early universe gamma ray burst detection 2004. scientific rationale the first generation of stars...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 2: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Scientific Rationale
• The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early Universe!
– Synthesis of heavy elements
– Reionization of the Universe
• In order to understand the Universe at this time, we have to understand the first generation of stars
![Page 3: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Gamma Ray Bursts
GRBs are the brightest objects known in the Universe.
Detectable to redshifts of 20 or even more!
![Page 4: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Gamma Ray Bursts
GRBs are the brightest objects known in the Universe.
Detectable to redshifts of 20 or even more!
Gamma Ray Bursts are unique probes of the death of these first stars !
![Page 5: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Current Understanding
GRBs are emitted in the collapse of massive and fast spinning stars (hypernovae)
We expect the first stars to generate GRBs through a similar mechanism
![Page 6: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Mission Objectives
• Primary objective
Detection of extremely high redshift Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) as a probe of the first generation of stars.
• Secondary objectives○ Properties of the intergalactic matter○ X-ray flashes of proto-stars○ Studies of extragalactic objects
![Page 7: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Mission Objectives
Demands for primary objective
• Wide Field Camera (position)
• X-Ray (position, spectroscopy)
• Infrared (spectroscopy)
![Page 8: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Payload– Required Observations– Detectors
• Wide Field Camera• Pointing X-Ray Telescope• Near Infrared Telescope
• Mission Architecture– Mission Analysis– Spacecraft Engineering– Telemetry– Attitude Control
Mission Design Overview
![Page 9: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Prompt emission: 0.1 –100 s with energy peak ~ 150 keV
Afterglow emission in X-ray and optical
Known GRBs
• Payload– Required Observations– Detectors
![Page 10: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
High-z GRBs
• Payload– Required Observations– Detectors
Lamb & Reichart 2000
• Peak emission shifted to X-ray energies
• UV lines shifted into the infrared (specifically Ly alpha)
• Time dilatation
![Page 11: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Prompt emission fluxes
• Payload– Required Observations– Detectors
High-z GRBs
Energy bin
1-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 (keV)
0
0.5
1
Num
ber
of p
hoto
ns /
cm
2 /
s z = 10z = 20z = 30z = 30
![Page 12: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Payload– Required Observations– Detectors
Detectors
• We use 3 types of detectors:
1. Wide Field Cameras (WFC)
2.2. X- Ray Telescope (XPT)X- Ray Telescope (XPT)
3. Infrared Telescope (IT)
![Page 13: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Payload– Required Observations– Detectors
Wide Field Camera
• 4 wide field cameras:
Size
Mask
Detector
cm2 90 x 90
70 x 70
Height 167 cm
Spectral range
keV
0.1 - 15
15 - 100
FOV
4 x FOV
30° x 30°
60° x 60°
Coded MaskImaging deviceSize: 90 x 90 cm2Material: Tungsten IBIS mask
DEPFET type: Soft X-Ray detector
CdTe type: Hard X-Ray detector
![Page 14: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• Payload– Required Observations– Detectors
X-Ray Pointing Telescope
• Telescope mirror:• Silicon pore optics • r = 28 cm, f = 5.5 m• Effective Area: 1400 cm2 @ 1.5 keV• FOV: 10 arcmin• Angular resolution: 5 arcsec ( 2 arcsec)
• Detector:• DEPFET • Size: 3.2 x 3.2 cm2 [640 x 640 pixels]• no active cooling
Pore structure optics
High spatial resolution + Spectroscopy
![Page 15: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• Payload– Required Observations– Detectors
Near Infrared
NIR Telescope:• Diameter: 0.85 m• Weight: 50 kg• Height: 1.5 m
NIR Camera:• FOV: 10 x 10 arcmin• Sensitivity for R ~ 100: 26.8 mJy@10σ• Angular Resolution: ~0.3 arcsec• Rockwell Scientific HgCdTe
2048 x 2048 pixels• Passive cooling
Ritchey-Chrétien design
![Page 16: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• Mission Architecture– Mission Analysis – Spacecraft Engineering– Telemetry– Atitude Control
Launcher
Soyuz-Fregat
Launch: spaceport in Korou
Cost: ~ 45M€
Total payload mass: 1500 kg
Fairing dimensions: 3.5m in diameter, 7m in height
![Page 17: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• Mission Architecture– Mission Analysis – Spacecraft Engineering– Telemetry– Atitude Control
Orbit / Propulsion
http://wso.vilspa.esa.es/Conferences/Madrid_2003/Launchers_Russian_capabilities.pdf
Orbit:• halo-orbit around L2• excluding observational on the galactical
plane.
