early history of microbiology 1650 170018001750 lazzaro spallanzani marcello malpighi antony van...
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Early History of Microbiology
1650 1700 18001750
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Marcello Malpighi
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
Robert Hooke
Francesco Redi
1800 1825 1850 1875 1900
History of Microbiology 1800-1900
Medicine
Jenner(vaccination)
Lister(aseptic surgery)
Pasteur
KochFranz SchulzeTheodore Schwann
Enrico Acerbi Agostino Bassi(parasitic disease)
Spontaneous Generation
The idea that complex life (generally animals or plants) can arise directly from inorganic (non-living) material.
--- originally espoused by early Greek philosophers (Aristotle)--- became entrenched in European culture during the Dark Ages
Francesco Redi (1688)One of the first to systematically attack spontaneous generationcloth & beaker experiments
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1750’s)Used heat to sterilize beef broth in flasks to show that contact with
unsterilized air was required for mold growth in sterile meat broth
Franz Schulze (1836)Showed that sterile oxygen was still unable to create life in sterilized
broth
Louis Pasteur (1860’s)Tapered flask experiments finally lay SP to rest
History of Microbiology
Classical Period 1850-1910--- Much of the modern foundation of microbiology was developed in this period
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895): Finally killed the idea of “spontaneous generation” Helped to develop more rigorous study of microbiology Developed a vaccine (treatment) for rabies Developed the modern idea of steam attenuation
Robert Koch (1843-1910): Koch’s Postulates (causality between microbes and disease) Developed “pure culturing” technique
Paul Ehlich: First use of “antibiotics” (chemical toxins specific to parasites)
Koch’s Postulates
1.) A single, identifiable micro-organism must be present in allcases of the disease
2.) The putative disease organism can be cultured to a singlepure culture outside the host
3.) When inoculated into a susceptible host the organism causessymptoms equivalent to the original host
4.) The organism can be isolated from the experimentally inoculatedhost
--- Lead to a systematic study of disease mechanism that helped to push modern medicine forward--- Today we know that the postulates are NOT universally applicable (but are still a good place to start)
Martinus Beijerinck:Contributed to understanding elemental cycling
Microbial communitiesEnrichment culturing
Sergei Winogradsky:discovered chemoautotrophy
Modern Era (1950- present)
--- development of the idea of comparative biochemistry (that all liferelies on a similar set of reduction/ oxidation (redox) reactions) allowed bacteria to become easily manipulated model systems for the study ofmany cellular processes, eventually leading to today’s discipline of Molecular Biology
Today:
Bacteria have become workhorses of molecular biology for tasks such as:
DNA Engineering
Protein production
Genetics
Cell Signaling
Synthetic Biology
A Brief Review of Basic Chemistry (Chapter 3)
Fundamental Particles:
Element:
Isotope:
Bonding Interactions (Types)
Isotopic Labeling in Photosynthesis
Hydrogen Bonding
Van der Waals Forces
Hydrophobic Forces
pH scale and Buffers
Biomolecules