverbal communications
bullRepeat and expand childrsquos comments
bullEncourage social interactions between identified children and more proficient peers
bullTalk about topics that children are presently engaged in and those that are of special interest
bullAsk an open-ended question allow wait time acknowledge and expand the childrsquos response
bullAsk children about recent experiences with their families Prompt them to tell more and help make connections to something going on at school
bullDuring unstructured activities be available and demonstrate interest in what the child is doing When the child initiates an interaction ask to elaborate (ldquoTell me more rdquo) When a follow up comment is made expand the statement and respond to the content of what the child has said
bullEngage a small group of children in educational dialogue Use the opportunity to build their understanding of a concept introduce advanced language promote high order thinking and make connections to their lives
bullConduct class meetings during which time children have opportunities to share their ideas and opinionsmdashand listen to their peersmdashon a topic that is important to the group
Dire
ct
bullModel short simple sentences when giving directions
bullWhen a child wants or needs something provide the words and encourage the child to repeat them
bullProvide the words for a child to use to communicate a need to a peer Instruct the child to repeat the words
bullCoach a child on important skills needed for effective communication ldquoLook at his face when you ask him hellip Give him time to answer you hellip Acknowledge that you are listening helliprdquo
bullProvide a prompt photograph or interesting object and have a child describe it Write the childrsquos words Ask open-ended questions to elicit increased use of descriptors
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 34
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullEnsure access to booksbullProvide books puppets felt
board materialsbullProvide small people houses
cars for pretend playbullAllow children to tell stories
and read to adults and peersbullProvide a consistent
predictable schedule with pictures and refer to it regularly use words like ldquofirst we did this and then we did this now we are doing thisrdquo
bullRead stories that reflect childrenrsquos cultural linguistic familial backgrounds and experiences
bullProvide books and materials that are linked to childrenrsquos interests and personal experiences
bullMatch dramatic play materials to stories being read
bullProvide materials linked to recently read books
bullCreate and display classroom-created books related to classroom experiences
bullAdjust the schedule to allow for a book reading that supports an unexpected experience children have just had eg observing a butterfly on the playground
bullIntroduce story-related vocabulary terms such as character and event during book readings
bullUse the words at other times such as when a child is telling a story explain that they are the character
bullProvide story-making materials to children have them read the stories to you listen for evidence of characters plot etc
bullEnsure that there is time and space for reading to children throughout the day
bullProvide wordless books that children can tell their story from
bullProvide materials such as flannel board pieces that reflect familiar stories
bullProvide opportunities for children to retell stories
bullRead stories over and over againbullProvide opportunities for children to have frequent conversation with adults and peersbullEncourage children to represent stories through a variety of materials art movement outdoor play etc
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
- Button 3
-
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-
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- Next view 7
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- p4Link
- p7Link
- Direct 3
- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
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-
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 26
Cognitive 4 Recognizes and makes patterns
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullCreate patterns using pieces of the environment egpull up one window shade leave the next one down etc alternate chair colors at tablesmdashred blue red
bullProvide materials that can be used to create patterns through the use of sound vision and touch
bullBring in materials that have patterns in them display items and allow children to explore eg woven baskets dish towels pieces of cloth
bullCreate patterns using childrenrsquos clothing or physical characteristics take photos of the pattern so children can observe and repeat it
bullUse morning meeting time to identify patterns in the daily or weekly schedule
bullEmbed pattern activities into small group
bullAllow children to create patterns across a large space the entire block rug or the whole room
bullEncourage children to use outdoor play as an opportunity to create a pattern
bullProvide materials that have several characteristics that can be used to create a pattern such as cars that are various sizes and colors
bullProvide writing materials so that children can record their patterns through pictures or words
bullProvide patterning materials in multiple areas of the classroombullProvide items that have similar and different characteristics in multiple interest areas in the classroom
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 27
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe ldquoYou chose a blue crayon That is the same color as your pantsrdquo
bullComment ldquoI notice that you have two bears They look different One is yellow and one is purplerdquo
bullModel placing items into an AB pattern near where a child is using the same materials Name the pattern
bullComment ldquoYou found all the cars and planes that are the same as mine I lined these up in a pattern car plane car plane hellip You lined yours up differentlyrdquo
bullComment ldquoYou made a pattern just like my model You are able to continue and describe a simple pattern I bet you can create one of your ownrdquo
bullModel and name movement patterns when singing or chanting with children (clap and tap)
bullProvide a variety of natural materials for children to observe near the art area Watch to see if they incorporate the idea of pattern into their work
bullModel using a musical instrument to create an ABB pattern Describe it ldquoLoud soft soft helliprdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoSee this round pasta ldquoCan you find one that is the same shapehellip a different kindrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoYou choose the color that you like best and I will help you find some more that are the samerdquo
bullUse descriptive language when talking to a child about attributes of objects in the immediate environment Provide experiences for children to practice identifying things that are alike (match games finding pairs)
bullProbe ldquoCould you try to copy my patternrdquo
bullRecommend ldquoWhat if you match them up side by side Letrsquos name them out loud so you can hear the pattern mdash circle star circle star helliprdquo
bullEngage children in conversations about the patterns in their environment While walking outside point out patterns in the sidewalk fences and brick walls
bullAs child is trying to repeat a model pattern provide a hint if needed ldquoLook here you put the blue one lastrdquo
bullEncourage ldquoWhat if you pick two items and make a unit Next Irsquoll copy yours When we put them together wersquoll have a pattern Now keep extending it You did itrdquo
bullPrompt ldquoCan you describe your arrangementrdquo
bullHave two children work together to create a pattern with dot markers They take turns making their marks on a paper strip and notice that a pattern occurs Discuss with them the importance of placement on the paper and the order of their marksrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoDo you think that you could create a new pattern for someone to duplicate You could tell her about it then ask her to copy itrdquo
bullAfter a child creates a movement pattern (hop clap spin) represent the idea by writing the words on chart paper Help the child read the words Add pictures or the childrsquos drawings to go with the words Encourage other children to try Have them use the chart and demonstrate their movements to teach peers
Dire
ct
bullTell ldquoWatch me slide all of these green beads onto this string You can do it too What color do you want to userdquo
bullldquoFind all the seeds that look like this (show one) and put them together into this bowlrdquo
bullShow then tell ldquoFirst I put all the cows here and the pigs here next watch how I alternate them as I line them up cow pig cow pig hellip Can you do the samerdquo
bullDemonstrate and explain ldquoWhen making a repeating pattern use two shapesmdashplace the first here then put the one that is different after it hellip Now lsquoreadrsquo the pattern with me helliprdquo
bullTeach about a variety of complex patterns ABB ABC patterns with items that have more than one attribute (yellow cube blue sphere hellip) and growing patterns Name the pattern and units
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 28
Cognitive 5 Compares and orders objects and events
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullIntentionally vary materials in the classroom and discuss differences (eg different color pitchers for juice walls that are different colors etc)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by one attribute (color or size) providing only two examples of that attribute (eg small and large)
bullProvide opportunities for children to share describe and compare familiar objects from home in one-on-one and small-group settings (eg all children bring in their favorite item related to a particular unit of study or project)
bullProvide materials to promote observation skills such as bookspictures in which you locate items in a group (eg ldquoI Spyrdquo books)
bullProvide visual sequence for familiar stories and allow children to manipulate and order plot sequence
bullProvide materials that vary by one attribute providing three to four graduated examples (eg small medium and large)
bullPost visual schedules for daily routines and refer to these throughout the day (schedule of the dayrsquos activities steps involved for cleaning up from snack)
bullProvide visual displays that promote comparisons (three bears that vary in size)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by visual attributes (such as length width gradations of color) providing five to 10 graduated examples
bullProvide more detailed visual sequences for daily learning experiences and facilitate the childrenrsquos involvement in ordering the process (eg ldquoAre these in the right order Do we water the plant first or do we put the seed in the dirt firstrdquo)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by nonvisible attributes such as time and weight sound
bullVary the classroom schedule to provide opportunities to compare time (eg provide a longer time outside on a sunny day and a short walk in drizzly weather)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 29
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullPrint a set of pictures of the children in the class and display near the classroom computer Show a duplicate set as a slideshow on the monitor Sit nearby and listen to childrenrsquos comments Point to matching pictures to prompt them to find the matches
bullAcknowledge when children spontaneously show order in their work ldquoThe lines on your painting start out long on this side and get gradually smaller as they move across the paperrdquo
bullTalk aloud about own reason for ordering something
bullMake verbal comparisons about objects or people ldquoJulio when I look at this photograph I can see that you and Desiree are the same height Rosa is shorter and Mia is the tallest
bullComment ldquoAlly you sequenced all the pictures to retell the storyrdquo
bullOrder blocks by weight Use comparison words to describemdashheavy heavier heaviest
bullldquoLetrsquos see how long it takes to put the blocks away todayrdquo Do this for several days and compare time
Med
iate
bullModel use of vocabulary mdash same and different
bullPrompt children to identify pairs of items that match or do not ldquoJulie can you help find Mariarsquos mitten It is red like this onerdquo
bullAsk children to find items in the classroom that are biglittle etc
bullUse musical instruments with children to explore concepts such as loudsoft and slowfast
bullTeach about opposites using a song and gestures to indicate updown overunder etc
bullAsk questions to get children to identify the smallest biggest etc
bullTake photographs of children engaging in a three step processes (Pouring milk drinking it and showing the empty glass) Make several sets and print Have children work in pairs They take turns ordering and then describing their reasoning to the peer
bullRead and have children act out stories such as The Three Bears that contain items that can be ordered
bullUse daily schedule chart to talk with a few children about the order of the daily routine Ask one child to describe what comes next to a peer who is new to the class
bullWhen asking a child ldquowhat comes nextrdquo allow sufficient time for the child to think about it and respond If needed give a hint ldquoItrsquos something we do when we are hungryrdquo
bullAsk questions to get a child to describe what he or she remembers about the order of events in a story
bullInvite children to draw representations of their family members Then ask them to order them from the smallest to largest Talk about the ages of these people Are they also in order from youngest to oldest Why do they think this is so
bullProvide feedback ldquoYou know that there is no school tomorrow How did you figure it outrdquo
bullHelp children to make connections to their own experiencesmdashldquoHave you ever tried to lift something very heavyrdquo
Dire
ct
bullUse a memory game with matching picture cards Demonstrate placing pictures in pairs Describe own actions ldquoI am placing these two cards together they have the same picture Thatrsquos a matchrdquo Have child help
bullDuring movement activities demonstrate moving your body from crouching low to the ground to a squat to standing to reaching up Have children imitate these movements Ask them to describe them as well
bullWhen child is playing with a group of nature items provide an ordering mat and request that the child arrange from longest to shortest If needed break task down ldquoFind the smallest item rdquo
bullProvide pictures of objects and have children compare them with regard to nonvisible attributes (A lion and a cat) mdashldquoWhich is louderrdquo (A brick and a balloon) mdash ldquoWhich is lighterrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 30
Cognitive 6 Relates number to quantity
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullIncorporate materials with numerals throughout the classroom (eg add footprints with numerals on the floor in high traffic areas)
bullUse number-related vocabulary when talking about the daily schedule For example ldquoWe have one minute until snack timerdquo
bullHand materials to students one at a time while counting instead of providing them with all materials at once
bullProvide sets of five to 10 objects similar objects
bullProvide multiple natural opportunities for counting during the daily routine (ldquoLetrsquos start with 10 raisins Help me countrdquo)
bullIncorporate songs that include counting
bullProvide opportunities within classroom routine for 1-to-1 correspondence (setting snack table with one napkin and one cup at each chair passing out materials to each child etc)
bullProvide materials to include opportunities for 1-to-1 correspondence (provide 20 cards and 20 envelopes 20 cars and 20 boxes that could be used as garages)
bullProvide sets of different materials with varying quantities (12 bears three horses three pigs and 20 chickens)
bullVary classroom arrangement to include opportunities to compare quantities (have more chairs at one table than another areas that accommodate more children etc)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 31
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe how many whenever the opportunity arises ldquoYou have two crackers mdash one in each handrdquo
bullModel use of number-related vocabulary as appropriate ldquoI need three cups at this table helliprdquo
bullComment ldquoMaria just counted to five There are five flowers in the vaserdquo
bullModel counting throughout the day and talk out loud about why ldquoI need to figure out how many muffins to make for snack tomorrow helliprdquo
bullModel counting children each day before going outside etc
bullDescribe the childrsquos actions ldquoYou used all the double-unit blocks to make this road I wonder how many it took 1 2 3hellip18rdquo
bullComment ldquoWe will need one smock for each child who is going to paintrdquo
bullProvide opportunities for children to be responsible for classroom duties that involve counting (While setting table for snack independently child will need to figure out how many cups are needed by counting children) Remain available if they need support
Med
iate
bullAsk child to give one more of something ldquoLily would you please hand me one more paintbrushrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into simple songs and finger-plays
bullTalk to child about number of body parts One nose two eyes hellip Expand childrsquos comments ldquoYes you have two eyes and many eyelashesrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into routines and games (Count each step as ascending stairs Count up to 10 while rolling a ball back and forth) Take turns counting
bullTeach strategies mdash ldquoLine up the cars as you count themrdquo ldquoTouch each chip as you say the numberrdquo
bullHave two children count together while they test their predictions of how many marbles are in the jar
bullInvite children to help set the tables for meals ldquoHow many plates are on the table How many cups will you need rdquo
bullEngage in play with children and incorporate counting into the play ldquoHow many chairs do we need for the babies Letrsquos make a garage for each of these cars helliprdquo
bullHave children draw objects to represent numbers
bullAsk a ldquoQuestion of the Dayrdquo (on any topic) and create a graph of childrenrsquos responses Then ask them to identify which is more or less
bullReflect with children after they engage in an activity Have them describe their process Ask questions to prompt their thinking ldquoHow did you come up with that numberrdquo ldquoHow do you know there are morerdquo
Dire
ct
bullHave child repeat numbers as you count something out loud
bullHold childrsquos hands and count as she jumps up and down
bullProvide cards with numerals to indicate serving size at snack ldquoSee the three You may start with three crackersrdquo
