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MI 48106-1346 USA800-521-0600' . ~1Early Ismi'Ii Thoughton ProphecyAccording tothe Kitab al-lslah by Abu l.Iitim al-Riz(d. ca. 322/934-5)byShinNomotoInstitute of Islamic StucliesMcGill University, MontralDecember 1999A dissertationsubmitted to the Faculty ofGraduate Studies, McGill Universityin partial fulfillment ofthe requirementsfor the degree ofDoctor of Philosophyin Islamic Studies SHIN NOMOTO, 19991+1Nationallibraryof CanadaAcquisitions andBibliographie services395 Welington StreetOIIawa ONK1A 0N4CanadaBibliothque nationaledu CanadaAcquisitions etservices bibliographiques395, rue WellingtonOttawa ONK1 A 0N4CanadaYOIIr"vou. ~The author bas granted a non-exclusive licence allowing theNational Library ofCanada toreproduce, loan, distnbute or sellcopies ofthis thesis in microform,paper or electronic formats.The author retains ownership ofthecopyright in this thesis. Neither thethesis nor substantial extracts from itmay be printed or otberwisereproduced without the author' spermission.L'auteur a accord une licence nonexclusive permettant laBibliothque nationale du Canada dereproduire, prter, distribuer ouvendre des copies de cette thse sousla forme de microfiche/film, dereproduction sur papier ou sur formatlectronique.L'auteur conserve la proprit dudroit d'auteur qui protge cette thse.Ni la thse Di des extraits substantielsde celle-ci ne doivent tre imprimsou autrement reproduits sans sonautorisation.0-612-64633-5CanadlAulhar:Title of Dissertation:Department:Degree Sought:ABSTRACTShinNomotoEarly IsmaclliThought on Prophecy According totheKitdbal-1lldlzbyAb I:fatim al-Riz(d. ca.322/934-5).Institute of Islamic Studies,McGill University.Doetor of PhllosophyThis dissertationattempts toelucidateearlyIsmal:wthought onvariousaspects of prophecy during the 4th AH./IOth C.E. century in the light of Kittb(Book of Correction) by Abu 1:Iitim. al-RiZi (d. ca. 322/934-5), one of theleading dat:s (missionaries) in the Iran of bis day. Al-Illal}. is on one level an earlyexample of Neoplatonist influence on Ismicili thought, taking the form of a polemicaimed at bis coreligionist,al-Nasaf. However,aIso shows anew doctrinal formulation of early Ismal:ili discourse on prophetology, especiallyconcerning the messianic figure of the Qi:)im.Inal-li/iil,l. al-Razi discussesthe missionsof each of the enunciator-prophets(nu!aqii;') using the terminology of Greek-Hellenistic sciences, thereby implyingthat theQa:)impossessesarank higher than anyother prophet. In addition,whereasheappearstoassignthe Qa3im's politicalroletotheleadersof theIsmacilicommunity in the present age, al-Riz desaibes a newera to be inauguratedby the figure, constituting a purified version of this world. In this way the figureof the Qa:lim is depoliticized and spiritualized. It is thus suggested that aI-Razi'sthought on prophecy in while theorizing the place of the Qi:)im in sacredhistory, represents aresponse tothe crisis in bis own time engendered by thepostponement of the Qa:)im's final advent and victory.iAuteur:Titre de la thse:Dpartement:Grade:RsUMShinNomotoLa pense ismicle primitive sur la prophtied'aprs leKitab deAbu l:Iitim al-Rz(m. ca. 322/934-5).Institut d'. tudes IslamiquesUniversit McGillDocteur en PhilosophieCette thse tente d'lucider la pense ismiile du IVe A.H./Xe A.D. sicle ausujet des divers aspects de la prophtie; en s'appuyant sur le Kitab al-/#tiJ:& (Livrede Correction) de Ab I:fitimal-Raz (m. ca. 322/934-5) -un des prominent dacis(missionnaires> de son poque en Iran. D'une part, al-/#tfl. est un des premiersexemples de l'influence noplatonidenne sur la pense ismane, et ce, sous laforme d'une polmique dirige l'encontre de son co-religionisteal-Nasafi. D'autre part,al-/#tfz. rvle aussi une nouvelle formation doctrinale dela pense ismiC:we sur la prophtologie, notamment en ce qui concerne la figuremessianique duDansal-RiZi discute les missions de chacun des prophtes-nondateurs(nu!aqif')en utilisant la terminologie dessciencesgrco-hellniques; insinuantainsi que le possde un rang plus lev que n'importe quel autre prophte.En outre, alors qu' semble attributuer le rle politique du aux leaders dela