Early Medieval Early Medieval EuropeEurope

Collapse of Western Roman Collapse of Western Roman EmpireEmpire

Empire Divided (300’s AD)Empire Divided (300’s AD) Byzantine Empire (Greek & Byzantine Empire (Greek &

Autonomous)Autonomous) LatifundiasLatifundias replace centralized rule replace centralized rule

Decentralized, self-sufficient (E,S,P)Decentralized, self-sufficient (E,S,P) Isolated Kingdoms of Landlords/SerfsIsolated Kingdoms of Landlords/Serfs

Constant Barbarian Invasions Constant Barbarian Invasions Empire collapses (476): Empire collapses (476): Isolated, Primitive Isolated, Primitive

= Barbarian w/ Roman (Latin) influence= Barbarian w/ Roman (Latin) influence

Rise of Christianity (Unifying Rise of Christianity (Unifying Force)Force) First Phase: (Roman) conversion through First Phase: (Roman) conversion through

original disciples (church fathers) - original disciples (church fathers) - Bishop of Rome (Pope) replaces emperorBishop of Rome (Pope) replaces emperor 22ndnd Phase: ‘Papal Primacy’ – divine Phase: ‘Papal Primacy’ – divine

authority of (rock) = authority of (rock) = Pontifex Maximus Pontifex Maximus over over ChurchChurch Hierarchal Order - Church = key to Hierarchal Order - Church = key to

salvation & protectionsalvation & protection Viceroys (bishops) – oversee church & stateViceroys (bishops) – oversee church & state Monastic Culture – converts/scholarsMonastic Culture – converts/scholars

The New EconomyThe New Economy Early Middle Ages = Early Middle Ages = ManorManor & Serfdom & Serfdom Trade = Bartering/Exchange of Trade = Bartering/Exchange of

ServicesServices Agricultural DevelopmentsAgricultural Developments

Heavy Plow, Padded Horse Collar, and Heavy Plow, Padded Horse Collar, and Three Field SystemThree Field System

Gradually Transform Economy & Gradually Transform Economy & Challenge ‘System’Challenge ‘System’

Impact of Agricultural Impact of Agricultural ImprovementsImprovements

Communal - ManorialCommunal - Manorial Population GrowthPopulation Growth Surplus /Diversity CropsSurplus /Diversity Crops Markets - $ exchangeMarkets - $ exchange Rise of Towns (Burgs)Rise of Towns (Burgs)

Feudal Order?Feudal Order? Merchant (Middle Class)Merchant (Middle Class)

Protection to GuildsProtection to Guilds Banking & InvestmentsBanking & Investments Church & ProfitChurch & Profit

Trade RoutesTrade Routes Mediterranean, Baltic, Mediterranean, Baltic,

OverlandOverland Feudal StrainsFeudal Strains

Lord, Serf, CommunesLord, Serf, Communes Kings support M.C. – Kings support M.C. –

offset power of noblesoffset power of nobles Towns = Towns =

Independence – coin Independence – coin $, laws & juries, $, laws & juries, taxes, militias, foreign taxes, militias, foreign goodsgoods

FeudalismFeudalism Political & Social OrderPolitical & Social Order

Hierarchal – mutual obligationsHierarchal – mutual obligations FeudaFeuda – land holding bearing – land holding bearing

obligation (Vassal)obligation (Vassal) Franks – first centralized Franks – first centralized

political power of Europepolitical power of Europe Stirrup – mounted warrior ($)Stirrup – mounted warrior ($)

System becomes increasingly System becomes increasingly complex– loyalty / successioncomplex– loyalty / succession

The Frankish EmpireThe Frankish Empire

How were the Franks able to unify How were the Franks able to unify much of the Western Roman Empire?much of the Western Roman Empire?

Why is Charlemagne’s reign viewed Why is Charlemagne’s reign viewed as the model for European feudal as the model for European feudal monarchies?monarchies?

Treaty of VerdunTreaty of Verdun

Eastern Empire (Byzantine)Eastern Empire (Byzantine) Division – linguistic, cultural, politicalDivision – linguistic, cultural, political Eastern Influence (Asia/Islam)Eastern Influence (Asia/Islam)

Mediterranean Trade and ExchangeMediterranean Trade and Exchange Russian and Southern, Eastern EuropeRussian and Southern, Eastern Europe

Greek influenceGreek influence Greater reliance on Bible (not Pope)Greater reliance on Bible (not Pope) Filioque - Western belief that Christ & Filioque - Western belief that Christ &

God the Father one essence – not lesserGod the Father one essence – not lesser Religion under Political Authority of Religion under Political Authority of

EmperorEmperor

England: Development of Common England: Development of Common LawLaw

1066: Norman Conquest (William of 1066: Norman Conquest (William of Normandy)Normandy) Holding W. France & EnglandHolding W. France & England

Feudal Monarchy: Norman vassals, Feudal Monarchy: Norman vassals, Fiefdoms, Loyalty Oaths, SheriffsFiefdoms, Loyalty Oaths, Sheriffs

War, Gov’t, & Legal SystemWar, Gov’t, & Legal System Permanent Royal Bureaucracy (Barons)Permanent Royal Bureaucracy (Barons) Representative (lower) bodies emergeRepresentative (lower) bodies emerge ““Common Law” – judicial reviewsCommon Law” – judicial reviews

English Monarch unmatched, but challenged English Monarch unmatched, but challenged by Church (courts) & Barons (taxation)by Church (courts) & Barons (taxation)

Magna Carta (1215)Magna Carta (1215) Which groups benefited most from the Which groups benefited most from the

signing of the document?signing of the document? What will be the implications and lasting What will be the implications and lasting

effects of the document?effects of the document?