bullTell child ldquoWersquore going to count the shells to find out how many there are all together When we count we always start with the number onehelliprdquo
bullAssign a helper to count the number of children present each day
bullProvide a collection of objects to be counted Direct the child to count how many there are Listen for accuracy If the child gets to a point where he canrsquot go further model saying the remaining numbers
bullHave a child help gather materials for a project Give them instructions ldquoPlease go get 15 straws and five pieces of red paperrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 32
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage communication (such as two toy telephones)
bullAllow time during teacher-directed activities for children to comment and share
bullChange something in the environment
bullProvide materials that produce a wide variety of sounds
bullCreate small-group opportunities with peers who have a variety of language levels
bullSing songs with children especially repetitive songs like Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed or Old MacDonald had a Farm
bullUse nursery rhymes
bullProvide opportunities for children to pretend to be someone else This encourages children to mimic the vocabulary facial expressions and body language that they see and hear from others These types of experiences encourage oral language interactions
bullPlay games such as I Spy Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar and Guess Who I Am
bullProvide story cards of a familiar story
bullProvide journals for children to record their experiences
bullProvide opportunities for children to have conversations with each other
bullProvide many opportunities for children to explain what they are doing tell others about their experiences and feelings and to share their thoughts
bullProvide tape recorders for children to record their own voices and stories
bullPlay games with rules and have children explain the rules to their peers
bullRead stories multiple timesbullInclude microphones old telephones puppets flannel boards and paper towel tubes in multiple play areasbullProvide picture books for children to tell their own storiesbullProvide props for role-playing and pretending
In any language
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 33
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullUse descriptive language when describing a childrsquos actions
bullModel target vocabulary while labeling items
bullUse pointing to bring childrsquos attention to what is being talked about
bullModel increasingly more advanced language
bullRepeat a comment made by a peer to increase childrsquos attention to what was said
bullProvide expectant looks to encourage a child to make a comment
bullModel conversations between adults or adult and a child Do so in close proximity to identified child
bullCreate opportunities for children to be engaged with peers on projects of mutual interest that require verbal communication
bullTake digital photos of children engaging in the classroom Create a slide-show to prompt a small group of viewers to reflect on and describe their experiences
Med
iate
bullFollow the childrsquos lead Comment on hisher actions
bullTalk with a child about objects and happenings in the here-and-now
bullWhen asking a question allow sufficient wait time (at least three to five seconds) for a response
bullUse gestures and facial expression while talking to give more clues to the meaning of a communication
bullRespond verbally to childrsquos nonverbal communications
bullRepeat and expand childrsquos comments
bullEncourage social interactions between identified children and more proficient peers
bullTalk about topics that children are presently engaged in and those that are of special interest
bullAsk an open-ended question allow wait time acknowledge and expand the childrsquos response
bullAsk children about recent experiences with their families Prompt them to tell more and help make connections to something going on at school
bullDuring unstructured activities be available and demonstrate interest in what the child is doing When the child initiates an interaction ask to elaborate (ldquoTell me more rdquo) When a follow up comment is made expand the statement and respond to the content of what the child has said
bullEngage a small group of children in educational dialogue Use the opportunity to build their understanding of a concept introduce advanced language promote high order thinking and make connections to their lives
bullConduct class meetings during which time children have opportunities to share their ideas and opinionsmdashand listen to their peersmdashon a topic that is important to the group
Dire
ct
bullModel short simple sentences when giving directions
bullWhen a child wants or needs something provide the words and encourage the child to repeat them
bullProvide the words for a child to use to communicate a need to a peer Instruct the child to repeat the words
bullCoach a child on important skills needed for effective communication ldquoLook at his face when you ask him hellip Give him time to answer you hellip Acknowledge that you are listening helliprdquo
bullProvide a prompt photograph or interesting object and have a child describe it Write the childrsquos words Ask open-ended questions to elicit increased use of descriptors
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 34
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullEnsure access to booksbullProvide books puppets felt
board materialsbullProvide small people houses
cars for pretend playbullAllow children to tell stories
and read to adults and peersbullProvide a consistent
predictable schedule with pictures and refer to it regularly use words like ldquofirst we did this and then we did this now we are doing thisrdquo
bullRead stories that reflect childrenrsquos cultural linguistic familial backgrounds and experiences
bullProvide books and materials that are linked to childrenrsquos interests and personal experiences
bullMatch dramatic play materials to stories being read
bullProvide materials linked to recently read books
bullCreate and display classroom-created books related to classroom experiences
bullAdjust the schedule to allow for a book reading that supports an unexpected experience children have just had eg observing a butterfly on the playground
bullIntroduce story-related vocabulary terms such as character and event during book readings
bullUse the words at other times such as when a child is telling a story explain that they are the character
bullProvide story-making materials to children have them read the stories to you listen for evidence of characters plot etc
bullEnsure that there is time and space for reading to children throughout the day
bullProvide wordless books that children can tell their story from
bullProvide materials such as flannel board pieces that reflect familiar stories
bullProvide opportunities for children to retell stories
bullRead stories over and over againbullProvide opportunities for children to have frequent conversation with adults and peersbullEncourage children to represent stories through a variety of materials art movement outdoor play etc
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
- Button 3
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- p7Link
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- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
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- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
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- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 4 27
COG 4
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in items in a series
Repeats simple pattern Creates and describes simple patterns
Creates and describes complex patterns
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe ldquoYou chose a blue crayon That is the same color as your pantsrdquo
bullComment ldquoI notice that you have two bears They look different One is yellow and one is purplerdquo
bullModel placing items into an AB pattern near where a child is using the same materials Name the pattern
bullComment ldquoYou found all the cars and planes that are the same as mine I lined these up in a pattern car plane car plane hellip You lined yours up differentlyrdquo
bullComment ldquoYou made a pattern just like my model You are able to continue and describe a simple pattern I bet you can create one of your ownrdquo
bullModel and name movement patterns when singing or chanting with children (clap and tap)
bullProvide a variety of natural materials for children to observe near the art area Watch to see if they incorporate the idea of pattern into their work
bullModel using a musical instrument to create an ABB pattern Describe it ldquoLoud soft soft helliprdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoSee this round pasta ldquoCan you find one that is the same shapehellip a different kindrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoYou choose the color that you like best and I will help you find some more that are the samerdquo
bullUse descriptive language when talking to a child about attributes of objects in the immediate environment Provide experiences for children to practice identifying things that are alike (match games finding pairs)
bullProbe ldquoCould you try to copy my patternrdquo
bullRecommend ldquoWhat if you match them up side by side Letrsquos name them out loud so you can hear the pattern mdash circle star circle star helliprdquo
bullEngage children in conversations about the patterns in their environment While walking outside point out patterns in the sidewalk fences and brick walls
bullAs child is trying to repeat a model pattern provide a hint if needed ldquoLook here you put the blue one lastrdquo
bullEncourage ldquoWhat if you pick two items and make a unit Next Irsquoll copy yours When we put them together wersquoll have a pattern Now keep extending it You did itrdquo
bullPrompt ldquoCan you describe your arrangementrdquo
bullHave two children work together to create a pattern with dot markers They take turns making their marks on a paper strip and notice that a pattern occurs Discuss with them the importance of placement on the paper and the order of their marksrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoDo you think that you could create a new pattern for someone to duplicate You could tell her about it then ask her to copy itrdquo
bullAfter a child creates a movement pattern (hop clap spin) represent the idea by writing the words on chart paper Help the child read the words Add pictures or the childrsquos drawings to go with the words Encourage other children to try Have them use the chart and demonstrate their movements to teach peers
Dire
ct
bullTell ldquoWatch me slide all of these green beads onto this string You can do it too What color do you want to userdquo
bullldquoFind all the seeds that look like this (show one) and put them together into this bowlrdquo
bullShow then tell ldquoFirst I put all the cows here and the pigs here next watch how I alternate them as I line them up cow pig cow pig hellip Can you do the samerdquo
bullDemonstrate and explain ldquoWhen making a repeating pattern use two shapesmdashplace the first here then put the one that is different after it hellip Now lsquoreadrsquo the pattern with me helliprdquo
bullTeach about a variety of complex patterns ABB ABC patterns with items that have more than one attribute (yellow cube blue sphere hellip) and growing patterns Name the pattern and units
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 28
Cognitive 5 Compares and orders objects and events
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullIntentionally vary materials in the classroom and discuss differences (eg different color pitchers for juice walls that are different colors etc)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by one attribute (color or size) providing only two examples of that attribute (eg small and large)
bullProvide opportunities for children to share describe and compare familiar objects from home in one-on-one and small-group settings (eg all children bring in their favorite item related to a particular unit of study or project)
bullProvide materials to promote observation skills such as bookspictures in which you locate items in a group (eg ldquoI Spyrdquo books)
bullProvide visual sequence for familiar stories and allow children to manipulate and order plot sequence
bullProvide materials that vary by one attribute providing three to four graduated examples (eg small medium and large)
bullPost visual schedules for daily routines and refer to these throughout the day (schedule of the dayrsquos activities steps involved for cleaning up from snack)
bullProvide visual displays that promote comparisons (three bears that vary in size)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by visual attributes (such as length width gradations of color) providing five to 10 graduated examples
bullProvide more detailed visual sequences for daily learning experiences and facilitate the childrenrsquos involvement in ordering the process (eg ldquoAre these in the right order Do we water the plant first or do we put the seed in the dirt firstrdquo)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by nonvisible attributes such as time and weight sound
bullVary the classroom schedule to provide opportunities to compare time (eg provide a longer time outside on a sunny day and a short walk in drizzly weather)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 29
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullPrint a set of pictures of the children in the class and display near the classroom computer Show a duplicate set as a slideshow on the monitor Sit nearby and listen to childrenrsquos comments Point to matching pictures to prompt them to find the matches
bullAcknowledge when children spontaneously show order in their work ldquoThe lines on your painting start out long on this side and get gradually smaller as they move across the paperrdquo
bullTalk aloud about own reason for ordering something
bullMake verbal comparisons about objects or people ldquoJulio when I look at this photograph I can see that you and Desiree are the same height Rosa is shorter and Mia is the tallest
bullComment ldquoAlly you sequenced all the pictures to retell the storyrdquo
bullOrder blocks by weight Use comparison words to describemdashheavy heavier heaviest
bullldquoLetrsquos see how long it takes to put the blocks away todayrdquo Do this for several days and compare time
Med
iate
bullModel use of vocabulary mdash same and different
bullPrompt children to identify pairs of items that match or do not ldquoJulie can you help find Mariarsquos mitten It is red like this onerdquo
bullAsk children to find items in the classroom that are biglittle etc
bullUse musical instruments with children to explore concepts such as loudsoft and slowfast
bullTeach about opposites using a song and gestures to indicate updown overunder etc
bullAsk questions to get children to identify the smallest biggest etc
bullTake photographs of children engaging in a three step processes (Pouring milk drinking it and showing the empty glass) Make several sets and print Have children work in pairs They take turns ordering and then describing their reasoning to the peer
bullRead and have children act out stories such as The Three Bears that contain items that can be ordered
bullUse daily schedule chart to talk with a few children about the order of the daily routine Ask one child to describe what comes next to a peer who is new to the class
bullWhen asking a child ldquowhat comes nextrdquo allow sufficient time for the child to think about it and respond If needed give a hint ldquoItrsquos something we do when we are hungryrdquo
bullAsk questions to get a child to describe what he or she remembers about the order of events in a story
bullInvite children to draw representations of their family members Then ask them to order them from the smallest to largest Talk about the ages of these people Are they also in order from youngest to oldest Why do they think this is so
bullProvide feedback ldquoYou know that there is no school tomorrow How did you figure it outrdquo
bullHelp children to make connections to their own experiencesmdashldquoHave you ever tried to lift something very heavyrdquo
Dire
ct
bullUse a memory game with matching picture cards Demonstrate placing pictures in pairs Describe own actions ldquoI am placing these two cards together they have the same picture Thatrsquos a matchrdquo Have child help
bullDuring movement activities demonstrate moving your body from crouching low to the ground to a squat to standing to reaching up Have children imitate these movements Ask them to describe them as well
bullWhen child is playing with a group of nature items provide an ordering mat and request that the child arrange from longest to shortest If needed break task down ldquoFind the smallest item rdquo
bullProvide pictures of objects and have children compare them with regard to nonvisible attributes (A lion and a cat) mdashldquoWhich is louderrdquo (A brick and a balloon) mdash ldquoWhich is lighterrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 30
Cognitive 6 Relates number to quantity
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullIncorporate materials with numerals throughout the classroom (eg add footprints with numerals on the floor in high traffic areas)
bullUse number-related vocabulary when talking about the daily schedule For example ldquoWe have one minute until snack timerdquo
bullHand materials to students one at a time while counting instead of providing them with all materials at once
bullProvide sets of five to 10 objects similar objects
bullProvide multiple natural opportunities for counting during the daily routine (ldquoLetrsquos start with 10 raisins Help me countrdquo)
bullIncorporate songs that include counting
bullProvide opportunities within classroom routine for 1-to-1 correspondence (setting snack table with one napkin and one cup at each chair passing out materials to each child etc)
bullProvide materials to include opportunities for 1-to-1 correspondence (provide 20 cards and 20 envelopes 20 cars and 20 boxes that could be used as garages)
bullProvide sets of different materials with varying quantities (12 bears three horses three pigs and 20 chickens)
bullVary classroom arrangement to include opportunities to compare quantities (have more chairs at one table than another areas that accommodate more children etc)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 31
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe how many whenever the opportunity arises ldquoYou have two crackers mdash one in each handrdquo
bullModel use of number-related vocabulary as appropriate ldquoI need three cups at this table helliprdquo
bullComment ldquoMaria just counted to five There are five flowers in the vaserdquo
bullModel counting throughout the day and talk out loud about why ldquoI need to figure out how many muffins to make for snack tomorrow helliprdquo