communaut smlclle de son poque, al-Razi dcrit une nouvelle re treinaugure par cette figure -une version purifie de ce monde. Ainsi, la figure du est dpolitise et spiritualise. nest donc suggr que, tout en thorisantla place duQi:lli\ dans l'Histoire sacre, la pense d'al-lUz sur la prophtie,telle qu'exprime dans al-/#t/;l, reprsente une rsponse la crise de son tempsengendre par l'ajournement de la venue et victoire finales du PrefaceNearly twenty years have passed since 1first became fascinated by the doctrineand history of the Shilj sect known as the Ismillis. The first genuinely academicstudies that attracted my attention to this subject were Japanese translations of H.Corbin's Histoire de laphilosophie islamique(Islam Tetsugalcushi, translated byT.Kuroda and H. Kashiwagi (Tokyo, 1974) ) and B. Lewis'The Assassins: ARadicalSect in Islam(AnsatsuKydan: Islamno Kageki Ha, translated by K. Kat (Tokyo,1978) ).Based on these works and others 1was able to trace the course of the history ofIsmalilism fromitsbirthinthemid-8th century C.E. to theculmination of itsradicalism in the mid-12th century C.E. Starting at first as a small group splitfrom a wing of ShiJism which later developed into the IthnaJasharis (or Twelvers),the members of this ShiJ, Ismi.JlIIsect"were eventually able toestablish theirown"Caliphate"in North Africaand, lateron, Egypt. Fromtheveryinitialphase of their founding this state they daimed that their supreme leaders werethe sole legitimate imims in a direct line from the household of the Prophet (ablal-bayt). They thus threatened the very existence of the 1Abbisid Caliphate andthe Sunni establishment it championed.However, inthelate Ilth century C.E., i.e., aftertheheyday of itspoliticalpower, the FiPmid Ismi.ljl community was split into two wings:the Musta llis,who inherited the Fi\imid tradition, and the Niziris, who recognized Nizir, thedefeated claimant of the office of mim, as its legitimate heir. The followers ofthe latter branch retreated to the remote mountainous regions of Syria and Iranwhere an independent movement developed. It was likewisethe Niziriswhoilivoiced one of the most radical and shocking daims ever to come to the notice ofMuslims, whether Sunni or Sh'. This wasthe declaration of theResurrection(al-Qiyimah ) in 1164 C.E., which abolished the sacred law of Islam.The history of the Isma.'ws outlined above isemblematic of the diversity ofreligious expression at the heart of the Islamic tradition. It aIso suggests to us thediversitythat existedwithinearly Ismi'lism, whichisperhapsmostclearlyrepresented in the conflict between the current which tried to balance the exotericaspect ( ~ a 1 J i r ) of the religion, particularly the.1Jar'ah or sacred law, with itsesoteric aspect(ba!i11), andthecurrent which laidsomuchemphasisontheesoteric that the exoteric virtually paled in significance. In real terms, the lattertendency wascharacteristic of the Niziri wing, whilethe formerdescribesthepolicy of equilibrium adopted by the Fipmids.Ofthese twocurrentsinIsmi.'ilism, it was theesotericinclinationwhichinfluenced the movement thatI chose ta focus onfor my sotsugyrobun or graduationthesis, which is obligatory in sorne departments at Japanese universities. 1focusedparticularly on the development of theesoterictenency fromthe 8th centuryC.E. tothecollapse ofthe Niziri state in Iran(13th eentury C.E.). Thisstudyhowever was based entirelyon seeondary sources.Formymaster's thesis, whichbyeontrast wasbasedlargelyonprimarysources,1 chosethetopieoftheconcept of theimmateaccordingtoal-Qi4al-Nu'man (d. 974), an Ismi.'il jurist-theologian who served the Fi;mids and isthought to have adhered to the equilibrium. betweenexoterism, especiallyrepresented by sacred law, and esoterism. That study tracedthe outline of al-Nu'min's doctrine of the imamate, and confirmed that bis theory of the office ofthe imamate eoincided substantially with official FiPmid doctrine.As the topic of my Ph.D. dissertation, the present work, 1 chose to study Abuivl;Ii.tm al-Ra2, a Ilmission11'Y'-thinker who is believed to have flourished duringthe fust half of the 1Dth century C.E., and whotherefore represented a slightlyearlier