early history of microbiology 1650 170018001750 lazzaro spallanzani marcello malpighi antony van...

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Early History of Microbiology 1650 1700 1800 1750 Lazzaro Spallanzani Marcello Malpighi Antony van Leeuwenhoek Robert Hooke Francesco Redi

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Page 1: Early History of Microbiology 1650 170018001750 Lazzaro Spallanzani Marcello Malpighi Antony van Leeuwenhoek Robert Hooke Francesco Redi

Early History of Microbiology

1650 1700 18001750

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Marcello Malpighi

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Robert Hooke

Francesco Redi

Page 2: Early History of Microbiology 1650 170018001750 Lazzaro Spallanzani Marcello Malpighi Antony van Leeuwenhoek Robert Hooke Francesco Redi

1800 1825 1850 1875 1900

History of Microbiology 1800-1900

Medicine

Jenner(vaccination)

Lister(aseptic surgery)

Pasteur

KochFranz SchulzeTheodore Schwann

Enrico Acerbi Agostino Bassi(parasitic disease)

Page 3: Early History of Microbiology 1650 170018001750 Lazzaro Spallanzani Marcello Malpighi Antony van Leeuwenhoek Robert Hooke Francesco Redi

Spontaneous Generation

The idea that complex life (generally animals or plants) can arise directly from inorganic (non-living) material.

--- originally espoused by early Greek philosophers (Aristotle)--- became entrenched in European culture during the Dark Ages

Francesco Redi (1688)One of the first to systematically attack spontaneous generationcloth & beaker experiments

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1750’s)Used heat to sterilize beef broth in flasks to show that contact with

unsterilized air was required for mold growth in sterile meat broth

Franz Schulze (1836)Showed that sterile oxygen was still unable to create life in sterilized

broth

Louis Pasteur (1860’s)Tapered flask experiments finally lay SP to rest

Page 4: Early History of Microbiology 1650 170018001750 Lazzaro Spallanzani Marcello Malpighi Antony van Leeuwenhoek Robert Hooke Francesco Redi

History of Microbiology

Classical Period 1850-1910--- Much of the modern foundation of microbiology was developed in this period

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895): Finally killed the idea of “spontaneous generation” Helped to develop more rigorous study of microbiology Developed a vaccine (treatment) for rabies Developed the modern idea of steam attenuation

Robert Koch (1843-1910): Koch’s Postulates (causality between microbes and disease) Developed “pure culturing” technique

Paul Ehlich: First use of “antibiotics” (chemical toxins specific to parasites)

Page 5: Early History of Microbiology 1650 170018001750 Lazzaro Spallanzani Marcello Malpighi Antony van Leeuwenhoek Robert Hooke Francesco Redi

Koch’s Postulates

1.) A single, identifiable micro-organism must be present in allcases of the disease

2.) The putative disease organism can be cultured to a singlepure culture outside the host

3.) When inoculated into a susceptible host the organism causessymptoms equivalent to the original host

4.) The organism can be isolated from the experimentally inoculatedhost

--- Lead to a systematic study of disease mechanism that helped to push modern medicine forward--- Today we know that the postulates are NOT universally applicable (but are still a good place to start)

Page 6: Early History of Microbiology 1650 170018001750 Lazzaro Spallanzani Marcello Malpighi Antony van Leeuwenhoek Robert Hooke Francesco Redi

Martinus Beijerinck:Contributed to understanding elemental cycling

Microbial communitiesEnrichment culturing

Sergei Winogradsky:discovered chemoautotrophy

Modern Era (1950- present)

--- development of the idea of comparative biochemistry (that all liferelies on a similar set of reduction/ oxidation (redox) reactions) allowed bacteria to become easily manipulated model systems for the study ofmany cellular processes, eventually leading to today’s discipline of Molecular Biology

Page 7: Early History of Microbiology 1650 170018001750 Lazzaro Spallanzani Marcello Malpighi Antony van Leeuwenhoek Robert Hooke Francesco Redi

Today:

Bacteria have become workhorses of molecular biology for tasks such as:

DNA Engineering

Protein production

Genetics

Cell Signaling

Synthetic Biology

Page 8: Early History of Microbiology 1650 170018001750 Lazzaro Spallanzani Marcello Malpighi Antony van Leeuwenhoek Robert Hooke Francesco Redi

A Brief Review of Basic Chemistry (Chapter 3)

Fundamental Particles:

Element:

Isotope:

Bonding Interactions (Types)

Page 9: Early History of Microbiology 1650 170018001750 Lazzaro Spallanzani Marcello Malpighi Antony van Leeuwenhoek Robert Hooke Francesco Redi

Isotopic Labeling in Photosynthesis

Page 10: Early History of Microbiology 1650 170018001750 Lazzaro Spallanzani Marcello Malpighi Antony van Leeuwenhoek Robert Hooke Francesco Redi

Hydrogen Bonding

Van der Waals Forces

Hydrophobic Forces

pH scale and Buffers

Biomolecules