bullModel counting children each day before going outside etc
bullDescribe the childrsquos actions ldquoYou used all the double-unit blocks to make this road I wonder how many it took 1 2 3hellip18rdquo
bullComment ldquoWe will need one smock for each child who is going to paintrdquo
bullProvide opportunities for children to be responsible for classroom duties that involve counting (While setting table for snack independently child will need to figure out how many cups are needed by counting children) Remain available if they need support
Med
iate
bullAsk child to give one more of something ldquoLily would you please hand me one more paintbrushrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into simple songs and finger-plays
bullTalk to child about number of body parts One nose two eyes hellip Expand childrsquos comments ldquoYes you have two eyes and many eyelashesrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into routines and games (Count each step as ascending stairs Count up to 10 while rolling a ball back and forth) Take turns counting
bullTeach strategies mdash ldquoLine up the cars as you count themrdquo ldquoTouch each chip as you say the numberrdquo
bullHave two children count together while they test their predictions of how many marbles are in the jar
bullInvite children to help set the tables for meals ldquoHow many plates are on the table How many cups will you need rdquo
bullEngage in play with children and incorporate counting into the play ldquoHow many chairs do we need for the babies Letrsquos make a garage for each of these cars helliprdquo
bullHave children draw objects to represent numbers
bullAsk a ldquoQuestion of the Dayrdquo (on any topic) and create a graph of childrenrsquos responses Then ask them to identify which is more or less
bullReflect with children after they engage in an activity Have them describe their process Ask questions to prompt their thinking ldquoHow did you come up with that numberrdquo ldquoHow do you know there are morerdquo
Dire
ct
bullHave child repeat numbers as you count something out loud
bullHold childrsquos hands and count as she jumps up and down
bullProvide cards with numerals to indicate serving size at snack ldquoSee the three You may start with three crackersrdquo
bullTell child ldquoWersquore going to count the shells to find out how many there are all together When we count we always start with the number onehelliprdquo
bullAssign a helper to count the number of children present each day
bullProvide a collection of objects to be counted Direct the child to count how many there are Listen for accuracy If the child gets to a point where he canrsquot go further model saying the remaining numbers
bullHave a child help gather materials for a project Give them instructions ldquoPlease go get 15 straws and five pieces of red paperrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 32
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage communication (such as two toy telephones)
bullAllow time during teacher-directed activities for children to comment and share
bullChange something in the environment
bullProvide materials that produce a wide variety of sounds
bullCreate small-group opportunities with peers who have a variety of language levels
bullSing songs with children especially repetitive songs like Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed or Old MacDonald had a Farm
bullUse nursery rhymes
bullProvide opportunities for children to pretend to be someone else This encourages children to mimic the vocabulary facial expressions and body language that they see and hear from others These types of experiences encourage oral language interactions
bullPlay games such as I Spy Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar and Guess Who I Am
bullProvide story cards of a familiar story
bullProvide journals for children to record their experiences
bullProvide opportunities for children to have conversations with each other
bullProvide many opportunities for children to explain what they are doing tell others about their experiences and feelings and to share their thoughts
bullProvide tape recorders for children to record their own voices and stories
bullPlay games with rules and have children explain the rules to their peers
bullRead stories multiple timesbullInclude microphones old telephones puppets flannel boards and paper towel tubes in multiple play areasbullProvide picture books for children to tell their own storiesbullProvide props for role-playing and pretending
In any language
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 33
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullUse descriptive language when describing a childrsquos actions
bullModel target vocabulary while labeling items
bullUse pointing to bring childrsquos attention to what is being talked about
bullModel increasingly more advanced language
bullRepeat a comment made by a peer to increase childrsquos attention to what was said
bullProvide expectant looks to encourage a child to make a comment
bullModel conversations between adults or adult and a child Do so in close proximity to identified child
bullCreate opportunities for children to be engaged with peers on projects of mutual interest that require verbal communication
bullTake digital photos of children engaging in the classroom Create a slide-show to prompt a small group of viewers to reflect on and describe their experiences
Med
iate
bullFollow the childrsquos lead Comment on hisher actions
bullTalk with a child about objects and happenings in the here-and-now
bullWhen asking a question allow sufficient wait time (at least three to five seconds) for a response
bullUse gestures and facial expression while talking to give more clues to the meaning of a communication
bullRespond verbally to childrsquos nonverbal communications
bullRepeat and expand childrsquos comments
bullEncourage social interactions between identified children and more proficient peers
bullTalk about topics that children are presently engaged in and those that are of special interest
bullAsk an open-ended question allow wait time acknowledge and expand the childrsquos response
bullAsk children about recent experiences with their families Prompt them to tell more and help make connections to something going on at school
bullDuring unstructured activities be available and demonstrate interest in what the child is doing When the child initiates an interaction ask to elaborate (ldquoTell me more rdquo) When a follow up comment is made expand the statement and respond to the content of what the child has said
bullEngage a small group of children in educational dialogue Use the opportunity to build their understanding of a concept introduce advanced language promote high order thinking and make connections to their lives
bullConduct class meetings during which time children have opportunities to share their ideas and opinionsmdashand listen to their peersmdashon a topic that is important to the group
Dire
ct
bullModel short simple sentences when giving directions
bullWhen a child wants or needs something provide the words and encourage the child to repeat them
bullProvide the words for a child to use to communicate a need to a peer Instruct the child to repeat the words
bullCoach a child on important skills needed for effective communication ldquoLook at his face when you ask him hellip Give him time to answer you hellip Acknowledge that you are listening helliprdquo
bullProvide a prompt photograph or interesting object and have a child describe it Write the childrsquos words Ask open-ended questions to elicit increased use of descriptors
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 34
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullEnsure access to booksbullProvide books puppets felt
board materialsbullProvide small people houses
cars for pretend playbullAllow children to tell stories
and read to adults and peersbullProvide a consistent
predictable schedule with pictures and refer to it regularly use words like ldquofirst we did this and then we did this now we are doing thisrdquo
bullRead stories that reflect childrenrsquos cultural linguistic familial backgrounds and experiences
bullProvide books and materials that are linked to childrenrsquos interests and personal experiences
bullMatch dramatic play materials to stories being read
bullProvide materials linked to recently read books
bullCreate and display classroom-created books related to classroom experiences
bullAdjust the schedule to allow for a book reading that supports an unexpected experience children have just had eg observing a butterfly on the playground
bullIntroduce story-related vocabulary terms such as character and event during book readings
bullUse the words at other times such as when a child is telling a story explain that they are the character
bullProvide story-making materials to children have them read the stories to you listen for evidence of characters plot etc
bullEnsure that there is time and space for reading to children throughout the day
bullProvide wordless books that children can tell their story from
bullProvide materials such as flannel board pieces that reflect familiar stories
bullProvide opportunities for children to retell stories
bullRead stories over and over againbullProvide opportunities for children to have frequent conversation with adults and peersbullEncourage children to represent stories through a variety of materials art movement outdoor play etc
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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- Page 55
-
- PRevious view 8
- Next view 8
- PRevious 7
- Next view 11
- PRevious view 6
-
- Page 8
- Page 9
- Page 10
- Page 11
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- Page 6 Off
-
- Next view 6
-
- Page 8
- Page 9
- Page 10
- Page 11
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- Page 6 Off
-
- PRevious 5
-
- Page 8
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- Page 10
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- Page 6 Off
-
- Next view 9
-
- Page 8
- Page 9
- Page 10
- Page 11
- Page 12
- Page 14
- Page 47
- Page 48
- Page 49
- Page 50
- Page 52
- Page 6 Off
-
- Button 3
- PRevious view 7
- Next view 7
- PRevious 6
- Next view 10
- p4Link
- p7Link
- Direct 3
- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
- PRevious view 9
-
- Page 14 Off
- Page 47
- Page 48
- Page 49
- Page 50
- Page 52
-
- PRevious 8
-
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- Next view 12
-
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-
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-
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- Page 56
-
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-
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 28
Cognitive 5 Compares and orders objects and events
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullIntentionally vary materials in the classroom and discuss differences (eg different color pitchers for juice walls that are different colors etc)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by one attribute (color or size) providing only two examples of that attribute (eg small and large)
bullProvide opportunities for children to share describe and compare familiar objects from home in one-on-one and small-group settings (eg all children bring in their favorite item related to a particular unit of study or project)
bullProvide materials to promote observation skills such as bookspictures in which you locate items in a group (eg ldquoI Spyrdquo books)
bullProvide visual sequence for familiar stories and allow children to manipulate and order plot sequence
bullProvide materials that vary by one attribute providing three to four graduated examples (eg small medium and large)
bullPost visual schedules for daily routines and refer to these throughout the day (schedule of the dayrsquos activities steps involved for cleaning up from snack)
bullProvide visual displays that promote comparisons (three bears that vary in size)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by visual attributes (such as length width gradations of color) providing five to 10 graduated examples
bullProvide more detailed visual sequences for daily learning experiences and facilitate the childrenrsquos involvement in ordering the process (eg ldquoAre these in the right order Do we water the plant first or do we put the seed in the dirt firstrdquo)
bullProvide collections of materials that vary by nonvisible attributes such as time and weight sound
bullVary the classroom schedule to provide opportunities to compare time (eg provide a longer time outside on a sunny day and a short walk in drizzly weather)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 29
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullPrint a set of pictures of the children in the class and display near the classroom computer Show a duplicate set as a slideshow on the monitor Sit nearby and listen to childrenrsquos comments Point to matching pictures to prompt them to find the matches
bullAcknowledge when children spontaneously show order in their work ldquoThe lines on your painting start out long on this side and get gradually smaller as they move across the paperrdquo
bullTalk aloud about own reason for ordering something
bullMake verbal comparisons about objects or people ldquoJulio when I look at this photograph I can see that you and Desiree are the same height Rosa is shorter and Mia is the tallest
bullComment ldquoAlly you sequenced all the pictures to retell the storyrdquo
bullOrder blocks by weight Use comparison words to describemdashheavy heavier heaviest
bullldquoLetrsquos see how long it takes to put the blocks away todayrdquo Do this for several days and compare time
Med
iate
bullModel use of vocabulary mdash same and different
bullPrompt children to identify pairs of items that match or do not ldquoJulie can you help find Mariarsquos mitten It is red like this onerdquo
bullAsk children to find items in the classroom that are biglittle etc
bullUse musical instruments with children to explore concepts such as loudsoft and slowfast
bullTeach about opposites using a song and gestures to indicate updown overunder etc
bullAsk questions to get children to identify the smallest biggest etc
bullTake photographs of children engaging in a three step processes (Pouring milk drinking it and showing the empty glass) Make several sets and print Have children work in pairs They take turns ordering and then describing their reasoning to the peer
bullRead and have children act out stories such as The Three Bears that contain items that can be ordered
bullUse daily schedule chart to talk with a few children about the order of the daily routine Ask one child to describe what comes next to a peer who is new to the class
bullWhen asking a child ldquowhat comes nextrdquo allow sufficient time for the child to think about it and respond If needed give a hint ldquoItrsquos something we do when we are hungryrdquo
bullAsk questions to get a child to describe what he or she remembers about the order of events in a story
bullInvite children to draw representations of their family members Then ask them to order them from the smallest to largest Talk about the ages of these people Are they also in order from youngest to oldest Why do they think this is so
bullProvide feedback ldquoYou know that there is no school tomorrow How did you figure it outrdquo
bullHelp children to make connections to their own experiencesmdashldquoHave you ever tried to lift something very heavyrdquo
Dire
ct
bullUse a memory game with matching picture cards Demonstrate placing pictures in pairs Describe own actions ldquoI am placing these two cards together they have the same picture Thatrsquos a matchrdquo Have child help
bullDuring movement activities demonstrate moving your body from crouching low to the ground to a squat to standing to reaching up Have children imitate these movements Ask them to describe them as well
bullWhen child is playing with a group of nature items provide an ordering mat and request that the child arrange from longest to shortest If needed break task down ldquoFind the smallest item rdquo
bullProvide pictures of objects and have children compare them with regard to nonvisible attributes (A lion and a cat) mdashldquoWhich is louderrdquo (A brick and a balloon) mdash ldquoWhich is lighterrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 30
Cognitive 6 Relates number to quantity
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullIncorporate materials with numerals throughout the classroom (eg add footprints with numerals on the floor in high traffic areas)
bullUse number-related vocabulary when talking about the daily schedule For example ldquoWe have one minute until snack timerdquo
bullHand materials to students one at a time while counting instead of providing them with all materials at once
bullProvide sets of five to 10 objects similar objects
bullProvide multiple natural opportunities for counting during the daily routine (ldquoLetrsquos start with 10 raisins Help me countrdquo)
bullIncorporate songs that include counting
bullProvide opportunities within classroom routine for 1-to-1 correspondence (setting snack table with one napkin and one cup at each chair passing out materials to each child etc)
bullProvide materials to include opportunities for 1-to-1 correspondence (provide 20 cards and 20 envelopes 20 cars and 20 boxes that could be used as garages)
bullProvide sets of different materials with varying quantities (12 bears three horses three pigs and 20 chickens)
bullVary classroom arrangement to include opportunities to compare quantities (have more chairs at one table than another areas that accommodate more children etc)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 31
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe how many whenever the opportunity arises ldquoYou have two crackers mdash one in each handrdquo
bullModel use of number-related vocabulary as appropriate ldquoI need three cups at this table helliprdquo
bullComment ldquoMaria just counted to five There are five flowers in the vaserdquo
bullModel counting throughout the day and talk out loud about why ldquoI need to figure out how many muffins to make for snack tomorrow helliprdquo
bullModel counting children each day before going outside etc
bullDescribe the childrsquos actions ldquoYou used all the double-unit blocks to make this road I wonder how many it took 1 2 3hellip18rdquo
bullComment ldquoWe will need one smock for each child who is going to paintrdquo
bullProvide opportunities for children to be responsible for classroom duties that involve counting (While setting table for snack independently child will need to figure out how many cups are needed by counting children) Remain available if they need support
Med
iate
bullAsk child to give one more of something ldquoLily would you please hand me one more paintbrushrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into simple songs and finger-plays
