early tech of plant tc

8/14/2019 Early tech of Plant TC

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Early history of in vitro

techniques

M C Mohamed Zakeel

Faculty of Agriculture

Rajarata University of Sri Lanka


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Attempts were made by the great German

botanist Gottlieb Haberlandt (1854-1945) toculture isolated vegetative cells from higher

plants in simple nutrient solutions

Haberlandt was the first person to culture

isolated fully differentiated cells as early as 1898

For his experiment in 1902 he grew palisade

tissue ofLamium purpureum and Eichornia

crassipes on Knops salt solution with sucrose The cells grew in size but none of them divided


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Despitethe failure to achieve his goals,Haberlandt made several predictions in his

paper in 1902 It was unfortunate that he did not test hispostulates experimentally

Instead, he devoted his time to sensory

physiological investigations He stated that growth of cell simply stops after

acquiring the features required to meet the needof the whole organism

This happens not because the cells lose theirpotential capacity for further growth, but becausea stimulus is altered from the whole organism orfrom particular part of it


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The isolated cell is then capable then of

resuming uninterrupted growth

He had also perceived the concept of growthhormones, which he called growth enzymes

Based on Winklers (1901) observations that

pollen tubes stimulate growth in ovules and

ovary, Haberlandt finally stated that withoutpermitting myself to pose further questions, I

believe, in conclusion, that I am not making too

bold a prediction if I point to the possibility that in

this way, one could successfully cultivate

artificial embryos from vegetative cells


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During 1902 to 1934 hardly any progress wasmade in the field of plant tissue culture asconceived by Haberlandt.

In 1904, Hannig excised mature embryo of somecrucifers (Raphanus sativus, R. landra, andCochlearia danica) and grew them to maturity onmineral salts and sugar solution.

In 1941 Van Overbeek and co-workersdemonstrated the stimulatory effect of coconutmilk

Laibath (1925, 1929) demonstrated the practicalapplication of embryo culture in the field of plant

breeding.


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Gottlieb Haberlandt (1854-1945)


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Two important discoveries made in the mid

1930s which gave a big push to the

development of plant tissue culture were:Identification of auxin as a natural growth

regulator and recognition of the importance of B-

vitamins in plant growth

In 1934, Gautheret had cultured cambium cellsof some tree species (Salix capraea and

Populus nigra) on Knops solution containing

glucose and cysteine hydrochloride and

proliferated for a few months

Gautheret established continuously growing

tissue culture from carrot root cambium in 1939


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Philip R. White (1901-1968)


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Roger J. Gautheret (Born 1910)


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Same year White reported establishment ofsimilar cultures from tumour tissues of hybridNicotiana glauca x N. longsdorffii.

Skoog (1944) and Skoog and Tsui (1951) haddemonstrated that the addition of adenine andhigh level of Phosphate increased callus growthin tobacco pith culture.

Milleret al(1955) separated the first knownCytokinins from the DNA of herring sperm andnamed it Kinetin.

In 1953, Muir demonstrated the breakage oftissue into singe cells by the use of liquidmedium with agitation.

In 1960, Jones et al. designed a micro culturemethod for growing single cells in a conditionalmedium.


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Using this technique but using fresh medium, in1965 Vasil and Hildebrandt raised whole plantsstarting from single cells of tobacco.

In 1960 Bergmann developed biologicaltechnique of cloning large number of single cellsof higher plants.

In 1966, Kohlenbach successfully cultivatedmature mesophyll cells from Macleaya cordataand subsequently differentiated into somaticembryo.

In 1957 Skoog and Miller put forth the concept ofhormonal control of organ formation.

In 1946, Ball successfully raised transplantablewhole plants ofLupinus and Tropaeolum by

culturing shoot tips with couple of leaf primordia.


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Morel and Martin (1952) demonstrated the

practical application of this technique to get virus

free plants from infected individuals

Murashige was instrumental in giving the

technique ofin vitro culture

By the early 1960s, P. Maheshwari became

actively engaged with in vitro culture ofreproductive organs

Kanda developed the technique of test tube

fertilization in 1962

Zenkteler and co-workers developed

interspecific and intergenic hybrids


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Folke Skoog (Born 1908)


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Panchanan Maheshwari (1904-1966)


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Georges Morel (1916-1973)


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In 1966, Guha and Maheshwari demonstrated

the possibility of raising large number of haploid

plantlets from pollen grains ofDatura innoxia. work by Bourgin and Nitsch (1967) confirmed

the totipotency of pollen grains.

Another area ofin vitro studies which is rapidly

developing is that of protoplast culture.

In 1972, Carlson et al. produced the first somatic

hybrid between Nicotiana glauca x N. langsdorffii

by fusing protoplasts. These in brief are some of the milestones in the

development of plant tissue culture techniques.


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Jean P. Nitsch (1921-1971)


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Like any other area of science, it started as an

academic exercise to answer some questions

related to plant growth and development, but

proved to be of immense practical value, as an aidto plant propagation, raising and maintenance of

high health-status plants, germplasm storage and

a valuable adjunct to the conventional methods of

plant improvement.


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hank you

early tech of plant tc

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