Propulsion System:
• Correct the flight trajectory to L2
• Keeping around the L2
• Offloading of the reaction-wheels
• Propellant: hydrazine
![Page 18: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• Mission Architecture– Mission Analysis – Spacecraft Engineering– Telemetry– Atitude Control
AccomodationS
UN
Solar arraysWide field of view camerasInfrared telescopeX-Ray telescopeStar trackerService Module
3.24 m
3 m 2 m
![Page 19: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• Mission Architecture– Mission Analysis – Spacecraft Engineering– Telemetry– Atitude Control
Accomodation
3D Plot and Rotation
![Page 20: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• Mission Architecture– Mission Analysis – Spacecraft Engineering– Telemetry– Atitude Control
Mass estimates
Payload mass: 550 kg
Spacecraft bus dry mass: 776 kg
Propellant mass: 50 kg
Total mass: 1376 kgLow mass spacecraft
Smaller launcher
Cheaper mission
Very exciting science for very low cost!
![Page 21: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• Mission Architecture– Mission Analysis – Spacecraft Engineering– Telemetry– Atitude Control
Power
• Solar Arrays: Highly efficient Multijunction GaInP/GaAs
• Efficiency: 19 %
• Area: 12 m²
• Power (avg.): 700 W
• Battery for peak power and backup
![Page 22: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• Mission Architecture– Mission Analysis – Spacecraft Engineering– Telemetry– Atitude Control
Thermal Control
Instruments Temperature:• IR: ~50K• Hard X: ~253K
Payload Module
Service Module
IR (2 m²)
X-Ray (0.01 m²)
Sum = 9 m²
Passive cooling by black painting
![Page 23: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• Mission Architecture– Mission Analysis – Spacecraft Engineering– Telemetry– Attitude Control
Telemetry: Overall Data Rate
• Diffuse X- Ray background Large amount of data from the WFC
Detailed calculations for 1 WFC:Expected number of counts: 7600 photon/sData / photon: X-Ray energy + (x,y) position
4 WFC: 900 kbits/sX-Ray telescope: 100 kbits/sIR telescope: 2 kbits/sHousekeeping: 2kbits/sTotal data rate: 1 Mbit/s
30 bits/photon
For 1 WFC: 7600 x 30 = 225 kbits/s
• Including all the instruments:
![Page 24: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• Mission Architecture– Mission Analysis – Spacecraft Engineering– Telemetry– Attitude Control
Telemetry: Communication
• Continuous data transmission through a high gain antenna
• Quasi real time ground data processing [15 s delay]
• Medium gain antenna for minor transmissions or emergency situation
• On board data storage: few Gbits
• Realistic scenario in 10 years [assuming improvements in antenna technology]
![Page 25: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• Mission Architecture– Mission Analysis – Spacecraft Engineering– Telemetry– Attitude Control
Attitude Control
4 reaction wheels:• 3 orthogonal [necessary for 3D pointing]• 1 in a plane tilted with an angle of 45° to the
other ones [as a fail safe]
but... why reaction wheels?• Monopropellant trusters require extra fuel
and are less accurate in pointing• Control of the angular position and rotation
Technical details:• Angular speed: 1° in 2 sec Whole field of view in only 1 minute!•Weight: 4 x 7 kg = 28 kg
example of reaction wheel
![Page 26: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Observational Strategy
WFC
XPT
Ground stationIR
Earth telescopes
evtl. repointing
e.g. VLT, ...
po
intin
g
~ 60 s position ~ 1"spectrum
spectrum
position ~ 5"spectrum
follow-up observations
every 1ms
~ 100s
![Page 27: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Estimated Costs Payload:
15 MEuro Spacecraft bus:
41 MEuro Program level:
7 MEuro Ground Equipment:
5 MEuro Launch:
45 MEuro
Total estimated cost (without operation costs): ~ 113 Meuro
• 3 years Mission (possible extension)
• Spacecraft designed for 10 years lifetime
![Page 28: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• Areas where X-RED is improving on SWIFT:
– X-Ray sensitivity below 10 keV – important for high z detections
– Same area, same sky coverage, but lower background
– IR telescope for follow-up observation
– Continous observations from L2
Why X-RED?
vs.
Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection
![Page 29: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Why X-RED?
Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection
• Areas where X-RED is improving on SWIFT:
– X-Ray sensitivity below 10 keV – important for high z detections
– Same area, same sky coverage, but lower background
– IR telescope for follow-up observation
– Continous observations from L2
![Page 30: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Conclusions• High redshift GRBs (z = 10-30) are detectable with
• IR-Spectroscopy allows to measure the redshift of these GRBs
• In a 3 year mission we estimate to detect 10 GRBs with z>10
will place constraints on the formation of the first generation of stars and hence on the evolution of the Early Universe.
![Page 31: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Red Team
![Page 32: Early Universe Gamma Ray Burst Detection 2004. Scientific Rationale The first generation of stars were very important for the conditions of the early](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032309/56649d055503460f949d8ef3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Science
Payload Mission