bullTalk to child about number of body parts One nose two eyes hellip Expand childrsquos comments ldquoYes you have two eyes and many eyelashesrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into routines and games (Count each step as ascending stairs Count up to 10 while rolling a ball back and forth) Take turns counting
bullTeach strategies mdash ldquoLine up the cars as you count themrdquo ldquoTouch each chip as you say the numberrdquo
bullHave two children count together while they test their predictions of how many marbles are in the jar
bullInvite children to help set the tables for meals ldquoHow many plates are on the table How many cups will you need rdquo
bullEngage in play with children and incorporate counting into the play ldquoHow many chairs do we need for the babies Letrsquos make a garage for each of these cars helliprdquo
bullHave children draw objects to represent numbers
bullAsk a ldquoQuestion of the Dayrdquo (on any topic) and create a graph of childrenrsquos responses Then ask them to identify which is more or less
bullReflect with children after they engage in an activity Have them describe their process Ask questions to prompt their thinking ldquoHow did you come up with that numberrdquo ldquoHow do you know there are morerdquo
Dire
ct
bullHave child repeat numbers as you count something out loud
bullHold childrsquos hands and count as she jumps up and down
bullProvide cards with numerals to indicate serving size at snack ldquoSee the three You may start with three crackersrdquo
bullTell child ldquoWersquore going to count the shells to find out how many there are all together When we count we always start with the number onehelliprdquo
bullAssign a helper to count the number of children present each day
bullProvide a collection of objects to be counted Direct the child to count how many there are Listen for accuracy If the child gets to a point where he canrsquot go further model saying the remaining numbers
bullHave a child help gather materials for a project Give them instructions ldquoPlease go get 15 straws and five pieces of red paperrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 32
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage communication (such as two toy telephones)
bullAllow time during teacher-directed activities for children to comment and share
bullChange something in the environment
bullProvide materials that produce a wide variety of sounds
bullCreate small-group opportunities with peers who have a variety of language levels
bullSing songs with children especially repetitive songs like Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed or Old MacDonald had a Farm
bullUse nursery rhymes
bullProvide opportunities for children to pretend to be someone else This encourages children to mimic the vocabulary facial expressions and body language that they see and hear from others These types of experiences encourage oral language interactions
bullPlay games such as I Spy Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar and Guess Who I Am
bullProvide story cards of a familiar story
bullProvide journals for children to record their experiences
bullProvide opportunities for children to have conversations with each other
bullProvide many opportunities for children to explain what they are doing tell others about their experiences and feelings and to share their thoughts
bullProvide tape recorders for children to record their own voices and stories
bullPlay games with rules and have children explain the rules to their peers
bullRead stories multiple timesbullInclude microphones old telephones puppets flannel boards and paper towel tubes in multiple play areasbullProvide picture books for children to tell their own storiesbullProvide props for role-playing and pretending
In any language
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 33
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullUse descriptive language when describing a childrsquos actions
bullModel target vocabulary while labeling items
bullUse pointing to bring childrsquos attention to what is being talked about
bullModel increasingly more advanced language
bullRepeat a comment made by a peer to increase childrsquos attention to what was said
bullProvide expectant looks to encourage a child to make a comment
bullModel conversations between adults or adult and a child Do so in close proximity to identified child
bullCreate opportunities for children to be engaged with peers on projects of mutual interest that require verbal communication
bullTake digital photos of children engaging in the classroom Create a slide-show to prompt a small group of viewers to reflect on and describe their experiences
Med
iate
bullFollow the childrsquos lead Comment on hisher actions
bullTalk with a child about objects and happenings in the here-and-now
bullWhen asking a question allow sufficient wait time (at least three to five seconds) for a response
bullUse gestures and facial expression while talking to give more clues to the meaning of a communication
bullRespond verbally to childrsquos nonverbal communications
bullRepeat and expand childrsquos comments
bullEncourage social interactions between identified children and more proficient peers
bullTalk about topics that children are presently engaged in and those that are of special interest
bullAsk an open-ended question allow wait time acknowledge and expand the childrsquos response
bullAsk children about recent experiences with their families Prompt them to tell more and help make connections to something going on at school
bullDuring unstructured activities be available and demonstrate interest in what the child is doing When the child initiates an interaction ask to elaborate (ldquoTell me more rdquo) When a follow up comment is made expand the statement and respond to the content of what the child has said
bullEngage a small group of children in educational dialogue Use the opportunity to build their understanding of a concept introduce advanced language promote high order thinking and make connections to their lives
bullConduct class meetings during which time children have opportunities to share their ideas and opinionsmdashand listen to their peersmdashon a topic that is important to the group
Dire
ct
bullModel short simple sentences when giving directions
bullWhen a child wants or needs something provide the words and encourage the child to repeat them
bullProvide the words for a child to use to communicate a need to a peer Instruct the child to repeat the words
bullCoach a child on important skills needed for effective communication ldquoLook at his face when you ask him hellip Give him time to answer you hellip Acknowledge that you are listening helliprdquo
bullProvide a prompt photograph or interesting object and have a child describe it Write the childrsquos words Ask open-ended questions to elicit increased use of descriptors
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 34
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullEnsure access to booksbullProvide books puppets felt
board materialsbullProvide small people houses
cars for pretend playbullAllow children to tell stories
and read to adults and peersbullProvide a consistent
predictable schedule with pictures and refer to it regularly use words like ldquofirst we did this and then we did this now we are doing thisrdquo
bullRead stories that reflect childrenrsquos cultural linguistic familial backgrounds and experiences
bullProvide books and materials that are linked to childrenrsquos interests and personal experiences
bullMatch dramatic play materials to stories being read
bullProvide materials linked to recently read books
bullCreate and display classroom-created books related to classroom experiences
bullAdjust the schedule to allow for a book reading that supports an unexpected experience children have just had eg observing a butterfly on the playground
bullIntroduce story-related vocabulary terms such as character and event during book readings
bullUse the words at other times such as when a child is telling a story explain that they are the character
bullProvide story-making materials to children have them read the stories to you listen for evidence of characters plot etc
bullEnsure that there is time and space for reading to children throughout the day
bullProvide wordless books that children can tell their story from
bullProvide materials such as flannel board pieces that reflect familiar stories
bullProvide opportunities for children to retell stories
bullRead stories over and over againbullProvide opportunities for children to have frequent conversation with adults and peersbullEncourage children to represent stories through a variety of materials art movement outdoor play etc
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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- p7Link
- Direct 3
- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
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-
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 5 29
COG 5
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Notices similarities and differences in objects
Makes simple comparisons and orders several events or objects
Sequences and makes verbal comparisons on visible attributes
Verbally compares and orders based on nonvisible attributes such as time and weight
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullPrint a set of pictures of the children in the class and display near the classroom computer Show a duplicate set as a slideshow on the monitor Sit nearby and listen to childrenrsquos comments Point to matching pictures to prompt them to find the matches
bullAcknowledge when children spontaneously show order in their work ldquoThe lines on your painting start out long on this side and get gradually smaller as they move across the paperrdquo
bullTalk aloud about own reason for ordering something
bullMake verbal comparisons about objects or people ldquoJulio when I look at this photograph I can see that you and Desiree are the same height Rosa is shorter and Mia is the tallest
bullComment ldquoAlly you sequenced all the pictures to retell the storyrdquo
bullOrder blocks by weight Use comparison words to describemdashheavy heavier heaviest
bullldquoLetrsquos see how long it takes to put the blocks away todayrdquo Do this for several days and compare time
Med
iate
bullModel use of vocabulary mdash same and different
bullPrompt children to identify pairs of items that match or do not ldquoJulie can you help find Mariarsquos mitten It is red like this onerdquo
bullAsk children to find items in the classroom that are biglittle etc
bullUse musical instruments with children to explore concepts such as loudsoft and slowfast
bullTeach about opposites using a song and gestures to indicate updown overunder etc
bullAsk questions to get children to identify the smallest biggest etc
bullTake photographs of children engaging in a three step processes (Pouring milk drinking it and showing the empty glass) Make several sets and print Have children work in pairs They take turns ordering and then describing their reasoning to the peer
bullRead and have children act out stories such as The Three Bears that contain items that can be ordered
bullUse daily schedule chart to talk with a few children about the order of the daily routine Ask one child to describe what comes next to a peer who is new to the class
bullWhen asking a child ldquowhat comes nextrdquo allow sufficient time for the child to think about it and respond If needed give a hint ldquoItrsquos something we do when we are hungryrdquo
bullAsk questions to get a child to describe what he or she remembers about the order of events in a story
bullInvite children to draw representations of their family members Then ask them to order them from the smallest to largest Talk about the ages of these people Are they also in order from youngest to oldest Why do they think this is so
bullProvide feedback ldquoYou know that there is no school tomorrow How did you figure it outrdquo
bullHelp children to make connections to their own experiencesmdashldquoHave you ever tried to lift something very heavyrdquo
Dire
ct
bullUse a memory game with matching picture cards Demonstrate placing pictures in pairs Describe own actions ldquoI am placing these two cards together they have the same picture Thatrsquos a matchrdquo Have child help
bullDuring movement activities demonstrate moving your body from crouching low to the ground to a squat to standing to reaching up Have children imitate these movements Ask them to describe them as well
bullWhen child is playing with a group of nature items provide an ordering mat and request that the child arrange from longest to shortest If needed break task down ldquoFind the smallest item rdquo
bullProvide pictures of objects and have children compare them with regard to nonvisible attributes (A lion and a cat) mdashldquoWhich is louderrdquo (A brick and a balloon) mdash ldquoWhich is lighterrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 30
Cognitive 6 Relates number to quantity
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullIncorporate materials with numerals throughout the classroom (eg add footprints with numerals on the floor in high traffic areas)
bullUse number-related vocabulary when talking about the daily schedule For example ldquoWe have one minute until snack timerdquo
bullHand materials to students one at a time while counting instead of providing them with all materials at once
bullProvide sets of five to 10 objects similar objects
bullProvide multiple natural opportunities for counting during the daily routine (ldquoLetrsquos start with 10 raisins Help me countrdquo)
bullIncorporate songs that include counting
bullProvide opportunities within classroom routine for 1-to-1 correspondence (setting snack table with one napkin and one cup at each chair passing out materials to each child etc)
bullProvide materials to include opportunities for 1-to-1 correspondence (provide 20 cards and 20 envelopes 20 cars and 20 boxes that could be used as garages)
bullProvide sets of different materials with varying quantities (12 bears three horses three pigs and 20 chickens)
bullVary classroom arrangement to include opportunities to compare quantities (have more chairs at one table than another areas that accommodate more children etc)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 31
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe how many whenever the opportunity arises ldquoYou have two crackers mdash one in each handrdquo
bullModel use of number-related vocabulary as appropriate ldquoI need three cups at this table helliprdquo
bullComment ldquoMaria just counted to five There are five flowers in the vaserdquo
bullModel counting throughout the day and talk out loud about why ldquoI need to figure out how many muffins to make for snack tomorrow helliprdquo
bullModel counting children each day before going outside etc
bullDescribe the childrsquos actions ldquoYou used all the double-unit blocks to make this road I wonder how many it took 1 2 3hellip18rdquo
bullComment ldquoWe will need one smock for each child who is going to paintrdquo
bullProvide opportunities for children to be responsible for classroom duties that involve counting (While setting table for snack independently child will need to figure out how many cups are needed by counting children) Remain available if they need support
Med
iate
bullAsk child to give one more of something ldquoLily would you please hand me one more paintbrushrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into simple songs and finger-plays
bullTalk to child about number of body parts One nose two eyes hellip Expand childrsquos comments ldquoYes you have two eyes and many eyelashesrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into routines and games (Count each step as ascending stairs Count up to 10 while rolling a ball back and forth) Take turns counting
bullTeach strategies mdash ldquoLine up the cars as you count themrdquo ldquoTouch each chip as you say the numberrdquo
bullHave two children count together while they test their predictions of how many marbles are in the jar
bullInvite children to help set the tables for meals ldquoHow many plates are on the table How many cups will you need rdquo
bullEngage in play with children and incorporate counting into the play ldquoHow many chairs do we need for the babies Letrsquos make a garage for each of these cars helliprdquo
bullHave children draw objects to represent numbers
bullAsk a ldquoQuestion of the Dayrdquo (on any topic) and create a graph of childrenrsquos responses Then ask them to identify which is more or less
bullReflect with children after they engage in an activity Have them describe their process Ask questions to prompt their thinking ldquoHow did you come up with that numberrdquo ldquoHow do you know there are morerdquo
Dire
ct
bullHave child repeat numbers as you count something out loud
bullHold childrsquos hands and count as she jumps up and down
bullProvide cards with numerals to indicate serving size at snack ldquoSee the three You may start with three crackersrdquo
bullTell child ldquoWersquore going to count the shells to find out how many there are all together When we count we always start with the number onehelliprdquo
bullAssign a helper to count the number of children present each day
bullProvide a collection of objects to be counted Direct the child to count how many there are Listen for accuracy If the child gets to a point where he canrsquot go further model saying the remaining numbers
bullHave a child help gather materials for a project Give them instructions ldquoPlease go get 15 straws and five pieces of red paperrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 32
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage communication (such as two toy telephones)
bullAllow time during teacher-directed activities for children to comment and share
bullChange something in the environment
bullProvide materials that produce a wide variety of sounds
bullCreate small-group opportunities with peers who have a variety of language levels
bullSing songs with children especially repetitive songs like Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed or Old MacDonald had a Farm
bullUse nursery rhymes
bullProvide opportunities for children to pretend to be someone else This encourages children to mimic the vocabulary facial expressions and body language that they see and hear from others These types of experiences encourage oral language interactions
bullPlay games such as I Spy Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar and Guess Who I Am
bullProvide story cards of a familiar story
bullProvide journals for children to record their experiences
bullProvide opportunities for children to have conversations with each other
bullProvide many opportunities for children to explain what they are doing tell others about their experiences and feelings and to share their thoughts
bullProvide tape recorders for children to record their own voices and stories
bullPlay games with rules and have children explain the rules to their peers