phase of Ismi.'ili history than that of al-Nu'min's time. Sorne major studieson al-Rizi hold that he was a propagandist for a dissident Isma'iB group opposedto the Fi.;mid daim to the imamate. On the other hand, he can be said to havemanifesteda IIsomber"or"conservative"approachasathinker; hewas, forinstance, opposed to the esoteric-inclined antinomianism of bis peers and seemsto have been more prudent or even a little IIreluctant," when it came to introducingNeoplatonist philosophical concepts into Ismi.'lism.In the course of researching and preparing the text of this thesis, guided by themany outstanding scholars mentioned in my acknowledgments, 1 came acrosssevera! different layers beneath the IIconservative" surface of al-Rizi's thought,includingamore"radical"layer opposed tothecommon idearanking of theprophets with respect to the Prophet M ~ m m a d and introduced by the natureof the messianic figure of the Qi.'im (the rising one). This is one of the senses inwhich the diversity of IOth century Ismi.'ilism may be said to be reflected in thethought of al-RiZi..Yet eventhis, seemingly straightforward, conclusion necessitated aseries ofpreliminary studies, among which the following may be cited:1. ''The Prophetie Figure of Jesus inF i . ~ d Ismi.'ilism" (in Japanese), Reports ofKeiolnstitute of Cultural and Liguistic Studies 24 (1992): pp. 281-313;2. IlAn Essay on Early Isma'iB Viewof Dther Religions Based on a Chapter fromthe Book of the Correction (Ki" al-#lilJ ) by AbU I;fi.tim al-Rizi (d. 322/934-5)"(in Japanese), Reports of Keio Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies 26 (1994):pp. 231-252;3. "The Prophets' Encounter with the Angelic Beings according to al-Razi, anvEarlyIsm'1 Thinker" (inJapanese), inTranscendence and Mystery: theGedankenweltenof China, India and Islam, ed. by S. Kamada and H. Mori (Tokyo,1994), pp. 231-52;4. "The Cosmos and the Prophets: The Prophetology in The Book of Correction byAb I;fatim al-RaZi" (in Japanese), Orient 38 (1995): pp. 271-83;S. "Early Isma'li Viewof Salvation History according to Ab l:Iatim al-Rizi (d.322/934-5)"(in Japanese), apaperread attheAnnual Meeting oftheMitaSociety of History (Keio University), at Keio University, Tokyo aune, 1995);6. 'The Place of Ab al-Rz's Kitab in the History of Isma.'DiThought 1: The Theory of the Prophets and the Qi.im"(in Japanese), Reports ofKeio Institute ofCultural and Linguistic Studies 28 (1996): pp. 223-41;7. "The Place of Ab l:Ii.tim al-RiZi's Kitab in the History of Ismi.'DiThought 2: Some Problems in the Study of al-Rizi's Life" (inJapanese), Reportsof Keio Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies 29 (1997): pp. 135-54;8. "Introduction," in Al l:Iitim ibn l;Iamelin al-Razi, Kiti.bed.l:I.Minchelui and M. Mohaghegh (Tihran, 1377A.H.S./1998C.E.), pp. 1-34.It should therefore be noted that the earlier versions of chapter 2 of this work arebased on papers 7 and 8 above, that chapter 4 4 is based on papers 4, 5, 6, and 8,chapter 5 4 on paper 2, a part of chapter 6 1 on paper 8, a part of chapter 6 3on paper 3, and a part of chapter 7 2-1 on paper 1. On being incorporated intothe dissertation itself, however, thecontents of thesestudieswere, of course,extensively revised.viAbstractThis dissertation studies the dynamics behind negative shifts inthecorporate reputations of businessfirms, through threeindependent but relatedpapers, aphenomenon that we refer to as areputational crisis. This issue is of critical importancebecausethecorporatereputation of atinnisone of itsmost valuablebut potentiallyvolatileintangibleresources. Therefore, abetterunderstanding of thesituationswherebusiness firms suffer significant reputational losses within relatively short periods of timecan contribute toboth strategic management andbusiness andsociety. From astrategicmanagement perspective, the examination of sudden major losses in corporate reputationis an examination of the loss of what is potentially one of the mostimportant intangiblefinnresources, if not themost important intangible resource of thefmn. While, fromabusiness and society perspective, an examination of sudden drops in corporate reputationcouldreveal