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EARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE GARDINER CHAPTER 16-2 PP. 415-421

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EARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE. GARDINER CHAPTER 16-2 PP. 415-421. Carolingian & Ottonian Art. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: EARLY  MEDIEVAL  EUROPE

EARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPEGARDINER CHAPTER 16-2PP. 415-421

Page 2: EARLY  MEDIEVAL  EUROPE

Carolingian & Ottonian Art

Charlemagne imported whole libraries from Italy, Byzantium; northern painters trained in Hiberno Saxon pattern making created a sophisticated Late Antique realism in their illuminated manuscripts. Carolingian Period.

mid-10th century there was a consolidation of the post-Charlemagne empire under new Saxon line of German emperors: the Ottonians.

Ottonian empire advanced and enriched culture/traditions of Carolingian period

Ottonians cemented ties with papacy/Italy & generated monastic reforms

By the early 11th century, pagan marauders had been Christianized and settled, with signs of cultural renewal that would lead to Renaissance.

Page 3: EARLY  MEDIEVAL  EUROPE

CAROLINGIAN ART Christmas day 800 Pope Leo III crowned

Charles the Great/Charlemagne, the king of the Franks as emperor of Rome -> becomes the first Holy Roman Emperor

Charlemagne consolidated the Frankish kingdom of his father and defeated the Lombards in Italy

He united Europe and laid claim to reviving the glory of the ancient Roman Empire

His name Carolus Magnus in Latin is given to the era -> the Carolingian period

Page 4: EARLY  MEDIEVAL  EUROPE

CHARLEMAGNE’S RENOVATION IMPERII ROMANI

The “Carolingian Renaissance” Renovation Imperii Romani =

renewal of the Roman Empire -> Charlemagne’s official seal

1. Artistic patronage2. Commissioning imperial portrait

statues and illuminated manuscripts

3. Fostering a general revival of learning

Page 5: EARLY  MEDIEVAL  EUROPE

SCULPTURE AND PAINTING – EQUESTRIAN STATUETTE

Equestrian portrait of Charlemagne or Charles the Bald, from Metz, France, 9th century, bronze, 9 ½ “

The model for this statuette was the equestrian portrait of Marcus Aurelius in Rome

Emperor is overly large -> focus is on figure not horse -> Charlemagne is on parade -> holds globe, symbol of world dominion

Page 6: EARLY  MEDIEVAL  EUROPE

CORONATION GOSPELS

Saint Matthew, folio 15 recto of the Coronation Gospels (Gospel Book of Charlemagne), from Aachen, Germany, ca. 800–810. Ink and tempera on vellum

Patronage placed high value on books

Painted manuscripts for Charlemagne’s court reveal the legacy of classical art -> use of light, shade, and perspective to create the illusion of three-dimensional form

Page 7: EARLY  MEDIEVAL  EUROPE

EBBO GOSPELS Saint Matthew, folio 18 verso of the Ebbo

Gospels (Gospel Book of Archbishop Ebbo of Reims), from Hautvillers (near Reims), France, ca. 816–835. Ink and tempera on vellum

Ebbo Gospels illuminator replaced the classical calm and solidity of the Coronation Gospels evangelist with an energy that amounts to frenzy

Writing frantically, drapery writhes and vibrates

Merging of classical illusionism and northern linear tradition

Page 8: EARLY  MEDIEVAL  EUROPE

UTRECHT PSALTER

Psalm 44, detail of folio 25 recto of the Utrecht Psalter, ca. 820-835, ink on vellum

One of the most extraordinary medieval manuscripts is the Utrecht Psalter -> reproduces the Psalms of David in three columns of Latin capital letters

Each psalm is illustrated w/a pen and ink drawing stretching across the entire width of the page

Rapid, sketchy techniques to render the figures convey the same nervous vitality as the Ebbo evangelists

Page 9: EARLY  MEDIEVAL  EUROPE

LINDAU GOSPELS Crucifixion, front cover of the

Lindau Gospels, from Saint Gall, Switzerland, ca. 870, gold, precious stones, and pearls

Sumptuous Carolingian book cover revives the image of the youthful Christ -> repousse figure is statuesque and keeps w/the classical tastes and imperial aspirations of the Frankish “emperors of Rome”

Page 10: EARLY  MEDIEVAL  EUROPE

ARCHITECTURE Charlemagne -> reestablish the

imperial past -> encouraged the use of Roman building techniques

Reinterpretation of earlier Roman Christian sources -> fundamental to subsequent dev. of N. European architecture

Models for Charlemagne -> Rome and Ravenna

Page 11: EARLY  MEDIEVAL  EUROPE

AACHEN Aachen in Germany is Charlemagne’s capital

Interior of the Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne, Aachen, Germany, 792-805

The first vaulted structure of the Middle Ages north of the Alps -> modeled on San Vitale -> but w/simple and massive geometric form

Charlemagne’s throne is in gallery, halfway between earth and heaven

Largest arches are on the second floor -> columns that fill the arches do not support the arch -> they fill space

Page 12: EARLY  MEDIEVAL  EUROPE

Interior of the Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne, Aachen, Germany, 792–805

Carolingian architecture revives Roman building techniques and forms and is marked by a solid robustness and a clearly articulated geometric structure. The Palatine Chapel at Aachen was modeled on the Byzantine church of San Vitale at Ravenna but with a simplified the plan.

Page 13: EARLY  MEDIEVAL  EUROPE

Alternate ViewView of the Interior

Page 14: EARLY  MEDIEVAL  EUROPE

LORSCH GATEHOUSE

Torhalle (gatehouse), Lorsch, Germany, ninth century. The gatehouse to the Lorsch Monastery imitates the design of a Roman city gate but with several features that mark it as a northern building.

3 arched openings divided by engaged columns -> cf. the Arch of Constantine

Fluted pilasters on the second story

Page 15: EARLY  MEDIEVAL  EUROPE

Detail of red and beige brick surface treatment

Page 16: EARLY  MEDIEVAL  EUROPE

SAINT GALL

Carolingian period -> construction and expansion of many monasteries

Widespread adoption of the Early Christian basilica -> example here Saint Gall

To the side of the church was the CLOISTER a colonnaded courtyard reserved for the monks alone removed from the early world

Page 17: EARLY  MEDIEVAL  EUROPE

MEDIEVAL GOSPELS AND BENEDICTINE RULE Drawing of the monastery at Saint Gall in

Switzerland

Saint Benedict -> founder of the Benedictine order of monks -> made the rules that governed the monasteries -> becomes standard for all European monastic establishments

Communal association in an ABBEY -> absolute by the ABBOT elected by the monks

Every day spent in useful work and in sacred reading -> work and study

Self sufficient communities -> mill, bakery, infirmary, vegetable garden, brewery

Monasteries central to the revival of learning -> monopoly on reading and writing

Page 18: EARLY  MEDIEVAL  EUROPE

CORVEY Westwork of the Abbey church,

Corvey, Germany, 873-885

An important new feature of Carolingian architecture is the westwork -> a monumental western façade incorporating two towers