bullRead stories multiple timesbullInclude microphones old telephones puppets flannel boards and paper towel tubes in multiple play areasbullProvide picture books for children to tell their own storiesbullProvide props for role-playing and pretending
In any language
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 33
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullUse descriptive language when describing a childrsquos actions
bullModel target vocabulary while labeling items
bullUse pointing to bring childrsquos attention to what is being talked about
bullModel increasingly more advanced language
bullRepeat a comment made by a peer to increase childrsquos attention to what was said
bullProvide expectant looks to encourage a child to make a comment
bullModel conversations between adults or adult and a child Do so in close proximity to identified child
bullCreate opportunities for children to be engaged with peers on projects of mutual interest that require verbal communication
bullTake digital photos of children engaging in the classroom Create a slide-show to prompt a small group of viewers to reflect on and describe their experiences
Med
iate
bullFollow the childrsquos lead Comment on hisher actions
bullTalk with a child about objects and happenings in the here-and-now
bullWhen asking a question allow sufficient wait time (at least three to five seconds) for a response
bullUse gestures and facial expression while talking to give more clues to the meaning of a communication
bullRespond verbally to childrsquos nonverbal communications
bullRepeat and expand childrsquos comments
bullEncourage social interactions between identified children and more proficient peers
bullTalk about topics that children are presently engaged in and those that are of special interest
bullAsk an open-ended question allow wait time acknowledge and expand the childrsquos response
bullAsk children about recent experiences with their families Prompt them to tell more and help make connections to something going on at school
bullDuring unstructured activities be available and demonstrate interest in what the child is doing When the child initiates an interaction ask to elaborate (ldquoTell me more rdquo) When a follow up comment is made expand the statement and respond to the content of what the child has said
bullEngage a small group of children in educational dialogue Use the opportunity to build their understanding of a concept introduce advanced language promote high order thinking and make connections to their lives
bullConduct class meetings during which time children have opportunities to share their ideas and opinionsmdashand listen to their peersmdashon a topic that is important to the group
Dire
ct
bullModel short simple sentences when giving directions
bullWhen a child wants or needs something provide the words and encourage the child to repeat them
bullProvide the words for a child to use to communicate a need to a peer Instruct the child to repeat the words
bullCoach a child on important skills needed for effective communication ldquoLook at his face when you ask him hellip Give him time to answer you hellip Acknowledge that you are listening helliprdquo
bullProvide a prompt photograph or interesting object and have a child describe it Write the childrsquos words Ask open-ended questions to elicit increased use of descriptors
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 34
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullEnsure access to booksbullProvide books puppets felt
board materialsbullProvide small people houses
cars for pretend playbullAllow children to tell stories
and read to adults and peersbullProvide a consistent
predictable schedule with pictures and refer to it regularly use words like ldquofirst we did this and then we did this now we are doing thisrdquo
bullRead stories that reflect childrenrsquos cultural linguistic familial backgrounds and experiences
bullProvide books and materials that are linked to childrenrsquos interests and personal experiences
bullMatch dramatic play materials to stories being read
bullProvide materials linked to recently read books
bullCreate and display classroom-created books related to classroom experiences
bullAdjust the schedule to allow for a book reading that supports an unexpected experience children have just had eg observing a butterfly on the playground
bullIntroduce story-related vocabulary terms such as character and event during book readings
bullUse the words at other times such as when a child is telling a story explain that they are the character
bullProvide story-making materials to children have them read the stories to you listen for evidence of characters plot etc
bullEnsure that there is time and space for reading to children throughout the day
bullProvide wordless books that children can tell their story from
bullProvide materials such as flannel board pieces that reflect familiar stories
bullProvide opportunities for children to retell stories
bullRead stories over and over againbullProvide opportunities for children to have frequent conversation with adults and peersbullEncourage children to represent stories through a variety of materials art movement outdoor play etc
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 30
Cognitive 6 Relates number to quantity
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullIncorporate materials with numerals throughout the classroom (eg add footprints with numerals on the floor in high traffic areas)
bullUse number-related vocabulary when talking about the daily schedule For example ldquoWe have one minute until snack timerdquo
bullHand materials to students one at a time while counting instead of providing them with all materials at once
bullProvide sets of five to 10 objects similar objects
bullProvide multiple natural opportunities for counting during the daily routine (ldquoLetrsquos start with 10 raisins Help me countrdquo)
bullIncorporate songs that include counting
bullProvide opportunities within classroom routine for 1-to-1 correspondence (setting snack table with one napkin and one cup at each chair passing out materials to each child etc)
bullProvide materials to include opportunities for 1-to-1 correspondence (provide 20 cards and 20 envelopes 20 cars and 20 boxes that could be used as garages)
bullProvide sets of different materials with varying quantities (12 bears three horses three pigs and 20 chickens)
bullVary classroom arrangement to include opportunities to compare quantities (have more chairs at one table than another areas that accommodate more children etc)
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 31
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe how many whenever the opportunity arises ldquoYou have two crackers mdash one in each handrdquo
bullModel use of number-related vocabulary as appropriate ldquoI need three cups at this table helliprdquo
bullComment ldquoMaria just counted to five There are five flowers in the vaserdquo
bullModel counting throughout the day and talk out loud about why ldquoI need to figure out how many muffins to make for snack tomorrow helliprdquo
bullModel counting children each day before going outside etc
bullDescribe the childrsquos actions ldquoYou used all the double-unit blocks to make this road I wonder how many it took 1 2 3hellip18rdquo
bullComment ldquoWe will need one smock for each child who is going to paintrdquo
bullProvide opportunities for children to be responsible for classroom duties that involve counting (While setting table for snack independently child will need to figure out how many cups are needed by counting children) Remain available if they need support
Med
iate
bullAsk child to give one more of something ldquoLily would you please hand me one more paintbrushrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into simple songs and finger-plays
bullTalk to child about number of body parts One nose two eyes hellip Expand childrsquos comments ldquoYes you have two eyes and many eyelashesrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into routines and games (Count each step as ascending stairs Count up to 10 while rolling a ball back and forth) Take turns counting
bullTeach strategies mdash ldquoLine up the cars as you count themrdquo ldquoTouch each chip as you say the numberrdquo
bullHave two children count together while they test their predictions of how many marbles are in the jar
bullInvite children to help set the tables for meals ldquoHow many plates are on the table How many cups will you need rdquo
bullEngage in play with children and incorporate counting into the play ldquoHow many chairs do we need for the babies Letrsquos make a garage for each of these cars helliprdquo
bullHave children draw objects to represent numbers
bullAsk a ldquoQuestion of the Dayrdquo (on any topic) and create a graph of childrenrsquos responses Then ask them to identify which is more or less
bullReflect with children after they engage in an activity Have them describe their process Ask questions to prompt their thinking ldquoHow did you come up with that numberrdquo ldquoHow do you know there are morerdquo
Dire
ct
bullHave child repeat numbers as you count something out loud
bullHold childrsquos hands and count as she jumps up and down
bullProvide cards with numerals to indicate serving size at snack ldquoSee the three You may start with three crackersrdquo
bullTell child ldquoWersquore going to count the shells to find out how many there are all together When we count we always start with the number onehelliprdquo
bullAssign a helper to count the number of children present each day
bullProvide a collection of objects to be counted Direct the child to count how many there are Listen for accuracy If the child gets to a point where he canrsquot go further model saying the remaining numbers
bullHave a child help gather materials for a project Give them instructions ldquoPlease go get 15 straws and five pieces of red paperrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 32
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage communication (such as two toy telephones)
bullAllow time during teacher-directed activities for children to comment and share
bullChange something in the environment
bullProvide materials that produce a wide variety of sounds
bullCreate small-group opportunities with peers who have a variety of language levels
bullSing songs with children especially repetitive songs like Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed or Old MacDonald had a Farm
bullUse nursery rhymes
bullProvide opportunities for children to pretend to be someone else This encourages children to mimic the vocabulary facial expressions and body language that they see and hear from others These types of experiences encourage oral language interactions
bullPlay games such as I Spy Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar and Guess Who I Am
bullProvide story cards of a familiar story
bullProvide journals for children to record their experiences
bullProvide opportunities for children to have conversations with each other
bullProvide many opportunities for children to explain what they are doing tell others about their experiences and feelings and to share their thoughts
bullProvide tape recorders for children to record their own voices and stories
bullPlay games with rules and have children explain the rules to their peers
bullRead stories multiple timesbullInclude microphones old telephones puppets flannel boards and paper towel tubes in multiple play areasbullProvide picture books for children to tell their own storiesbullProvide props for role-playing and pretending
In any language
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 33
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullUse descriptive language when describing a childrsquos actions
bullModel target vocabulary while labeling items
bullUse pointing to bring childrsquos attention to what is being talked about
bullModel increasingly more advanced language
bullRepeat a comment made by a peer to increase childrsquos attention to what was said
bullProvide expectant looks to encourage a child to make a comment
bullModel conversations between adults or adult and a child Do so in close proximity to identified child
bullCreate opportunities for children to be engaged with peers on projects of mutual interest that require verbal communication
bullTake digital photos of children engaging in the classroom Create a slide-show to prompt a small group of viewers to reflect on and describe their experiences
Med
iate
bullFollow the childrsquos lead Comment on hisher actions
bullTalk with a child about objects and happenings in the here-and-now
bullWhen asking a question allow sufficient wait time (at least three to five seconds) for a response
bullUse gestures and facial expression while talking to give more clues to the meaning of a communication
bullRespond verbally to childrsquos nonverbal communications
bullRepeat and expand childrsquos comments
bullEncourage social interactions between identified children and more proficient peers
bullTalk about topics that children are presently engaged in and those that are of special interest
bullAsk an open-ended question allow wait time acknowledge and expand the childrsquos response
bullAsk children about recent experiences with their families Prompt them to tell more and help make connections to something going on at school
bullDuring unstructured activities be available and demonstrate interest in what the child is doing When the child initiates an interaction ask to elaborate (ldquoTell me more rdquo) When a follow up comment is made expand the statement and respond to the content of what the child has said
bullEngage a small group of children in educational dialogue Use the opportunity to build their understanding of a concept introduce advanced language promote high order thinking and make connections to their lives
bullConduct class meetings during which time children have opportunities to share their ideas and opinionsmdashand listen to their peersmdashon a topic that is important to the group
Dire
ct
bullModel short simple sentences when giving directions
bullWhen a child wants or needs something provide the words and encourage the child to repeat them
bullProvide the words for a child to use to communicate a need to a peer Instruct the child to repeat the words
bullCoach a child on important skills needed for effective communication ldquoLook at his face when you ask him hellip Give him time to answer you hellip Acknowledge that you are listening helliprdquo
bullProvide a prompt photograph or interesting object and have a child describe it Write the childrsquos words Ask open-ended questions to elicit increased use of descriptors
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 34
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullEnsure access to booksbullProvide books puppets felt
board materialsbullProvide small people houses
cars for pretend playbullAllow children to tell stories
and read to adults and peersbullProvide a consistent
predictable schedule with pictures and refer to it regularly use words like ldquofirst we did this and then we did this now we are doing thisrdquo
bullRead stories that reflect childrenrsquos cultural linguistic familial backgrounds and experiences
bullProvide books and materials that are linked to childrenrsquos interests and personal experiences
bullMatch dramatic play materials to stories being read
bullProvide materials linked to recently read books
bullCreate and display classroom-created books related to classroom experiences
bullAdjust the schedule to allow for a book reading that supports an unexpected experience children have just had eg observing a butterfly on the playground
bullIntroduce story-related vocabulary terms such as character and event during book readings
bullUse the words at other times such as when a child is telling a story explain that they are the character
bullProvide story-making materials to children have them read the stories to you listen for evidence of characters plot etc
bullEnsure that there is time and space for reading to children throughout the day
bullProvide wordless books that children can tell their story from
bullProvide materials such as flannel board pieces that reflect familiar stories
bullProvide opportunities for children to retell stories
bullRead stories over and over againbullProvide opportunities for children to have frequent conversation with adults and peersbullEncourage children to represent stories through a variety of materials art movement outdoor play etc
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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- p7Link
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- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 6 31
COG 6
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses number-related vocabulary
Rote counts to 10 and uses number-related vocabulary with some accuracy
Counts 10 and 20 objects and puts two groups of five to 10 objects in 1-to-1 correspondence
Counts 10 to 20 objects and identifies groups of objects with less same or more
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe how many whenever the opportunity arises ldquoYou have two crackers mdash one in each handrdquo
bullModel use of number-related vocabulary as appropriate ldquoI need three cups at this table helliprdquo
bullComment ldquoMaria just counted to five There are five flowers in the vaserdquo
bullModel counting throughout the day and talk out loud about why ldquoI need to figure out how many muffins to make for snack tomorrow helliprdquo
bullModel counting children each day before going outside etc
bullDescribe the childrsquos actions ldquoYou used all the double-unit blocks to make this road I wonder how many it took 1 2 3hellip18rdquo
bullComment ldquoWe will need one smock for each child who is going to paintrdquo
bullProvide opportunities for children to be responsible for classroom duties that involve counting (While setting table for snack independently child will need to figure out how many cups are needed by counting children) Remain available if they need support
Med
iate
bullAsk child to give one more of something ldquoLily would you please hand me one more paintbrushrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into simple songs and finger-plays
bullTalk to child about number of body parts One nose two eyes hellip Expand childrsquos comments ldquoYes you have two eyes and many eyelashesrdquo
bullIncorporate counting into routines and games (Count each step as ascending stairs Count up to 10 while rolling a ball back and forth) Take turns counting
bullTeach strategies mdash ldquoLine up the cars as you count themrdquo ldquoTouch each chip as you say the numberrdquo
bullHave two children count together while they test their predictions of how many marbles are in the jar
bullInvite children to help set the tables for meals ldquoHow many plates are on the table How many cups will you need rdquo
bullEngage in play with children and incorporate counting into the play ldquoHow many chairs do we need for the babies Letrsquos make a garage for each of these cars helliprdquo