thereputational impact that suchsuddenevents have inthe networkofstakeholders 1984) who surround the firm and are, in asense, the'evaluators'of its reputation.Thefirst paperof thisdissertationconsistsof a theoretical explorationof themanagement ofreputational crises caused by sudden and unexpected incidents likeindustrial accidents, scandais, and product failures. Drawing on the stakeholder and crisismanagement literatures, a model useful in providing a better understanding ofreputational crisesis developed. Thesecond paper is an empiricalinvestigation intotheimpact that accidents canhave onthe corporate reputationofbusiness firms. Morespecifically the impact that anumber of accident characteristics have on the reputationalvre-evaluationsof twoparticularstakeholdergroups, industryexecutivesandfinancialanalysts, is investigatedwithdatadrawnfromLexis-Nexis andthe America's MostAdmired Corporations (AMAC) survey of FORTUNE magazine. Finally, the third paperof thedissertationexamines the Brent Spar controversytoinvestigatetwo issuesofimportanceinthemanagement of reputational crises: thereasonsbehindacompany'sdecisions tobufferorbridge whenfacedwitha reputational crisis; and, the raieofstakeholder salience in this decision.viA cknowledgm.entsAs was brief1y alluded to in the preface, this study needed not only time butaIso the guidance, help and moral support of several people frombath the academicandthenon-academicworlds. It ismypleasure andhonortomentiontheirnames here and express my gratitude to them for all their assistance.First of aIl, 1 wouldliketoexpressmy humblebut very deepgratitudetaProfessor Hermann Landolt, my academic supervisor at the Institute of IslamieStudies, Mc.Gill University, for his painstakingly thorough reading, for bis keencriticism of the draft of this work in its various stages, and for his generosity inspending bis precioustime discussing with me the problems presented by theArabie and Persian texts and my own interpretation of theselatter. 1 am aIsomost grateful fortheinvaluable ideas and suggestions heunstintingly offeredme, without which 1 could never have solvedthe problemsencountered whileresearching and writing this dissertation.Among the faculty at the Institute of Islamic Studies 1 would like to single outfor acknowledgment Professor A. ner Turgayand Professor Donald P. Little,each of whom rendered me invaIuable assistance. Prof. Turgay was very supportivein helping meovercome variousobstacles, both administrativeand academic,which lay before me, while Prof. Little was my first Arabie instructor and historyteacher at the Institute, and was director when 1first came ta McGill. Over theyears 1 have come to admire bis uncompromising scholarsbip and to appreciatebis warm personality.1 am. aIso deeply grateful totwo prominent former members of theteachingstaff at the Institute, Dr. Paul E. Walker and Professor Mahdi Mohaghegh (thevlatter now with the University of Tehran and Director of the Tehran Branch of theMcGill Institute of Islamic Studies). As my fast supervisor at McGill, Dr. Walkerhelped metodevelop a moreseriousstudy of Isma'ilism during the academicyears 1988-90. Even after he left the Institute (to its enormous loss!) he generouslyhelpedtoobtain formecopiesof invaluable manuscripts. Prof. Mohagheghoffered me the precious opportunity to write an introduction tathe first criticaledition of Ahii I:fatim al-Rizi'sKita6 a 1 - 1 ~ 1 ~ . This was excellent preparation forbefore the aetual drafting of the dissertation. Moreover, he kinclly sent me a copyof the printed edition, which greatly helped my reading of the text and analysisof the complexity of its contents.1would a1so like to extend my gratitude to Mrs. Ann Yaxley, the administrativesecretary oftheInstitute, andtoMrs. Dawn Richards, herassistant, for theirexpert help in resolving the official complicationsthat stood in the way of mysubmitting thisdissertation and in facilitating the reinstatement of my studentstatus at Mct:;ill.Thesupport receivedfromindividuaisandacademicinstitutionsoutsideMcGill wereaisocrucialtothisproject. Letmefirst of all mentionherethenames of scholars of Keio University, Tokyo. 