early vertebrates part ii
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VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY (VZ Lecture05 – Spring 2012 Althoff - reference PJH Chapter 3). Early Vertebrates PART II. Radiation of Paleozoic Jawless Vertebrates: __________________. Cover several distinct lineages This “line” is extinct ( see Figs. 3-3, p46 & 3-4, p48 ) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Early VertebratesPART II
VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY (VZ Lecture05 – Spring 2012 Althoff - reference PJH Chapter 3)
Radiation of Paleozoic Jawless Vertebrates:__________________
• Cover several distinct lineages
• This “line” is extinct (see Figs. 3-3, p46 & 3-4, p48)
• Characterized by presence of covering of dermal bone carapace and/or smaller plates & scales (see Fig. 3.7, p55)
• Jawless, probably feed on soft-bodied prey
• Early demise probably linked to lowering of global sea levels during early Devonian that resulted in loss of coastal marine habitats
• Extinction occurred in late Devonian
Pteraspids Cephalaspids
Fig. 3-3 p46 PJH
Transition from Jawless _______ Vertebrates
• Originally thought Gnathostomes radiated separately from the Agnathans…..
• Now, recognized that Gnathostomes derived from Agnathans both in jaw development and other ways
Transition from Agnathous “condition” Gnathostome “condition”
GNATHOSTOME CONDITON
AGNATHOUS CONDITON
1st gill arch
1st gill slit
1st gill arch
1st gill arch
1st gill slit
Jawed “condition” –greatest of all advances in vertebrates????
Jaws permitted ____________________________
• Ability to grasp objects (food, mates, young, nesting materials, etc.)
• Combined with teeth, ability to ___________, and/or ___________
• ______________ diet now possible
Transition from Jawless Jawed Vertebrates
Jaws that bear teeth
Two sets of _________________ in the pectoral and pelvic regions
Transition from Agnathous “condition” Gnathostome “condition”
Fig. 3-9 p58 PJH
GENERALIZED “JAWED” VERTEBRATE
1
2
2.5
Generalized JAWED vertebrate – ____ advancements(numbering matches previous slide)
Jaws containing teeth
Pectoral and pelvic fins -- paired
Jointed, brachial arches with internal gill rakers
Hypobrachial musculature: strong suction
Two distinct olfactory bulbstwo distinct nostrils
Original gill slit squeezed to form spiracle
Three semicircular canals in inner ear
Conus arteriosus: elastic reservoir in front of ventricle (i.e., heart)
Lateral line & spetumdorsal from ventral portion
“elements” around the notochord & ribs
.5
Generalized JAWED vertebrate –other important developments
• Presence of cerebellum & olfactory tract
• Nervous system: insulating sheaths of myelin (increased speed of nerve impulses), thicker spinal cord, nerves exiting the spinal column
• Eyes have intrinsic musculatureaccomodation of the lens
• Sensory elements of lateral line covered by special scales
• Distinct spleen, pancreas, and spiral valve within intestine
• Gonads have distinct ducts to cloaca
• Separate contractile proteins for muscles
Fins: Origin & Function
• Probably originated from pre-jawed fishes that had ______________________ (that were immobile)—served same purpose (see below)
• Function: ________ in 3-dimensional space….water that is virtually incompressible. Force applied by one fin in one direction produces thrust in the opposite direction.
Tail fins—increased area—gives more thrust during propulsion
• Advantages: _______________________________
Fig. 3-12 p62 PJH
Pitch
Yaw Pitch
YawRoll
Gnathosomes
Fig. 3-15p66 PJH
CHONDRICHTHYANS(cartilaginous fishes)
OSTEICTHYANS(bony vertebrates)
___________ Jawed Fishes (Paleozoic)
• Placoderms – the armored fishes
• Acanthodians – the stout-spined fishes
• Step up in __________________ design
• Step up in __________________ design
In summary: Jawless to Jawed Vertebrates
Jaws: a) improved gill ventilation & bite preyFins: improved locomotion/maneuverability True vertebraeRibs
Nerves: enclosed in myelinated shieldsLarge, distinct cerebellum in hindbrain Two olfactory tractsThicker spinal cord (with “gray matter”)Lateral line sensory systemThird semicircular canal in inner ear
GnathosomesCHONDRICHTHYANS(cartilaginous fishes)
OSTEICTHYANS(bony vertebrates)
_____________