bullHave children draw objects to represent numbers
bullAsk a ldquoQuestion of the Dayrdquo (on any topic) and create a graph of childrenrsquos responses Then ask them to identify which is more or less
bullReflect with children after they engage in an activity Have them describe their process Ask questions to prompt their thinking ldquoHow did you come up with that numberrdquo ldquoHow do you know there are morerdquo
Dire
ct
bullHave child repeat numbers as you count something out loud
bullHold childrsquos hands and count as she jumps up and down
bullProvide cards with numerals to indicate serving size at snack ldquoSee the three You may start with three crackersrdquo
bullTell child ldquoWersquore going to count the shells to find out how many there are all together When we count we always start with the number onehelliprdquo
bullAssign a helper to count the number of children present each day
bullProvide a collection of objects to be counted Direct the child to count how many there are Listen for accuracy If the child gets to a point where he canrsquot go further model saying the remaining numbers
bullHave a child help gather materials for a project Give them instructions ldquoPlease go get 15 straws and five pieces of red paperrdquo
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 32
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage communication (such as two toy telephones)
bullAllow time during teacher-directed activities for children to comment and share
bullChange something in the environment
bullProvide materials that produce a wide variety of sounds
bullCreate small-group opportunities with peers who have a variety of language levels
bullSing songs with children especially repetitive songs like Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed or Old MacDonald had a Farm
bullUse nursery rhymes
bullProvide opportunities for children to pretend to be someone else This encourages children to mimic the vocabulary facial expressions and body language that they see and hear from others These types of experiences encourage oral language interactions
bullPlay games such as I Spy Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar and Guess Who I Am
bullProvide story cards of a familiar story
bullProvide journals for children to record their experiences
bullProvide opportunities for children to have conversations with each other
bullProvide many opportunities for children to explain what they are doing tell others about their experiences and feelings and to share their thoughts
bullProvide tape recorders for children to record their own voices and stories
bullPlay games with rules and have children explain the rules to their peers
bullRead stories multiple timesbullInclude microphones old telephones puppets flannel boards and paper towel tubes in multiple play areasbullProvide picture books for children to tell their own storiesbullProvide props for role-playing and pretending
In any language
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 33
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullUse descriptive language when describing a childrsquos actions
bullModel target vocabulary while labeling items
bullUse pointing to bring childrsquos attention to what is being talked about
bullModel increasingly more advanced language
bullRepeat a comment made by a peer to increase childrsquos attention to what was said
bullProvide expectant looks to encourage a child to make a comment
bullModel conversations between adults or adult and a child Do so in close proximity to identified child
bullCreate opportunities for children to be engaged with peers on projects of mutual interest that require verbal communication
bullTake digital photos of children engaging in the classroom Create a slide-show to prompt a small group of viewers to reflect on and describe their experiences
Med
iate
bullFollow the childrsquos lead Comment on hisher actions
bullTalk with a child about objects and happenings in the here-and-now
bullWhen asking a question allow sufficient wait time (at least three to five seconds) for a response
bullUse gestures and facial expression while talking to give more clues to the meaning of a communication
bullRespond verbally to childrsquos nonverbal communications
bullRepeat and expand childrsquos comments
bullEncourage social interactions between identified children and more proficient peers
bullTalk about topics that children are presently engaged in and those that are of special interest
bullAsk an open-ended question allow wait time acknowledge and expand the childrsquos response
bullAsk children about recent experiences with their families Prompt them to tell more and help make connections to something going on at school
bullDuring unstructured activities be available and demonstrate interest in what the child is doing When the child initiates an interaction ask to elaborate (ldquoTell me more rdquo) When a follow up comment is made expand the statement and respond to the content of what the child has said
bullEngage a small group of children in educational dialogue Use the opportunity to build their understanding of a concept introduce advanced language promote high order thinking and make connections to their lives
bullConduct class meetings during which time children have opportunities to share their ideas and opinionsmdashand listen to their peersmdashon a topic that is important to the group
Dire
ct
bullModel short simple sentences when giving directions
bullWhen a child wants or needs something provide the words and encourage the child to repeat them
bullProvide the words for a child to use to communicate a need to a peer Instruct the child to repeat the words
bullCoach a child on important skills needed for effective communication ldquoLook at his face when you ask him hellip Give him time to answer you hellip Acknowledge that you are listening helliprdquo
bullProvide a prompt photograph or interesting object and have a child describe it Write the childrsquos words Ask open-ended questions to elicit increased use of descriptors
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 34
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullEnsure access to booksbullProvide books puppets felt
board materialsbullProvide small people houses
cars for pretend playbullAllow children to tell stories
and read to adults and peersbullProvide a consistent
predictable schedule with pictures and refer to it regularly use words like ldquofirst we did this and then we did this now we are doing thisrdquo
bullRead stories that reflect childrenrsquos cultural linguistic familial backgrounds and experiences
bullProvide books and materials that are linked to childrenrsquos interests and personal experiences
bullMatch dramatic play materials to stories being read
bullProvide materials linked to recently read books
bullCreate and display classroom-created books related to classroom experiences
bullAdjust the schedule to allow for a book reading that supports an unexpected experience children have just had eg observing a butterfly on the playground
bullIntroduce story-related vocabulary terms such as character and event during book readings
bullUse the words at other times such as when a child is telling a story explain that they are the character
bullProvide story-making materials to children have them read the stories to you listen for evidence of characters plot etc
bullEnsure that there is time and space for reading to children throughout the day
bullProvide wordless books that children can tell their story from
bullProvide materials such as flannel board pieces that reflect familiar stories
bullProvide opportunities for children to retell stories
bullRead stories over and over againbullProvide opportunities for children to have frequent conversation with adults and peersbullEncourage children to represent stories through a variety of materials art movement outdoor play etc
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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- PRevious 6
- Next view 10
- p4Link
- p7Link
- Direct 3
- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
- PRevious view 9
-
- Page 14 Off
- Page 47
- Page 48
- Page 49
- Page 50
- Page 52
-
- PRevious 8
-
- Page 14 Off
- Page 47
- Page 48
- Page 49
- Page 50
- Page 52
-
- Next view 12
-
- Page 14 Off
- Page 47
- Page 48
- Page 49
- Page 50
- Page 52
-
- PRevious view 8
-
- Page 19 Off
- Page 56
-
- Next view 8
-
- Page 19 Off
- Page 56
-
- PRevious 7
-
- Page 19 Off
- Page 56
-
- Next view 11
-
- Page 19 Off
- Page 51
- Page 53
- Page 56
-
- PRevious view 10
-
- Page 46 Off
-
- PRevious 9
-
- Page 46 Off
-
- Next view 13
-
- Page 46 Off
-
- PRevious view 11
-
- Page 51 Off
- Page 53
-
- PRevious 10
-
- Page 51 Off
- Page 53
-
- Next view 14
-
- Page 51 Off
- Page 53
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 32
Cognitive 8 Uses complex sentences and vocabulary to describe ideas and experiences
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage communication (such as two toy telephones)
bullAllow time during teacher-directed activities for children to comment and share
bullChange something in the environment
bullProvide materials that produce a wide variety of sounds
bullCreate small-group opportunities with peers who have a variety of language levels
bullSing songs with children especially repetitive songs like Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed or Old MacDonald had a Farm
bullUse nursery rhymes
bullProvide opportunities for children to pretend to be someone else This encourages children to mimic the vocabulary facial expressions and body language that they see and hear from others These types of experiences encourage oral language interactions
bullPlay games such as I Spy Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar and Guess Who I Am
bullProvide story cards of a familiar story
bullProvide journals for children to record their experiences
bullProvide opportunities for children to have conversations with each other
bullProvide many opportunities for children to explain what they are doing tell others about their experiences and feelings and to share their thoughts
bullProvide tape recorders for children to record their own voices and stories
bullPlay games with rules and have children explain the rules to their peers
bullRead stories multiple timesbullInclude microphones old telephones puppets flannel boards and paper towel tubes in multiple play areasbullProvide picture books for children to tell their own storiesbullProvide props for role-playing and pretending
In any language
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 33
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullUse descriptive language when describing a childrsquos actions
bullModel target vocabulary while labeling items
bullUse pointing to bring childrsquos attention to what is being talked about
bullModel increasingly more advanced language
bullRepeat a comment made by a peer to increase childrsquos attention to what was said
bullProvide expectant looks to encourage a child to make a comment
bullModel conversations between adults or adult and a child Do so in close proximity to identified child
bullCreate opportunities for children to be engaged with peers on projects of mutual interest that require verbal communication
bullTake digital photos of children engaging in the classroom Create a slide-show to prompt a small group of viewers to reflect on and describe their experiences
Med
iate
bullFollow the childrsquos lead Comment on hisher actions
bullTalk with a child about objects and happenings in the here-and-now
bullWhen asking a question allow sufficient wait time (at least three to five seconds) for a response
bullUse gestures and facial expression while talking to give more clues to the meaning of a communication
bullRespond verbally to childrsquos nonverbal communications
bullRepeat and expand childrsquos comments
bullEncourage social interactions between identified children and more proficient peers
bullTalk about topics that children are presently engaged in and those that are of special interest
bullAsk an open-ended question allow wait time acknowledge and expand the childrsquos response
bullAsk children about recent experiences with their families Prompt them to tell more and help make connections to something going on at school
bullDuring unstructured activities be available and demonstrate interest in what the child is doing When the child initiates an interaction ask to elaborate (ldquoTell me more rdquo) When a follow up comment is made expand the statement and respond to the content of what the child has said
bullEngage a small group of children in educational dialogue Use the opportunity to build their understanding of a concept introduce advanced language promote high order thinking and make connections to their lives
bullConduct class meetings during which time children have opportunities to share their ideas and opinionsmdashand listen to their peersmdashon a topic that is important to the group
Dire
ct
bullModel short simple sentences when giving directions
bullWhen a child wants or needs something provide the words and encourage the child to repeat them
bullProvide the words for a child to use to communicate a need to a peer Instruct the child to repeat the words
bullCoach a child on important skills needed for effective communication ldquoLook at his face when you ask him hellip Give him time to answer you hellip Acknowledge that you are listening helliprdquo
bullProvide a prompt photograph or interesting object and have a child describe it Write the childrsquos words Ask open-ended questions to elicit increased use of descriptors
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 34
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullEnsure access to booksbullProvide books puppets felt
board materialsbullProvide small people houses
cars for pretend playbullAllow children to tell stories
and read to adults and peersbullProvide a consistent
predictable schedule with pictures and refer to it regularly use words like ldquofirst we did this and then we did this now we are doing thisrdquo
bullRead stories that reflect childrenrsquos cultural linguistic familial backgrounds and experiences
bullProvide books and materials that are linked to childrenrsquos interests and personal experiences
bullMatch dramatic play materials to stories being read
bullProvide materials linked to recently read books
bullCreate and display classroom-created books related to classroom experiences
bullAdjust the schedule to allow for a book reading that supports an unexpected experience children have just had eg observing a butterfly on the playground
bullIntroduce story-related vocabulary terms such as character and event during book readings
bullUse the words at other times such as when a child is telling a story explain that they are the character
bullProvide story-making materials to children have them read the stories to you listen for evidence of characters plot etc
bullEnsure that there is time and space for reading to children throughout the day
bullProvide wordless books that children can tell their story from
bullProvide materials such as flannel board pieces that reflect familiar stories
bullProvide opportunities for children to retell stories
bullRead stories over and over againbullProvide opportunities for children to have frequent conversation with adults and peersbullEncourage children to represent stories through a variety of materials art movement outdoor play etc
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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- p7Link
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- Demonstrate 3
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- Scaffold 3
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- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
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- ABC_Off_Btn 3
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 8 33
COG 8
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Uses short simple phrases or sentences
Uses a sentence of five or more words to express a thought
Uses a series of at least two to three related sentences to tell experiences or stories
Uses a series of more than three related sentences and details to convey experiences or stories
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullUse descriptive language when describing a childrsquos actions
bullModel target vocabulary while labeling items
bullUse pointing to bring childrsquos attention to what is being talked about
bullModel increasingly more advanced language
bullRepeat a comment made by a peer to increase childrsquos attention to what was said
bullProvide expectant looks to encourage a child to make a comment
bullModel conversations between adults or adult and a child Do so in close proximity to identified child
bullCreate opportunities for children to be engaged with peers on projects of mutual interest that require verbal communication
bullTake digital photos of children engaging in the classroom Create a slide-show to prompt a small group of viewers to reflect on and describe their experiences
Med
iate
bullFollow the childrsquos lead Comment on hisher actions
bullTalk with a child about objects and happenings in the here-and-now
bullWhen asking a question allow sufficient wait time (at least three to five seconds) for a response
bullUse gestures and facial expression while talking to give more clues to the meaning of a communication
bullRespond verbally to childrsquos nonverbal communications
bullRepeat and expand childrsquos comments
bullEncourage social interactions between identified children and more proficient peers
bullTalk about topics that children are presently engaged in and those that are of special interest
bullAsk an open-ended question allow wait time acknowledge and expand the childrsquos response
bullAsk children about recent experiences with their families Prompt them to tell more and help make connections to something going on at school
bullDuring unstructured activities be available and demonstrate interest in what the child is doing When the child initiates an interaction ask to elaborate (ldquoTell me more rdquo) When a follow up comment is made expand the statement and respond to the content of what the child has said
bullEngage a small group of children in educational dialogue Use the opportunity to build their understanding of a concept introduce advanced language promote high order thinking and make connections to their lives
bullConduct class meetings during which time children have opportunities to share their ideas and opinionsmdashand listen to their peersmdashon a topic that is important to the group
Dire
ct
bullModel short simple sentences when giving directions
bullWhen a child wants or needs something provide the words and encourage the child to repeat them
bullProvide the words for a child to use to communicate a need to a peer Instruct the child to repeat the words
bullCoach a child on important skills needed for effective communication ldquoLook at his face when you ask him hellip Give him time to answer you hellip Acknowledge that you are listening helliprdquo