1amdeeply grateful for the academicandpersonal adviceof my formersupervisor andnowvice-president oftheUniversity, Professor Takeshi Yukawa, myformer teacherandtheonewhointroduced metothe fieldof Islamic studies. 1 would liketothank ProfessorSei'ichi Sumi, the director of the Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies, andthe deputy directorofthesameinstitution, ProfessorYji Nishiyama, whoseremarkable generosity in granting metwoyears' leaveof absence(1998-2000)and whose constant encouragement were instrumental in the completion of thisstudy. Also 1 am very muchgrateful to my senior colleagues attheInstitute,viProf. MichioTakahashi, Prof. YukioOtsu, Prof. NaomitsuMikami, Prof. HisatsuguKitahara and Prof. Minoru Shimao, for their understanding of the necessity of mycompleting the present work and foroffering their constant moral support. 1would like aIsoto thank Prof. Tsutomu Sakamoto, my formerteacher, and mycolleagues at the Faculty of Letters, Prof. SatoruHorie and Prof. Fumihiko Hasebe,fortheir constant academic advice and encouragement to my work. Anothername, that of Mrs. Hiroko Endo, the Secretary of the Institute, cannot be omittedhere. 1 very much appreciated her constant and sincere efforts in helping me tomaintain good communications with Keio University in Tokyo.Several other scholars were extremely generous to me in a variety of ways. 1wouldliketothankmostsincerelyProfessorAbbasHamdani (UniversityofWisconsin at Milwaukee) for generously allowing me to use precious manuscriptsand other materials essential to my research from bis personal collection. Mydeep gratitude aIso extends to Prof. Shigeru Kamada (University of Tokyo), whointroduced meto McGill' s Institute of Islamic Studies as weIl astothe field ofShi' ah studies, and who offered unstntinga c a d , ~ c guidance and moral support.Thanks are also due to Professor AndrewRippin (University of Calgary) and Dr.B. Todd Lawson for their generous assistance to me in the drafting of my dissertationproposai in the academic year 199192.Every person working in academia, especially in the field of humanities owes agreat debt to libraries and their staff for providing the "raw materials" essentialto research. Therefore my special and deep gratitude must be expressed with aIlsincerity tothe staff of Islamic Studies Library, Mc.Gill University, particularlyMr. Adam Gacek, Ms.Salwa Ferahian, Mr. Stephen Millier and Mr.Wayne St.Thomas. Special thanksmust alsogotathestaff of KeioUniversity MediaCentre, the University of Tbingen Library, and the University of Tokyo Library,ixfor searching out and providing the source materials for my research.1would like ta express my deep thanks to Institute of Islamic Studies, McGillUniversity forits generous offer of the Institute of Islamic Studies Fellowshipduring the academic year 1989-90, and ta the World University Service of Canadaand the International Council for Canadian Studies for their remarkably generousoffer of the "Govemment of Canada Award" which was initially administered bythe former in 1990 andthen transferred to the latter in the same year. It is mygreat honour to have been a redpient of this prestigious scholarship offered byCanadian government during the academic years 1990-1994. Without this financiaIsupport, not only my studies and research but even everyday life in Montrealwould have been made extremely difficult.It is my special pleasure to mention with most sincere gratitude my wonderfulfriends in Montreal who supported me morally and academically: Mr. Stephen -Millier (for his sincere frlendship and aIso bis painstaking, devoted proofreadingof the draft in its various stages!); Professor John Calvert (Creighton University,Omaha); Dr. Rizvi Faizer; Dr. Jeff Burke; the disciples of "the Landoltian School,"especially Ms. Roxanne Marcotte, Mr. Abdul Muttalib and Mr. Perwaiz Hayat;Mr. Khaja Misbahuddin; Mc. Mohammad Ghoussemi-Zavieh; Mr. Hyondo Park;Ms. Patricia Kelly; Ms. Melanie Freeman and her family; Professor Teruko Taketo-Hosotani (Royal Victoria Hospital Laboratory); Prof. Yoshio Takane (Departmentof Psychology, McGillUniversity);Prof. YurikoOshima-Takane(ofthesamedepartment); Prof. YahiroHirakawa