Royal vs. Papal PowerRoyal vs. Papal Power

Unam Sanctum (1302)Unam Sanctum (1302)

Challenges to Feudalism Challenges to Feudalism (cont.)(cont.)

Dynastic SuccessionDynastic Succession Liege Lords – LoyaltyLiege Lords – Loyalty Taxation – Rents Taxation – Rents

replace serfdom & replace serfdom & heavier reliance on heavier reliance on towns (MC)towns (MC)

Rise of Trade & GuildsRise of Trade & Guilds Autonomy & PowerAutonomy & Power

Lords – Advisors Lords – Advisors (Growing Influence)(Growing Influence) Use of Mercenary Use of Mercenary

Warriors/Bastard Warriors/Bastard FeudalismFeudalism

Continual Warfare ($)Continual Warfare ($) Introduction of Introduction of FirearmsFirearms

: psychological to : psychological to tacticaltactical

Royal Monopolies & Royal Monopolies & Centralized AuthorityCentralized Authority Profit & CompetitionProfit & Competition

Church – Wealth, land, Church – Wealth, land, Motives (Crusades, Motives (Crusades, Indulgences, simony)Indulgences, simony) Demands for Demands for

Reform/Questioning Reform/Questioning Authority/NationalismAuthority/Nationalism

1414thth Century European Century European MonarchsMonarchs

Political Power StrugglesPolitical Power Struggles Monarchs vs. Nobility – Magna Carta (1215)Monarchs vs. Nobility – Magna Carta (1215) Papal vs. Monarchs – “Unam Sanctum” (1302)Papal vs. Monarchs – “Unam Sanctum” (1302)

Fiscal PressuresFiscal Pressures Introduction of Firearms & modern warfareIntroduction of Firearms & modern warfare

Bastard Feudalism – Emerging Professional ArmiesBastard Feudalism – Emerging Professional Armies Taxes and MonopoliesTaxes and Monopolies

Navigation – expand trade & “national” prestigeNavigation – expand trade & “national” prestige Church Tithes vs. State RevenuesChurch Tithes vs. State Revenues Monarchial support for Middle Class (Profit Driven)Monarchial support for Middle Class (Profit Driven) Monarch’s Monopolize ProductsMonarch’s Monopolize Products

The Black Death and its ImpThe Black Death and its Impactact

Population Growth and Population Growth and CrisisCrisis

Over Population & Marginal Farming LandsOver Population & Marginal Farming Lands 1347 Plague Strikes – 1347 Plague Strikes – Without DiscriminationWithout Discrimination

Disruption of Growing European IdentityDisruption of Growing European Identity Psychological Strain – Value of SurvivorsPsychological Strain – Value of Survivors

Impact on Agriculture / TradeImpact on Agriculture / Trade Supply & Demand – Production < Prices Supply & Demand – Production < Prices Profits < Labor (Natural cycle, but profit driven)Profits < Labor (Natural cycle, but profit driven) New Techniques, Scale Back Lands, Labor SupplyNew Techniques, Scale Back Lands, Labor Supply Enclosure: England’s Wool Industry Enclosure: England’s Wool Industry

Protectionism & UpheavalProtectionism & Upheaval Statute of Laborers (1350) – wages/jobsStatute of Laborers (1350) – wages/jobs

Rural Unrest: Feudal ties & dues, taxes, tithesRural Unrest: Feudal ties & dues, taxes, tithes Guild Restrictions – limit losses & Guild Restrictions – limit losses &

competitioncompetition Urban: Wages, taxes, guild powerUrban: Wages, taxes, guild power Shift: Free men vs. return to feudal tiesShift: Free men vs. return to feudal ties

Hanseatic League – protect Northern tradeHanseatic League – protect Northern trade Upheavals = Resentment/UncertaintyUpheavals = Resentment/Uncertainty

Value of Labor: Supply & DemandValue of Labor: Supply & Demand Devotion: Church response (mixed) = heavier Devotion: Church response (mixed) = heavier

reliance on faith reliance on faith

Crisis in the ChurchCrisis in the Church 1309-1377 Avignon Exile1309-1377 Avignon Exile

Unam Sanctum & Royal Unam Sanctum & Royal AuthorityAuthority

Fiscal & Moral CrisisFiscal & Moral Crisis 1378-1417 Great Schism1378-1417 Great Schism

100 Years War (1337 – 100 Years War (1337 – 1453)1453)

HW – Take Notes on . . . HW – Take Notes on . . . The Causes of the ConflictThe Causes of the Conflict Its Impact on European States & Its Impact on European States &

Gov’tsGov’ts Holy Roman Empire, England, FranceHoly Roman Empire, England, France

AP World History – Middle AP World History – Middle AgesAges

Restructuring of Europe Restructuring of Europe Decentralization - Medieval society Decentralization - Medieval society Division of Christianity Division of Christianity Revival of CitiesRevival of Cities

Early Medieval EuropeEarly Medieval Europe Unique cultural and political outlookUnique cultural and political outlook

Romanized w/ barbarian customsRomanized w/ barbarian customs Religion = salvation (Active Life?)Religion = salvation (Active Life?) Cut off from Eastern EmpireCut off from Eastern Empire

Growing threat of Islam (survival)Growing threat of Islam (survival)Trade, science, philosophy, math, etc.Trade, science, philosophy, math, etc.

Political DecentralizationPolitical DecentralizationMutual Obligations / StabilityMutual Obligations / Stability

Brain TicklerBrain Tickler

How did the rise of the middle class How did the rise of the middle class and free towns impact Medieval and free towns impact Medieval European order?European order?

How did the emergence of nations How did the emergence of nations challenge Papal authority (Church) and challenge Papal authority (Church) and the traditional roles of the the traditional roles of the lords/nobility?lords/nobility?