bullProvide a prompt photograph or interesting object and have a child describe it Write the childrsquos words Ask open-ended questions to elicit increased use of descriptors
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 34
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullEnsure access to booksbullProvide books puppets felt
board materialsbullProvide small people houses
cars for pretend playbullAllow children to tell stories
and read to adults and peersbullProvide a consistent
predictable schedule with pictures and refer to it regularly use words like ldquofirst we did this and then we did this now we are doing thisrdquo
bullRead stories that reflect childrenrsquos cultural linguistic familial backgrounds and experiences
bullProvide books and materials that are linked to childrenrsquos interests and personal experiences
bullMatch dramatic play materials to stories being read
bullProvide materials linked to recently read books
bullCreate and display classroom-created books related to classroom experiences
bullAdjust the schedule to allow for a book reading that supports an unexpected experience children have just had eg observing a butterfly on the playground
bullIntroduce story-related vocabulary terms such as character and event during book readings
bullUse the words at other times such as when a child is telling a story explain that they are the character
bullProvide story-making materials to children have them read the stories to you listen for evidence of characters plot etc
bullEnsure that there is time and space for reading to children throughout the day
bullProvide wordless books that children can tell their story from
bullProvide materials such as flannel board pieces that reflect familiar stories
bullProvide opportunities for children to retell stories
bullRead stories over and over againbullProvide opportunities for children to have frequent conversation with adults and peersbullEncourage children to represent stories through a variety of materials art movement outdoor play etc
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
- Button 3
-
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- p7Link
- Direct 3
- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 34
Cognitive 10 Shows understanding of stories
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullEnsure access to booksbullProvide books puppets felt
board materialsbullProvide small people houses
cars for pretend playbullAllow children to tell stories
and read to adults and peersbullProvide a consistent
predictable schedule with pictures and refer to it regularly use words like ldquofirst we did this and then we did this now we are doing thisrdquo
bullRead stories that reflect childrenrsquos cultural linguistic familial backgrounds and experiences
bullProvide books and materials that are linked to childrenrsquos interests and personal experiences
bullMatch dramatic play materials to stories being read
bullProvide materials linked to recently read books
bullCreate and display classroom-created books related to classroom experiences
bullAdjust the schedule to allow for a book reading that supports an unexpected experience children have just had eg observing a butterfly on the playground
bullIntroduce story-related vocabulary terms such as character and event during book readings
bullUse the words at other times such as when a child is telling a story explain that they are the character
bullProvide story-making materials to children have them read the stories to you listen for evidence of characters plot etc
bullEnsure that there is time and space for reading to children throughout the day
bullProvide wordless books that children can tell their story from
bullProvide materials such as flannel board pieces that reflect familiar stories
bullProvide opportunities for children to retell stories
bullRead stories over and over againbullProvide opportunities for children to have frequent conversation with adults and peersbullEncourage children to represent stories through a variety of materials art movement outdoor play etc
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
- Button 3
-
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- p7Link
- Direct 3
- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
- PRevious view 9
-
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 10 35
COG 10
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Participates in story-related activities
Makes connections between story and own experiences or feelings
Understands several aspects of story such as characters or events
Demonstrates specific knowledge and clear understanding of the main characters and sequence of events in story
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsPr
ovid
e N
ondi
rect
ive
Supp
ort
bullPoint to pictures as they are described
bullModel reading often Show that it is an enjoyable activity
bullComment on childrsquos participation ldquoThank you for reading with me That was funrdquo
bullModel ldquothinking aloudrdquo when describing a personal connection to an event in a story
bullUse facial expression to convey the emotions of characters as you read
bullPoint to the title and authorrsquos name when introducing a book
bullDefine new vocabulary to increase understanding
bullEncourage children to read to their peers
bull Attend to children and listen as they share their own stories
Med
iate
bullAsk child to point out pictures in a story book
bullRead simple repetitive storiesbullRead to small groups of
childrenbullReread favorite booksbullRead books that encourage
movement and interaction
bullAsk children questions about their previous experiences related to a story being read
bullWhen a child makes a comment about a story acknowledge and expand the response
bullWhen reading about something that is beyond the childrsquos direct experience point out how it relates to something they know ldquoRemember when we went to the park What animal did we see thererdquo
bullEliminate a word from a sentence (cloze strategy) to prompt children to think about a particular detail in a story ldquoIn this picture it looks like the mouse is running away from the ________rdquo
bullDiscuss elements of a story before during and after reading a book
bullListen carefully to childrenrsquos questions and take the time to either answer them on the spot or probe deeper with them for more information afterward
bullEncourage children to retell familiar stories Provide props and visuals
bullAsk questions about a book while reading ldquoWho is getting in the boat What did the farmer dordquo
bullWhen reading a highly predictable or familiar story ask children to predictrecall what will happen next
bullBefore reading show the cover of a book and ask children to ldquothink aloudrdquo and make predictions about the story
bullAsk children to verbally retell a story from memory Promote acting out stories by providing related props
bullEncourage children to make up their own endings to stories They can write or dictate their own words
bullHave children represent their stories through art movement song etc
bullEngage with children to compare and contrast two versions of the same story
Dire
ct bullldquoPick out a book from the basket and Irsquoll read with yourdquo
bullldquoTell me whatrsquos happening in this picturerdquo
bullldquoUse these picture cards to show me the order of events in this storyrdquo
bullUse a T-chart or Venn diagram to help a child organize story elements
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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-
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- PRevious view 7
- Next view 7
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- Next view 10
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- p7Link
- Direct 3
- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
- PRevious view 9
-
- Page 14 Off
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 36
Cognitive 12 Recognizes similar sounds in speech
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies common environmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similar sounds in work and play connects and matches some sounds to letters
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide materials that encourage the use of environmental sounds (animals cars etc)
bullSchedule opportunities to visit places or explore new environmental sounds (eg walk by the construction site listen to a recording of ocean sounds etc)
bullPair materials andor actions that have the same sound during the natural context of the day (paint with pine cones run around the rings make banana boats)
bullProvide bins of materials that have the same initial sound
bullProvide books with rhyming words or alliteration
bullProvide materials that facilitate rhyming (boats that float worms that squirm) or that have similar beginning sounds (materials in the rice table all start with ldquorrdquo)
bullLabel classroom materials so that children have a visual reminder of the beginning letter to pair with the sound of word
bullProvide letters to be used as manipulatives (magnetic letters plastic letters blocks with letters) and allow opportunities for children to pair these with other classroom materials
bullEnsure that environment has areas for exploration of sounds without a great deal of background noise
bullSchedule activities related to sounds at times when there is less competing noise
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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-
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- PRevious view 7
- Next view 7
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- p4Link
- p7Link
- Direct 3
- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
- PRevious view 9
-
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | COGNITIVE 12 37
COG 12
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Identifies commonenvironmental sounds
Notices rhymes andor similar beginning sounds
Generates rhymes andor similar beginning sounds in play
Identifies words with similarsounds in work and playconnects and matches some sounds to letters
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rt
bullBe aware of own speech model clear pronunciation so children hear the sounds clearly
bullContinually expose children to meaningful speech by describing their actions and talking about what is going on around them
bullComment when you hear two words that rhyme or have beginning sounds ldquoJamal I notice that your name starts with the same sound as jelly Listen J Jrdquo
bullListen to notice when children spontaneously play with sounds and words Prepare to build on their ideas when opportunities arise
bullModel by being playful with words yourself Use silly talk once in a while
bullWhen writing say a familiar word out loud and comment for children to hear ldquoLetrsquos see what letter does that word start with Then spell the word as it is writtenrdquo
Med
iate
bullAsk children to close or cover their eyes Have them listen to a peer or teacher talk and guess whose voice they hear
bullMake recordings of familiar environmental sounds heard at home and school Listen to them with children and talk about what they hear If they canrsquot figure it out give hints to help them guess
bullIncorporate chants into routine times that get children to clap the syllables (or ldquobeatsrdquo) of their names and other familiar words
bullUse rhyming songs as a transition activity Have children listen for the word that rhymes with their name
bullPlay a game with the children by breaking down the names of foods into onset - rime and having them guess whatrsquos for snack ldquom - ilkrdquo
bullUse childrenrsquos names to play games and sing songs about words (real or nonsense) that rhyme with them Have the children generate the rhymes to use
bullProvide feedback when children demonstrate their own use of rhyme or alliteration ldquoMaria all those words begin the samemdashpeas popcorn pizza p p p Does anyone know what letter makes the p soundrdquo
bullInvite a peer to model how to produce letter sounds during a small-group activity
bullEngage child to help with spelling when teacher is writing a familiar word
bullWhen calling a child to come over to the teacher sayrdquoI need to talk to someone whose name starts with r Whose name begins with R Thatrsquos right itrsquos you Rogerrdquo
Dire
ct
bullDuring a brief small-group meeting play with sounds Have children blend syllables to make words Say ldquoListen Ba-na-nardquo Repeat and give children time to figure out that the word is banana Provide a picture or verbal clues if they need help
bullIntroduce children to ldquoword familiesrdquo (groups of words with different initial sounds but rimes that are the same) For example cat rat sat hat hellip Talk to them about how the words are the same and different Invite children to make up additional wordsmdashreal or nonsensemdashfor that ldquofamilyrdquo
bullWhen introducing a new word with multiple syllables stress the parts of the word ldquoListen to this word rhinoceros Irsquoll say it slowly rhi-noc-er-os Try saying it with me helliprdquo
bullShow a visual and say the name of a letter that at least some children will be familiar with Ask the children to make that letter sound Challenge each child to make up a new word that rhymes with their name by replacing the initial sound with that letter (Susan - B - Busan Hari - B ndash Bari hellip)
Note What Works Clearinghouse includes the following additional general strategies as having ldquoEvidence of positive or potentially positive effects for at least one improvement outcomerdquo Shared book reading dialogic reading phonological awareness training and phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
- Button 3
-
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- p7Link
- Direct 3
- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
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- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 38
Creative Expression 1 Builds and constructs to represent own ideas
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to represent own experiences thoughts and ideas
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
bullProvide opportunities for sensory exploration throughout the day
bullIf a child is hesitant to explore using fingers or hands provide tools to use with the media
bullAllow a child to watch peers using sensory materials
bullTry sensory materials that have different qualities such as oatmeal beans shaving cream goo (corn starch and water)
bullAllow children to explore with their hands and feet
bullProvide building materials in multiple areas of the classroom
bullAssure building materials are present in areas of interest
bullBe sure the building materials accommodate a variety of strengths and fine motor abilities
bullIncorporate opportunities to explore sensory materials and build into small group
bullDisplay childrenrsquos constructions throughout the classroom
bullProvide materials that will result in different outcomes to be used in sand and water play eg funnels eye droppers spice bottles strainers with large and small holes
bullPost pictures of the child in action that could be used to inspire building
bullPost pictures of buildings at varying stages of completion
bullProvide materials that children can use to plan their constructions or creations
bullProvide a wide variety of building materials eg paper towel and toilet paper rolls boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes Styrofoam popsicle sticks
bullCreate a save space for children to keep their constructions from day to day so they can grow in complexity
bullAllow children to bring materials from one center to another
bullProvide a wide variety of materials and tools children can use to represent experiences and ideasbullProvide many interesting and novel materials for children to explorebullProvide many experiences matched to childrenrsquos interests cultural and linguistic backgroundsbullAllow children to bring materials from one area to another to allow for more complex representations to occurbullDisplay a range of all childrenrsquos work from simple to complex
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
- Button 3
-
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-
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- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
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- Model 3
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 1 39
CRE 1
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Explores with sensory and building materials in repetitive manner
Uses sensory and building materials with purpose
Creates simple constructions to represent own ideas
Creates elaborate constructions to representown experiences thoughtsand ideas
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullDescribe what a child is doing ldquoYou stretched the play dough Look how long and thin you made itrdquo
bullSpend time near child while exploring similar materials and describe your actions ldquoI am pressing this wet sand into the mold helliprdquo
bullDescribe childrsquos work ldquoI see you put two cardboard squares on the bottom and glued these foam cylinders on top rdquo
bullWhen a child always uses materials in the same way model other uses
bullProvide space for children to save creations Refer children to these as examples of different ways they too can use materials
bullObserve children as they construct and bring them additional materials that they could use to extend their ideas
bullWrite down childrenrsquos descriptions of their creations
bullModel sketching a block structure as a child builds it
bullTake photos of childrenrsquos work and display so they and peers can try to replicate at a later time
Med
iate
bullAsk ldquoHow did you get your play dough so flatrdquo
bullSuggest ldquoLetrsquos roll the play dough into a ballrdquo
bullIf a childrsquos block towers keep falling over and the child seems to be getting frustrated provide a hint to help him succeed
bullInvite a young child to join teacher and competent peers who are building in the block area Provide the child with a specific task that is within her ability and will contribute to the play for all ldquoSam would you please collect those cubes and help us add them to the toprdquo
bullInquire ldquoWould you like to make it wider or higherrdquo
bullProvide support for continued involvement ldquoHere is more cardboard if you want to make it largerrdquo
bullProvide feedback ldquoWow you got that block to balance on toprdquo
bullInvite child to describe ldquoTell me about your structurerdquo
bullTalk to children about the materials they are using Help them compare and contrast the properties of two media ldquoWhich do you think will work better the paste or glue stickrdquo
bullOccasionally encourage children to plan what they want to do with materials before they begin
bullSpark ideas read books display posters of buildings and bridges take neighborhood walks and point out structures
bullSuggest that children revisit a project and add to itmdashgive examples of what they might try ldquoYou could add buttons or pom-poms for the eyesrdquo
bullEngage in a discussion with the child allowing a chance to explain what he or she is trying to accomplish
bullAfter a field trip ask children to work together to create representations of their experience ldquoCan you recreate the barn with these blocksrdquo
bullWhen a child makes up a story or shares an idea suggest that she construct something to represent it ldquoMaybe you could use the play dough to create the cat in your story helliprdquo Then let the child share with peers at the end of the day
bullJoin children in the block area and collaborate with them to create a setting for dramatic play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate the use of tools for digging cutting and pressing shapes
bullSit beside child and demonstrate with own materials ways to enlarge and extend a structure
bullInvite a child to provide directions and demonstrate for a peer how to build something
bullProvide child with Legos and step-by-step pictorial instructions that show how to build something that is of interest to that child
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
- Button 3
-
- Page 2 Off
-
- PRevious view 7
-
- Page 2 Off
- Page 3
- Page 4
- Page 13
- Page 15
- Page 16
- Page 17
- Page 18
- Page 20
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- Next view 7
- PRevious 6
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- p4Link
- p7Link
- Direct 3
- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 40
Creative Expression 3 Represents experiences and fantasies in pretend play
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g bullArrange the room to include both open areas and enclosed areas with comfortable furniture
bullEstablish a consistent daily routine
bullProvide materials that can be used as props for roles and embed them throughout centers in the classroom
bullAllow children opportunities to complete class jobs
bullProvide props that are representative of childrenrsquos culture and family structure
bullProvide duplicate materials throughout centers
bullProvide extended time for child-directed play
bullProvide related materials in centers such as tools and cars in the block area
bullAllow any number of children to play in an area of the classroom
bullProvide materials such as dress-up clothes that support group role-play (eg restaurant) and playground equipment that requires two or more children to operate
bullProvide books that describe a wide variety of roles for both children and adults
bullIncorporate planning time into the schedule prior to center time
bullProvide materials in centers to record a plan prior to play
bullAdd to additional materials and props over time
bullAdd materials that could represent a prop needed in a role
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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-
- Button 3
- PRevious view 7
- Next view 7
- PRevious 6
- Next view 10
- p4Link
- p7Link
- Direct 3
- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
- PRevious view 9
-
- Page 14 Off
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- Page 48
- Page 49
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- Page 52
-
- PRevious 8
-
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-
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | CREATIVE EXPRESSION 3 41
CRE 3Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Plays alone and imitates simple aspects of a role using realistic props and sounds
Engages in parallel and associative play with peers
Engages in cooperative role-play with peers
Engages in extended planned cooperative role-play with peers
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rsP
rovi
de N
ondi
rect
ive
Sup
port
bullModel playful behaviorbullDescribe what a child is doing
during play ldquoYou are being very gentle while you rock that babyrdquo
bullDescribe a childrsquos role and relate it to their prior experience ldquoYou are pretending to be an airline pilot Did you see the pilot who flew the plane when you went to Mexicordquo
bullModel using imaginary props while playing with children
bullPose an open-ended question ldquoI wonder what this plank could be used forrdquo
bullTell children a story about own favorite play experiences in childhood ldquoWhen I was a child I used to make a tent by placing a sheet over the tablerdquo
Med
iate
bullLabel the role that a childrsquos actions are imitating ldquoYou are fixing that car Are you a mechanicrdquo
bullAsk questions to extend play ldquoWhat else can a puppy dordquo
bullMake suggestions for a child to try ldquoWhy donrsquot you put these vegetables into the pot so we can make some souprdquo
bullSuggest that one child take a role related to a peerrsquos play ldquoMaybe you could get some milk for his coffeerdquo
bullRespond to and expand childrenrsquos comments within the context of their play
bullBring a childrsquos attention to a peer who is trying to involve him ldquoLuke Andrew just asked you if you would help him fill the wheelbarrowrdquo
bullIntentionally engage in play with children when appropriate Follow their lead (unless they get stuckmdashthen make suggestions)
bullAsk open-ended questions to promote problem-solving related to the play scenario ldquoThe car canrsquot drive through the lake What should we dordquo
bullInvite children to recommend materials that could be used to enhance their play
bullIntroduce ideas for new play themes through shared experiences and discussions
bull Engage children in planning for play before entering a center
bullEncourage children to return to a play theme from a previous day
bullConverse with children during snack about their earlier play
Dire
ct
bullDemonstrate how to pretend with an object ldquoLook when I pretend to eat this toy apple I donrsquot really put it in my mouth helliprdquo
bullDemonstrate the use of new play props that may be unfamiliar to some children
bullLook at video footage or pictures of children taken earlier while they engaged in play Have them recall and describe what they remember Write their ideas
bullHave children write a story about their play
Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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Appendix A
Blank Planning Forms
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
- Button 3
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- Page 14
- Page 47
- Page 48
- Page 49
- Page 50
- Page 52
- Page 6 Off
-
- Button 3
- PRevious view 7
- Next view 7
- PRevious 6
- Next view 10
- p4Link
- p7Link
- Direct 3
- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
- PRevious view 9
-
- Page 14 Off
- Page 47
- Page 48
- Page 49
- Page 50
- Page 52
-
- PRevious 8
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- Page 53
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- Next view 14
-
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- Page 53
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 43
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Envi
ronm
ent
Mat
eria
ls a
nd S
ched
ulin
g
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 44
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 2 Benchmark 3 Benchmark 4
Teac
hing
Beh
avio
rs
Pro
vide
Non
dire
ctiv
e S
uppo
rtM
edia
teD
irect
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
- Button 3
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-
- Button 3
- PRevious view 7
- Next view 7
- PRevious 6
- Next view 10
- p4Link
- p7Link
- Direct 3
- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
- PRevious view 9
-
- Page 14 Off
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 45
SAMPLE EARLY CHILDHOOD SRBI SUPPORT PLANNING FORM
Childrsquos Name _______________________________ Age ____________________________________
Collaborative Problem-solving Team Meeting Log (more detailed meeting notes including assessment data should also be kept)
Meeting date Team members present Decisions (eg team to reconvene after three weeks of intervention teacher to train
paraprofessionals in implementing strategies during transitions)
Supports
Targeted standard
Strategy (ies) for support By whom and where
How often Progress Monitoring Plan
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix a blank forms 46
SAMPLE PROGRESS MONITORING FORM
Targeted Skill or Standard
Protocol for Monitoring Progress
Goal
Frequency of progress monitoring _________ times per _______________
Date Progress toward goal Notes
No evidence of progress
Some progress Goal achieved
Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
- Button 3
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- p4Link
- p7Link
- Direct 3
- Demonstrate 3
- CoConstruct 3
- Scaffold 3
- Support 3
- Facilitaat 3
- Model 3
- Ackownleg 3
- ABC_On_Btn 3
- ABC_Off_Btn 3
- PRevious view 9
-
- Page 14 Off
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Appendix B
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | appendix b evidence base of strategies 48
Evidence Base of Selected Strategies (Chart adapted from Recognition and Response Implementation Guide Buysse and Wesley 2008)
Strategy Evidence Environmental arrangements bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
Peer support bull Cashwell Skinner amp Smith (2001) bull Trent Kaiser amp Wolery (2005)
Modeling bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996) bull Kouri (2005)
Prompting strategies bull Gibson amp Schuster (1992) bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004)
bull Tate Thompson amp McKerchar (2005)
Verbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Hancock Kaiser and Delaney (2002)
bull Kaiser Hemmeter amp Ostrosky (1996)
Nonverbal helping strategies bull Girolametto Weitzman amp Greenberg (2004) bull Kamps Ellis amp Mancina (1995)
Naturalistic time delay bull Ault Gast amp Wolery (1988)bull Doyle Gast amp Wolery (1990) bull Wolery etal (2002)
bull Wolery Ault amp Gast (1990) bull Wolery Cybriwsky amp Gast (1991)
Mand-model procedure (yesno questions statements that require specific response)
bull Brown-Gorton amp Wolery (1988) bull Ross amp Greer (2003)
bull Warren McQuarter amp Rogers-Warren (1984)
Incidental teaching bull Haring Neetz amp Lovinger (1987) bull MacDuff Krantz amp MacDuff (1988)
bull McGee Morrier and Daly (1999)
Embedded Learning Opportunities Curriculum Modifications and Structural Supports (careful planning or structuring of the environment schedules activities and transitions)
bull Sandall amp Schwartz (2008)bull Note Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs includes multiple strategies for
supporting preschoolers with special needs and outlines the evidence-base for such strategies
Use language bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Mediators bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Shared activities bull Bodrova E amp Leong D (2006)
Strategies not included in the Recognition and Response Implementation Guide (2008)
References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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- ABC_On_Btn 3
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References
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
- Button 3
-
- Page 2 Off
-
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-
- Page 2 Off
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- Page 4
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- Page 15
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 50
Ault MJ Gast DL amp Wolery M (1988) Comparison of progressive and constant time-delay procedures in teaching community-sign work reading American Journal of Mental Retardation 93 44-56
BodrovaE amp Leong D (2006) Tools of the Mind A Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education 2nd edition New York Prentice Hall
Bredekamp S amp Rosegrant T (eds) (1995) Reaching potentials transform-ing early childhood curriculum and assessment volume 2 Washington DC NAEYC
Brown-Gorton R amp Wolery M (1988) Teaching mothers to imitate their handicapped children Effects on maternal mands The Journal of Special Education 22 91-107
Buysse V amp Wesley P (2006) Evidence-based practice in the early childhood field Washington DC Zero to Three
Buysse V amp Peisner-Feinberg E (2010) Recognition and response Response to intervention for PreK Young Exceptional Children September 2010 vol 13 4 pp 2-13 first published on June 8 2010
Cashwell TH Skinner CH amp Smith ES (2001) Increasing second-grade studentsrsquo reports of peersrsquo prosocial behaviors via direct instruction group re-inforcement and progress feedback A replication and extension Education and Treatment of Children 24 161-175
Connecticut State Department of Education (2008) Using Scientific Research-Based Interventions Improving Education for all Students
Doyle PM Gast DL amp Wolery M (1900) Use of constant time delay in small group instruction A study of observational and incidental learning The Journal of Special Education 23 369-385
Gibson AN amp Schuster JW (1992) The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive work recognition to preschool children Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12 247-267
Gilliam WS (2005) Prekindergarteners left behind Expulsion Rates in state prekindergarten programs FCD Policy Brief Series No 3 Available wwwfcd-usorgresourcesresources_showhtmdoc_id=464280
Girolametto L Weitzman E amp Greenberg J (2004) The effects of verbal sup-ports on small-group peer interactions Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 35 254-268
Hancock TB Kaiser AP amp Delaney EM (2002) Teaching parents of pre-schoolers at high risk Strategies to support language and positive behavior Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 191-212
Haring TG Neetz JA amp Lovinger L (1987) Effects of four modified in-cidental teaching procedures to create opportunities for communication The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12 218-226
Kamps DM Ellis CR amp Mancina C (1995) Peer-inclusive social skills groups for young children with behavioral risks Preventing School Failure 39 10-15
Kaiser AP Hemmeter ML amp Ostrosky MM (1996) The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 16 375-406
Kim J amp Suen HK (2003) Predicting childrenrsquos academic achievement from early assessment scores A validity generalization study Early Childhood Research Quarterly 18 547-566
Kouri TA (2005) Lexical training through modeling and elicitation proce-dures with late talkers who have specific language impairment and developmen-tal delays Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 48 157-171
LaParo KM amp Pianta RC (2000) Predicting childrenrsquos competence in the early school years A meta-analytic review Review of Educational Research 70(4) 443-484
MacDuff GS Krantz PJ amp MacDuff MA (1988) Providing incidental
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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- Page 53
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual | references 51
teaching for autistic children A rapid training procedure for therapists Education and Treatment of Children 11 205-217
McGee GG Morrier MJ amp Daly T (1999) An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 24 133-146
National Research Council (2008) Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How Committee on Developmental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children CE Snow and SB Van Hemel editors Board on Children Youth and Families Board on Testing and Assessment Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Washington DC The National Academies Press
Ortiz A A (2002) Prevention of school failure and early intervention for English Language Learners In A J Artiles amp A A Ortiz (Eds) English Language Learners with special education needs Identification assessment and instruction (pp 31ndash63) Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co Inc
Recognition and Response implementation guide (2008) Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina FPG Child Development Institute
Ross DE amp Greer RD (2003) Generalized imitation and the mand inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 58-74
Sandall S R amp Schwartz IS (2008) Building Blocks for teaching preschool-ers with special needs 2nd edition Baltimore MD Paul H Brookes Publishing Co
Snyder P Hemmeter ML Sandall S amp McLean M (2007) Impact of profes-sional development on preschool teachersrsquo use of embedded instruction practices From httpcommunityfpgunceduconnect-modulesresourceshandouts
Tate TL Thompson RH amp McKerchar PM (2005) Training teachers in an infant classroom to use embedded teaching strategies Education and Treatment of Children 28 206-221
Trent AJ Kaiser AP amp Wolery M (2005) The use of responsive interaction strategies by siblings Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 107-118
Warren SF McQuarter RJ amp Rogers-Warren AK (1984) The effects of mands and models on the speech of unresponsive language-delayed preschool children Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 43-52
Wolery M Ault MJ amp Gast DL (1990) Comparison of constant time de-lay and the system of least prompts in teaching chained tasks Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25 243-257
Wolery M Brashers MS amp Neitzel JC (2002) Ecological congruence as-sessment for classroom activities and routines Identifying goals and intervention practices in childcare Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 22 131-142
Wolery M Cybriwski CA amp Gast DL (1991) Use of constant time delay and attentional responses with adolescents Exceptional Children 57 432-474
early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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early childhood srbi embedded strategies manual
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Dannel P MalloyGovernor
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Allan B Taylor ChairpersonJanet M Finneran Vice Chairperson
Beverly R BobroskeWilliam P Davenport
Patrick CampbellLynne S Farrell
Theresa Hopkins-StatenPatricia B Luke
Neha MetaPamela Patridge West
Brenda L SiscoJohn Voss
Joseph J Vrabely Jr
Michael P Meotti (ex officio)Commissioner of Higher Education
George A ColemanActing Commissioner of Education
The State of Connecticut Department of Education is committed to a policy of equal opportunityaffirmative action for all qualified persons and does not discriminate in any employment practice education program or educational activity on the basis of race color national origin sex disability genetics age religion or any other basis prohib-
ited by Connecticut state andor federal nondiscrimination laws Inquiries regarding the Department of Educationrsquos nondiscrimination policies should be directed to the Equal Employment Opportunity Director Levy Gillespie State of Connecticut Department of Education 25 Industrial Park Road Middletown Connecticut 06457 860-807-2071
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-
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-
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